Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

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41396 Publications

Implementation of a strainer model for calculating the pressure drop across beds of compressible, fibrous materials

Grahn, A.; Krepper, E.; Alt, S.; Kästner, W.

Mineral wool insulation debris, which is generated during a loss-of-coolant-accident (LOCA), has the potential to undermine the long-term recirculation capability of the emergency core coolant system (ECCS) in a nuclear power plant. Most importantly, ECCS pumps are faced with an increasing pressure drop while insulation debris accumulates at the pump suction strainers. The presented study aims at modelling the pressure drop of flows across growing cakes of compressible, fibrous materials and at the implementation of the model into a general-purpose 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. Computed pressure drops are compared with experimentally found values. The ability of the CFD implementation to simulate 3D flows with a non-uniformly distributed particle phase is exemplified using a step-like channel geometry with a horizontally embedded strainer plate.

Keywords: pressure drop; strainer blockage; fibrous filter cakes; compressible filter cakes; reactor safety; Loss-of-Coolant-Accident; CFD; simulation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10337
Publ.-Id: 10337


Flux dependence of cluster formation in neutron irradiated weld material

Bergner, F.; Ulbricht, A.; Hein, H.; Kammel, M.

The effect of neutron flux on the formation of irradiation-induced clusters in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels is an unresolved issue. Small-angle neutron scattering was measured for a neutron-irradiated RPV weld material containing 0.22 wt% impurity Cu. The experiment was focused on the influence of neutron flux on the formation of irradiation-induced clusters at fixed fluence. The aim was to separate and tentatively interpret the effect of flux on the characteristics of the cluster size distribution. We have observed a pronounced effect of neutron flux on cluster size, whereas the total volume fraction of irradiation-induced clusters is insensitive to the level of flux. The result is compatible with a rate theory model according to which the range of applied fluxes covers the transition range from a flux-independent regime to a regime of cluster growth slowing down with increasing flux. The results are confronted with measured irradiation-induced changes of mechanical properties.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10336
Publ.-Id: 10336


Myocardial uptake and biodistribution of newly designed technetium-labelled fatty acid analogues

Heintz, A. C.; Jung, C. M.; Stehr, S. N.; Mirtschink, P.; Walther, M.; Pietzsch, J.; Bergmann, R.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Spies, H.; Wunderlich, G.; Kropp, J.; Deussen, A.

In an effort to develop 99mTc-labelled fatty acids (FAs) for myocardial metabolism and flow imaging, several 99mTc analogues according to the ‘3+1’ and the ‘4+1’-mixed ligand approach were synthesized and myocardial extraction was evaluated in non-working isolated guinea pig hearts. Biodistribution patterns in guinea pigs were determined exemplarily of one FA analogue.

  • Nuclear Medicine Communications 28(2007)8, 637-647
    ISSN: 0143-3636

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10335
Publ.-Id: 10335


Production of highly charged ions for ion-surface interaction studies

Zschornack, G.; Grossmann, F.; Heller, R.; Kentsch, U.; Kreller, M.; Landgraf, S.; Ovsyannikov, V.P.; Schmidt, M.; Ullmann, F.

We give an overview of the production of highly charged ions in the room-temperature Dresden EBIT and its successors, the Dresden EBIS and Dresden EBIS-A, and their application in different areas. Due to their compact design they are favored for the study and use of the interaction of ions with surfaces. In particular, interaction processes with highly charged ions are of special interest due to their properties, such as the high yield of secondary particles, which open up new techniques in surface structuring and materials analysis. Single ion hits are found to create hillock-like structures on the nanoscale which is shown for a HOPG surface irradiated by argon ions. Since the ion beams that are extracted from the Dresden EBIT and EBIS devices are characterized by a small beam emittance other applications come into focus, such as in FIB technology where there is a great demand for beams of noble gases. First results of the production of a helium ion beam in the Nano-FIB at ! LPN/CNRS employing a Dresden EBIT are presented. Furthermore molecular fragments can be produced, shown by means of a spectrum of propane fragments, which not only are of interest in life sciences.

Keywords: highly charged ions; Dresden EBIT; nanostructures; helium FIB; molecular fragments

  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 258(2007)1, 205-208

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10334
Publ.-Id: 10334


Quality assurance in thermodynamic databases for performance assessment studies in waste disposal

Voigt, W.; Brendler, V.; Marsh, K.; Rarey, R.; Wanner, H.; Gaune-Escard, M.; Cloke, P.; Vercouter, T.; Bastrakov, E.; Hagemann, S.

Performance assessment studies in underground disposal of radioactive or toxic waste need to consider all reactive interactions between waste and its surroundings. Thermodynamic equilibrium and reaction path calculations represent an important tool for this purpose. The reliability of the results depends first of all on the quality of the thermodynamic database used for the calculations. Several quality criteria of thermodynamic databases are discussed in connection with the characteristics of current database projects [Nuclear Energy Agency Thermochemical Database (NEA-TDB), Yucca Mountain database, Dortmund Databank (DDB), Common Thermodynamic Database (CTD), FreeGS, and Thermodynamic Reference Database (THEREDA)] including the situation for molten salts. The future role of the IUPAC standard for thermophysical and thermochemical data storage is emphasized.
Keywords: thermodynamic databases; radioactive waste disposal; geochemical databases; ThermoML; performance assessment studies.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10333
Publ.-Id: 10333


Scientific-technical cooperation between FZR and Russia in the field of NPP safety research

Höhne, T.; Konheiser, J.; Kozmenkov, K.; Noack, K.; Schäfer, F.; Schleicher, U.; Rindelhardt, U.; Rohde, U.; Ulbricht, A.; Weiß, F.-P.

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-468 2007
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10332
Publ.-Id: 10332


Bi-Annual Report 2005/06 - Radiation Source ELBE

Lehnert, U.; (Editor)

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-473 2007
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10331
Publ.-Id: 10331


Magnetic excitations and the field-induced condensation of magnons in the large-D spin-1 chain system DTN

Zvyagin, S.

NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 (DTN) is a quantum spin-1 chain system with strong easy-pane anisotropy and a new material for studying the magnon condensation in magnetic fields. In this talk, I will present tunablefrequency electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of magnetic excitations in DTN in fields up to 25 T. First, I am going to show how the high-field ESR can be used for describing the temperature-field phase diagram and the low-temperature magnetization data in the field-induced ordered phase of DTN. Second, I will report on the first conclusive observation of the two-magnon bound states, which is a unique feature of the high-field spin-polarized phase of spin-1 large-D Heisenberg chains. Third, based on the analysis of the ESR data, I am going to discuss the relevance of the underlying physics in DTN to the field-induced Bose-Einstein Condensation phenomenon in quantum antiferromagnets. Finally, I will briefly talk about recent developments of the high-field ESR Program at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Invited talk at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 29.06.2007, Tallahassee, United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10330
Publ.-Id: 10330


Magnetization and specific heat of TbFe3(BO3)4: Experiment and crystal-field calculations

Popova, E. A.; Volkov, D. V.; Vasiliev, A. N.; Demidov, A. A.; Kolmakova, N. P.; Gudim, I. A.; Bezmaternykh, L. N.; Tristan, N.; Skourski, Y.; Büchner, B.; Hess, C.; Klingeler, R.

We have studied the thermodynamic properties of single-crystalline TbFe3(BO3)4. Magnetization measurements have been carried out as a function of magnetic field (up to 50 T) and temperature up to 350 K with the magnetic field both parallel and perpendicular to the trigonal c axis of the crystal. The specific heat has been measured in the temperature range 2–300 K with a magnetic field up to 9 T applied parallel to the c axis. The data indicate a structural phase transition at 192 K and antiferromagnetic spin ordering at TN≈40 K. A Schottky anomaly is present in the specific-heat data around 20 K, arising due to two low-lying energy levels of the Tb3+ ions being split by f-d coupling. Below TN, magnetic fields parallel to the c axis drive a spin-flop phase transition, which is associated with a large magnetization jump. The highly anisotropic character of the magnetic susceptibility is ascribed mainly to the Ising-like behavior of the Tb3+ ions in the trigonal crystal field. We describe our results in the framework of a unified approach which is based on mean-field approximation and crystal-field calculations.

  • Physical Review B 75(2007), 224413

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10329
Publ.-Id: 10329


Dipole-strength distributions up to the Giant-Dipole Resonance deduced from photon scattering

Schwengner, R.; Rusev, G.; Benouaret, N.; Beyer, R.; Dönau, F.; Erhard, M.; Grosse, E.; Junghans, A. R.; Kosev, K.; Klug, J.; Nair, C.; Nankov, N.; Schilling, K. D.; Wagner, A.

Dipole-strength distributions up to the neutron-separation energies of the even-mass Mo isotopes from {92}Mo to {100}Mo and of the N=50isotones {88}Sr, {89}Y, {90}Zr have been investigated in photon-scattering experiments using the bremsstrahlung facility at the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. A measurement using polarised bremsstrahlung impinging on {88}Sr revealed that all resolved transitions with energies greater than 6 MeV in this nuclide except for one are E1 transitions. The intensity distributions obtained from the measured spectra after a correction for detector response and a subtraction of atomic background in the target contain a continuum part in addition to the resolved peaks. It turns out that the dipole strength in the resolved peaks amounts to about 30\% of the total dipole strength while the continuum contains about 70\%. In order to estimate the distribution of inelastic transitions and to correct the ground-state transitions for their branching ratios simulations of gamma-ray cascades were performed. The photoabsorption cross sections obtained in this way connect smoothly to (\gamma,n) cross sections and give novel information about the strength on the low-energy tails of the Giant Dipole Resonances below the neutron-separation energies. The experimental cross sections are compared with predictions of a Quasiparticle-Random-Phase Approximation in a deformed basis. The calculations describe the experimentally observed increase of the dipole strengths with increasing neutron number of the Mo isotopes as a consequence of increasing nuclear deformation.

Keywords: Photon scattering; Photoabsorption cross section; Quasiparticle-Random-Phase Approximation

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics - Changing Facets of Nuclear Structure -, 20.-24.05.2007, Vico Equense, Italy
    Changing facets of nuclear structure: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 978-981-277-902-1

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10328
Publ.-Id: 10328


Entwicklung und Anwendung einer Methodik zur Analyse unterstellter Borverdünnungsstörfälle im Nachkühlbetrieb

