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41397 Publications

The tectono-sedimentary evolution of a major seismogenic zone with low slip rate activity: A geochronological and sedimentological investigation of the Dobrá Voda Depression (Western Carpathians)

Šujan, M.; Braucher, R.; Šujan, M.; Hók, J.; Povinec, P. P.; Šipka, F.; Rugel, G.; Scharf, A.

Seismically active fault zones receive a great deal of attention due to their potential for quantification of seismic hazards. Zones with low slip rates pose a challenge, however, since their poor topographic expression is related to difficulties in the quantification of fault movement. This study focuses on the Dobrá Voda Depression, an area with the highest level of seismic activity in the Western Carpathians. The Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution of the small intramontane basin was investigated with the use of facies analysis of cores, dated with the use of cosmogenic nuclide depth profiles (10Be, 26Al and 36Cl), together with 26Al/10Be burial dating and radiocarbon dating. A set of archived boreholes and geoelectric survey data was used for the correlation of results with those from new boreholes across the depression. Four facies associations were distinguished: (FA1) Colluvial deposits that comprise subaerial debris flows and mudflows; (FA2) Fluvial deposits with high sediment supply: accommodation ratio, composed mostly of sandy-gravelly channel fill facies; (FA3) Fluvial deposits with low sediment supply: accommodation ratio, consisting mostly of floodplain muds, overbank heterolithic facies and minor sandy-gravelly channel fills; and (FA4) Swamp deposits, which are mostly made up of peat. Geochronological results suggest that the studied part of FA3 was deposited before 1.0 Ma due to a rise in the base level following a major incision event. Overbank-dominated deposits of FA3 covered an incision surface, resulted in a difference of ca. 65 m of elevation of these strata, which represents the minimal thickness of FA3. The second phase of incision was related to reactivation of Miocene normal faults resulting in further topographic differentiation. The initiation of fault activity is recorded by the deposition of colluvial FA1 before ca. 250 ka. FA2 accumulated between ca. 160 and 100 ka, mostly at the toes of slopes bounding the fault scarps on the basin margins. The last documented phase of evolution represents an increase of accommodation, which was connected to the deposition of Holocene peat in swamps as well as floodplain muds of FA4 above FA2. The observed settings imply that variation between incision and accumulation in a scale of hundreds of thousands of years is characteristic for low relief tectonically active zones. The presented research demonstrates the significance of sedimentological analysis for reconstruction of tectonic evolution in areas with low slip rate activity.

Keywords: Depth profile exposure dating of 10Be; 26Al and 36Cl; AMS

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30788
Publ.-Id: 30788


Positron annihilation analysis of nanopores and growth mechanism of oblique angle evaporated TiO₂ and SiO₂ thin films and multilayers

García-Valenzuela, A.; Butterling, M.; Liedke, M. O.; Hirschmann, E.; Trinh, T. T.; Elsherif, A. G. A.; Wagner, A.; Alvarez, R.; Gil-Rostra, J.; Rico, V.; Palmero, A.; González-Elipe, A. R.

The nano-porosity embedded into the tilted and separated nanocolumns characteristic of the microstructure of evaporated thin films at oblique angles has been critically assessed by various variants of the positron annihilation spectroscopy. This technique represents a powerful tool for the analysis of porosity, defects and internal interfaces of materials, and has been applied to different as-deposited SiO₂ and TiO₂ thin films as well as SiO₂/TiO₂ multilayers prepared by electron beam evaporation at 70° and 85° zenithal angles. It is shown that, under same deposition conditions, the concentration of internal nano-pores in SiO₂ is higher than in TiO₂ nanocolumns, while the situation is closer to this latter in TiO₂/SiO₂ multilayers. These features have been compared with the predictions of a Monte Carlo simulation of the film growth and explained by considering the influence of the chemical composition on the growth mechanism and, ultimately, on the structure of the films.

Keywords: Positron annihilation; Nanopores; OAD thin films; TiO₂; SiO₂; Growing mechanism

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30787
Publ.-Id: 30787


Revealing the defect-dominated oxygen evolution activity of hematene

Bishnupad, M.; Wei, Y.; Ghorbani Asl, M.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Parasmani, R.; Bikash, K. J.

Oxygen electrocatalysis is vital for advanced energy technologies, but inordinate challenges remain due to the lack of highly active earth-abundant catalysts. Herein, by nanostructuring and defect engineering, we enhance the catalytic properties of naturally occurring, but normally inactive ore hematite (Ht) by converting it to hematene (Hm) with oxygen vacancies (Ov-Hm), that becomes an efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, being even superior to the state-of-the-art catalyst IrO2/C, with a current density of 10 mA/cm2 at a lower overpotential of 250 mV. The first-principles calculations reveal that the reduced dimensionality and defects on the Hm surface locally modify the charge around the adsorption sites, which results in a reduction of the potential barrier in the OER process. Our experimental and theoretical insights suggest a promising route to the development of a highly active electrocatalyst from the naturally occurring and abundant material for OER applications.

