Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Gluon Radiation of Heavy Quarks passing Deconfined Matter

Energy Loss of Charm Quarks Passing Hot Deconfined Matter

To identify the provenance of gold archeological metallic artifacts, trace elements are more significant than the main components. The most promising elements are Platinum Group Elements (PGE), Sn, Sb, Hg, Pb, Te, and Cu. Several minute fragments of natural Transylvanian gold – placers and primary – were studied by micro Particle Induced X-ray Emission (micro-PIXE) at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany and micro Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence (micro SR-XRF) at ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany. The goal of the study was to identify the trace elements characterizing Transylvanian gold, especially Sn, Sb, Pb and Te. A spectacular application of these measurements to the authentication of nine Dacian gold bracelets is presented.

Quark mass dependence of 1-loop and HTL self-energies

Towards an EOS for the cold and dense QGP: plasmons, plasminos and Landau damping

QCD quasi-particle model with widths and Landau damping

Density dependence of four-quark condensates: Impact on in-medium spectral properties

Non-perturbative aspects of QCD condensates

In-medium studies of omega, nucleon and open charm with QCD sum rules

Nucleon and omega-Meson at Finite Density: The Role of Four-Quark Condensates in QCD Sum Rules

L10 ordered, c-axis oriented FePt thin films belong to the most promising ferromagnetic materials for future magnetic storage media; but the coercive filed could be significantly improved if changing from homogeneous to granular films or even to FePt nanoislands arrays . This contribution describes the formation of self-assembled FePt nanoislands on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates by conventional DC magnetron sputtering. Ag is well known to follow the Volmer-Weber growth on SiO2: the as-deposited Ag islands are exploited as substrate for the FePt granular layer. If a characteristic ratio between Ag and FePt amonut is respected, no nano-islands agglomeration was observed after annealing at 450°C for 30 minutes. This effect is here explained in terms of thermal buget given to the system during deposition and the demand of a unimodal size distribution of the Ag nanoislands. From synchrotron x-ray GISAS investigations, the FePt islands have a pallet like shape with a 30 nm average diameter and 18 nm average height. SEM and AFM analysis didn't prove any order in the pallets placement over the SiO2. After annealing, the strong ferromagnetic L10 phase was detected by XRD. But, either SQUID or MFM measurements evidence no difference between a granular FePt layer without Ag and with Ag pallets as buffer, and an enhanced coercivity of FePt thin granular films has been confirmed, in comparison to thick homogeneous FePt layers.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Gamma-TiAl alloys (γ-TiAl) are a class of light-weight materials that hold great promise for advanced automobile, aerospace and power generation applications. Their use, however, has currently been limited to below 700°C because of inadequate resistance to oxidation at higher temperatures. Recent research work has established that dramatic enhancement in the high-temperature oxidation resistance of these alloys can be achieved by ion implanting halogens, notably fluorine. In the present study, samples of technical γ-TiAl alloys have been surface-modified by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) of fluorine using suitable F-containing precursor gases. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis and Auger Electron Spectrometry have been employed for sample characterization. The degree of oxidation protection has been assessed by testing F-implanted samples under conditions of isothermal oxidation in air at temperatures up to 1050°C. Optimum process parameters have been identified under which the modified alloys acquire a stable, adherent and highly protective alumina scale against high-temperature environmental oxidation.

Gamma-TiAl alloys (γ-TiAl) are of great interest for advanced automobile, aerospace and power generation applications due to their light weight and high strength. However, destructive oxidation occurring in these materials at temperatures above 700°C has to date restricted their widespread use. It has recently been established that the high-temperature oxidation resistance of γ-TiAl alloys can be enhanced significantly by ion implanting halogens, notably fluorine. In this study, samples of technical γ-TiAl alloys have been surface-modified by either standard beamline ion implantation of fluorine or plasma immersion ion implantation using suitable fluorine-containing precursor gases. The degree of oxidation protection has been evaluated by testing ion implanted samples under conditions of both isothermal and thermal cyclic oxidation in air. Optimized ion implantation treatment produces marked improvement in the oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl. The alloys modified in this way acquire a stable, adherent and highly protective alumina scale against environmental oxidation while retaining the bulk mechanical properties of the starting material. Further improvements have been made in the oxidation resistance by co-implanting two additive elements, namely fluorine and silicon. Some of the most important process parameters that enable the formation of an efficient protective scale are considered and assessed.

Studies have been carried out on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures after the implantation of 24 keV, 3×10^17 cm−2 hydrogen ions, and annealing at temperatures of 200−1000 °C in an argon ambient at either atmospheric pressure or under conditions of hydrostatic compression at 6 and 12 kbar. Photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and high-resolution electron microscopy have been used to characterize the optical and structural properties of the resulting SOI structures. It has been found that annealing at a pressure above 6 kbar leads to a wavelength-selective increase (up to 37×) in the intensity of the PL from hydrogen implanted SOI samples. The appearance of fine structure in the PL spectrum correlates with the impeded outdiffusion of hydrogen from the implanted top Si layer as well as with the suppressed process of hydrogen microbubble formation in the near-surface region as a result of the annealing at a pressure P>6 kbar. These processes enable one to fabricate an optical resonant microcavity with mirrors formed by the air/silicon and the top Si layer/SiO2 interfaces, and the optically active layer resulting from the implantation of hydrogen and the subsequent annealing. Theoretical calculations of the PL spectra in the resonator help explain some of the specific spectral features. The mechanism of the observed photoluminescence has been discussed in terms of recombination processes occurring in nanometer-sized amorphous silicon regions saturated with hydrogen.

Usual space dependent reactor dynamics simulations still rely on heavily simplified transport modelling, often restricted to two energy groups prepared with considerably debatable presumptions. The radical increase in computing power availability of recent times allows for more detailed modelling, more energy groups, better physics treatment or for choosing Monte Carlo (MC) methods. Developing MC methods for reactor dynamics are not supported up to now due to the lack of confidence of feasibility for realistic cases fearing unpractical computing times, but the capability of easy parallelization of the MC computing flow may offer hope of real applications. Our investigations here treat the options for performing and optimizing dynamic MC calculations including thermal feedback with the aim of determining the necessary computer resources for realistic simulations. We focus here on methodological questions as previous papers on the subject did not elaborate on such details.

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The unique properties of CNTs are being exploited in a growing number of products and applications [1]. The oxidation process is of great importance for CNT application since it is necessary for CNT purification and functionalization [2]. Acid treatment was recommended as a method of purification [2]. Additionally, the oxidation causes chemical and/or structural changes on CNTs which modify their properties.
Due to their hollow and nanosized structure the use of CNTs as adsorbent for pollutants such as dioxins and heavy metals such as Cd2+, Pb2+, Am3+ [3, 4, 5] for environmental remediation purposes has been considered. Different authors reported that CNTs treated with acid show a higher adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions and dioxins compared with other adsorbents such as activated carbon. These studies suggested that CNTs may be a promising adsorbent for use in environmental protection. The high cost of CNTs still limits their practical use. As these materials make their way to industrial and consumer products, their unintended release in the environment can not be excluded. However, not much research has been conducted to study the characteristics, the fate and behaviour of CNTs in the environment.
The aim of this study is gaining information on both the properties of the CNTs as a potential adsorbent material in water purification and the behaviour of the CNTs as potential carriers of pollutants in the case of their accidental release to the environment.

Diluted magnetic semiconductors are materials which exhibit ferromagnetic and semiconducting properties simultaneously and are of great interest for spin injection. An interesting candidate is the transition metal doped TiO2 which has been reported to be ferromagnetic above room temperature (RT). It was found that nanometer-sized precipitates substantially contribute to the ferromagnetic properties.
In this study, rutile TiO2(110) single crystals were implanted with 100 keV 57Fe ions at 623 K with fluences between 1x10^16 and 4x10^16 cm^-2 and subsequently annealed at temperatures up to 1073 K. The maximum Fe concentration at the projected range Rp = 50 nm is about 8 at.%.
Virgin, implanted and post-annealed samples were investigated using conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy, channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, x-ray diffraction, and super-conducting quantum interference device magnetometry.
Crystalline, imperfect bcc-Fe and FeO-TiO2 composites were detected already in the as-implanted state in the sample implanted at 623 K with 4x10^16 cm^-2. Besides secondary phases a small fraction of Fe^2+ is observed both in the as-implanted and at 923 K annealed sample and can be ascribed to Fe substituting Ti sites.
During annealing at 923 K, both phases grow in grain size, while the amount of FeO-TiO2 is drastically increased. After annealing at 1073 K, FeO-TiO2 composites are the predominant precipitates at the cost of metallic Fe. Both, bcc-Fe and FeO-TiO2 composites are textured. According to the CEMS and SQUID measurements the origin of ferromagnetism is attributed to bcc Fe clusters. The oxidization of metallic Fe with increasing annealing temperature results in the decrease of the saturation moment.
In order to prevent the formation of clusters another set of samples was implanted at RT and 230 K with same fluences. No cluster formation but also no ferromagnetism was observed in both cases.