Kliem, S.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methodik zur Analyse von Borverdünnungsstörfallen im Nachkühlbetrieb von Druckwasserreaktoren vorgestellt und angewandt.
Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine realistische Analyse ist dabei die adäquate Modellierung der Vermischung des in den kalten Strang eingespeisten deborierten Pfropfens mit dem hochborierten Umgebungswasser.
Für das früher entwickelte Vermischungsmodell SAPR wurden an der Versuchsanlage ROCOM Übertragungs¬funktionen für die Vermischung im RDB bei kleinen Geschwindigkeiten ermittelt. Diese Übertragungsfunktionen, die in das bestehende Modell eingebaut und erfolgreich validiert wurden, decken alle möglichen Strömungszustände hinsichtlich der Anzahl der aktiven Nachkühlschleifen ab.
Mit Hilfe des gekoppelten neutronenkinetisch/thermohydraulischen Programms DYN3D/ATHLET wurde in Kombination mit diesem Vermischungsmodell ein unterstellter Borverdünnungsstörfall bei Einspeisung deborierten Kühlmittels im Nachkühlbetrieb unter Verwendung einer generischen Kernbeladung analysiert.
Die aus einer Kombination von stationären und transienten Rechnungen bestehende Methodik wurde auf das Strömungsregime mit einer arbeitenden Nachkühlpumpe angewandt. Zuerst wurde eine Parameterstudie mit stationären DYN3D-Rechnungen durchgeführt. Im deren Ergebnis wurde gezeigt, dass bei realistischer Berücksichtigung der Kühlmittelvermischung im RDB borfreie Kühlmittelmengen unter 8 m3 keine Rekritikalität des abgeschalteten Reaktors verursachen. Diese Aussage gilt für die verwendete Kernbeladung.
Für borfreie Kühlmittelmengen von 8 m3 bis zum Maximalwert von 15 m3 wurden transiente Analysen durchgeführt. Dazu wurde zwei Kernmodelle für das gekoppelte Programm DYN3D/ATHLET, eins bestehend aus 193 Kühlkanälen (1:1 Modellierung) und eins mit einer reduzierten Anzahl der Kühlkanäle (41) erstellt. Die mit dem SAPR-Modell berechneten Zeitkurven der Borkonzentration am Kerneintritt wurden als Randbedingungen an das untere Plenum angeschlossen. Aus Rechenzeitgründen wurde die Hauptzahl der Analysen mit dem reduziertem Modell durchgeführt. Ergänzend wurde für das maximale Pfropfenvolumen eine Rechnung mit dem detaillierten Modell durchgeführt.
Letzter Variationsparameter war die Anzahl der aktiven Schleifen im Nachkühlbetrieb. Hierbei wurden ausgewählte Schritte der Analyse für die veränderten hydraulischen Randbedingungen wiederholt. Es ergab sich, dass der 2- und 3-Schleifenbetrieb die höchsten statischen Reaktivitätseinträge aufweist. Die höchste Leistung nach der Rekritikalität sowie die höchsten Werte der Brennstoff- und Hüllrohrtemperatur werden im 4-Schleifenbetrieb berechnet, während im 1-Schleifenbetrieb der geringste Abstand zur Siedekrise und die höchste Stabbelastung ausgewiesen wurden.
Für diesen Zustand wurde eine Heißkanalanalyse durchgeführt. Obwohl in dieser Analyse über einen gewissen Zeitraum das Auftreten der Siedekrise berechnet wird, kam es in keiner der durchgeführten Rechnungen zu Erhöhungen der Brennstoffzentral- bzw. der Hüllrohrtemperatur über zulässige Grenzwerte.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2007
    FZD\FWS\2007\08
    82 Seiten
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10327
Publ.-Id: 10327


Strongly type-II superconductivity at high magnetic fields: Breakdown of thermodynamic scaling

Maniv, T.; Zhuravlev, V.; Wosnitza, J.; Ignatchik, O.; Bergk, B.

The Bragg-chain model of the two-dimensional (2D) vortex state at high magnetic field is extended to an array of coupled superconducting (SC) layers. Application to YNi2B2C and MgB2 yields good quantitative agreement with high-field magnetization measurements, indicating that the smeared transitions observed in these materials are, at least in great part, due to SC fluctuations. The analysis indicates, however, that the thermodynamic properties of these materials, as well as of other strongly type-II superconductors, at low magnetic fields near the SC transition, are not connected to those at high magnetic fields (and low T) with a single scaling function, since the SC energy gap near T-c0 significantly underestimates the amplitude of the SC order parameter at high magnetic fields.

  • Open Access Logo Chinese Journal of Physics 45(2007)2-II, 244-255
    ISSN: 0577-9073

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10326
Publ.-Id: 10326


Dipole-strength in N=50 nuclei studied in photon-scattering experiments at ELBE

Schwengner, R.

Dipole strength in N=50 nuclei studied in photon-scattering experiments at ELBE

Keywords: Photon scattering; photon-strength functions; Giant Dipole Resonance; Pygmy Dipole Resonance; Quasiparticle-Random-Phase-Approximation

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Workshop on Photon Strength Functions and Related Topics, 17.-20.06.2007, Praha, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10325
Publ.-Id: 10325


Surface modification of Ti6Al4V alloy by PIII at high temperatures: Effects of plasma potential

Silva, M. M.; Ueda, M.; Pichon, L.; Reuther, H.; Lepienski, C. M.

The present work is aimed to analyzing the influence of the plasma potential in the efficiency of plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) process with nitrogen, at high temperatures (550 degrees C and 800
degrees C), applied to the Ti6Al4V alloy to increase its wear resistance. Treatments with plasma potentials (PP) at 420 V and 90 V were carried out. In the first case, in accordance with AES (Auger Electron Spectroscopy) analysis, nitrogen rich layers of 100 nm and 150 nm of thickness had been obtained, for total treatment times of 60 min and 120 min, respectively. For the treatments with lower PP of 90 V, the treated layers thicknesses have been measured by GDOS (Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy) and their values are 1 mu m and 1.5 mu m for treatments of 120 min and 240 min, respectively. The hardness values were determined for the samples treated with high PP by nanoindentation technique and a significant increase was observed for this treatment,
reaching 11 GPa (60 m! in) and 19 GPa (120 min), which can be compared to 3.5-4.0 GPa obtained for the untreated samples. Pin-on-disk wear tests show that wear resistance increases after all these treatments. The friction coefficient as well as the wear rates are measured with a tribometer.

  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 257(2007), 722-726

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10324
Publ.-Id: 10324


Slow positron implantation spectroscopy – a tool to characterize vacancy-type damage in solids

Brauer, G.

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar am Nuclear Physics Institute, 15.06.2007, Rez, Czech Republic
  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar am Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, 19.06.2007, Praha, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10323
Publ.-Id: 10323


Interplay of cold working and nitrogen diffusion in austenitic stainless steel

Manova, D.; Eichentopf, I.; Heinrich, S.; Mandl, S.; Richter, E.; Neumann, H.; Rauschenbach, B.

For hardness measurements, the indentation depth is about 10% of the effective information depth under static loading. A change of the wear mechanism is observed under lateral loading conditions in oscillating ball-on-disc tests for nitrided austenitic stainless steel with an expanded austenite surface layer from abrasive to a subsurface plastic flow with a redistribution of the inserted nitrogen. This leads to an effective nitriding depth about 3-5 larger than the actual nitrided zone.

  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 257(2007), 442-446

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10322
Publ.-Id: 10322


Molecular Hydrogen in Amorphous Silicon with High Internal Stress

Danesh, P.; Pantchev, B.; Schmidt, B.; Grambole, D.

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon with high compressive stress and hydrogen concentration as high as the hydrogen solubility limit has been studied. The concentrations of total hydrogen and bonded hydrogen have been determined by nuclear reaction analysis and infrared transmission spectroscopy, respectively. The amount of molecular hydrogen has been estimated as a difference between these two concentrations. Silicon ion implantation has been used to transform the hydrogen molecules into silicon-bonded hydrogen. The sensitivity of the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer to the expected variations in the bonded hydrogen concentration has been proved using hydrogen implantation. It has been concluded that in spite of high hydrogen content in the material the concentration of molecular hydrogen in the studied films is below 1 at.% and is not the reason for the high internal stress.

Keywords: ion implantation; nuclear reaction analysis; infrared spectroscopy; amorphous silicon; molecular hydrogen

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10321
Publ.-Id: 10321


Fluorescence-Infrared-Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy: A Novel Approach to the Study of Domain Coupling in Proteins

Fahmy, K.

Fluorescence-Infrared-Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy: A Novel Approach to the Study of Domain Coupling in Proteins

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    XIIth European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules 2007, 01.-06.09.2007, Paris, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10320
Publ.-Id: 10320


Proton-regulated side chain lipid interactions in conformational switching by transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors

Madathil, S.

Proton-regulated side chain lipid interactions in conformational switching by transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    51st Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society 2007, 06.03.2007, Baltimore, United States
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Rockefeller University, 08.03.2007, New York, United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10319
Publ.-Id: 10319


Molecular switching in GPCRs: FTIR- and fluorescence-Spectroscopic Identification of Functional Modules in Rhodopsin

Fahmy, K.

Molecular switching in GPCRs: FTIR- and fluorescence-Spectroscopic Identification of Functional Modules in Rhodopsin

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, 29.03.2007, Dortmund, Germany
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Rockefeller University, 09.03.2007, New York, United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10318
Publ.-Id: 10318


Festkörperspektroskopie bei Terahertz-Frequenzen mit dem Freie-Elektronenlaser

Helm, M.

Am Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf ist seit einigen Jahren ein Freie-Elektronenlaser (FEL) in Betrieb, der mittlerweile einen Wellenlängenbereich zwischen 3 und 200 Mikrometer (entsprechend Frequenzen zwischen 1.5 und 100 THz) überstreicht. Nach einer Beschreibung der Maschine und ihrer wesentlichen Eigenschaften und Parameter sollen einige der ersten Experimente diskutiert werden:

(1) Untersuchung der zeitaufgelösten Dynamik von Elektronen in Halbleiter-Übergittern mittels Pikosekunden pump-probe Spektroskopie.
(2) Nahfeldmikroskopie von ferroelektrischen Domänen in der Nähe von Phonon-Resonanzen.

Keywords: free electorn laser; terahertz; semiconductor superlattices; near field microscopy

  • Lecture (others)
    Phyikalisches Kolloquium an der Universität Konstanz (invited), 26.06.2007, Konstanz, Germany
  • Lecture (others)
    Physikalisches Kolloquium der Universität Linz (invited), 28.06.2007, Linz, Austria
  • Lecture (others)
    Physikalisches Kolloquium der Universität Leipzig (invited), 10.07.2007, Leipzig, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10317
Publ.-Id: 10317


Fundamentals and applications of ellipsometry

Vinnichenko, M.

The short tutorial on fundamentals and applications of spectroscopic ellipsometry was given. The sensitivity of the technique in different configurations, problems of data acquisition and analysis have been addressed.

Keywords: Spectroscopic elipsometry

  • Lecture (others)
    Informal seminar at Centro de Micro-Analisis de Materiales (CMAM), 29.06.2007, Madrid, Spain

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10316
Publ.-Id: 10316


Implantation-caused open volume defects in Ge after Flash Lamp Annealing (FLA) probed by Slow Positron Implantation Spectroscopy (SPIS)

Anwand, W.; Skorupa, W.; Schumann, T.; Posselt, M.; Schmidt, B.; Grötzschel, R.; Brauer, G.

B+ and P+ ions were implanted into Ge wafers covered with an amorphous surface layer of 150 nm. After this, FLA in Ar atmosphere was used as post-implantation heat treatment. Flash lamp radiation with Xenon flash lamps having a spectrum in the visible range of light and a pulse length of 3 or 20 ms allowed an ultra-short heating up of the near surface region. In this way, a modification of the structure of the amorphous layer containing the implanted range was possible. Depth profiles of defects, especially of vacancy-type, were investigated by SPIS before and after FLA.
It could be shown that the remaining vacancy-type defect structure depends on the parameters of the process of heat treatment, and that these defects could not be completely removed by FLA.
These results will be compared with such from SRIM 2006 calculations (Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS).

Keywords: Ge; ion implantation; flash lamp annealing; defects; slow positron implantation spectroscopy

  • Applied Surface Science 255(2008)1, 81-83
  • Poster
    11th Workshop on Positron Beam Techniques for Solids and Surfaces, 09.-13.07.2007, Orleans, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10315
Publ.-Id: 10315


Nuclear astrophysics with real photons

Nair, C.; Junghans, A. R.; Erhard, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Crespo, P.; Grosse, E.; Fauth, M.; Kosev, K.; Rusev, G.; Schilling, K.-D.; Schwengner, R.; Wagner, A.

Majority of the light elements up to iron are formed by successive rounds of thermonuclear fusion burning in the stellar interiors. The nuclei heavier than iron (Z>26) are being synthesized mainly by neutron-capture reactions – the astrophysical r-and s-processes. But the 35 neutron deficient stable isotopes between Se and Hg, the so-called p-nuclei, are shielded from the rapid neutron capture by stable isobars [1]. The possible site for the formation of p-nuclei are astrophysical scenarios like supernova explosions and their production mechanism is understood as chains of photodisintegrations of the type (γ, n), (γ, p) or (γ, α) on heavy seed nuclei. The natural abundances of the p-nuclei are in the order of 0.01 – 1%. For the network calculations that yield the p-nuclei abundances, precise values of the relevant astrophysical reaction rates are necessary. The data used presently for p-process nucleosynthesis modelling are mainly based on theoretical cross sections obtained from Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations. In this context, the knowledge of the experimental cross sections of the p-nuclei is of crucial importance. We are focussing on the photo-dissociation studies of various medium-mass nuclei and our aim is to get more accurate experimental cross sections which will surely be able to improve the present astrophysical network calculations. To study the p-nuclei by the method of bremsstrahlung induced activation, the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE delivers beams up to 40 MeV energy with average currents up to 1mA. An overview on the experimental facilities for nuclear physics at the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany will be given . In particular, the photodissociation studies on the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm will be discussed.