Keywords: hemetene; defect; electrocatalysis; oxygen evolution reaction

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30786
Publ.-Id: 30786


Chelation in One Fell Swoop: Optimizing Ligands for Smaller Radiometal Ions

Choudhary, N.; Jaraquemada-Pelaez, M.; Zarschler, K.; Wang, X.; Radchenko, V.; Kubeil, M.; Stephan, H.; Orvig, C.

44/47Sc3+, 68Ga3+ and 111In3+ are the three most attractive trivalent smaller radiometalnuclides, offering a wide range of distinct properties (emission energies and types) in the toolbox of nuclear medicine. In this study, all three of the metal ions are successfully chelated using a new oxine-based hexadentate ligand, H3glyox, which forms thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert neutral complexes with exceptionally high pM values [pIn (34) > pSc (26) > pGa (24.9)]. X-ray diffraction single crystal structures with stable isotopes revealed that the ligand is highly preorganized and has a perfect fit to size cavity to form [Sc(glyox)(H2O)] and [In(glyox)(H2O)] complexes. Quantitative radiolabeling of 68Ga (RCY > 95%, [L]= 10-5 M) and 111In (RCY > 99%, [L]= 10-8 M) was achieved at ambient conditions (RT, pH 7 and 15 min) with very high apparent molar activities of 750 MBq/mol and 650 MBq/nmol, respectively. Preliminary quantitative radiolabeling of 44ScCl3 (RCY > 99%, [L] = 10-6 M) was fast at room temperature (pH 7 and 10 min). In vitro experiments revealed exceptional stability of both 68Ga(glyox) and 111In(glyox) complexes against human serum (rate of transchelation < 2%) and its suitability for biological applications. Additionally, on chelation with metal ions, H3glyox exhibits enhanced fluorescence which was employed to determine the stability constants for Sc(glyox) complex in addition to the in-batch UV-vis spectrophotometric titrations; as a proof-of-concept these complexes were used to obtain fluorescence images of live HeLa cells using natSc(glyox) and natGa(glyox), confirming the viability of the cells. These initial investigations suggest H3glyox to be a valuable chelator for radiometalbased diagnosis (nuclear and optical imaging) and therapy.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30785
Publ.-Id: 30785


Numerical simulation of formation and growth of fractal-like aggregates in a tubular aerosol reactor

Lehnigk, R.; Niemi, T.; Peltola, J.; Schlegel, F.

Ceramic powders produced by gas phase synthesis frequently consist of non-spherical, fractal-like particle aggregates. Their shape is a result of the simultaneous action of particle coagulation and sintering. Coagulation describes the process of particle agglomeration, e.g. due to ballistic or diffusion-limited collisions, whereas sintering stands for coalescence of primary particles and acts to create denser aggregates. A low density aggregate has a larger collisional cross-section and thus is more likely to collide with other particles or aggregates, which is reflected in the development of the aggregate size distribution and should be taken into account when modeling the process. To this end, a class method based population balance modeling approach available in OpenFOAM was extended to allow for a simplified bivariate treatment. Among the many shape-characterizing parameters, the average surface-area-to-volume ratio of each size class is tracked by a separate transport equation. Together with a fixed fractal dimension, it can be translated into a collisional diameter and further used when calculating coagulation rates. The functionality is showcased by a simulation of the vapor synthesis of Titania in a tubular aerosol reactor [Akhtar et al., AlChE J., 37(10): 1561-1570, 1991]. Data from a differential mobility sizer is used to validate the approach.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Computational Fluid Dynamics und Gasreinigung, 09.-11.03.2020, Bamberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30784
Publ.-Id: 30784


Spin-polarized positrons. Who cares?

Wagner, A.; Butterling, M.; Liedke, M. O.; Hirschmann, E.; Elsherif, A. G. A.

Proposal for a spin-polarized positron beam facility at the upcoming DALI facility

Keywords: spin-polarized positrons

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  • Lecture (others)
    Treffen deutschsprachiger Positronengruppen, 13.-14.02.2020, Halle (Saale), Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30783
Publ.-Id: 30783


Materials Research with Positrons – From atomic defects to nano-scale porosimetry

Wagner, A.

Materials Research with Positrons – From atomic defects to nano-scale porosimetry

Keywords: Materials Research Positrons atomic defects nano-scale porosimetry

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Spectroscopic methods and synchrotron XRD for materials characterization, 05.03.2020, Kista, Sweden

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30782
Publ.-Id: 30782


Quaternary landscape evolution in a tectonically active rift basin (paleo-lake Mweru, south-central Africa)

Olivotos, S.; Niedermann, S.; Flügel, T.; Mouslopoulou, V.; Merchel, S.; Cotterill, F.; Bookhagen, B.; Gärtner, A.; Rugel, G.; Scharf, A.; Nadeau, M.-J.; Braucher, R.; Seiler, M.