Within a transport code simulation for heavy-ion collisions at bombarding energies around 1 AGeV we demonstrate that double-differential di-electron spectra with suitable kinematical cuts are useful to isolate (i) the ρ meson peak even in case of strong broadening, and (ii) the in-medium ω decay contribution. The expected in-medium modifications of the vector meson spectral densities can thus b probed in this energy range via the di-electron channel.

The density functional based calculations of the electronic structure of YMnO3 are performed for selected spin configurations and from the differences of the total energies the exchange integrals are determined. To improve the description of strongly correlated 3d electrons of Mn the LDA+U method is employed. The strongest exchange interaction is found between the nearest neighbor Mn spins, the interaction between the next nearest neighbors being more than order of magnitude weaker.
Exchange integrals are inversely proportional to the parameter U, pointing to the dominance of the superexchange interaction. Due to the triangular arrangement of the nearest Mn the magnetism is geometrically frustrated so that biquadratic or/and anisotropic exchange may be important. The calculation of noncollinear spin structures indicates the presence of the biquadratic exchange interaction.

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Context: In congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), the identification and precise localization of a focal lesion is essential for successful surgery.
Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the predictive value and accuracy of integrated [F-18] fluoro-L-DOPA ([F-18]FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) for the surgical therapy of CHI.
Design: This was an observational study.
Setting: The study was performed in the Department of Pediatric Surgery at a university hospital.
Patients: From February 2005 to September 2007, 10 children with the clinical signs of CHI and an increased radiotracer uptake in a circumscribed area of the pancreas in the [F-18]FDOPA PET-CT were evaluated.
Interventions: Guided by the [F-18]FDOPA PET-CT report, all children underwent partial pancreatic resection, in two cases twice.
Main Outcome Measures: Correlation of the anatomical findings at surgery with the report of the [F-18] FDOPA PET-CT, and the results of surgery and clinical outcome were determined.
Results: In nine children the intraoperative situation corresponded exactly to the description of the [F-18] FDOPA PET-CT. A limited resection of the pancreas was curative in eight cases at the first surgery, in one case at the second intervention. We observed no diabetes mellitus or exocrine insufficiency in the follow up so far. In one child, hypoglycemia persisted even after two partial resections of the pancreatic head. Histological analysis finally revealed an atypical intermediate form of CHI.
Conclusions: The integrated [F-18]FDOPA PET-CT is accurate to localize the lesion in focal CHI and is a valuable tool to guide the surgeon in limited pancreatic resection.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the biochemical, morphological and molecular genetic differentiation of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). Fluorine-18 L -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography
( ¹⁸ F-DOPA-PET) has been introduced for differentiation between focal and diffuse CHI. The ability to take up L -DOPA and convert it into dopamine is correlated with the activity of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and increased in the hyperfunctional affected pancreatic area in comparison to normally functioning pancreas. The high sensitivity of this method allows the surgeon to perform a curative limited resection of a focus without the risk of long-term diabetes. The exact preoperative planning by ¹⁸ F-DOPA-PET/CT computer tomography allows laparoscopic operation in selected cases with the focus in the tail and limits necessity to open the pancreatic duct in cases with focus in the head. Patients with persistent CHI should be managed within a strong network of diagnostic, treatment, and research institutions.

Development of novel materials and structures for drug delivery systems is currently a very active field of research. For bare metal stents the in-stent restenosis was a serious problem for about 25 - 35% of the patients and this spurred the medical device companies to come up with a solution. Recently the drug-eluting stents were designed to deliver a drug locally from a surface layer to reduce restenosis.
High-fluence ion implantation of noble gas ions into metals can be used to create porous layers on metal surface. These void structures may show unique characteristics which offer potential for drug-eluting stents application. This application requires interconnected pores with the dimension in the range on the nano- to microscale.
The aim of the present work is to study the formation of nanostructures on stainless steel surfaces by means of plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) using different noble gases. Argon and/or helium ion implantation was performed at following parameters: ion energies ranging from 5 to 35 keV, ion fluence of more than 1e18 cm-2, substrate temperature in the range 50 – 400°C. The modified steel surfaces have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elastic recoil detection analysis.
Varying the ion energy, fluences, and substrate temperature has been found to produce either void or sponge like structures on the nano- (~10 nm) to micro-scale (~1 µm). Argon PIII treatment at elevated temperatures leads to spongy structure formation (Fig. 1). Helium implantation results in a surface roughening and creation of voids in high concentration with size in the range 100 – 200 nm as well as nano-scale cavities (5-20 nm) (Fig. 2). Apart from the austenite iron peaks, the GIXRD patterns of the implanted samples display weak peaks of ferrite (bcc iron) as well as oxide phases.

Development of novel materials and structures for drug delivery systems is currently a very active field of research. For bare metal stents the in-stent restenosis was a serious problem for about 25 - 35% of the patients and this spurred the medical device companies to come up with a solution. Recently the drug-eluting stents were designed to deliver a drug locally from a surface layer to reduce restenosis.
High-fluence ion implantation of noble gas ions into metals can be used to create porous layers on metal surface. These void structures may show unique characteristics which offer potential for medical applications such as metal-based drug-eluting stents. This application requires interconnected pores with the dimension in the range on the nano- to microscale. Systematic investigations of the influence of implantation parameters on the surface morphology and cavity characteristics (e.g. size, distribution, and degree of interconnection) have to date been rather limited.
The aim of the present work is to study the formation of nanostructures on stainless steel surfaces by means of plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) using different gases (helium or argon).
Argon and/or helium ion implantation was performed at following parameters: ion energies ranging from 5 to 35 keV, ion fluence of more than 10e18 cm -2, substrate temperature in the range 50 – 400°C. The surface topography of the modified steel has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Focused ion beam (FIB) tool was used to prepare sections perpendicular to implanted surface (i.e. transverse section). The phase and element compositions have been examined by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elastic recoil detection analysis.
Varying the ion energy, fluences, and substrate temperature has been found to produce either void or sponge like structures on the nano- (~10 nm) to micro-scale (~1 µm). Argon PIII treatment at elevated temperatures leads to spongy structure formation. Helium implantation results in a surface roughening and creation of voids in high concentration with size in the range 300 – 500 nm as well as nano-scale cavities (5-50 nm). Apart from the austenite iron peaks, the GIXRD patterns of the implanted samples display weak peaks of ferrite (bcc iron) as well as oxide phases.

For Energy Recovery applications, the requirement for high-Q accelerating structures, operating in CW mode, at large beam currents, with precise phase & amplitude stability and modest accelerating gradients are all fundamental in achieving intense photon fluxes from the
synchronised FEL insertion devices. Both Daresbury Laboratory and Cornell University are developing designs for advanced Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) facilities which require accelerating Linacs which meet such demanding criteria. The specification for the main ERL accelerator for both facilities dictates a modest accelerating gradient of 20 MV/m, at a Qo of better than 10^10, with a Qext of up to 10^8. A collaborative R&D
program has been set-up to design and fabricate a ‘proofof-principle’ cryomodule (which is well underway) that can be tested on ERLP at Daresbury and also on the Cornell ERL injector. This paper details the new cryomodule design, provides an insight to the design solutions employed and reports on the present status of the project.