Keywords: thermonuclear fusion; neutron-deficient nucei; photodisintegration

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Frontiers and Perspectives of Nuclear and Hadron Physics (FPNH07), 11.-12.06.07, Tokyo, O-okayama, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10314
Publ.-Id: 10314


Photodisintegration studies on the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm for the astrophysical p-process

Nair, C.; Junghans, A. R.; Erhard, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Crespo, P.; Fauth, M.; Grosse, E.; Klug, J.; Kosev, K.; Rusev, G.; Schilling, K. D.; Schwengner, R.; Wagner, A.

In burning stellar environments like supernova explosions, the temperatures are high enough for the production of heavy neutron deficient nuclei, the so-called p-nuclei. These are thought to be produced in such explosive scenarios either through chains of photodisintegration reactions on heavy seed nuclei. The modelling of the nucleosynthesis for the p-nuclei is mainly based on statistical model calculations. In this context, the knowledge of the experimental cross sections for the prediction of the p-nuclei abundances is of crucial importance and to forward in this direction we have started and experimental program at the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of FZ Dresden-Rossendorf . Photodisintegration measurements on the astrophysically relevant p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed via photoactivation technique with bremsstrahlung end-point energies from 10.0 to 16.5 MeV. In particular the (gamma,alpha) reactions of the mentioned nuclei were studied for the first time at different endpoint energies above and close to the threshold. The bremsstrahlung facility and the experimental area are deigned so as to facilitate the studies under optimized background conditions. To probe the fascinating investigations on short-lived nuclei a new pneumatic delivery system has been built recently. First experiments on the short-lived decays following the reaction 144Sm(gamma,n) is discussed. The activation yields from all measurements are compared with calculations using cross sections from recent Hauser-Feshbach models .

Keywords: p-nuclei; photodisintegration; pneumatic delivery system

  • Poster
    International Nuclear Physics Conference (INPC 2007), 03.-08.06.07, Tokyo, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10313
Publ.-Id: 10313


Palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions with [11C]methyl iodide and 4-[18F]fluorohalobenzenes for the synthesis of positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers

Wüst, F.; Berndt, M.; Knieß, T.

Radiochemistry with the short-lived positron emitters 11C (11C, t1/2 =20.38 min) and 18F (18F, t1/2 = 109.6 min) represents special challenges in terms of synthesis time and applicable labelling techniques. The implementation of modern organic chemistry methods into 11C and 18F radiochemistry has steadily expanded the number of 11C- and 18F- labelled PET radiotracers. The review wants to address the progress in the development of palladium-mediated carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations based on the readily available labelling precursors [11C]methyl iodide and 4-[18F]fluorohalobenzenes (4-[18F]bromofluorobenzene and 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene).

  • Contribution to external collection
    Xiaoyuan Chen: Recent Advances of Bioconjugation Chemistry in Molecular Imaging, Trivandrum, Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2008, 978-81-308-0210-7, 155-173

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10312
Publ.-Id: 10312


Bericht der Sitzung Energiesysteme – Energiewirtschaft, Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2007, Karlsruhe

Willschütz, H.-G.

Die Sitzung Energiesysteme – Energiewirtschaft (Energy Systems - Energy Economics) unter der Leitung von Herrn Dr.-Ing. Hans-Georg Willschütz (Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Dresden, D) umfasste vier Vorträge, die sich mit den Perspektiven für neue Kernkraftwerke in Litauen und den Niederlanden, Strompreisentwicklungen und -angeboten in Deutschland und Aspekten der zukünftigen nuklearen Entsorgung befassten. Die Sitzung stieß auf reges Interesse und wurde zeitweilig von über 70 Teilnehmern besucht.

Keywords: Session report; Energy Economics; Energy Systems; new nuclear power plants in Lithuania and The Netherlands; prices in the electricity market; future development of nuclear waste disposal

  • atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power 52(2007)10, 663-664

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10311
Publ.-Id: 10311


Photodisintegration studies on p-nuclei : The case of Mo and Sm isotopes

Nair, C.; Junghans, A. R.; Erhard, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Crespo, P.; Grosse, E.; Fauth, M.; Kosev, K.; Rusev, G.; Schilling, K.-D.; Schwengner, R.; Wagner, A.

In explosive stellar environments like supernovae, the temperatures are high enough for the production of heavy neutron-deficient nuclei, the so-called p-nuclei. Up to now, the knowledge of the reaction rates of p-nuclei is based on theoretical parameterizations using statistical model calculations. At the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of FZ Dresden-Rossendorf, we aim to measure the photodisintegration rates of heavy nuclei experimentally. Photoactivation measurements on the astrophysically relevant p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed with bremsstrahlung end-point energies from 10.0 to 16.5 MeV. First experiments on the short-lived decays following the reaction 144Sm(gamma,n) are carried out using a pneumatic delivery system for rapid transport of activated samples. The activation yields are compared with calculations using cross sections from recent Hauser-Feshbach models.

  • Poster
    Nuclear Physics in Astrophysics III, 26.-31.03.07, Dresden, Germany
  • Journal of Physics G - Nuclear and Particle Physics 35(2008)1, 014036
  • Contribution to WWW
    http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5086

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10310
Publ.-Id: 10310


Experimente und CFD Simulationen zu geschichteten Strömungen in horizontalen Kanälen

Höhne, T.; Vallee, C.

Slug flow is potentially hazardous to the structure of the system due to the strong oscillating pressure levels formed behind the liquid slugs. It is usually characterized by an acceleration of the gaseous phase and by the transition of fast liquid slugs, which carry out a significant amount of liquid with high kinetic energy. For the experimental investigation of air/water flows, a horizontal channel with rectangular cross-section was build at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). Experimental data were used to check the feasibility to predict the slugging phenomenon with the existing multiphase flow models build in ANSYS CFX. Further it is of interest to prove the understanding of the general fluid dynamic mechanism leading to slug flow and to identify the critical parameters affecting the main slug flow parameters (like e.g. slug length, frequency and propagation velocity; pressure drop).
For free surface simulations, the inhomogeneous multiphase model was used, where the gaseous and liquid phases can be partially mixed in certain areas of the flow domain. In this case the local phase demixing after a gas entrainment is controlled by buoyancy and interphase drag and is not hindered by the phase interface separating the two fluids. A further decision has to be made regarding the applied fluid morphology and interphase drag law for the multiphase flow. The fluid-dependent shear stress transport (SST) turbulence models were selected for each phase. Damping of turbulent diffusion at the interface has been considered. The k-ω based SST model accounts for the transport of the turbulent shear stress and gives highly accurate predictions of the onset and the amount of flow separation under adverse pressure gradients. The tail of the calculated slug and the flow behind it is in good agreement with the experiment. The entrainment of small bubbles in front of the slug could not be observed in the calculation. However, the front wave rolls over and breaks. It is created due to the high air velocity. In contrast to the measurement, the slug period is increasing with the time in the calculation. This could be a result of different amount of water in the channel at the beginning of experiment and CFD simulation. While in the simulation, the liquid phase covers 78% of the channel, it represents about 70% at the beginning of the experiment. Furthermore, in the experiment, this value is also reduced by a first slug which carries a significant amount of water out of the channel. This first slug could not be simulated. The behavior of slug propagation at the experimental setup was qualitatively reproduced, while quantitative deviations require a continuation of the work.
As some uncertainties were noticed at the inlet of this channel, the HAWAC (Horizontal Air/Water Channel) with well defined inlet boundary conditions dedicated to co-current flows was built. A picture sequence recorded during slug flow was compared with the equivalent CFD simulation made with the code ANSYS CFX. The two-fluid model was applied with a special free surface treatment. Due to an interfacial momentum transfer, it was possible to generate slugs based on instabilities. The behaviour of slug generation and propagation at the experimental setup was qualitatively reproduced, while deviations require a continuation of the work. The creation of small instabilities due to pressure surge or an increase of interfacial momentum should be analysed in the future. Furthermore, experiments like pressure and velocity measurements are planned and will allow quantitative comparisons, also at other superficial velocities.

Keywords: Slug Flow; Horizontal flow; CFD

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Fachsitzung Anwendung von CFD-Methoden in der Reaktorsicherheit, Jahrestagung Kerntechnik, 22.-24.05.2007, Karlsruhe, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10309
Publ.-Id: 10309


Investigation of single-crystals of chromium implanted with 119Sn-ions of various energies

Cieslak, J.; Dubiel, S. M.; Eichhorn, F.; Menzel, M.; Reuther, H.

Single-crystals of chromium doped with 1016 119Sn ions per cm2 and energies ranging between 45 and 190 keV were investigated with conversion electron M¨ossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), grazing angle X-ray diffraction (GAXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The M¨ossbauer spectra were found to be significantly different than those of the bulk. Both the maximum and the average hf. field values were higher by a factor of ∼3 than the corresponding quantities for the bulk. The overall shape of the spectra is also different. GAXRD study has revealed that the near-surface zone of the investigated samples has a nanocrystalline structure with the average size of grains ranging between ∼20 and ∼40 nm. The latter seems to be the main reason for the observed enhancement of the spin-density and its distortion.

  • Journal of Alloys and Compounds 442(2007), 235-238

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10308
Publ.-Id: 10308


New aspects about the growth of metal-filled CNT on structured substrates and the tuning of their magnetic properties

Müller, C.; Leonhardt, A.; Elefant, D.; Reuther, H.; Büchner, B.

Nanostructured magnetic materials such as arrays of nanowires and filled nanotubes exhibit unique and tuneable magnetic properties e.g. the anomalous high coercivity, which make them favourable for applications in high density magnetic recording media.
We show effective CVD-routes for the defined growth of ensembles as well as individuals of metall-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe, Co, Ni) on structured silicon substrates and alumina substrates. The filled nanotubes were obtained due to continuous decomposition (thermic or plasma) of metal-containing precursors or hydrocarbons at 750-850°C. The nanotube dimensions can be controlled by the size of the catalyst on the substrate and with the reaction conditions. Further we report about a homogeneous embedding procedure of the CNT ensembles in a solid matrix. After the mechanical treatment the remaining nanotube stubs are analyzed with the magnetometer. In addition detailed investigations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Moessbauer spectroscopy give new insightes in the growth of filled carbon nanotubes.

  • Poster
    Eighth International Conference on the Science and Application of Nanotubes, 24.-29.06.2007, Ouro Preto, Brasil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10307
Publ.-Id: 10307


Streustrahlungskorrektur bei Gammatomographie auf der Grundlage einer Faltungsoperation

Hoppe, D.

Entwickelt wird eine einfache und leicht handhabbare Methode, die sich vorzugsweise bei der Gammatomographie mit hoch- und monoenergetischer Strahlung zur Korrektur von Streustrahlungsartefakten eignet. Der Grundgedanke besteht darin, dass zwischen der im Untersuchungsobjekt bestehenden Schwächungsverteilung der Primärstrahlung und der Verteilung der vom einzelnen Objektpunkt ausgehenden Streustrahlung eine Faltungsoperation vorgenommen wird.

We develop a straightforward and easy to be used method that lends itself preferably to tomography with high and mono energetic Gamma radiation for correction of scattered radiation artifacts. It is the basic idea of the method to convolve the attenuation distribution of the impinging radiation with the scattered radiation that is emitted from the individual points of the object under investigation.

Keywords: Gammatomography; Compton scattering; scatter distribution; scatter correction; convolution

  • Technisches Messen (2008)6, 413

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10306
Publ.-Id: 10306


Suppression of secondary phase formation in Fe implanted ZnO single crystals

Potzger, K.; Zhou, S.; Reuther, H.; Kuepper, K.; Talut, G.; Helm, M.; Fassbender, J.; Denlinger, J. D.