Lake Mweru, located between the Northern Province of Zambia and the south-eastern Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, is part of the southwest extension of the East African Rift System (EARS). Fault analyses have revealed that the Mweru-Mweru Wantipa fault system (MMFS) was formed due to the NW-SE rotation of the extension direction of the EARS and is responsible for the reorganization of the drainage system of the area since the Miocene, creating knickpoints as a result of intense seismic activity. Twenty-six quartzitic bedrock samples were collected predominantly from knickpoints across the Mporokoso Plateau (south of Lake Mweru, Zambia) and the eastern part of the Kundelungu Plateau (north of Lake Mweru, DRC). These samples were analyzed for in-situ cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Samples from the Mporokoso Plateau and close to the MMFS provide evidence of temporary cover. Samples located far from the MMFS have consistent ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure ages ranging up to ~830 ka, indicating that these surfaces were never covered since their initial exposure. The observed burial patterns, combined with morphotectonic analyses of the drainage system and evidence of lacustrine sediments, reveal the existence of an extensive paleo-lake during the Pleistocene.
Elevational analyses of the dated knickpoints constrain the level of the paleo-lake to around 1200 m asl and its area to around 40000 km².
Calculated high denudation rates (up to ~40 mm ka-1) along the eastern Kundelungu Plateau suggest that tectonic forcing caused the breaching of the paleo-lake. Ensuing outflow gouged a deep-sided canyon, today occupied by the underfitting Luvua River. The complex exposure histories recorded in our study area by ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al can be a result of waterlevel fluctuations caused by intense climate variations across southeastern Africa, coupled with active rifting along the MMFS.

Keywords: Landscape evolution; Paleo-lake Mweru; Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides; East African Rift System

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30781
Publ.-Id: 30781


THEREDA – Thermodynamic Reference Database for the nuclear waste disposal in Germany

Bok, F.; Moog, H. C.; Gaona, X.; Freyer, D.; Throenen, T.

INTRODUCTION
The disposal of nuclear waste including the assessment of long-term safety is still an open question in Germany. In addition to the pending decision about the repository host rock (salt, granite, or clay) and the associated site selection, the basic necessity of a consistent and obligatory thermodynamic reference database persists. Such a database is essential to assess potential radionuclide migration scenarios accurately and to make well-founded predictions about the long-term safety up to one million years. Specific challenges are comprehensive datasets covering also elevated temperatures and high salinities. Concerning the required elements (actinides, fission products as well as matrix and building materials), no other thermodynamic database is available that is compatible with the expected conditions. Due to these deficiencies THEREDA, a joint project of institutions leading in the field of safety research for nuclear waste disposal in Germany and Switzerland, was started in the year 2006.

DATABASE FEATURES

THEREDA offers evaluated thermodynamic data for many compounds (solid phases, aqueous species, or constituents of the gaseous phase) of elements relevant according to the present state of research. In particular, all oxidation states expected for disposal site conditions are considered. In the present release, THEREDA includes data for actinides and their chemical analogues (Th, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm & Nd), fission products (Se, Sr, Tc & Cs) and matrix elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Si | Cl, SO4, CO3). For the calculation of cementitious phases the current version of CEMDATA (18.1) was integrated.
THEREDA is based on a relational databank whose structure intrinsically ensures the internal consistency of thermodynamic data. Data considered respond to the needs of both Gibbs Energy Minimizers (ChemApp, GEMS) and Law-of-Mass-Action codes (Geochemist’s Workbench, PHREEQC, ToughReact). The database is designed generically so that it can store interaction parameters for various models. Namely, the PITZER ion interaction approach to describe activity coefficients of hydrated ions and molecules in saline solutions as well as ideal and non-ideal solid solution approaches are considered in the actual dataset.
After free registration, THEREDA is accessible via internet through www.thereda.de. This is not only a portal to view the data itself, their uncertainties and the primary references of the data; it provides also additional information on issues concerning the database. Ready-to-use parameter files are available for download in a variety of formats (geochemical code specific formats and generic ASCII type). They are also used for internal test calculations – an essential element of the quality assurance scheme. The capabilities of THEREDA are demonstrated using approx. 400 application case calculations, whose results were compared with experimental values published in literature.

Keywords: THEREDA; Solubility; Thermodynamic database; Pitzer ion-interaction approach

  • Poster (Online presentation)
    International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena (ISSP-19), 11.-16.07.2021, Albuquerque, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30780
Publ.-Id: 30780


Elucidating the mechanism of uranium uptake and processing in tobacco BY-2 cells

John, W.; Matschiavelli, N.; Thieme, D.; Hoehenwarter, W.; Sachs, S.

The release of uranium from waste repositories into the ground water and surrounding soil can have adverse effects on the biomes of affected sites. The bioavailability and chemical toxicity of U(VI) species, which are the most prevalent in oxic environments of soils and water bodies, can pose serious threats as they are transferred through the food chain. Despite remediation strategies employing the cultivation of crop plants to sequester uranium, little is known of the mechanisms used by plants in processing the uranium species that they encounter. The aim of this research therefore has been to shed light on the pathways involved in the uptake and processing of uranium by plant cells, using the undifferentiated tobacco BY-2 cells as model plant cells. Former experiments showing increases in the cytoplasmic glutathione pools upon exposure of Brassica napus cell cultures to uranium have led us to the hypothesis that tobacco cells are able to reduce U(VI) to U(IV). This research describes a novel method of exposing BY-2 cells to U(VI) in phosphate deficient medium, which maintains relatively high cell viability under phosphate deficient conditions, and reveals differentially expressed proteins in the presence of uranium. Uranium-spiked culture medium was seen to affect the uptake of trace elements and minerals as well as show changes in the profiles of polyacrylamide-resolved proteins. Proteomics is being used to identify candidate proteins involved in the processing of uranium by the cells and microscopic visualization techniques are utilized to confirm these pathways and mechanisms.