The influence of ion irradiation on friction properties in vacuum of alumina ceramics was studied. The effects of irradiation fluence, ion energy, thickness of the modified layers and of the possible role of solid lubrication were analyzed. The tests performed under vacuum clearly show, that radiation damage-induced softening of the surface layer leads to significant, approximately two times, decrease of a friction coefficient. Further decrease of the friction force, down to about 1/3 of the initial value, was obtained when the implanted species revealed solid lubrication effect. The results obtained are discussed in the frames of theory of adhesive friction.

The specific heat of the layered organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)₂Cu(NCS)₂, where BEDT-TTF is bisethylenedithio-tetrathiafulvalene, has been studied in magnetic fields up to 28 T applied perpendicular and parallel to the superconducting layers. In parallel fields above 21 T, the superconducting transition becomes first order, which signals that the Pauli-limiting field is reached. Instead of saturating at this field value, the upper critical field increases sharply and a second firstorder transition line appears within the superconducting phase. Our results give strong evidence that the phase, which separates the homogeneous superconducting state from the normal state is a realization of a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state.

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A high magnetic field laboratory for pulsed non-destructive fields up to 100 T has being final-ized at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, situated at the outskirts of Dresden, Germany. Since the beginning of 2007 the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden), HLD, is accepting proposals for magnet time and has hosted the first users. The available coils at the HLD produce both high magnetic fields (above 70 T, with 150 ms pulse length) and smaller ones (60-65 T, with 25-50 ms pulse lengths). Besides the ultimate goal of a pulsed magnet reaching 100 T for a timescale of 10 ms in a bore of 20 mm, further large-scale magnets (e.g. 60 T, 0.5 s, 40 mm) are planned. The necessary energy for the pulsed coils is provided by a world-unique 50 MJ capacitor bank. A free-electron-laser facility next door allows high-brilliance radiation to be fed into the pulsed field cells of the HLD, thus making possible unique high-field magneto-optical ex-periments in the range 3-200 µm. Cryotechniques and different sample probes for a broad range of experimental techniques custom designed for the variety of pulsed magnets are read-ily available for users and own in-house research.

Magnetization measurements of the magnetic (T_M ≈ 138 K) superconductor (T_S ≈ 42 K) RuSr₂GdCu₂O₈ in pulsed magnetic fields up to 47 T reveal at 48 K and the highest available magnetic field a Ru contribution to the measured magnetic moment of about 2.2 µ_B/ formula unit. This value is indicative of a mixed-valence state of the Ru ions involving Ru⁵⁺(S = 3/2) and Ru⁴+(S = 1) ions. We propose that the mixed-valence state combined with charge transport in the RuO₂ planes results in a competition between ferromagnetic double exchange involving Ru>sup>5+ and Ru⁴⁺ ions and antiferromagnetic superexchange involving Ru⁵⁺ ions. This causes magnetic-phase separation in ferromagnetic (non-superconducting) and antiferromagnetic (superconducting) domains. We conclude that the magnetic and superconducting properties of the ruthenocuprates critically depend on the Ru⁵⁺/Ru⁴⁺ ratio which can be affected by the preparation conditions.

Surface ripple formation as well as modification of nanocluster shapes and size distributions have been observed after irradiation with ion or laser beams. Both phenomena occur during far-from-equilibrium processing. In many cases, these effects can be attributed to an either temperature dependent or effective negative surface (interface) tension. Thus, the ripples found after laser irradiation in a PMMA layer are due to the surface temperature undulation caused by spatial-dependent energy dissipation of standing surface plasmon waves in the underlying gold film (thermocapillarity, see [1]). Thermocapillarity has been idendified to be also the main mechanism of swift-heavy-ion-induced shaping of gold nanoparticles in silica into gold rods or even wires [2]. On the other hand, an effective negative surface tension can be found under low-energy ion irradiation of surfaces [3] and ion beam mixing of interfaces [4]. This negative surface tension tends to increase the surface by surface patterning or inverse Ostwald ripening [4]. Here, these and other driving forces will be discussed in a systematic manner.
[1] L. Röntzsch, K.-H. Heinig, J. Schuller, M. Brongersma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 044105.
[2] K.-H. Heinig and A. Vredenberg, IBMM2006 conference and in preparation.
[3] R. M. Bradley and J. M. E. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 2390 (1988).
[4] K.-H. Heinig et al., Appl. Phys. A 77, 17 (2003).

A new ab initio wave-function based method to study the electron correlation effects on band structures of oxide systems is presented here. It is based on the "simplified method" first introduced by Fulde and Stoll [Theor. Chem. Acc. 116 (2006) 398-403] and analyzed in more detail by Pahl and Birkenheuer [J. Chem. Phys. 124 (2006) 214101]. Bulk MgO is chosen as a prototype closed-shell ionic oxide, a realistic but at the same time still relatively simple insulating system, to prove the abilities of that new approach. We will identify the major correlation induced corrections to the valence and conduction bands of MgO and the closing of the Hartree-Fock band gap due to electron correlation.

The driving forces of ion-beam-induced nanopatterning will be reconsidered. The original model proposed by Bradley and Harper [1] is a continuum theory for the change of the surface height due to sputtering, based on a linear expansion of the Sigmund model of ion erosion [2], and surface diffusion in the form proposed by Herring and Mullins [3]. Another model, which might be relevant for amorphous surface layers and relatively high ion energies, assumes a smoothing mechanism by viscous relaxation [4]. Taking into consideration the “ion hammering effect” [5], viscous flow could be even responsible for ripple formation. For monocrystalline metallic systems, the step edge barrier for surface vacancy and adatom diffusion results in typical surface pattern under ion irradiation [6].
Besides these driving forces discussed in the literature so far, at least two additional mechanisms have to be considered. (i) After first indications seen by Bellon [7], we found by systematic studies that under ion irradiation the steady-state stability of crystal facets depends on ion flux and temperature [8]. We investigated this instability of crystal facets under ion irradiation by kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations and explained consistently the temperature dependent ripple rotation of Ag(110) surfaces under normal Ar ion impact [9]. (ii) Finally, a mechanism related to ion-irradiation-induced “inverse Oswald ripening” [10] can cause ripple formation: The Gibbs-Thomson relation, which describes the radius-dependent solute concentration around a precipitate, determines the curvature-dependent vacancy/adatom concentration on surfaces too (this is the driving force for ripple smoothing used by by Herring and Mullins [3]). Under high ion fluxes the capillary radius in the Gibbs-Thomson relation can become negative [10], i.e. vacancy/adatom diffusion leads no longer to smoothing but to growth of surface ripples.
Atomistic computer simulation studies of the mechanisms listed above will be presented and discussed in relation with experiments.

[ 1] R. M. Bradley and J. M. E. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 2390 (1988).
[ 2] P. Sigmund, Phys. Rev. 184, 383 (1969).
[ 3] C. Herring, J. Appl. Phys. 21, 301 (1950); W. W. Mullins, J. Appl. Phys. 30, 77 (1959).
[ 4] C. C. Umbach, R. L. Headrick, and K. C. Chang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 246104 (2001).
[ 5] see, e.g., T. van Dillen, A. Polman, P.R. Onck, and E. van der Giessen, Phys. Rev. B 71, 024103 (2005).
[ 6] see, e.g., T. Michely, M. Kalff, G. Comsa, M. Strobel, and K.-H. Heinig, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2589 (2001).
[ 7] P. Bellon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4176 (1998).
[ 8] Lars Roentzsch, PhD Thesis 2007, K.-H. Heinig and L. Roentzsch, to be published.
[ 9] U. Valbusa, C. Boragno, and F. Buatier de Mongeot, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14, 8153 (2002).
[10] K.-H. Heinig, T. Mueller, B. Schmidt, M. Strobel, and W. Moeller, Appl. Phys. A 77, 17 (2003).

The frozen local hole approximation (FLHA) is an adiabatic approximation which is aimed to simplify the correlation calculations of valence and conduction bands of solids and polymers or, more generally, of the ionization potentials and electron affinities of any large system. In this work we address the question to which extent it is possible to simplify a correlation calculation on electron hole states by focusing on so-called "frozen" local hole configurations although, in reality, the electron hole is usually delocalized over the entire system.