Unwanted secondary phases are one of the major problems in diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) creation. Here we show possibilities to avoid such phases in Fe implanted and post-annealed ZnO(0001) single crystals. While -Fe nanoparticles are formed after such doping in as-polished crystals, high temperature (1273 K) annealing in O2 or high vacuum before implantation suppresses these phases. Thus, the residual saturation magnetization in the pre-annealed ZnO single crystals is about 20 times lower than for the as-polished ones and assigned to indirect coupling between isolated Fe ions rather than to clusters.

Keywords: ZnO; Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors; Ion implantation

  • Applied Physics Letters 91(2007), 062107

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10305
Publ.-Id: 10305


Projective Hilbert space structures near exceptional points and the quantum brachistochrone

Günther, U.; Samsonov, B.

The talk consists of two parts. In the first part, a brief overview of projective Hilbert space structures related to exceptional points (EPs) is presented. The apparent contradiction between operator (matrix) perturbation schemes related to root-vector expansions and expansions in terms of eigenvectors for diagonal spectral decompositions is projectively resolved. In the second part of the talk, the gained insight is used for a geometric analysis of the brachistochrone problem for non-Hermitian as well as for PT-ssymmetric/pseudo-Hermitian quantum mechanical systems. The passage time contraction for non-Hermitian Hamiltonians compared to Hermitian ones is attributed to a distance contraction in projective Hilbert space due to non-unitary evolution. In the limiting case when a parameter dependent Hamiltonian approaches an EP in its spectral decomposition the distance between the coalescing eigenvectors vanishes and with it the passage time of the brachistochrone.

Keywords: Quantum Mechanics; exceptional point; Hilbert space; projective space; PT-symmetry; non-Hermitian operator; quantum brachistochrone; passage time

  • Lecture (Conference)
    6th International Workshop on Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics, 16.-18.07.2007, London, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10304
Publ.-Id: 10304


Non-Hermitian dynamics and a Hilbert space "relativity principle"

Samsonov, B.; Günther, U.

Quantum mechanics (QM) is reexamined from the view-point of operator equivalence classes. Two assumptions are used as starting points:

1.) Any operator with a diagonal spectral decomposition, purely real spectrum and which is densely defined in a suitable Hilbert space may describe a physical observable.
2.) Two sets of observables with operators which are related by a similarity transformation (i.e. which are elements from operator equivalence classes and lie on corresponding conjugacy orbits) are physically indistinguishable. In other words, the physical properties related to the observables X and AXA-1 are exactly the same when A is a non-singular bounded operator (Hilbert space "relativity principle").
This implies that a given set of observables which is equivalent to a set with all operators Hermitian in a corresponding Hilbert space will not lead to the appearance of new properties compared to conventional QM. In contrast, if a set of observables consists of Hermitian and non-Hermitian operators in a certain Hilbert space then new effects can be expected which will go beyond those of conventional QM.
In this respect we analyze the evolution of a Hermitian observable governed by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian.
The general approach is illustrated by a toy model 2×2 matrix Hamiltonian as it was recently used by Bender et al [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 040403] for considerations of a PT-symmetric quantum brachistochrone problem. We calculate the corresponding spin flip probabilities and show that the spin flips in non-Hermitian models may have flip (passage) times which are shorter or longer compared to those of Hermitian systems. The effect depends on the concrete exceptional point which is approached in the parameter space of the model.

Keywords: Quantum Mechanics; PT-symmetry; pseudo-Hermiticity; Krein space; quantum brachistochrone; passage time; equivalence class; conjugacy orbit

  • Lecture (Conference)
    6th International Workshop on Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics, 16.-18.07.2007, London, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10303
Publ.-Id: 10303


Numerische Simulationen zur elektrolytischen Kupferabscheidung in externen Magnetfeldern

Mutschke, G.

Nach einem einleitenden Überblick über die CFD-Aktivitäten
der Abteilung Magnetohydrodynamik im FZD werden aktuelle
numerische Ergebnisse zum genannten Thema vorgestellt, welches
Bestandteil des Sonderforschungsbereiches 609 ist.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop Strömungssimulation, 29.06.2007, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10302
Publ.-Id: 10302


Aneuploidy and DNA Replication in the Normal Human Brain and Alzheimer’s Disease

Mosch, B.; Morawski, M.; Mittag, A.; Lenz, D.; Tarnok, A.; Arendt, T.

Reactivation of the cell cycle, including DNA replication, might play a major role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A more than diploid DNA content in differentiated neurons might alternatively result from chromosome mis-segregation during mitosis in neuronal progenitor cells. It was our objective to distinguish between these two mechanisms for aneuploidy and to provide evidence for a functional cell cycle in AD. Using slide-based cytometry, chromogenic in situ hybridization, and PCR amplification of alu-repeats, we quantified the DNA amount of identified cortical neurons in normal human brain and AD and analyzed the link between a tetraploid DNA content and expression of the early mitotic marker cyclin B1. In the normal brain, the number of neurons with a more than diploid content amounts to ~10%. Less than 1% of neurons contains a tetraploid DNA content. These neurons do not express cyclin B1, most likely representing constitutional tetraploidy. This population of cyclin B1-negative tetraploid neurons, at a reduced number, is also present in AD. In addition, a population of cyclin B1-positive tetraploid neurons of ~2%of all neurons was observed in AD. Our results indicate that at least two different mechanisms need to be distinguished giving rise to a tetraploid DNA content in the adult brain. Constitutional aneuploidy in differentiated neurons might be more frequent than previously thought. It is, however, not elevated in AD. In addition, in AD some neurons have re-entered the cell cycle and entirely passed through a functional interphase with a complete DNA replication.

Keywords: cell cycle; cyclin B1; neurodegeneration; chromogenic in situ hybridization; CISH; slide-based cytometry; SBC; quantitative real-time PCR

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10301
Publ.-Id: 10301


X-ray radioscopic visualization of the solutal convection during solidification of a Ga-30wt%In alloy

Boden, S.; Eckert, S.; Willers, B.; Gerbeth, G.

Capabilities of the X-ray attenuation contrast radioscopy were utilized to provide a real-time diagnostic technique of the melt flow during unidirectional solidification of a Ga-30wt%In alloy from the bottom which is significantly affected by solutal convection. The solidification process was visualised using a microfocus X-ray tube. The X-ray facility provided shadow radiographs at spatial resolutions of about 10 µm at frame repetition rates of 25 Hz. We used the optical flow approach to derive information about the velocity field ahead of the solidification front and in the mushy zone from the observed displacement of the brightness patterns appearing during the X-ray image sequence. Buoyancy-driven flow patterns were found at length scales much larger than the length scales of the solidifying microstructure. A strong coupling between convection and dendritic growth became apparent via flow-induced modifications of the concentration profile in the liquid.

Keywords: Directional solidification; Binary alloy; Dendritic growth; Solutal convection; X-ray radioscopy

  • Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 39A(2008), 613-623

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10300
Publ.-Id: 10300


Modellentwicklung und Validierung von CFD-Codes für Mehrphasenströmungen

Lucas, D.

Der Vortrag gibt einen Überblick über die am FZD laufenden Arbeiten zur Qualifikation von CFD Codes für Mehphasenströmungen. Neben einer Darstellung der Motivation für die Arbeiten wird die enge Verknüpfung zwischen Experimenten, Modellentwicklung, Implementierung der Modelle in den CFD-Code CFX und die anschließende Validierung eingegangen. Exemplarisch wird das an der Modellentwicklung und Validierung für polydiperse Blasenströmungen dargestellt. Ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Arbeiten wird gegeben.

Keywords: CFD; two-phase flow; bubbly flow

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Workshop Strömungssimulation, 29.06.2007, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10299
Publ.-Id: 10299


Numerical and experimental investigations for insulation particle transport phenomena in water flow

Krepper, E.; Cartland-Glover, G.; Grahn, A.; Weiss, F.-P.; Alt, S.; Hampel, R.; Kästner, W.; Kratzsch, A.; Seeliger, A.

The investigation of insulation debris generation, transport and sedimentation becomes more important with regard to reactor safety research for Pressurized and Boiling Water Reactors, when considering the long-term behaviour of emergency core coolant systems during all types of loss of coolant accidents (LOCA). The insulation debris released near the break during a LOCA incident consists of a mixture of a disparate particle population that varies with size, shape, consistency and other properties. Some fractions of the released insulation debris can be transported into the reactor sump, where it may perturb or impinge on the emergency core cooling systems.
Open questions of generic interest are for example the particle load on strainers and corresponding pressure drop, the sedimentation of the insulation debris in a water pool, its possible re-suspension and transport in the sump water flow. A joint research project on such questions is being performed in cooperation with the University of Applied Science Zittau/Görlitz and the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The project deals with the experimental investigation and the development of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models for the description of particle transport phenomena in coolant flow. While the experiments are performed at the University Zittau/Görlitz, the theoretical work is concentrated at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.
In the present paper, the basic concepts for CFD modelling are described and experimental results are presented. Further experiments are designed and feasibility studies were performed.

Keywords: CFD; two-fluid approach; fibre flow

  • Annals of Nuclear Energy 35(2008), 1564-1579

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10298
Publ.-Id: 10298


Anwendung des Master Curve-Konzeptes zur Charakterisierung der Zähigkeit neutronenbestrahlter Reaktordruckbehälterstähle

Viehrig, H.-W.; Zurbuchen, C.

Die Anwendbarkeit des Master Curve-(MC-)Konzepts zur Charakterisierung des Zähigkeitszustandes bestrahlter Reaktordruck¬behälter-(RDB-)Stähle wurde an drei RDB-Stählen überprüft: IAEA-Referenzstahl 3JRQ57, 1JFL11 (vergleichbar mit 22NiMoCr3-7) sowie russischer WWER-440 Grundwerkstoff KAB-B. In Zugversuchen, Charpy-V-Tests, Risswiderstandskurven nach ASTM E1820 und Master Curve Tests zur Bestimmung der Referenztemperatur T0 nach ASTM E1921 wurden der unbestrahlte Ausgangszustand, je drei Bestrahlungszustände bis hin zu Neutronenfluenzen von 100∙1018 n/cm² (E>1MeV) sowie bei 475°C/100h thermisch ausgeheilte Zustände untersucht. Mit zusätzlichen auf dem MC-Konzept basierenden Auswerteverfahren nach SINTAP, multimodalem MC-Ansatz (MML) sowie der Unified Curve erfolgte die Bewertung des Einflusses von Materialinhomogenitäten und möglicher MC-Formänderung bei hohen Fluenzen.
Wie erwartet geht Neutronenbestrahlung mit Verfestigung und Duktilitätsabnahme einher, d.h. Härte, Festigkeitskennwerte, Charpy-V-Übergangstemperaturen T28J und T41J sowie T0 steigen mit der Neutronenfluenz, während die Bruchdehnung und Hochlagenzähigkeit abnehmen. Am bestrahlungsempfindlichsten reagiert der Stahl 3JRQ57, gefolgt von KAB-B und 1JFL11. Durch die Ausheilbehandlung von 475°C/100h erholen sich die Werkstoffkennwerte der Zugversuche, Charpy-V-Tests und MC-Versuche auf den jeweiligen unbestrahlten Ausgangszustand. Die technischen Ersatzkennwerte für duktile Rissinitiierung bleiben relativ unbeeinflusst von der Neutronenbestrahlung. Die MC nach ASTM E1921 beschreibt die Bruchzähigkeits-Temperaturverläufe für alle drei RDB-Stähle in allen Bestrahlungs- und Ausheilzuständen gut. Bei den niedrig und mittel bestrahlten Zuständen liegen meist mehr als 5% der KJc(1T)-Werte unterhalb der MC-Kurve für 5% Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit. Die MC beschreibt den hoch bestrahlte Zustand (ca. 100∙1018 n/cm², E>1MeV) aller drei RDB-Stähle sehr gut, auch für Daten außerhalb des Gültigkeitsbereiches T0±50K, und auch für den bestrahlungsempfindlichen 3JRQ57 mit inhomogenem Gefüge. Die Unified Curve überbewertet den Einfluss der Neutronenbestrahlung auf die MC-Kurvenform. Eine mögliche Formänderung der MC durch Neutronenbestrahlung konnte bei keinem der drei untersuchten RDB-Stähle nachgewiesen werden.