Acknowledgments: This work is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under the contract number 02NUK051B.

Keywords: uranium; nuclear waste; metal uptake; tobacco cells

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    Biometals 2020, 05.-09.07.2020, Villard de Lans, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30779
Publ.-Id: 30779


P1817 - Sensor zur Vermessung von Strömungsprofilen in großen Kolonnen und Apparaten

Vishwakarma, V.; Schleicher, E.; Schubert, M.; Tschofen, M.; Löschau, M.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist eine Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung des Strömungsprofils von Mehrphasenströmungen mit mindestens einer Flüssigkeitskomponente mit vorgegebener Strömungsrichtung. Die Vorrichtung weist eine Mehrzahl von stabförmigen Sonden auf. Jede der Sonden weist zwei parallel verlaufende Elektroden aus, die in einer gemeinsamen elektrisch isolierenden Umhüllung angeordnet sind. Darüber hinaus weist jede Sonde mindestens eine Abschirmelektrode auf. Eine Elektrode jeder Sonde fungiert als Transmitter (Sender) und die zweite Elektrode jeder Sonde als Receiver (Empfänger). Eine Auswerteeinheit ist dazu eingerichtet, die Transmitterelektrode jeder Sonde mit elektrischer Spannung als Messspannung zu beaufschlagen und das Ergebnissignal an der Receiverelektrode derselben Sonde zu erfassen. Mindestens zwei Sonden sind zu einer Gruppe zusammengefasst, wobei die Auswerteeinheit zum gleichzeitigen Beaufschlagen der Sonden dieser Gruppe mit der Messspannung ausgebildet ist.

  • Patent
    DE102018124501 - Erteilung 13.02.2020

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30778
Publ.-Id: 30778


Essential Role of Heterocyclic Structure of N-Alkylated 2-Pyrrolidone Derivatives for Recycling Uranium from Spent Nuclear Fuels

Inoue, T.; Kazama, H.; Tsushima, S.; Takao, K.

In a simple and versatile reprocessing method for recycling U and Pu from spent nuclear fuels, cyclic amides like N-alkylated 2-pyrrolidone derivatives (NRPs) are exclusively employed. However, there have been no convincing rationales why such a heterocyclic structure is required. To answer this question, we employed N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone (NCP) and N-cyclohexylformamide (NCF) as cyclic and acyclic monodentate amides, and focused on the following 3 topics in this study; (1) structural chemistry of their uranyl dinitrato complexes, (2) precipitation behavior of UO22+ from HNO3(aq) by using these amides, and (3) their chemical stability in HNO3(aq) simulating the reprocessing process for spent nuclear fuels. Fundamental coordination chemistry of UO2(NO3)2(L)2 (L = NCP, NCF) were found to be common to both L, regardless of the presence or absence of the pyrrolidone ring. Furthermore, both L exhibit comparable capability in precipitation of UO22+ from HNO3(aq). The most critical difference between NCP and NCF was found in their chemical stability in HNO3(aq), where NCF was gradually decomposed through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, while NCP remained intact for at least 4 h. In conclusion, the pyrrolidone ring of NRPs plays an important role to protect the carbonyl C from nucleophilic hydrolysis which initiates the amide C(=O)−N bond cleavage.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30776
Publ.-Id: 30776


Annual Report 2019 - Institute of Resource Ecology

Stumpf, T.; Foerstendorf, H.; Bok, F.; Richter, A.

The Institute of Resource Ecology (IRE) is one of the eight institutes of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden –Rossendorf (HZDR). Our research activities are mainly integrated into the program “Nuclear Waste Management, Safety and Ra-diation Research (NUSAFE)” of the Helmholtz Association (HGF) and focused on the topics “Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal” and “Safety Research for Nuclear Reactors”. The program NUSAFE, and therefore all work which is done at IRE, belong to the research field “Energy” of the HGF...

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  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; HZDR-110 2020
    ISSN: 2191-8708, eISSN: 2191-8716

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30774
Publ.-Id: 30774


Magnetic response of FeRh to static and dynamic disorder

Eggert, B.; Schmeink, A.; Lill, J.; Liedke, M. O.; Kentsch, U.; Butterling, M.; Wagner, A.; Pascarelli, S.; Potzger, K.; Lindner, J.; Thomson, T.; Fassbender, J.; Ollefs, K.; Keune, W.; Bali, R.; Wende, H.