It will be reported that laser-induced standing surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves can cause regular thickness undulations of thin polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) films above a metallic substrate [1]. Ripples, rings, and hillock arrays with long-range order were found.Numerical simulations reveal that periodic in-plane temperature profiles are generated in the PMMA due to the non-radiative damping of SPP interference patterns. Calculations of the temperature-gradient-generated Laplace pressure and mass transport confirm
that thermocapillarity is the dominating mechanism of the observed surface patterning.
[1] L. Röntzsch, K.-H. Heinig, J.A. Schuller, M.L. Brongersma, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 044105

Das Verhalten von Grenz- und Oberflächen unter Ionenbestrahlung wird mittels atomistischer Computersimulationen untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass es unter Ionenbestrahlung zu negativen effektiven Grenzflächenenergien, Kristallflächeninstabilitäten und zu Formänderungen von Nanoteilchen kommen kann.

We present a simplified computational scheme in order to calculate the effects of electron correlations on the energy bands of diamond and silicon. By adopting a quasiparticle picture we compute first the relaxation and polarization effects around an electron set into a conduction band Wannier orbital. This is done by allowing the valence orbitals to relax within a self-consistent field (SCF) calculation. The diagonal matrix element of the Hamiltonian leads to a shift of the center of gravity of the conduction band while the off-diagonal matrix elements result in a small reduction of the conduction-electron band width. This calculation is supplemented by the computation of the loss of ground state correlations due to the blocked Wannier orbital into which the added electron has been placed. The same procedure applies to the removal of an electron, i.e., to the valence bands. But the latter have been calculated previously in some detail and previous results are used to estimate the energy gap in the two materials. The numerical data reported here shows that the methods works, in principle, but that also some extension of the scheme is necessary to obtain fully satisfactory results.

Ab initio wave function-based methods are applied to the study of electron correlation effects on the band structure of oxide systems. We choose MgO as a prototype closed-shell ionic oxide. Our analysis is based on a local Hamiltonian approach and performed on finite fragments cut from the infinite solid. Localized Wannier functions and embedding potentials are obtained from prior periodic Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations. We investigate the role of various electron correlation effects in reducing the HF band gap and modifying the bandwidths. On-site and nearest-neighbor charge relaxation as well as long-range polarization effects are calculated. Whereas correlation effects are essential for computing accurate band gaps, we found that they produce smaller changes on the HF bandwidths, at least for this material. Surprisingly, a broadening effect is obtained for the O 2p valence bands. The ab initio data are in good agreement with the energy gap and bandwidth derived from thermoreflectance and x-ray photoemission experiments. The results show that the wave function-based approach applied here allows for well controlled approximations and a transparent identification of the microscopic processes which determine the electronic band structure.

Intersubband relaxation dynamics in single and coupled double quantum well (QW) structures based on strained InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb are studied by femtosecond pump probe spectroscopy at wavelengths around 2 um. For single QWs the transient transmission was observed to decay exponentially with a time constant of 2 ps, showing that side valleys have negligible influence on the intersubband relaxation dynamics for strained InGaAs QWs. For double QWs, the pump-probe signal at the intersubband energy involving the two electronic levels located at the wider QW exhibits an induced absorption component attributed to the population of the second subband (associated with the narrow QW) by hot-electrons.

Ion-induced ripple structures on silicon, x-ray measurements and TEM The formation of periodic surface structures varying from several nanometers to a few micrometers caused by ion-beam sputter erosion processes on semiconductor surfaces has attracted significant interest for the fabrication of laterally structured materials on a nanoscale.
We started systematic investigations of the rippled surface produced by Xe irradiation applying AFM. The subsurface structure has been identified by both TEM and depth resolved X-ray scattering methods such as GID. Furthermore the crystal structure of semiconductor surfaces should also kept clearly in mind. There is a strong evidence that the formation of ripples via ion beam erosion depends on preferred crystallographic directions of the silicon lattice.

This paper presents the results of electron beam tracking simulations with the ASTRA code for the 3½ cell superconducting RF gun at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The SRF gun will improve the quality of the electron beam parameters for the ELBE superconducting electron linear accelerator. The ELBE electron accelerator is a general purpose facility for secondary radiation production. The facility produces x-rays, gamma-rays, neutrons, positrons and IR FEL radiation. The SRF gun will run in two operation modes with different repetition rates and bunch charges of the pulsed electron beam. The commonly used ELBE mode will operate with electron bunches with 13 MHz repetition rate and a bunch charge of about 77 pC with a maximal average current of 1 mA. The high charge mode with 500 kHz repetition rate and a bunch charge up to 1 nC will be used to generate neutrons by inducing nuclear reactions. For the future BESSY Soft X-ray FEL a bunch charge of about 2.5 nC is required. For these operation modes of the SRF gun preferential operation parameters are determined by the results of beam dynamics studies.

Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über neue technologische und konzeptionelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Si-Photovoltaik.
Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei Beiträge des FZD zur Entwicklung transparenter leitfähiger Oxide sowie Nanocluster-Strukturen (Halbleiter, Metalle), deren Quanteneffekte bzw. Lichtstreuung innovative Ansätze für Hocheffizienz-Solarzellen ermöglichen.

A flux effect on the formation of irradiation-induced clusters in reactor presure vessel (RPV) steels and weld materials is usually assumed. However, it is not easy to quantify this effect because changes of neutron flux are frequently mixed with changes of fluence. This investigation is focused on the influence of neutron flux on the formation of irradiation-induced clusters at a fixed fluence. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments were performed for a neutron irradiated RPV weld material containing 0.22wt% Cu. Clearly distinguishable scattering curves were observed for the irradiated conditions. Data analysis shows that the peak radius of the cluster size distribution of the material irradiated at higher neutron flux of 2.1x10E12 cm^-2s^-1 (E > 1 MeV) is 0.85 nm and the peak radius for the material irradiated at a 35 times lower flux is 1.60 nm. The cluster volume fraction was found to be independent of flux. The effect of flux on the cluster size is surprisingly strong and indicates that cluster growth must have occurred during the low flux irradiation.

The magnetoresistance (MR) effect in Co-doped ZnO films prepared by pulsed laser deposition on a-plane sapphire substrates with electron concentration at 5 K ranging from 8.3×10^(17) cm^(−3) to 9.9×10^(19) cm^(−3) has been studied experimentally and theoretically. A large positive MR of 124% has been observed in the film with the lowest electron concentration of 8.3×10^(17) cm^(−3), while only a negative MR of −1.9% was observed in the film with an electron concentration of 9.9×10^(19) cm^(−3) at 5 K. The positive MR is attributed to the quantum correction on the conductivity due to the s-d exchange interaction induced spin splitting of the conduction band. The negative MR is attributed to the magnetic field suppressed weak localization. The presented modeling of superimposed positive and negative MR well agrees with the experimentally observed MR and hints at the physical origin of MR in Co-doped ZnO.

Die ortsaufgelöste HF-Modulationspektroskopie ist eine Methode zur Quantifizierung optischer Parameter wie Absorption und Streuung von trüben Medien. Sie findet sowohl in der medizinischen Diagnostik zur Bestimmung der Blutsauerstoffsättigung im Kapillarbett als auch in technischen Prozessen beispielsweise zur Trübungs- oder Fettgehaltsmessung Anwendung. Das in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte Messsystem arbeitet auf Basis der homodynen Demodulation und eröffnet auf Grund der faseroptischen Ankopplung ein breites Einsatzgebiet. Erste vielversprechende Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt.

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are materials which simultaneously exhibit ferromagnetic and semi-conducting properties by substitution of transition metal atoms onto cation sites. Recently, transition metal doped TiO2 has been reported to be ferromagnetic above room temperature. It was found that nanoscaled precipitates can substantially contribute to the ferromagnetic properties.
In this study, commercial rutile TiO2(110) single crystals were implanted with 180 keV 57Fe ions at 623 K with fluences between 1x10^16 and 4x10^16 cm^-2 and subsequently annealed at temperatures up to 1073 K. The maximum Fe concentration at projected range Rp = 89 nm was about 5 %.
Virgin, implanted and post-annealed samples were investigated using conversion electron Mößbauer spectroscopy, channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (C-RBS), synchrotron-XRD, and super-conducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry.
Crystalline, imperfect bcc-Fe and FeO-TiO2 composites (or solid solution) were detected in the sample implanted with 4x10^16 cm^-2 already in the as-implanted state. Besides secondary phases a small fraction of Fe^2+ is observed in the as-implanted and at 923 K annealed sample and can be ascribed to Fe substituting Ti sites.
During annealing at 923 K, both phases grow in grain size, while the amount of FeO-TiO^2 is drastically increased, accompanied by a change of the Fe site location. After annealing at 1073 K, FeO-TiO2 composites are the predominated precipitates at the cost of metallic Fe. Both, bcc-Fe and FeO-TiO2 composites are textured.
According to the CEMS and SQUID measurements the origin of ferromagnetism is attributed to bcc-Fe-clusters. The oxidization of metallic Fe with increasing annealing temperature results in the decrease of the saturation moment .