Keywords: Master Curve; neutron irradiation; embrittlement; Unified Curve; RPV steels

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-476 2007
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10297
Publ.-Id: 10297


Coherent terahertz detection with a large-area photoconductive antenna

Peter, F.; Winnerl, S.; Nitsche, S.; Dreyhaupt, A.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.

We present a nonresonant photoconductive terahertz detection antenna suitable for detection of both focused and unfocused terahertz radiations. Our system consists of a scalable terahertz emitter based on an interdigitated electrode structure and a detection antenna with similar electrode geometry. While the emitter is fabricated on semi-insulating GaAs we compare different ion-implanted GaAs-based detection antennas. We studied the dependence of the measured terahertz signal on the power and spot size of the gating laser pulse. In addition we compare the performance of our antenna with that of electro-optical sampling.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10296
Publ.-Id: 10296


Kompetenzen und Wahrnehmung der Unternehmensführung am Beispiel slowakischer Unternehmen

Kozikova, O.; Joehnk, P.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    CO-MAT-TECH 2006, 19.-20.10.2006, Trnava, Slovakia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10293
Publ.-Id: 10293


Evaluierung wissenschaftlicher Einrichtungen in Deutschland : Grundlagen, Verfahren, Ergebnisse

Joehnk, P.; Wahl, B.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Workshop, 12.-14.04.2006, Tschernogolovka, Russia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10292
Publ.-Id: 10292


Der Masterplan des Forschungszentrums Rossendorf

Joehnk, P.

  • Lecture (others)
    Workshop, 12.10.2005, Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10291
Publ.-Id: 10291


The conversion process in East Germany after the reunification in 1990

Joehnk, P.

  • Lecture (others)
    Workshop, 06.09.2005, Tschernogolovka, Russia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10290
Publ.-Id: 10290


Kosten- und Finanzmanagement/Controlling

Joehnk, P.

  • Lecture (others)
    Workshop, 22.06.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10289
Publ.-Id: 10289


[Re6Q7O(3,5-Me2PzH)6]Br2·3,5-Me2PzH (Q = S, Se) – new octahedral rhenium cluster complexes with organic ligands: original synthetic approach and unexpected ligand exchange in cluster core

Mironov, Y. V.; Shestopalov, M. A.; Brylev, K. A.; Yarovoi, A. S.; Romanenko, G. V.; Fedorov, V. E.; Spies, H.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Stephan, H.; Geipel, G.; Bernhard, G.; Kraus, W.

  • European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (2005), 657-661

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10288
Publ.-Id: 10288


Weiterentwicklung und Realisierung der Diagnostik der IR-Strahlung am Frei-Elektronen-Laser

Weigelt, H.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2006
    Diploma Thesis, Hochschule Mittweida (FH), März 2006
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10287
Publ.-Id: 10287


Energy Loss of Heavy Quarks Passing Hot Deconfined Matter

Schade, H.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2006
    Diploma Thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, Oktober 2006
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10286
Publ.-Id: 10286


Investigation of K+ meson production in C + C collisions at 2 A GeV with HADES

Sadovsky, A.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2006
    Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, Dezember 2006
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10285
Publ.-Id: 10285


Study of Λ hyperon production in C+C collisions at 2 AGeV beam energy with the HADES spectrometer

Kanaki, K.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2006
    Ph.D. Thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, Dezember 2006
    ISSN: 1437-322X
  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-467 2007
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10284
Publ.-Id: 10284


Simulations of Dielectron Detection Capabilities of HADES at SIS100

Bannier, B.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2006
    Diploma Thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, November 2006
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10283
Publ.-Id: 10283


Photodissociation experiments for p-process nuclei

Wagner, A.; Erhard, M.; Grosse, E.; Junghans, A. R.; Klug, J.; Kosev, K.; Nair, C.; Nankov, N.; Rusev, G.; Schilling, K. D.; Schwengner, R.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference on Frontiers in Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions, 12.-17.09.2006, Kos, Greece
    Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions CP 831, 16

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10282
Publ.-Id: 10282


Cross section measurements of the Big Bang nucleosynthesis reaction D(α,γ)6Li by Coulomb dissociation of 6Li

Hammache, F.; Galaviz, D.; Sümmerer, K.; Typel, S.; Attallah, F.; Caamano, M.; Coc, A.; Cortina, D.; Geissel, H.; Hellström, M.; Iwasa, N.; Kiener, J.; Coczon, P.; Kohlmeyer, B.; Schwab, E.; Schwarz, K.; Schümann, F.; Senger, P.; Sorlin, O.; Tatischeff, V.; Thibaud, J. P.; Uhlig, F.; Wagner, A.; Walus, A.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference on Frontiers in Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Reactions, 12.-17.09.2005, Kos, Greece
    Congress Proceedings 831, 21

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10281
Publ.-Id: 10281


g-factor measurements at RISING: the case of 127Sn

Atanasova, L.; Balabanski, D. L.; Hass, M.; Bazzacco, D.; Becker, F.; Bednarczyk, P.; Benzoni, G.; Blasi, N.; Blazhev, A.; Bracco, A.; Brandau, C.; Caceres, L.; Camera, F.; Chamoli, S. K.; Crespi, F. C. L.; Detistov, P.; Doornenbal, P.; Fahlander, C.; Farnea, E.; Georgiev, G.; Gerl, J.; Gladnishki, K.; Gorska, M.; Grawe, H.; Grebosz, J.; Hoischen, R.; Ilie, G.; Ionescu-Bujor, M.; Iordachescu, A.; Jungclaus, A.; Lo Bianco, G.; Kmiecik, M.; Kojouharov, I.; Kurz, N.; Lakshmi, S.; Lozeva, R.; Maj, A.; Montanari, D.; Neyens, G.; Pfützner, M.; Pietri, S.; Podolyak, Z.; Prokopowicz, W.; Rudolph, D.; Rusev, G.; Saito, T. R.; Saltarelli, A.; Schaffner, H.; Schwengner, R.; Simpson, G.; Tashenov, S.; Valiente-Dobon, J. J.; Vermeulen, N.; Walker, J.; Werner-Malento, E.; Wieland, O.; Wollersheim, H. J.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Proceedings of the XXV International Workshop on Nuclear Theory, 26.06.-01.07.2006, Rila Mountains, Bulgaria, 161-171

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10280
Publ.-Id: 10280


Impact of nucleon mass shift on the freeze-out process

Zschocke, S.; Csernai, L. P.; Molnár, E.; Nyíri, Á.; Manninen, J.

  • Physical Review C 72(2005), 064909

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10279
Publ.-Id: 10279


Collective Rotation of Nuclei with Tetrahedral Symmetry

Schunck, N.; Dudek, J.; Frauendorf, S.

  • Open Access Logo Acta Physica Polonica B 36(2005), 1071

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10278
Publ.-Id: 10278


Validierung des FLUKA-Codes für Anwendungen in der Ionentherapie

Sommerer, F.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2004
    Diploma Thesis, Atominstitut der österreichischen Universitäten, Wien, August 2004
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10277
Publ.-Id: 10277


Schwellennahe Erzeugung von Kaonen und Antikaonen in Proton-Kern-Stößen

Scheinast, W.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2004
    Ph.D. Thesis, TU Dresden, August 2004
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10276
Publ.-Id: 10276


Dosimetrische Charakterisierung einer für strahlenbiologische Experimente als Referenzstrahlungsquelle dienenden Röntgenanlage

Mikuletz, T.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2004
    Diploma Thesis, Hochschule Mittweida (FH), April 2004
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10275
Publ.-Id: 10275


Investigation of receptor G protein coupling in vision

Lehmann, N.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2004
    Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Freiburg, Juli 2004
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10274
Publ.-Id: 10274


Experimentelle Verifikation eines Verfahrens zur Unterdrückung zufälliger Koinzidenzen bei der in-beam Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie

Barthel, T.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2004
    Diploma Thesis, Hochschule Mittweida (FH), 2004
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10273
Publ.-Id: 10273


First nuclear-resonance-fluorescence experiments using enriched high-pressure xenon targets

von Garrel, H.; Käppeler, F.; Käubler, L.; Kneissl, U.; Pitz, H. H.; Rusev, G.; Scheck, M.; Schilling, K. D.; Schwengner, R.; Stedile, F.; Walter, S.; Werner, V.; Wisshak, K.

  • Open Access Logo BgNS Transactions 9(2004), 178

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10272
Publ.-Id: 10272


Search for Λ in CC at 2 AGeV with the HADES spectrometer

Kanaki, K.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XIV HADES Collaboration Meeting, 29.09.-02.10.2004, Darmstadt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10271
Publ.-Id: 10271


K+ mesons in C+C at 2 AGeV

Sadovsky, A.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XIV HADES Collaboration Meeting, 29.09.-02.10.2004, Darmstadt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10270
Publ.-Id: 10270


Searching Λ hyperons in C+C at 2 AGeV

Kanaki, K.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XV HADES Collaboration Meeting, 07.-12.06.2005, Dubna, Russia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10269
Publ.-Id: 10269


Analysis of K+ production in the reaction C(2 AGeV)+C with HADES

Sadovsky, A.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XVI HADES Collaboration Meeting, 04.-08.04.2006, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10268
Publ.-Id: 10268


Study of Λ production in C+C collisions at 2 AGeV with HADES

Kanaki, K.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XVI HADES Collaboration Meeting, 04.-08.04.2006, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10267
Publ.-Id: 10267


HADES MDC I at FZ Dresden-Rossendorf

Naumann, L.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XVI HADES Collaboration Meeting, 04.-08.04.2006, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10266
Publ.-Id: 10266


Simulation of dielectron detection capabilities of HADES at T=8 AGeV and T=25 AGEV

Bannier, B.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XVII HADES Collaboration Meeting, 25.-28.10.2006, Darmstadt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10265
Publ.-Id: 10265


Study of Λ production in C+C collisions at 2 AGeV

Kanaki, K.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XVII HADES Collaboration Meeting, 25.-28.10.2006, Darmstadt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10264
Publ.-Id: 10264


Multigroup Diffusion and SP3 Solutions for a PWR MOX/UO2 Benchmark with the Code DYN3D

Beckert, C.; Grundmann, U.; Mittag, S.

The core neutronic and thermal-hydraulic simulator code DYN3D, which has been developed for three-dimensional analyses of steady states and transients in thermal reactors with quadratic or hexagonal fuel assemblies, is based on nodal methods for the solution of the two group neutron diffusion equation. Loading cores with higher content of MOX fuel, the increase of the fuel cycle length, and the consideration of new reactor types require improvements of these standard methods. Therefore, DYN3D has been extended to use more than two energy groups. Furthermore, a nodal expansion method for solving the equations of the simplified P3 approximation (SP3) of the multigroup transport equation was developed for quadratic fuel assembly geometry. The new extensions of DYN3D are verified with calculations of the OECD/NEA and U.S. NRC PWR MOX/UO2 Core Transient Benchmark. The nodal SP3 method in DYN3D is outlined and results for a steady state are shown, which are compared with the solutions of the diffusion and transport codes used by the participants of the benchmark. Improved DYN3D-results are obtained with the new extensions.