Atomic scale defects generated using focused ion as well as laser beams can activate ferromagnetism in initially non-ferromagnetic B2 ordered alloy thin film templates. Such defects can be induced locally, confining the ferromagnetic objects within well-defined nanoscale regions. The characterization of these atomic scale defects is challenging, and the mechanism for the emergence of ferromagnetism due to sensitive lattice disordering is unclear. Here we directly probe a variety of microscopic defects in systematically disordered B2 FeRh thin films that are initially antiferromagnetic and undergo a thermally-driven isostructural phase transition to a volatile ferromagnetic state. We show that the presence of static disorder i.e., the slight deviations of atoms from their equilibrium sites is sufficient to induce a non-volatile ferromagnetic state at room temperature. A static mean square relative displacement of 9.10-4 Å-2 is associated with the occurrence of non-volatile ferromagnetism and replicates a snapshot of the dynamic disorder observed in the thermally-driven ferromagnetic state. The equivalence of static and dynamic disorder with respect to the ferromagnetic behavior can provide insights into the emergence of ferromagnetic coupling as well as achieving tunable magnetic properties through defect manipulations in alloys.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30773
Publ.-Id: 30773


Accurate MR image registration to anatomical reference space for diffuse glioma

Visser, M.; Petr, J.; Müller, D. M.; Eijgelaar, R. S.; Hendriks, E. J.; Witte, M.; Barkhof, F.; van Herk, M.; Mutsaerts, H. J.; de Munck, J. C.; Vrenken, H.; de Witt Hamer, P. C.

To summarize the distribution of glioma location within a patient population, registration of individual MR images to anatomical reference space is required. In this study, we quantified the accuracy of MR image registration to anatomical reference space with linear and non-linear transformations using estimated tumor targets of glioblastoma and
lower-grade glioma, and anatomical landmarks at pre- and post-operative time-points using six commonly-used registration packages (FSL, SPM5, DARTEL, ANTs, Elastix, and NiftyReg). Routine clinical pre- and post-operative, post-contrast T1-weighted images of 20 patients with glioblastoma and 20 with lower-grade glioma were collected. The 2009a
Montreal Neurological Institute brain template was used as anatomical reference space. Tumors were manually segmented in the patient space and corresponding healthy tissue was delineated as a target volume in the anatomical reference space. Accuracy of the tumor alignment was quantified using the Dice score and the Hausdorff distance. To measure the accuracy of general brain alignment, anatomical landmarks were placed in patient and in anatomical reference space, and the landmark distance after registration was quantified. Lower-grade gliomas were registered more accurately than glioblastoma. Registration accuracy for pre- and postoperative MR images did not differ. SPM5 and DARTEL registered tumors most accurate, and FSL least accurate. Non-linear transformations resulted in more accurate general brain alignment than linear transformations, but tumor alignment was similar between linear and non-linear transformation. We conclude that linear transformation suffices to summarize glioma locations in anatomical reference space.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30772
Publ.-Id: 30772


On the O-rich domain of the U-Am-O phase diagram

Epifano, E.; Vauchy, R.; Lebreton, R.; Lauwerier, F.; Joly, A.; Scheinost, A.; Guéneau, C.; Valot, C.; Martin, P. M.

Uranium–Americium oxides U1−yAmyO2±x are promising candidates as possible transmutation targets for next generation nuclear reactors. In the context of a comprehensive investigation of their thermodynamic and thermal properties, the behaviour in oxidizing conditions is here studied. In a recent work, the behaviour in air of stoichiometric and sub-stoichiometric U1−yAmyO2−x compounds, with various Am content, was investigated by high-temperature X-ray Diffraction. Herein, the hyper-stoichiometric oxides obtained from that study are investigated by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. The new data, together with the previous XRD results, allow determining the exact compositions of the samples and hence obtaining phase diagram points in the O-rich domain of the U-Am-O system. Indeed, five phase diagram points at 1473 K are obtained: two tie-lines in the M4O9-M3O8 domain, for Am/(Am + U) = 0.10 and 0.15, one tie line in the MO2+x-M3O8 domain, for Am/(Am + U) = 0.28, and two points in the single phase MO2±x domain, for higher americium concentration. From these data, it is also concluded that trivalent americium has a small solubility in the M4O9 and M3O8 phases.

Keywords: transmutation; nuclear fuel; XANES; EXAFS

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30771
Publ.-Id: 30771


Terahertz absorption-saturation and emission from electron-doped germanium quantum wells

Ciano, C.; Virgilio, M.; Bagolini, L.; Baldassarre, L.; Pashkin, O.; Helm, M.; Montanari, M.; Persichetti, L.; Di Gaspare, L.; Capellini, G.; Paul, D. J.; Scalari, G.; Faist, J.; de Seta, M.; Ortolani, M.