A summary is given on photovoltaics related research activities at FZD.

The Ion Beam Centre at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) is nearly exclusively dedicated to Materials Research. Three electrostatic accelerators (1.8 MV single-ended, 3 MV Tandetron, 5 MV tandem) and three ion implanters (40 kV, 200 kV, 500 kV) are available which provide multispecies irradiation possibilities for surface analysis and modification. Users are offered the full spectrum of high-energy analytical methods including Rutherford Backscattering (RBS), Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), and Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). Special equipment provides an external beam for RBS and PIXE, a microbeam setup which allows ERD and RBS/channeling analyses, RBS and ERDA depth profiling with ultrahigh depth resolution, as well as real-time in-situ analysis during surface processing.
The Centre delivers about half of its capacities to external users from research and industry. Researchers from other European States are funded by the European Commission for Transnational Access to the laboratory.
The short lecture will display the general features of the Centre and address a few selected applications. The prominent role of ion beam applications to materials research will be discussed.

During reactive magnetron sputtering of TiN in an Ar/N2 gas mixture, energy and angle distributions of sputtered Ti neutrals have been measured using a HIDEN EQP energy-resolving mass spectrometer. Both kind of distributions show features which are not consistent with the expectations from standard collisional sputtering theory being valid for a random structure of the target. Distributions of the energy E have been obtained from both metallic and poisoned areas of the target. As expected from the Thompson distribution, f(E) ~ E/(E+Us)^3, they peak at half of the surface binding energies Us, but are significantly narrower than predicted. The distributions of the emission angle (with respect to the surface normal) exhibit pronounced maxima tilted by ~40° from the target normal, thus strongly deviating from the expected cosine behaviour, f(alpha) ~ cos(alpha).
Any experimental artifacts can be excluded which might result in the above observations. As the only reasonable explanation we propose potential effects of texture, which might be originally present at the target surface or develop during ion bombardment. For the angular distributions, this is in qualitative accordance with sputter ejection patterns from crystals at keV incident energy as reported in literature. Corresponding collisional computer simulations for the present conditions are in preparation, as are detailed structural diagnostics of the target surface.

Ein globales Modell eines Ar/N2-Magnetron-Plasmas wird mit einer dynamischen kollisionären Computersimulation der Plasma-Oberflächen-Wechselwirkung (TRIDYN) kombiniert, um die Verbindungs-Bildung an der Oberfläche eines Ti-Sputtertargets (die sog. Target-Vergiftung) zu modellieren. Der Beschuss mit energetischen Ionen und die damit verbundene Implantation von Reaktivgas-Atomen resultiert in einer modifizierten Oberflächenschicht, deren Dicke die einer Monolage weit übersteigt. Bei steigendem Reaktivgas-Partialdruck bleibt diese Dicke etwa konstant, während die Stickstoff-Konzentration bis zur stöchiometrischen Sättigung ansteigt. Wesentliche Mechanismen sind die direkte Implantation der Reaktivgasionen und die Rückstoßimplantation adsorbierter Reaktivgasatome durch Inertionen-Beschuss.
Experimentell wurde das Stickstoffinventar in der Target-Oberfläche eines unbalancierten 2''-Magnetrons in verschiedenen Ar/N2-Gasmischungen und bei einem Totaldruck von ca. 0.3 Pa in einer Echtzeit-in-situ-Anordnung mit Hilfe der 14N(d,)12C-Kernreaktion vermessen. Das gemessene Sättigungsinventar stimmt mit den Ergebnissen der Modellierung sehr gut überein. Aus dem Vergleich der Abhängigkeiten vom Reaktivgas-Partialdruck kann geschlossen werden, dass (i) die Ionenimplantation allein die Resultate nicht zu beschreiben vermag und dass (ii) die Adsorption und nachfolgende Rückstoß-Implantation von Reaktivgas-Molekülen einen bedeutenden Beitrag liefert, während Reaktivgas-Radikale aus dem Plasma eine eher vernachlässigbare Rolle spielen.
Es wird weiterhin bei ausreichend niedrigem Stickstoff-Partialdruck eine signifikante laterale Variation des Stickstoff-Inventars über die Targetoberfläche beobachtet, die sich durch den gegenüber dem Neutralgasfluss deutlich erhöhten Ionenfluss in der race-track-Region des Magnetrons und die daraus resultierende Verschiebung der Depositions/Erosions-Balance erklärt.

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The lateral variation of the energy distributions of sputtered Ti atoms has been investigated by energy resolved mass spectrometry during reactive DC magnetron sputter deposition of TiN from a Ti target in an argon/nitrogen gas mixture. The mass spectrometer was placed at substrate position and scanned across the target surface of a two inch planar circular magnetron. The energy distribution of sputtered particles is influenced by their origin, showing significant differences between the center and the erosion zone of the target. The results are interpreted in terms of laterally different states of target poisoning, which results in a variation of the surface binding energy. The reactive gas target coverage as derived from the sputtered energy distributions is in reasonable agreement with predictions from model calculations.

Ion irradiation induced interface mixing was used to generate silicon nanocrystals at the SiO2-Si interface of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures aiming at electronic memory applications, photoluminescence as well as electroluminescence. No particular processing issues have
been encountered during integration of this technique in standard submicronic C-MOS technology. The memory properties of the fabricated structures as a function of the Si+-irradiation dose as well as annealing temperature and time have been examined through electrical measurements of capacitors and transistors. Low-voltage operating devices that can endure more than 10^6 programming/erasing cycles have been successfully achieved. While excellent device uniformity and reproducibility have been observed over 6-inch wafers, more research is still required to improve charge retention. The photoluminescence of the ion irradiated MOS structure gives a profile in the red region which is typical for Si nanocrystals. Preliminary results about the electroluminescence caused by an applied ac voltage will be reported too.

Charge trapping and quenching of the electroluminescence (EL) in SiO2 layers implanted by Ge and rare earth (RE) ions during hot electron injection were investigated. In case of the SiO2:Ge layer the EL quenching is caused by the transformation of the luminescent defects (≡Ge-Si≡ or ≡Ge-Ge≡) to optically not active centers during hot electron excitation, whereas the EL from rare earth centers is quenched due to the electron trapping by RE-centers or their surrounding but not due to their optical deactivation. Therefore, the flash lamp post-injection annealing releasing trapped electrons reactivates RE centers and increases the operating time of Metal-Oxide-Silicon light emitting devices (MOSLEDs).

The temperature quenching mechanisms of the electroluminescence (EL) and the reactivation of the rare earth luminescent centres by the flash lamp annealing (FLA) made after hot electron injection into the SiO2 layer implanted by Tb and Gd was investigated. An increase of the temperature from room temperature up to 150oC reduces the gate voltage of about 3 V and increases the rate of the EL quenching process and the degradation of the Metal-Oxide-Silicon Light Emitting Diode (MOSLED) structure by a of factor of three. On the other hand, the post-injection FLA reactivates the RE centres switched off by electrons trapped around them during hot electron impact excitation, increasing the operating time of the MOSLEDs devices.

The excitation mechanism of electroluminescence (EL) of erbium ions co-implanted with gadolinium into the SiO2 layer of light emitting MOS devices (MOSLED) was investigated. Er ions were implanted into the SiO2 layer with a concentration of 2%, subsequently implanted by gadolinium ions with concentrations of 0.5, 1.5 and 3%. The Er implanted SiO2 exhibits the typical peak at 1540 nm and weak luminescence in the green and blue region. Two green peaks correspond to the radiative transitions from the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 energy levels to the 4I15/2 ground state and blue peaks to those from the 2H9/2 and 4F5/2 to the 4I15/2. Silicon dioxide containing erbium co-implanted with Gd exhibits two different excitation mechanisms: direct Er3+ ion excitation by the hot electrons and the energy transfer from the 6PJ energy level of Gd to the 4f energy states of Er3+ leading to an increase of the EL of Er in the visible region. The additional implantation of Gd has no influence on the infrared luminescence at 1540 nm.