  • Transactions of the American Nuclear Society and the European Nuclear Society 97(2007)
  • Lecture (Conference)
    2007 ANS/ENS International Meeting, 11.-15.11.2007, Washington D.C., United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10263
Publ.-Id: 10263


The normal and vortex-states of quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductors

Wosnitza, J.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Research Workshop of the Israel Science Foundation on Correlated Electrons at High Magnetic Fields, 19.-23.12.2004, Ein-Gedi/Holon, Israel

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10262
Publ.-Id: 10262


Vom Plastik zum organischen Supraleiter

Wosnitza, J.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Physikalisches Kolloqium der TU Braunschweig, 07.12.2004, Braunschweig, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10261
Publ.-Id: 10261


Morphology and bonding structure of fullerene-like nanocomposite C:Ni (~30 at%.) thin films grown by ion beam sputtering

Abrasonis, G.; Mücklich, A.; Kuepper, K.; Krause, M.; Kreissig, U.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.; Sedlackova, K.; Radnoczi, G.; Torres, R.; Jimenez, I.; Gago, R.

The morphology and bonding structure of nanocomposite C:Ni (~30 at.%) thin films grown by ion beam sputtering at different temperatures (RT-500°C) is investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). XRD and XANES of the LII–LIII absorption edges of Ni reveal that at lower temperatures nickel is in the carbidic state whose signatures become more pronounced when the growth temperature increases up to ~300°C. Further increase in the growth temperature results in XRD and XANES features resembling to those of metallic nickel. According to the TEM observations, nickel or nickel carbide nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix have a columnar structure with the diameter of ~2-5 nm, which is typical for the films grown under surface diffusion dominated conditions for the structuring processes. At lower temperatures carbon is mainly in an amorphous state, while the transition into a fullerene-like structure, which consists of nickel nanoparticles wrapped in curved graphite sheets, can be clearly identified at ~200°C. The present results show that the nickel nanoparticles act as nucleation centres for the formation of the fullerene-like structures in both carbidic and metallic states, provided that the temperature for surface diffusion during the deposition process is sufficiently high.

  • Poster
    XXIst International Winterschool on Electronic Properties of Novel Materials 2007, 10.-17.03.2007, Kirchberg, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10259
Publ.-Id: 10259


Luminescence of isoelectronically ion-implanted SiO2 layers

Salh, R.; Fitting Kourkoutis, L.; Schmidt, B.; Fitting, H.-J.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cathodoluminescence (CL) in combination with scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have been used to investigate thermally grown amorphous silicon dioxide layers implanted isoelectronically with group IV ions (C+, Si+, Ge+, Sn+, Pb+) as well as with group VI ions (O+, S+, Se+). Besides the main luminescent centers in a-SiO2 layers: the red R luminescence (650 nm; 1.9 eV) of the non-bridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC), the blue B (460 nm; 2.7 eV) and the UV (290 nm; 4.3 eV) band of the oxygen deficient centers (ODC), in ion implanted silica additional emission bands are observed. E.g. in Ge+ implanted layers a huge violet band appears at 410 nm (3.1 eV) increasing with the thermal annealing process due to formation of Ge dimers, trimers or higher aggregates, finally leading to destruction of the luminescence centers by further growing to Ge nanoclusters. The Ge cluster size is shown by STEM cross section micrographs.
Generally, group IV element implantation and partial substitution of silicon increases the luminescence in the blue/violet region whereas group VI elements and additional oxygen increase the intensity in the red region, confirming the association of the blue and the red luminescence with oxygen deficient centers and oxygen excess centers, respectively. Thus, the cathodoluminescence spectra of sulfur and oxygen implanted SiO2 layers under special conditions show besides the characteristic luminescence bands a multimodal structure beginning in the green region at 500 nm and extending up to the near infrared region at 820 nm. The energy step differences of the sublevels amount in the average 120 meV and indicate vibronic-electronic transitions, probably of O − interstitial molecules.

Keywords: ion implantation; silicon dioxide; nanocluster; TEM; cathodoluminesence

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10258
Publ.-Id: 10258


Master Curve and Unified Curve applicability to highly neutron irradiated Western type Reactor Pressure Vessel steels

Zurbuchen, C.; Viehrig, H.-W.; Weiß, F.-P.

While the Master Curve (MC) method is gradually entering brittle fracture safety assessment procedures world-wide, knowledge is still lacking about its limits of applicability to highly neutron irradiated material. In this paper two reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels A533B Cl. 1 (IAEA reference material code JRQ) and A508 Cl.3 (code JFL) were scrutinized for possible deviations of the postulated invariant MC shape and the MC validity for macroscopically inhomogeneous microstructure. Besides tensile and Charpy-V tests, MC tests were performed on Charpy size three-point bend specimens in the unirradiated, neutron irradiated with fluences up to nearly 1020 n/cm² (E>1MeV) and recovery heat treated condition. Evaluation procedures include Master Curve reference temperature T0 determination according to ASTM E1921-05 as well as additional analysis methods such as SINTAP, multimodal MC method (MML) and the Unified Curve (UC). Integrity assessment according to ASME Code Cases N-629 and N-631has been applied. It is shown that the standard MC concept provides a precise description of the fracture toughness for all conditions, even exceptionally well for the highly irradiated state. No MC shape change could be observed, whereas the UC concept indicates a significant influence of irradiation on the fracture toughness curves for the highly irradiated JRQ.

Keywords: Fracture Toughness; RPV steels; neutron irradiation; Master Curve; Unified Curve; multi-modal method

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10257
Publ.-Id: 10257


Si and Ge nanocluster formation in Silica matrix

Salh, R.; Fitting, L.; Kolesnikova, E. V.; Sitnikova, A. A.; Zamoryanskaya, M. V.; Schmidt, B.; Fitting, H.-J.

High resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence have been used to investigate Si and Ge cluster formation in amorphous silicon dioxide layers. Commonly, cathodoluminescence emission spectra of pure SiO2 are identified with particular defect centers within the atomic network of silica including the nonbridging oxygen hole center associated with the red luminescence at 650nm (1.9 eV) and the oxygen deficient centers with the blue (460 nm; 2.7 eV) and ultraviolet band (295 nm; 4.2 eV). In Ge+ ion implanted SiO2 an additional violet emission band appears at 410 nm (3.1 eV). The strong increase of this violet luminescence after thermal annealing is associated with formation of low-dimension Ge aggregates like dimers, trimers and higher formations, further growing to Ge nanoclusters. On the other hand, pure silica layers were modified by heavy electron beam irradiation (5 keV; 2.7 A/cm2) leading to electronic as well as thermal dissociation of oxygen and appearance of under-stoichiometric SiOx. This SiOx will undergo a phase separation and we observe Si cluster formation with a most probable cluster diameter of 4 nm. Such largely extended Si clusters will diminish the SiO2 related luminescence and Si crystal related luminescence in the near IR appears.

Keywords: ion implantation; nanocluster; cathodoluminesence; TEM

  • Semiconductors 41(2007)4, 397-402

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10256
Publ.-Id: 10256


Master Curve applicability to highly neutron irradiated Reactor Pressure Vessel steels - Results of a BMWi Grant Project

Zurbuchen, C.; Viehrig, H.-W.

Currently, several countries already have adopted or are in the process of adopting the Master Curve (MC) approach into their reactor pressure vessel (RPV) integrity assessment. Yet, for highly irradiated material some open technical issues like the postulated invariance of the MC shape and the behaviour of inhomogeneous material need resolving to allow the MC approach to be incorporated into the German Nuclear Regulatory Guidelines (KTA). Within the framework of the reactor safety research of BMWi specimens from 3 different RPV steels were scrutinized (IAEA reference material 3JRQ57, 1JFL11 comparable to German RPV steel 22NiMoCr3-7 and Russian WWER-440 type base metal KAB-B), which were neutron irradiated up to 1020 n/cm2 (E>1MeV). Additionally, the effects of a recovery heat treatment at 475°C/100h are investigated. Besides microstructure analysis, hardness, tensile and Charpy-V tests, the experimental part focuses on fracture mechanical testing, i.e. JR curves according to ASTM E1820-06 and MC reference temperature T0 determination according to ASTM E1921-05 as well as additional analysis methods like SINTAP, multimodal MC method and the Unified Curve. Resistance against ductile crack initiation (JR curves) remains relatively unaffected by irradiation (JQ/J0,2BL according to ASTM E1820 and J0,2 according to GKSS). The MC provides a precise description of the fracture toughness vs. temperature of unirradiated, irradiated, and recovery annealed material. Especially for the highly irradiated states, the MC describes the KJc(1T) values exceptionally well, including data points outside the temperature limit T0±50K according to Standard ASTM E1921 and even for highly irradiation sensitive and inhomogeneous RPV steel 3JRQ57. Some scatter occurs for low and medium irradiated states, where more points than expected lie below the MC for 5% failure probability. The Unified Curve, which allows for MC shape changes at high irradiation levels, overpredicts the influence of irradiation with 3JRQ57. For none of the 3 investigated RPV steels a shape change of the Master Curve due to irradiation could be observed. Embrittlement prediction formulae according to Reg. Guide 1.99, Rev. 2 and WWER specific VERLIFE procedure tend to underpredict the irradiation-induced changes in material properties.

Keywords: RPV steels; Master Curve; embrittlement; neutron irradiation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    33. MPA-Seminar, 11.-12.10.2007, Stuttgart, Germany
  • Contribution to proceedings
    33. MPA-Seminar, 11.-12.10.2007, Stuttgart, Germany
    Proceedings 33. MPA-Seminar "Werkstoff- & Bauteilverhalten in Energie- & Anlagentechnik", Stuttgart: Materialprüfungsanstalt Universität Stuttgart, 1861-5414

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10255
Publ.-Id: 10255


Defect engineering for SIMOX processing

Kögler, R.; Mücklich, A.; Anwand, W.; Eichhorn, F.; Skorupa, W.

SIMOX (Separation-by-Implantation-of-Oxygen) is an established techniques to fabricate silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures by oxygen ion implantation into silicon. The main problem of SIMOX is the very high oxygen ion fluence and the related defects. It is demonstrated that vacancy defects promote and localize the oxide growth. The crucial point is to control the distribution of vacancies. Oxygen implantation generates excess vacancies around RP/2 which act as trapping sites for oxide growth outside the region at the maximum concentration of oxygen at RP. The introduction of a narrow cavity layer by He implantation and subsequent annealing is shown to be a promising technique of defect engineering. The additional He implant does not initiate oxide growth in the top-Si layer of SOI.

Keywords: Ion Implantation; Defect engineering; SOI; Excess Vacancies; Cavities

  • Contribution to proceedings
    GADEST'07 - Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology, 14.-19.10.2007, Erice, Italy
    Solid State Phenomena Vol.131-133, Zürich: Trans Tech Publications, 339-344
  • Lecture (Conference)
    GADEST'07 - Gettering and Defect Engineering in Semiconductor Technology, 14.-19.10.2007, Erice, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10254
Publ.-Id: 10254


Influence of local plasma flow on optical properties and thickness of ITO-films observed with spectroscopic imaging ellipsometry

Vaupel, M.; Vinnichenko, M.

Tin-doped-indium oxide In2O3:Sn (ITO) is a degenerate n-type semiconductor with high transparency and nearly metallic conductivity. Thin films of ITO find applications in optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and in the liquid crystal display and OLED industry as transparent electrodes. The interaction of the plasma with the growing film surface may be employed to manipulate adatom mobilities and nucleation rates [1, 2], and thus contribute to the definition of the film structure and the evolution of its properties during deposition. The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of the intentionally inhomogeneous plasma flow on the distribution of the ITO film thickness and optical properties along the substrate. For large scale inspection spectra of Delta/Psi were recorded scanning across the sample. For high resolution (small scale inspection) a spectrum of Delta micromaps with wavelength from 420 nm to 830 nm with 4 µm lateral resolution was recorded using Nanofilm’s imaging ellipsometer EP3 within 3 min. From fitting of the spectrum one obtains maps for each of the fit parameters. It is observed, that the damping of the oscillator is rather independent of location. A negative oscillator frequency shift with thickness increasing from the low towards the high plasma flow area is observed. Such a correlation can be explained by the change of the film microsctructure and stoichiometry [3] which, in turn, can affect electronic structure of the film.
References
1. I. Petrov, P.B. Barna, L. Hultman, and J.E. Greene, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 21, 1 (2003).
2. W. Ensinger, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 127/128, 796 (1997).
3. A. Rogozin, M. Vinnichenko, N. Shevchenko, A. Kolitsch, and W. Moeller, Thin Solid Films 496, 197 (2006) .