We study radiative relaxation at terahertz frequencies in n-type Ge/SiGe quantum wells, optically pumped with a terahertz free electron laser. Two wells coupled through a tunneling barrier are designed to operate as a three-level laser system with non-equilibrium population generated by optical pumping around the 1→3 intersubband transition at 10 THz. The non-equilibrium subband population dynamics are studied by absorption-saturation measurements and compared to a numerical model. In the emission spectroscopy experiment, we observed a photoluminescence peak at 4 THz, which can be attributed to the 3→2 intersubband transition with possible contribution from the 2→1 intersubband transition. These results represent a step towards silicon-based integrated terahertz emitters.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30769
Publ.-Id: 30769


Strömungsmorphologie flashender Feeds bei kritischen Stoffwerten

Döß, A.; Schubert, M.; Wiezorek, M.; Hampel, U.; Flegiel, F.; Windmeier, C.; Schleicher, E.

Eine gängige Methode zur Konditionierung von Zulaufströmen in Rektifikations-kolonnen ist die Entspannungsverdampfung (flash) des Feedstroms mit nachgeschalteter oder integrierter Separation der kontinuierlichen und dispersen Phasenanteile. Die Gestaltung der Einspeisung in die Kolonne sowie die Auswahl von Einleitorganen erfordert eine möglichst exakte Vorhersage der sich einstellenden Strömungsmorphologie in der Feedleitung. Verfügbare Strömungsdaten beschränken sich fast ausschließlich auf Wasser-Luft-Systeme bei geringen Rohrdurchmessern (< DN100) und großen Einlauflängen (> 40 D). Deren Übertragbarkeit auf organische oder kryogene Systeme mit z. B. deutlich geringeren Grenzflächenspannungen für praxisnahe Rohrdimensionen unterliegt dabei großen Unsicherheiten. Zur Untersuchung flashender Feeds wurde daher ein Kältemittel-Versuchsstand im Technikums¬maßstab entwickelt. Das Arbeitsfluid wird durch eine Armatur in eine horizontale Feedleitung (DN200, Länge 20 D) entspannt und tritt als Zweiphasenströmung in die nachgeschaltete Kolonne ein. Die Dampfanteile nach der Entspannungsverdampfung werden über die jeweiligen Betriebsdrücke und -temperaturen mittels Elektroerhitzer und Kreislaufpumpe eingestellt, während der Betriebsdruck in der Teststrecke über einen Kondensator im Kopfstrom der Kolonne geregelt wird. Als Betriebsmedium wird das Kältemittel 3M™ Novec™649 eingesetzt, dessen Grenzflächenspannung in einem Bereich von 2 bis 8 mN m-1 bei einer Dichtedifferenz zwischen Dampf und Flüssigkeit von 800-1500 kg m-3 bei Betriebstemperaturen bis 140 °C eingestellt werden kann. Die Charakterisierung der sich entwickelnden Strömungsmorphologie in der horizontalen Feedleitung erfolgt mittels zeitlich und räumlich hochauflösender Gittersensormesstechnik. Schwerpunkte der Untersuchungen sind dabei die axiale Entwicklung der Strömungsform zwischen Entspannungsarmatur und Kolonneneintritt sowie die Bestimmung der Phasenanteile und Strömungs¬druck¬ver-luste
Diese Arbeit findet im Rahmen des Projektes TERESA statt und wird durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWI) gefördert (FKZ 03ET1395D).

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik, Adsorption und Extraktion 2020, 25.-28.02.2020, Berchtesgaden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30768
Publ.-Id: 30768


Formation of Thin NiGe Films by Magnetron Sputtering and Flash Lamp Annealing

Begeza, V.; Mehner, E.; Stöcker, H.; Xie, Y.; García, A.; Hübner, R.; Erb, D.; Zhou, S.; Rebohle, L.

The nickel-monogermanide (NiGe) phase is known for its electrical properties such as low ohmic and low contact resistance in group-IV-based electronics. In this work, thin films of nickel germanides (Ni-Ge) were formed by magnetron sputtering followed by flash lamp annealing (FLA). The formation of NiGe was investigated on three types of substrates: on amorphous (a-Ge) as well as polycrystalline Ge (poly-Ge) and on monocrystalline (100)-Ge (c-Ge) wafers. Substrate and NiGe structure characterization was performed by Raman, TEM, and XRD analyses. Hall Effect and four-point-probe measurements were used to characterize the films electrically. NiGe layers were successfully formed on different Ge substrates using 3-ms FLA. Electrical as well as XRD and TEM measurements are revealing the formation of Ni-rich hexagonal and cubic phases at lower temperatures accompanied by the formation of the low-resistivity orthorhombic NiGe phase. At higher annealing temperatures, Ni-rich phases are transforms into NiGe, as long as the supply of Ge is ensured. NiGe layer formation on a-Ge is accompanied by metal-induced crystallization and a decline of its electrical conductivity compared with that of poly-Ge and c-Ge substrates. Specific resistivities for 30 nm Ni on Ge were determined to be 13.5 uOhm cm for poly-Ge, 14.6 uOhm cm for c-Ge and 20.1 uOhm cm for a-Ge.

Keywords: germanium; germanides; nickel; thin films; sputtering; flash lamp annealing

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30767
Publ.-Id: 30767


Thermo-mechanical modelling of reactor pressure vessel during core melt invessel retention

Villanueva, W.; Filippov, A.; Jules, S.; Lim, K.; Jobst, M.; Bouydo, A. M.; Qais, S.; Wang, H.; Fichot, F.; Bechta, S.