Efficient ultraviolet electroluminescence (UVEL) is obtained from Metal-Oxide-Silicon (MOS) structures with the SiO2 :Gd/F active layers prepared by flash-lamp annealing and Gd and F co-implantation. We observed a doubling of both the UVEL intensity and the defect related luminescence by increasing the fluorine concentration. This is due to suppression of the hot electron scattering on the donor-type level of the E’-center which number is reduced by the fluorine and increasing the optical active Gd3+ centres by Gd-F3 molecule formation. Also, fluorine co-implantation has no influence on the operating time of the MOS diode. Additionally, the flash lamp annealing doubled the ultraviolet electroluminescence from SiO2 layers implanted by gadolinium alone or in combination with fluorine. This is related to the suppression of cluster formation of rare earth atoms occurring during conventional annealing methods.

Neuer Sensor erfasst Strömungsmuster elektrisch neutraler Fluide

Skalierbare Antennenstrukturen basierend auf photoleitenden GaAs-Substraten eignen sich hervorra-gend zur Erzeugung und Detektion von gepulster THz-Strahlung. Als Emitter liefern diese Elemente intensivere THz-Strahlung verglichen mit gängigen Emittern, wenn die Anregung mit einem typischen Titan-Saphir-Laser-Oszillator-System erfolgt. Für die Detektoren werden Substrate mit unterschiedli-chen Ladungsträger-Lebensdauern verglichen. Die Detektoren sind sehr flexibel bezüglich der Fokus-sierung sowohl des Terahertz- wie des nahinfraroten Abfragestrahls. Experimente zur Terahertz-Time-Domain-Spektroskopie (THz-TDS) an Papierschichten und Schokoladenpralinen dienen als Beispiel für die Stärke dieser Technik.

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A new ligand derivative of 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (TACN), 2-[4,7-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononan-1-yl]acetic acid (6), has been synthesized and its complexation behavior towards Cu²⁺ ions investigated. The ligand 6 has been characterized by spectroscopic methods and a molecular structure of a corresponding Cu(II) complex has been elucidated by single crystal X-ray analysis. The suitability of 6 for conjugation to peptide substrates has been shown by amide coupling of 6 to the stabilized derivative of bombesin (BN), βAla-βAla-[Cha¹³, Nle¹⁴]BN(7-14), to give the conjugate 8. The free ligand 6 and the bioconjugate 8 were labeled with ⁶⁴Cu²⁺ and the resulting complexes, ⁶⁴Cu ^. 6 and ⁶⁴Cu ^. 8, were found to be stable in the presence of a large excess of a competing ligand (cyclam) or the copper-seeking superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as in rat plasma.
Biodistribution studies of ⁶⁴Cu ^. 8 in Wistar rats showed a high activity uptake into the pancreas (5.76 ± 0.25 SUV, 5 min p.i.; 3.93 ± 0.25 SUV, 1 h p.i.), which is the organ with high levels of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). This receptor is over-expressed in a large number of breast and prostate carcinomas. The novel ⁶⁴Cu ^. 6 complex had a dominating influence on the non-specific activity biodistribution of its BN conjugate, since the distribution data of ⁶⁴Cu ^. 6 are similar to ⁶⁴Cu ^. 8. The ⁶⁴Cu complexes exhibited a low activity accumulation in the liver tissue and an extensive renal clearance, which was distinctively different to the biodistribution of ⁶⁴CuCl₂, suggesting that ⁶⁴Cu ^. 6 does not undergo significant demetalation, but rather exhibits high in vivo stability.

In the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, two free-electron lasers (FELs) have been put into operation. They produce laser light in the medium and the far infrared wavelength range (4-150 ìm). The IR ligh is transported to several laboratories in the same building and to the adjacent building of the High Magnetic Field Laboratory as well, where the experimental setups are up to 70maway from the FELs. Constructional peculiarities, the large wavelength range, the high average power in cw regime, and the beam property requirements of the users pose a challenge to the beam line design. The transport system includes vacuum pipes, diagnostic elements, plane and toroidal gold-covered copper mirrors, and exit windows. The designed transport system produces a beam waist at selected spots in each laboratory representing a magnified image of the outcoupling hole. Spot size and position are independent of the wavelength.

kein Abstract verfügbar

Data concerning the pathophysiological role of the interaction of circulating S100 proteins, a multigenic family of Ca2+-modulated proteins, with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory processes, and tumorigenesis in vivo are scarce. One reason is the shortage of suitable radiotracer methods. We report a novel methodology using recombinant human S100A1, S100B, and S100A12 as potential probes for molecular imaging of this interaction. Therefore, human S100 proteins were cloned as GST fusion proteins in the bacterial expression vector pGEX-6P-1 and expressed in E. coli strain BL21. Purified recombinant human S100 proteins were radiolabeled with the positron emitter fluorine-18 (18F) by conjugation with N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB). The radiolabeled recombinant S100 proteins (18F-S100) were used in biodistribution experiments and small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rats. The tissue-specific distribution of 18F-S100 proteins in vivo correlated well with the anatomical localization of RAGE, e.g., in lungs and in the vascular system. These findings indicate circulating S100A1, S100B, and S100A12 proteins to be ligands for RAGE in rats in vivo. The approach allows the use of small animal PET and provides novel probes to delineate functional expression of RAGE under normal and pathophysiological conditions in rodent models of disease.

Atherosclerosis, a major vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), is a chronic inflammatory disease with increased glycoxidative stress in response to cellular and systemic glucose overload and lipid retention in the vessel wall. Glycoxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered as a major causative factor of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. Since atherogenesis starts before DM2 is diagnosed, this review will focus on the nature and extent of glycoxidative changes of LDL in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We review the evidence for the enhanced atherogenicity of LDL from IGT subjects including their contribution to the conversion of macrophages into a proatherogenic phenotype.

This paper will discuss recent experimental and numerical results from the authors' labs on the effects of moderate magnetic (B) fields in electrochemical reactions. The probably best understood effect of B fields during electrochemical reactions is the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. In the majority of cases it manifests itself in increased mass transport rates which are a direct consequence of Lorentz forces in the bulk of the electrolyte [1]. Of course, enhanced mass transport can directly affect the electro­crystallization and the structure of a growing metal layer. The partial currents for the nucleation of Nickel and Nickel-Iron alloys in magnetic fields were determined using an in-situ micro-gravimetric technique. They will be discussed on the basis of recent nucleation models [2].
A careful analysis of the governing equations shows that MHD problems must be treated in 3D geometry. We will discuss digital simulations of MHD flows during copper electrolysis. In most cases there is a complex interplay of natural and magnetically driven convection (see Fig. 1).
Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the German Science Foundation within the frame work of the collaborative research center 609 "Electromagnetic flow control in metallurgy, crystal growth and electrochemistry"
References:
1) T. Weier, K. Eckert, S. Muehlenhoff, C. Cierpka, A. Bund, M. Uhlemann, Electrochem. Commun., 9 (2007) 2479.
2) L. Heerman, A. Tarallo, J. Electroanal. Chem. 470 (1999) 70.

Al doping of ZnO thin films by ion implantation and subsequent annealing was tested. A combination of Drude term with Tanguy oscillator (excitonic effects) is shown to be an appropriate parameterization of dielectric function of highly doped ZnO. The free electron density values obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis are in good agreement with those determined by Hall effect measurements.

Background:

Small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are known to be especially atherogenic. Several mechanisms are involved in this atherogenicity.

Aims:

We wanted to look for the presence of small dense LDL particles depending on gender, metabolic syndrome (MS) and different degrees of glucose intolerance. Moreover, we looked for anthropometric factors and factors of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism that are associated with changes in the LDL size.