Keywords: Imaging ellipsometry; tin-doped indium oxide; reactive magnetron sputtering

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10253
Publ.-Id: 10253


Real-time evolution of tin-doped indium oxide film properties during growth and crystallization studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Vinnichenko, M.; Rogozin, A.; Shevchenko, N.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.

Understanding of the free electron generation mechanisms in tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films grown at elevated temperatures is important to decrease their electrical resistivity and keep high optical transmittance. Therefore, this study is focused on a real-time determination of the free electron optical absorption of ITO layers by in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The experiments were carried out using rotating compensator ellipsometer M-2000 (J.A. Woollam Inc., U.S.A.) during: (i) growth by reactive magnetron sputtering at elevated temperatures (Ts=RT-500 °C); and (ii) post deposition annealing (Ta=200-320 °C) of the amorphous films. In situ four-point probe resistivity measurements during annealing and the data of separate in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility were used to contrast the SE results.
Free electron density, Ne, and mobility, µe, are estimated for the growing film from parameterization of the complex dielectric function in Drude-Lorentz approach. The Drude term accounts for the free electron optical absorption. The Ne values range from ~3x10^20 to 10^21 cm^-3 depending on the growth temperature. It is in good agreement with results of ex situ Hall effect measurements, while µe values are usually overestimated by SE. The SE applicability as a non-contact and in situ tool for monitoring of the film resistivity during growth is demonstrated. The method indicates decrease of the resistivity with increasing film thickness at Ts<270 °C mainly due to enhancement of the Ne while there is no such variation of resistivity observed at Ts>400 °C. This result is discussed in terms of thickness-dependent film morphology.
It is shown that postdeposition annealing modifies the film properties in two stages. During the first stage film remains amorphous according to in situ XRD; SE shows slight enhancement of Ne, while film resistivity strongly decreases. It is attributed to relaxation of In-O bonds in the amorphous phase and subsequent rearrangement of defect structure mainly improving the electron mobility. During the second stage, time dependence of the resistivity changes slope and Ne increases by a factor of 2. It coincides in time with the film crystallization outset, which enables Sn-donor activation by removal of interstitial oxygen. Therefore, this study provides experimental evidence of Sn donor activation during crystallization of the films and shows its kinetics depending on the annealing conditions.

Keywords: In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry; tin-doped indium oxide; reactive magnetron sputtering

  • Lecture (Conference)
    4th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, 11.-15.06.2007, Stockholm, Sweden

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10252
Publ.-Id: 10252


Reactions of light nuclei studied deep underground at Gran Sasso, Italy

Bemmerer, D.

New and precise astronomical observations call for nuclear data of equal precision for their interpretation. This will permit a better understanding of big-bang nucleosynthesis and of asymptotic giant branch stars.

Based on the recent experimental study of the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be nuclear reaction directly in the energy range of big-bang nucleosynthesis, a new experiment to study the 2H(alpha,gamma)6Li reaction at big-bang energies is proposed. The new data will allow to test a possible nuclear solution to the big-bang Li-6 posed by new observations of Li-6 in very old stars.

The 14N(p,gamma)15O reaction determines the rate of the CNO cycle. A new study of this reaction is currently underway at the LUNA accelerator deep underground in Gran Sasso, Italy. The new data can be coupled with observations of low-energy solar neutrinos (for example in the Borexino and SNO+ detectors) in order to determine the solar metallicity.

Satellite-based observations of the decay of radioactive Al-26 allow to determine the rate of supernovae in our galaxy, provided the production process is sufficiently well known. The 25Mg(p,gamma)26Al reaction influences Al-26 production; its rate is under experimental study at LUNA.

Keywords: nuclear astrophysics; supernova rate; solar neutrinos; big-bang nucleosynthesis

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar, 18.01.2007, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10251
Publ.-Id: 10251


14N(p,gamma)15O ground state capture studied above the 259 keV resonance at LUNA

Marta, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Kunz, R.; Rolfs, C.; Strieder, F.; Trautvetter, H.-P.

The cross section of the 14N(p,gamma)15O reaction directly influences the rate of the CNO cycle of hydrogen burning. In order to reliably extrapolate the cross section to the solar Gamow peak, in a previous LUNA experiment capture to the ground state and several excited states in O-15 has been measured and used in an R-matrix fit [1,2].
The data on the ground state capture had been affected by the true coincidence summing effect in a large volume HPGe detector placed in close geometry [1], limiting the precision of the extrapolation. A new measurement of the cross section for capture to the ground state in O-15 is running at LUNA in Gran Sasso (Italy). A clover HPGe detector is used to reduce the summing correction and its consequent uncertainty. We concentrate on energies above the 259 keV resonance, where the R-matrix fit can be constrained by precision data.

[1] A. Formicola et al., Phys. Lett B 591, 61 (2004)
[2] G. Imbriani et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 25, 455 (2005)

Keywords: nuclear astrophysics; solar neutrinos; age of the universe; globular clusters

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Frühjahrstagung Hadronen und Kerne, 13.03.2007, Gießen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10250
Publ.-Id: 10250


The 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be reaction studied at LUNA

Bemmerer, D.; Kunz, R.; Marta, M.; Rolfs, C.; Strieder, F.; Trautvetter, H.-P.

The nuclear physics input from the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be cross section is a major uncertainty in the fluxes of Be-7 and B-8 neutrinos from the Sun predicted by solar models and in the Li-7 abundance obtained in big-bang nucleosynthesis calculations.
Here we report on a precision cross section measurement performed by the LUNA collaboration at Gran Sasso (Italy). At energies directly relevant to big-bang nucleosynthesis, the cross section has been studied by both the activation [1] and the prompt-gamma technique.
Using a windowless gas target, high beam intensity, a low background in beam gamma-detector and low background gamma-counting facilities, the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Bee cross section has been determined at 90-170 keV center-of-mass energy with a total uncertainty as low as 4%.

The new data can be used in big-bang nucleosynthesis
calculations and to constrain the extrapolation of the
3He(alpha,gamma)7Be astrophysical S-factor to solar
energies.

[1] D. Bemmerer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 122502 (2006)

Keywords: nuclear astrophysics; big-bang; solar neutrinos

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Frühjahrstagung Hadronen und Kerne, 13.03.2007, Gießen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10249
Publ.-Id: 10249


Experimentelle Nukleare Astrophysik über Tage und tief unter Tage im Gran-Sasso-Labor (Italien)

Bemmerer, D.

New and precise astronomical observations call for nuclear data of equal precision for their interpretation. This will permit a better understanding of big-bang nucleosynthesis and of asymptotic giant branch stars.

Based on the recent experimental study of the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be nuclear reaction directly in the energy range of big-bang nucleosynthesis, a new experiment to study the 2H(alpha,gamma)6Li reaction at big-bang energies is proposed. The new data will allow to test a possible nuclear solution to the big-bang Li-6 posed by new observations of Li-6 in very old stars.

The 15N(p,alpha)12C reaction is an important source of uncertainty in the prediction of the F-19 yield observed in asymptotic giant branch stars. Based on angular distribution measurements performed at TU Berlin, the potential of a new precision cross section measurement is evaluated.

Keywords: nuclear astrophysics

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Kolloquium Universität Potsdam, 21.02.2007, Potsdam, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10248
Publ.-Id: 10248


The 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be reaction measured by activation at LUNA

Bemmerer, D.

The nuclear physics input from the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be cross section is a major uncertainty in the fluxes of 7Be and 8B neutrinos from the Sun predicted by solar models and in the 7Li abundance obtained in big-bang nucleosynthesis calculations. In the seminar I will report on a new precision experiment on this reaction performed by the LUNA collaboration [1].

Using a windowless gas target, the high beam intensity of the LUNA2 accelerator, and the Gran Sasso low background gamma-counting facilities, the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be cross section has been determined by the activation method at 90 -- 170 keV center-of-mass energy with a total uncertainty as low as 4%. The present low energies are directly relevant to big-bang nucleosynthesis and had previously been reached experimentally only by the prompt-gamma technique and with inferior precision.

The new LUNA data can be used in big-bang nucleosynthesis calculations and to constrain the extrapolation of the 3He(alpha,gamma)7Be astrophysical S-factor to solar energies.

[1] D. Bemmerer et al. (LUNA Collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 122502 (2006)

Keywords: big-bang nuclear astrophysics activation

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Physics Seminar, 31.01.2007, Assergi (AQ), Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10247
Publ.-Id: 10247


Anisotropy contrast in phonon-enhanced apertureless near-field microscopy using a free-electron laser

Kehr, S. C.; Cebula, M.; Mieth, O.; Härtling, T.; Seidel, J.; Grafström, S.; Eng, L. M.; Winnerl, S.; Stehr, D.; Helm, M.

We demonstrate the imaging of ferroelectric domains in BaTiO3, using an infrared-emitting free-electron laser as a tunable optical source for scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy and spectroscopy. When the laser is tuned into the spectral vicinity of a phonon resonance, ferroelectric domains can be resolved due to the anisotropy of the dielectric properties of the material. Slight detuning of the wavelength gives rise to a contrast reversal clearly evidencing the resonant character of the excitation. The near-field domain contrast shows that the orientation of the dielectric tensor with respect to the sample surface has a clear influence on the near-field signal.

  • Physical Review Letters 100(2008), 256403

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10246
Publ.-Id: 10246


EXAFS studies of Zn/Al and Ni/Al Layered Double Hydroxides

Funke, H.; Chukalina, M.; Scheinost, A. C.; Voegelin, A.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Poster
    ESRF User's Meeting 2007, 07.-09.02.2007, Grenoble, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10245
Publ.-Id: 10245


Generation of Ultrahigh Light Intensities and Relativistic Laser-Matter Interaction

Sauerbrey, R.; Hein, J.

Modern technologies allow the amplification of short laser pulses to energies of some tens of kJ. Additionally, ultrashort pulses containing only some optical cycles can be generated. By merging these techniques nowadays focused laser beams can reach unprecedented intensities in the range of 1021 W/cm2 and will reach even higher ones in the near future. At these intensities the electric and magnetic field strength is many orders of magnitude higher than those that will ever possible in a static generation scheme. By applying these fields on a target it becomes possible to get access to a new interaction regime of light and matter: relativistic optics. This opens a new wide area in experimental science where classical optics meets plasma dynamics, relativistic quantum mechanics, and high energy physics.

  • Contribution to external collection
    Frank Träger: Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, LLC New York: Springer, 2007, 978-0-387-95579-7, 827-841

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10244
Publ.-Id: 10244


Interactions between Metals and Bacteria: Fundamental and Applied Research

Merroun, M.

Soils, sediments, and waters heavily polluted with radionuclides and other toxic metals, are a reservoir of unusual bacteria well adapted to these toxic environments. These bacteria possess fascinating mechanisms for interaction with and bio-transformation of radionuclides and other heavy metals, thus regulating the mobility of the metals in the environment. This paper will give an overview on the different mechanisms of interaction between radionuclides/metals and bacterial strains isolated from different extreme habitats including uranium mining waste piles as well as groundwater of a radioactive repository. For this purpose, a combination of spectroscopic (EXAFS, XANES, TRLFS), microscopic (TEM), microbiological and wet chemistry techniques is used. Elucidating the interaction mechanisms microbe/metals is helpful for understanding the role which bacteria play in the transport and mobility of toxic metals in the environment as well as their biotechnological application in the bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated waters. Another application of the isolated bacterial cells and their biocomponents is in the field of nanotechnology. Thus, the surface layer (S-layer) protein of Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12, a bacterium isolated from a uranium mining waste pile near the town of Johanngeorgenstadt in Germany, is used as template for the formation of noble metal (Pd, Pt, Au, etc.) nanoparticles for industrial application (e.g. catalysis). The structure and the size of these metallic nanoparticles were characterized using synchrotron radiation-based methods such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

  • Contribution to external collection
    Mendez-Vilas, A.: Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology, Badajoz, Spain: Formatex, 2007, 978-84-611-9422-3, 108-119

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10241
Publ.-Id: 10241


Physik im Kraftfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Kultur

Sauerbrey, R.