Thermo-mechanical behavior of ablated reactor pressure vessel (RPV) during in-vessel melt retention is assessed. Specifically, we provide a preliminary synthesis of a benchmark exercise on a generic Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) RPV with external water cooling. A two-layer pool configuration with a molten metal layer atop, reaching a local heat flux of 2 MW/m² on the vessel wall is assumed reflecting a focusing effect which in turn results in a thin ablated wall with remaining thickness of 16 mm. The aim is to investigate the effect of internal pressure on the structural integrity of the RPV. A total of 7 contributions from different organizations using 5 different codes are analyzed. The results are divided into low internal pressure cases where no vessel failure is expected, and high internal pressure cases where vessel failure is found based on specific failure criteria applied by the users. At 3 bar internal pressure, all the results reflecting stresses and strains indicate no vessel failure. Four contributions found vessel failures at internal pressure of 40, 45, 50, and 52 bars. The mode of failure in all calculations is the same, which is plastic instability caused by high stresses, although the failures are indicated by different criteria. Further, the results are compared against a simplified approach and reasonable agreement is found. Finally, a preliminary failure map is generated to demonstrate the applicability of a previously proposed methodology that utilizes a safety criterion based on the relation between the minimum vessel thickness and the maximum internal load.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Seminar “In-vessel retention: outcomes of IVMR project”, 21.-22.01.2020, Juan-les-Pins, France
    Proceedings of the International Seminar “In-vessel retention: outcomes of IVMR project”

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30766
Publ.-Id: 30766


Collision probability of fine particles in the bubble wake - An experimental study with 4D particle tracking velocimetry

Sommer, A.-E.; Heitkam, S.; Eckert, K.

One highly relevant challenge in flotation is the recovery of fine particles. Due to their low inertia, these particles are mostly pushed aside by rising bubbles. Consequently, they typically exhibit low probability for bubble-particle collision and thus, a poor recovery rate. In this work, the trajectories of fine particles in the vicinity of rising bubbles were investigated. The measurements considered a chain of millimetric bubbles within a rectangular container filled with deionized water. The flow field near the bubbles was measured by tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV), employing fluorescent tracer particles of 33µm diameter. Subsequently, trajectories of larger particles and bubble-particle collision events are recorded with 4D particle tracking velocimetry using a high temporal and spatial resolution. The results reproduce the well-known collision of particles on the leading edge of a rising bubble. Additionally, collisions on the tailing edge were observed in cases with a low Stokes number. The TPIV results demonstrate, that the high turbulent kinetic energy in the bubble wake allows particles to divert from the fluid streamlines and collide with the tailing edge of the bubble. The tailing edge collision probability increases with the Reynolds number and with decreased particle inertia. Overall, the investigation shows that the collision of fine particles in the bubble wake should be considered for the development of further collision probability models. Furthermore, the importance of turbulence on the fine particle flotation was demonstrated.

Keywords: 4D Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV); tomographic particle image velocimetry (TPIV); fine particle flotation; collision probability; Bubble-particle interaction; wake induced collision

  • Contribution to proceedings
    XXX International Mineral Processing Congress in Cape Town, 18.-22.10.2020, Kapstadt, Südafrika
    Proceedings of the XXX. International Mineral Processing Congress

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30765
Publ.-Id: 30765


In-depth 3D characterization of sieve tray hydrodynamics

Vishwakarma, V.; Abdul Haq, S.; Schubert, M.; Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.

Understanding the tray hydrodynamics is important for their effective design as well as for the assessment of their separation performance. Currently, the clear liquid height is considered as one of the most important hydrodynamic parameters [1]. For example, it is utilized to correlate dispersion density, liquid entrainment rate, weeping flux and flow regime transitions. This height is usually measured at a point on the tray floor by continuously flushing out the liquid into the manometer. It is debatable whether such point reading is representative for the true liquid content on large trays or three-dimensional analyses should be performed. For this purpose, a sieve tray column (800 mm dia.) mockup facility is used in this work with air and tap water at respective loadings of 1.4 – 2.0 Pa0.5 and 1.0 – 3.0 m3/h that correspond to the froth regime.

A novel conductivity-based sensor [2] is developed for the 3D two-phase flow quantification at high spatial and temporal resolution. Basically, the local phase holdups at multiple locations along the sensor measurement plane and at different dispersion heights are determined here. It is assessed if the integration of the holdup profiles can lead to better estimates of the clear liquid height. Pressure drops and weeping rates are also measured. Furthermore, stimulus-response experiments with de-ionized water as tracer are performed at selective dispersion heights for identifying the flow profiles via residence time distribution.

These new 3D tray hydrodynamic data may also serve as a reference for establishing CFD models in the future, which so far have largely relied either on clear liquid height data only or on the low resolution data of Solari and Bell [3].