Results:

We studied 752 persons (330 males, 422 females; age 40 ± 17 years). LDL particle size was estimated with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Males had smaller LDL particles than females. Probands with the MS had smaller LDL particles than those without this syndrome. With rising plasma triglyceride (TG) levels more small dense LDL particles were seen. The highest proportion of these small dense LDL particles was observed in the subgroup of type 2 diabetic patients. In the whole material, the mean LDL diameter was correlated negatively with plasma TG and very low-density lipoprotein components (TG, cholesterol and proteins) and positively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In a linear stepwise regression analysis different significant factors influencing the LDL size were found in the whole population, in normoglycaemic probands, in persons with impaired glucose tolerance, in type 2 diabetic patients and in type 2 diabetic patients injecting insulin.

Conclusions:

Our data point to different mechanisms of the formation of small dense LDL particles in dependence on the degree of glucose intolerance. Moreover, the target values for plasma TG should be set lower.

Bestimmung von U-P Koordinationen in U(VI) - Algen Komplexen bei pH 5 und pH 6

BC_xN_y thin films deposited at 250°C by pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering of a B₄C target in an Ar/N₂ plasma were studied by elastic recoil detection analysis, FTIR, Raman, and photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and nanoindentation. In the concentration range of 6 % to 100 % N₂ in the sputter plasma the segregation into nanocrystalline hexagonal boron nitride and amorphous sp² carbon is the dominant process during the film growth. The stoichiometric ratio and structural details of the major phases depend on the N₂ concentration in the plasma and have significant influence on the Young’s modulus and the elastic recovery of the BC_xN_y thin films.

In-beam positron emission tomography (in-beam PET) is a valuable in situ method for quality assurance in radiation therapy. It is well investigated for therapy with carbon ions and has been successfully clinically implemented at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany. The extension of this efficient technique to other radiation treatment modalities may be worthwhile. For protons and 3-He the feasibility has already been investigated. Furthermore, it seems possible for the case of radiotherapy with high-energy photons, since positron emitters are generated by photons with energies above ~20 MeV due to (gamma, n) reactions (predominantly 11-C and 15-O in tissue).
In this regard, promising conclusions have been obtained by Geant4 simulations as well as by off-beam PET experiments using a conventional PET scanner. However, in the case of off-beam PET the time delay between irradiation and measurement causes a decrease of the number of positron emitters resulting in reduced counting statistics. At worst short-lived isotopes cannot be detected. Thus, a small double head PET camera consisting of two BGO block detectors was built up at the irradiation site to measure the generated beta+ activity distribution simultaneously to the irradiation. The relation between deposited dose and beta+ activity density was quantified. The obtained results are presented and compared to that of off-beam PET experiments. Higher activities as well as an improved contrast between materials of different stoichiometry is achieved by measuring in-beam showing the advantage of in-beam PET over off-beam PET. Thus, the application of in-beam PET at radiation therapy with high-energy photons can be useful for quality assurance, comprising monitoring of dose delivery, patient positioning and tumour response.

Magnetic nanoparticles, NPs, have a number of features that make them ideally suited for the removal of toxic elements from liquid waste: high surface-area-to-volume ratio, high reactivity, easy dispersability, and simple recovery of the particles from solution using an external magnetic field. In this paper we studied the sorption of selenite ions onto Fe3O4 and Fe/Fe3C NPs in the aqueous solutions under anoxic conditions. The results show that Se(IV) sorption is extremely rapid : the equilibrium is reached in approximately 10 and 30 min for Fe3O4 and Fe/Fe3C NPs respectively at pH= 4.9÷5.1 in the solutions of 0.1M NaCl. The distribution coefficients are also very high for both kinds of NPs (Kd> 3000). Increasing pH to 10.3 or adsorption of organic ligands, like L-Lysine or dodecanoate, cause the decrease in Kd values. However, even in these cases Kd values exceed 150. Magnetic NPs loaded with selenium can be easily and completely removed from solution with 0.4T permanent magnet. XAS study revealed the absence of Se(IV) reduction during the sorption onto Fe3O4 NPs in the pH range of 4.8-8.0. By contrast, the removal of selenite ions with Fe/Fe3C NPs in anaerobic conditions occurs via Se(IV) reduction to Se(-II) followed by formation of iron selenide at the particles surface. Thus, the Fe/Fe3C NPs are superior to Fe3O4 NPs due to their ability to immobilize rapidly selenium via reductive mechanism. Presumably these particles could be also effective for the removal of other contaminants such as hexavalent chromium, actinides, technetium, and toxic organic compounds.

A two-phase inductive stirrer represents a modification of a standard induction heater with the goal to change the flow structure in the melt qualitatively. It consists of a secondary induction coil without a direct connection to a power supply, but an own electrical circuit in order to create a phase shift to the primary current. The electric current in this secondary circuit is solely induced by the current in the primary circuit. This kind of magnetic field tailoring allows to arrange the flow in the molten zone as desired. For instance, the usual double vortex structure of an induction heater can easily be changed to a single torus. The resulting flow direction at the zone surface is from the primary to the secondary coil.
We present results of numerical simulations for the flow and the temperature distribution in the molten zone. In addition, model experiments using the GaInSn melt have been performed with direct measurements of the melt velocity and corresponding comparison to numerics.

The paper presents a numerical analysis of the free surface liquid metal flow driven by an alternating (ac) magnetic field in a spinning cylindrical container. The axisymmetric flow structure is analyzed for various values of the magnetohydrodynamic interaction parameter and Ekman numbers. The governing hydrodynamic equations are solved by a spectral collocation method, and the alternating magnetic field distribution is found by a boundary-integral method. The electromagnetic and hydrodynamic fields are fully coupled via the shape of the liquid free surface. It is found that the container rotation may reduce the meridional flow significantly.

The COMPTEL instrument performed the first mapping of the 1.809 MeV photons in the Galaxy, triggering considerable interest in determing the sources of interstellar 26Al. The predicted 26Al is too low compared to the observation, for a better understanding more accurate rates for the 25Mg(p,gamma)26Al reaction are required. The 25Mg(p,gamma)26Al reaction has been investigated at the resonances at Er= 745; 418; 374; 304 keV at Ruhr-Universität Bochum using a Tandem accelerator and a 4pi NaI detector. In addition the resonance at Er = 189 keV has been measured deep underground laboratory at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, exploiting the strong suppression of cosmic background. This low resonance has been studied with the 400 kV LUNA accelerator and a HPGe detector. The preliminary results of the resonance strengths will be reported.

The sine-Gordon equation is one of the most famous “soliton” equations, relevant to an extremely broad class of physical phenomena. On the quantum level the sine-Gordon model is one of the paradigms of the quantum field theory. One of the most prominent examples of the sine-Gordon quantum systems is a S=1/2 antiferromagnetic chain perturbated by an alternating g-tensor and/or the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Interestingly, in the presence of such interactions, application of a uniform external field H, in addition to incommensurate soft modes, induces opening of an energy gap, Δ ~ H^2/3. Most importantly, the sine-Gordon equation is exactly solvable. The spectrum of the quantum sine-Gordon spin chain has been predicted to consist of a soliton, antisoliton and their bound sates, called “breathers”.
Here, we report a detailed study of the magnetic excitation spectrum in copper pyrimidine dinitrate (Cu-PM), which has been recently identified as an S=1/2 antiferromagnetic chain with a field-induced spin gap, and is probably the best realization of the quantum sine-Gordon spin chain model known to date. By employing high-field high-resolution tunable-frequency submillimeter wave electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, the field-induced gap has been observed directly; ten excitation modes were resolved in the low-temperature spectrum, and their frequency-field diagram was systematically studied in magnetic fields up to 25 T. Signatures of three breather branches and a soliton, as well as those of several multi-particle excitation modes were identified. In addition, we report temperature and field measurements of the ESR spectrum, allowing us to test a new theoretical concept proposed recently by Oshikawa and Affleck [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5136 (1999)]. Their theory, based on bosonization and the self-energy formalism, can be applied for precise calculation of ESR parameters of spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chains in the perturbative spinon regime. Excellent quantitative agreement between the theoretical predictions and experiment in both cases is obtained.