Was ist Physik für eine Wissenschaft? Eine populärwissenschaftliche Betrachtung der Wissenschaft Physik, erläutert anhand einer Liste ungelöster physikalischer Aufgaben.

  • Contribution to external collection
    Hans-Peter klöcking: Klassensitzungsvorträge 2000-2004, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Sitzungsberichte 13/2006, Erfurt: Verlag der Akademie gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften, 2006, 3-932295-69-2, 151-161

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10239
Publ.-Id: 10239


Crystal structure and its correlation to intrinsic and extrinsic magnetic properties of epitaxial hard magnetic Pr-Co films

Patra, A. K.; Neu, V.; Fähler, S.; Groetzschel, R.; Bedanta, S.; Kleemann, W.; Schultz, L.

Pulsed laser deposited epitaxial PrxCo100−x (x=8.7–27.6 at. %) thin films were systematically studied as a function of Pr content. Structural and magnetic measurements reveal different phases for specific composition ranges. In some cases, the phases observed are in contrast to their bulk counterparts. Uniaxial anisotropy at room temperature is observed in all the films enabling excellent hard magnetic properties. Polarization decreases monotonically with the increase of Pr content, whereas coercivity exhibits a broad maximum near the highly anisotropic PrCo5 composition. For the optimum combination of coercivity and polarization, the measured (BH)max reaches values of 310 kJ/m3, which exceeds the highest-energy product value reported for RE-Co (RE=rare-earth) systems. Temperature-dependent ac susceptibility measurements reveal that films with x=8.7–20.4 undergo a spin reorientation from easy axis to easy cone, but films with x=22.9–27.6 maintain their uniaxial anisotropy throughout the temperature range of investigation. From the comparison of the structural investigations and the spin reorientation temperature measurements, it is concluded that the spin reorientation temperature is insensitive to the change in the lattice parameter of the PrCo5±δ phase.

  • Physical Review B 75(2007), 184417-1-184417-8

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10238
Publ.-Id: 10238


Intersubband relaxation dynamics in InGaAs/AlAsSb multiple quantum wells

Tribuzy, C. V.-B.; Schneider, H.; Ohser, S.; Sellesk, M.; Winnerl, S.; Grenzer, J.; Helm, M.; Neuhaus, J.; Dekorsy, T.; Biermann, K.; Künzel, H.

Intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum wells (QW) are crucial for mid-infrared lasers, detectors, and modulators. New compound materials such as lattice matched InGaAs/AlAsSb and strain compensated InGaAs/AlAs, both grown on InP, feature large conduction band discontinuities (>1eV) and allow the extension of the available wavelength range into the near infrared. Such short wavelengths require narrow QWs (<3 nm) where the first excited state inside the QW may be raised above indirect (X or L) valleys within the Brillouin zone. Quantum cascade lasers involving subbands above the indirect minimum have recently been reported [1].
We have studied intersubband relaxation dynamics in In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 multiple QWs with thicknesses from 2.9 to 4 nm (corresponding to absorption wavelengths of 2.4 to 3.2 µm) by femtosecond pump-probe experiments [2]. At early delay times, all samples show an exponential decay of the transient transmission occurring with time constants of 0.8 to 1.5 ps. The relaxation dynamics at later delay times strongly depends on the QW thickness and doping. For very narrow QWs the observed bi-exponential decay indicates several competing relaxation channels. Here transfer of electrons to X- and L-states in the barriers, which exist in the case of n-type modulation doping, or in the wells is energetically possible. The data are analyzed in terms of an effective three-level configuration. Our results indicate that intervalley scattering in QWs is in the ps regime, much slower than in a bulk semiconductor. This observation suggests that intersubband lasing involving states above indirect minima of the well material should be possible, as also confirmed by the results of [1].
[ ] D. G. Revin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021108 (2007).
[2] C. V.-B. Tribuzy et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 171104 (2006).

Keywords: lattice matched InGaAs/AlAsSb; multiple quantum wells; intersubband relaxation; indirect valleys

  • Poster
    ITQW07 - The Ninth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, 14.09.2007, Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10237
Publ.-Id: 10237


Design of an optical tomograph for the investigation of single and two phase pipe flows

Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.; Da Silva, M. J.; Thiele, S.; Li, A.; Wollrab, E.

We describe a fast optical tomography sensor which has been designed for the investigation of single and two phase flows in pipes and bubble columns. It enables image acquisition at frame rates of up to 4.5 kHz at roughly 2 mm image resolution. The sensor works similar to a conventional CT with 256 light emitters and 32 light receivers arranged about the object’s cross-section. The light emitters are sequentially flashed while the light receiver intensities are recorded synchronously. Primary area of application is single phase flows with dye tracers. Another potential application is the investigation of bubbly two phase flows at low gas fractions. Principle tests have been made for both problems.

Keywords: optical tomography; multiphase flow sensors; flow visualization

  • Measurement Science and Technology 19(2008)9, 094006

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10236
Publ.-Id: 10236


Beam parameter simulation of the Rossendorfer SRF gun and comparison with other RF photo injectors

Staufenbiel, F.; Arnold, A.; Büttig, H.; Janssen, D.; Kamps, T.; Lehnert, U.; Lipka, D.; Michel, P.; Möller, K.; Schneider, C.; Schurig, R.; Staats, G.; Teichert, J.; Will, I.; Xiang, R.

For each accelerator the choice of the injector is a crucial topic and the best gun concept for the different demands must be determined. This paper presents simulated data of beam parameters from the Rossendorfer SRF gun and other RF photo injectors. The differences between normal and superconducting guns lead to different possibilities in the operation modes. Due to the high RF power losses in normal conducting guns the duty cycle is low and cw-mode operation impossible. For the SRF gun an exterior magnetic field for emittance compensation close to the photo cathode is prohibited due to the Meißner-Ochsenfeld effect. Therefore, other mechanisms for emittance compensation must be used. In the simulations RF focusing with a proper cathode visor and a solenoid focusing after the gun are considered.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    41st Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs ERL 2007, 21.-25.05.2007, Warrington, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10235
Publ.-Id: 10235


Inefficiency of intervalley transfer in narrow InGaAs/AlAsSb quantum wells

Tribuzy, C. V.-B.; Ohser, S.; Sellesk, M.; Winnerl, S.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.; Neuhaus, J.; Dekorsy, T.; Biermann, K.; Künzel, H.

It has been shown that the performance of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade lasers (QCL) can be severely hampered by the influence of indirect states [1]. Yet very recent work has demonstrated that lasing can be achieved in InGaAs/AlAsSb [2], InGaAs/AlAs [3] and InAs/AlSb [4] at around 3 um, where the upper laser level lies above some indirect minima.
We have performed a pump-probe investigation of intersubband relaxation in doped narrow In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 multi quantum wells (QW) with different thicknesses from 2.9 to 4 nm, grown by MBE latticed matched to an InP substrate. The measurements were performed with a high-repetition-rate (78 MHz) optical parametric oscillator tunable between 1.1 and 3.3 um with a pulse length of 280 fs [5]. The extremely high signal-to-noise ratio allows us to analyze the decay dynamics in detail.
In a well-doped 3 nm QW, where the second subband lies above the InGaAs X-minimum, we observe a non-exponential decay, which can be very well reproduced with two exponentials of 1.5 and 6.2 ps (Fig. 1). Analyzing this behavior with three-level rate equations, the first time constant represents the combined decay rate from the upper subband to the lower one and to the X-state. The second time constant correspond to the return time from the X-level to the ground state. This means that the intervalley transfer time (≥ 2 ps) is much longer than known from bulk systems and implies that population inversion in a QCL can persist, thus explaining the functioning of QCLs at wavelength as short as 3 um.
As a cross check, we also investigated wider-QW samples, where the second subband lies below the X-level. As expected, these were found to exhibit a simple mono-exponential behavior. We are presently extending this investigation to coupled QWs, which bear closer similarity to actual QCL structures.

References
[1] L. R. Wilson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 1378 (2002).
[2] D. G. Revin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 021108 (2007).
[3] M. P. Semtsiv et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 051111 (2007).
[4] K J. Devenson et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 111118 (2007).
[5] C. V.-B. Tribuzy et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 171104 (2006).

Keywords: multi quantum wells; intersubband relaxation; InGaAs/AlAsSb

  • Lecture (Conference)
    15th International Conference on Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Semiconductors HCIS15, 23.-27.07.2007, Tokyo, Japan
  • Physica Status Solidi (C) 5(2008), 229

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10234
Publ.-Id: 10234


Detailed Analysis of Amorphous Silicon Passivation Layers Deposited in Industrial In-Line and Laboratory-type PECVD Reactors

Hofmann, M.; Schmidt, C.; Kohn, N.; Grambole, D.; Rentsch, J.; Glunz, S.; Preu, R.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) layers for the passivation of p-type silicon wafer surfaces are investigated. The first main topic is the thermal stability of a-Si passivation. Here, an improved thermal stability in annealing (400 °C) and firing processes (wafer temp. 550 °C) could be achieved by stacking a-Si layers with PECVD SiOx layers of different thickness. Hydrogen depth profiling using nuclear reaction analysis shows a hydrogen concentration of 11 at% in the bulk of the a-Si. After firing of single layer a-Si samples a hydrogen concentration peak at the a-Si / c-Si interface could be observed. The second major topic of this paper is the deposition of a-Si layers using an industrial-type inline PECVD reactor. Excellent surface passivation (>1 ms on 1 Ohm cm FZ wafers) can be reported. These a-Si layers are further characterised using FTIR and spectroscopic ellipsometry.

Keywords: a-Si; annealing; CVD based deposition; lifetime; PECVD

  • Lecture (Conference)
    22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 03.-07.09.2007, Milano, Italy
  • Contribution to proceedings
    22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 03.-07.09.2007, Milano, Italy
    Proceedings of 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 1528-1531

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10233
Publ.-Id: 10233


Status of the Superconducting RF Photo-Injector Development

Teichert, J.; Arnold, A.; Buettig, H.; Janssen, D.; Justus, M.; Lehnert, U.; Michel, P.; Moeller, K.; Murcek, P.; Schneider, C.; Schurig, R.; Staufenbiel, F.; Xiang, R.; Stephan, J.; Lehmann, W.-D.; Kamps, T.; Klemz, G.; Will, I.; Matheisen, A.; Horst, B. V. D.; vom Stein, P.; Volkov, V.; Lipka, D.

A status report of the superconducting RF photo electron injector development at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) will be given. The SRF gun project is a collaboration of BESSY, DESY, MBI and FZD and aims at the installation of a high average current CW photo injector at the ELBE superconducting electron linac. Main design parameters of the SRF gun are an electron energy of 9.5 MeV, a maximum average current of 1 mA, transverse normalized emittances (rms) of 1 mm mrad at 77 pC and 2.5 mm mrad at 1 nC bunch charge. The 1.3 GHz niobium cavity consists of three full cells with TESLA geometry, a specially designed half-cell in which the photo cathode is placed, and a choke filter in order to prevent rf losses at the cathode side of the cavity. Presently, the helium tank welding and cavity treatment have been finished. The cavity is now in the FZD and the cryomodule assembly has been started. Various subsystems like cathode cooler, cavity tuners, cryostat components, and the niobium cavity are still being tested and measured. A photo cathode preparation system was developed and installed. The equipment is now in operation and the first series of Cs2Te photo cathodes have been produced. The development of the 262 nm driver laser system for the high charge mode (500 kHz, 1 nC) is finished. A diagnostic beamline, which is especially designed for the SRF gun parameter measurement, is being build up.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    ERL07 - 41st Advanced ICFA Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, 21.-25.05.2007, Warrington, United Kingdom
  • Poster
    13th International Workshop on RF Superconductivity, 14.-19.10.2007, Peking, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-10232
Publ.-Id: 10232


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