A characteristic feature of the nuclear microprobe using a 3 MeV proton beam is the long range of particles (around 70 micrometers in light matrices). The PIXE method, with EDS analysis and using the multilayer approach for treating the X-ray spectrum allows the chemistry of an intracrystalline inclusion to be measured, provided the inclusion roof and thickness at the impact point of the beam (Z and e, respectively) are known (the depth of the inclusion floor is Z+e). The parameter Z of an inclusion in a mineral can be measured with a precision of around 1 micrometer using a motorized microscope. However, this value may significantly depart from Z if the analyzed inclusion has a complex shape. The parameter e can hardly be measured optically. By using combined RBS and PIXE measurements, it is possible to obtain the geometrical information needed for quantitative elemental analysis. This paper will present measurements on synthetic samples to investigate the advantages of the technique, and also on natural solid and fluid inclusions in quartz. The influence of the geometrical parameters will be discussed with regard to the concentration determination by PIXE. In particular, accuracy of monazite micro-inclusion dating by coupled PIXE-RBS will be presented.

In the last decade, transition metal doped ZnO has been intensively investigated as a route to room temperature diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS). However the origin for the reported ferromagnetism in ZnO based DMS remains questionable. Possible options are diluted magnetic semiconductors, spinodal decomposition or secondary phases. In order to clarify this question, we have performed a thorough characterization of the structural and magnetic properties of Co and Ni implanted ZnO single crystals. Our measurements reveal that Co or Ni nanocrystals (NCs) are the major contribution of the measured ferromagnetism. Already in the as-implanted samples, Co or Ni NCs have formed, and they exhibit superparamagnetic properties. The Co or Ni NCs are crystallographically oriented with respect to the ZnO matrix. Their magnetic properties, e.g. the anisotropy and the superparamagnetic blocking temperature can be tuned by annealing.
We discuss the magnetic anisotropy of Ni NCs embedded in ZnO concerning the strain anisotropy.

Nowadays ferromagnetism is often found in potential diluted magnetic semiconductor systems. However, many authors argue that the observed ferromagnetism stems from ferromagnetic precipitates or spinodal decomposition rather than from carrier mediated magnetic impurities, as required for a diluted magnetic semiconductor. In the present paper we answer this question for Fe-implanted ZnO single crystals comprehensively. Different implantation fluences, temperatures and post-implantation annealing temperatures have been chosen in order to evaluate the structural and magnetic properties over a wide range of parameters. Three different regimes with respect to Fe concentration and process temperature are found: 1) Disperse Fe^{2+} and Fe^{3+} at low Fe concentrations and low processing temperatures, 2) FeZn_2O_4 at very high processing temperatures and 3) an intermediate regime with a co-existence of metallic Fe (Fe^0) and ionic Fe (Fe^{2+} and Fe^{3+}). Ferromagnetism is only observed in the latter two cases, where inverted spinel ZnFe_2O_4 and \alpha-Fe nanocrystals are the origin of the observed ferromagnetic behavior, respectively. The ionic Fe in the last case could contribute to a carrier mediated coupling. However, the separation between Fe ions is too large to couple ferromagnetically due to the lack of p-type carrier. For comparison investigations of Fe-implanted epitaxial ZnO thin films are presented.

In the past decade, room temperature ferromagnetism was often observed in transition metal doped semiconductors, which were claimed as diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS). Nowadays intensive activities are devoted to clarify weather the observed ferromagnetism stems from carrier mediated magnetic impurities, ferromagnetic precipitates or spinodal decomposition. In this paper, we have correlated the structural and magnetic properties of transition metal doped ZnO, TiO2 and Si, prepared by ion implantation. Crystalline precipitates, i.e. transition metal (Co, Ni) and Mn-silicide nanocrystals, are responsible for the magnetism. Additionally due to their orientation nature with respect to the host, these nanocrystals in some cases are not detectable by conventional x-ray diffraction (XRD). This nature results in the pitfall of using XRD to exclude magnetic precipitates in DMS materials.

Hexagonal manganites with the composition RMnO3 undergo several magnetic phase transitions due to frustration effects between the manganese centres, which are located on a triangular lattice. Additional local magnetic moments of the metal R give rise to a rich variety of different magnetic phases, especially in the low-temperature region. In the parent compound YMnO3 only the manganese centres can be magnetic, thus it allows the investigation of the Mn-Mn coupling strength. All-electron density-functional calculations are carried out for several relative spin arrangements of nearest and next nearest neighbouring Mn sites; the standard spin-polarised LSDA and an extension to non-collinear magnetism are employed. In order to extract the coupling constants a Heisenberg model is fitted to the total energy differences between the investigated structures.

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Commerical Measuring Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows (MTLMF) are hardly available. The reason for this deficiency has to be sought in the properties of the metallic melts (opaqueness, heat capacity), high temperatures, chemical reactivity, interfacial effects, and sensitivity to electromagnetic noise. Therefore, embodyments of MTLMF are primarily to be found on a laboratory scale.

Velocity measuring techniques may be distinguished using the influence they exert on the flow as a criterion. The local probes, e.g. electric potential probes and mechano-optical sensors, are invasive. Ultrasonic methods, the most prominent member of which is Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry (UDV), may on the one hand not be termed invasive - but on the other hand still need contact. Examples of contact-less techniques are the inductive methods (inductive flowmeters, Contact-less Inductive Flow Tomography (CIFT)) and X-ray radiography.

Leaving aside local probes and X-ray techniques, the present lecture reports on the state of the art of UDV and CIFT. Exemplary investigations in our lab are discussed, showing limitations and future challenges of both these non-invasive MTLMFs.

We present 2-D and 3-D Direct numerical Simulations of Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave superposition in a flat plate boundary layer, where the initial TS wave is intended to be canceled out by a second wave of opposite phase.

The objective of the European 6th framework project EUROTRANS, sponsored by the European Commission, is to demonstrate the technical feasibility of transmutation of high level nuclear waste using Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS). Within this objective the design of a European experimental ADS (XT-ADS) should demonstrate the technical feasibilities to transmute a sizeable amount of waste and to operate an ADS safely. The XT-ADS will be a subcritical reactor system having liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) as coolant. This liquid LBE is also intended to serve as target material for the spallation reaction which forms a crucial part to the subcritical reactor core. Since LBE is used as core coolant and spallation material, knowledge of the thermal hydraulic behaviour of LBE is essential.

The effects of strong melt convection on microstructure evolution and resulting mechanical properties of Ti45Al55 peritectic alloys has been investigated. The samples are subjected to both conventional induction melting as well as enhanced melt stirring by applying an external magnetic field using a specially designed floating zone arrangement. The stirred samples show a significant improvement of the plastic deformability compared to the conventionally melted samples. Additionally, the fracture surface of the stirred samples exhibits more deformation. A strong change in the morphology of properitectic phase from dendritic to spherical together with an increase in the properitectic phase fraction was observed in the stirred samples. The possible reason of the change in morphology is explained as a result of spherical growth under forced convection. Compositional line-scan shows that the Al-depletion layer near the interface of (a2+g) colonies and g matrix reduces in the stirred samples due to the enhanced mass transfer under the effect of strong stirring.

We analyze numerically the magnetorotational instability (MRI) of a hydrodynamically stable Taylor-Couette flow with a helical external magnetic field in the inductionless approximation defined by a zero magnetic Prandtl number (Pm=0). The Chebyshev collocation method is used to calculate the eigenvalue spectrum for small amplitude perturbations.

The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power and viscosity of Pb-based eutectic and near eutectic systems were studied. An anomalous behavior of the physical properties in the liquid binary Pb-Sn, Pb-Bi, Pb-Mg and ternary Pb-Bi-Sn melts has been revealed well above the liquidus. The temperature range of the anomalies reaches hundreds degrees and depends on the sample composition. The results obtained are interpreted in the context of the assumption that microsegregation areas formed by micro and nanoclusters exist in the eutectic and near eutectic systems.

Electrical conductivity, s(T), and thermoelectric power, S(T), of liquid Pb-Bi alloys of eutectic and near eutectic compositions were investigated in the “melting-solidification” temperature region. The revealed discrepancies between the heating and cooling s(T) and S(T) curves as well as a hysteresis observed in course of heating-cooling cycles suggest a metastable microheterogeneous structure of the Pb-Bi melts. A solidification mechanism is proposed.