[1] Lockett, M.J., 1986. Distillation tray fundamentals.
[2] Vishwakarma, V., Schleicher, E., Schubert, M., Tschofen, M. and Löschau, M., Deutsche Patentanmeldung DE 10 2018 124 501.7, Sensor zur Vermessung von Strömungsprofilen in großen Kolonnen und Apparaten.
[3] Solari, R.B. and Bell, R.L., 1986. Fluid flow patterns and velocity distribution on commercial‐scale sieve trays. AIChE journal, 32(4), pp.640-649.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik, Adsorption und Extraktion, 26.-28.02.2020, Berchtesgaden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30764
Publ.-Id: 30764


Application of Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) to measure the bubble-particle interaction in a turbulent and dense flow

Sommer, A.-E.; Ortmann, K.; van Heerden, M.; Richter, T.; Leadbeater, T.; Cole, K.; Heitkam, S.; Brito-Parada, P. R.; Eckert, K.

In a flotation cell, turbulence influences the motion of solid particles relative to the bubble surface, and, thus, affects the recovery rate. But, the impact of turbulence on the probability of a bubble-particle aggregation is still difficult to measure, especially in a dense flow. Therefore, the focus of this work was to apply PEPT as a method to investigate the effect of turbulence on the particle movement and bubble-particle interaction in an opaque flow. Single air bubbles (db=2.5 mm) were generated on a needle in a water flow channel. Upstream, a grid produced an isotropic turbulent flow with 5% to 15% turbulence intensity and a Kolmogorov microscale of 20µm. Depending on the distance to the grid, the flow near the captive bubble (Reb~450) was characterized by eddies of different length scales and magnitude with tomographic PIV. The solid suspension contained up to 0.3% PMMA particles (dp=200-400µm) and up to six radiolabelled particles (dp=300-400µm) coated with PMMA. The trajectories of the labelled particles were used to determine the average particle distribution in the turbulent field and describe the bubble-particle interactions. These results provide valuable information on the applicability of PEPT in turbulent and dense flow fields as well as on particle trajectories close to bubbles, enhancing our understanding of key flotation phenomena.

Keywords: Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT); tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV); bubble-particle interaction; grid turbulence; dense flow; flotation

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30763
Publ.-Id: 30763


INSPIRE: A multi-centric study to harmonize linear energy transfer (LET) calculations for biological assessments of proton therapy plans

Ödén, J.; Hahn, C.; Vestergaard, A.; Jensen, M. F.; Sokol, O.; Pardi, C.; Bourhaleb, F.; Leite, A.; de Marzi, L.; Rose, C.; Merchant, M.; Grzanka, L.; Dasu, A.; Lühr, A.

Purpose: Emerging clinical evidence supports the variability of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in proton radiotherapy. This poses the need to account for RBE variability in proton planning. However, no harmonized concept exists on how to calculate the RBE-driving linear energy transfer (LET) in clinical practice. Therefore, a multi-centric study was set up with the objective to standardize clinical LET calculations in Europe.

Methods: Eight European institutions generated non-robust SOBP plans using common strict dose objectives. Multiple treatment field arrangements (single-field SOBP, perpendicular fields, opposing fields) were employed to cover a target cube in a water phantom. Each institution used its preferred treatment planning software and provided dose and corresponding LET distributions for a joint analysis.
Subsequently, RBE-weighted dose (DRBE) distributions were calculated for the single-field SOBP of one institution assuming the Wedenberg RBE model using Monte Carlo calculated unrestricted dose- and track-averaged LET (LETd/LETt) distributions considering (1) only primary protons, (2) all protons, (3) all particles with Z≤2.

Results: Institutional SOBP ranges and target average doses agreed within 2%. In contrast, near-minimum, average and near-maximum LETd differed up to 30%, 19% and 5% in the target, respectively. These discrepancies could partially be explained by different algorithms (Monte Carlo/analytical) and by different ions included in the LETd calculations.
LETd calculations were more sensitive to the considered secondary particle spectrum than LETt. Deriving DRBE using LETd yielded 0-11%, 4-12% and 12-45% higher DRBE in the entrance, target and distal edge regions, respectively, compared to LETt. The biological range extension using LETd (and LETt) was approximately 3 mm (and 1 mm).

Conclusions: Despite comparable dose distributions, substantial LET differences occurred among the participating institutions. These differences hamper the consistent analyses of clinical follow-up data as they translate to substantial discrepancies in predicted DRBE. Therefore, standardization of clinical LET calculations is of utmost importance.

  • Poster (Online presentation)
    2020 Joint AAPM/COMP Meeting, 12.-16.07.2020, Vancouver, Canada

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30761
Publ.-Id: 30761


2D and 3D convolutional neural networks for outcome modelling of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Starke, S.; Leger, S.; Zwanenburg, A.; Leger, K.; Lohaus, F.; Linge, A.; Schreiber, A.; Kalinauskaite, G.; Tinhofer, I.; Guberina, N.; Guberina, M.; Balermpas, P.; von der Grün, J.; Ganswindt, U.; Belka, C.; Peeken, J. C.; Combs, S. E.; Böke, S.; Zips, D.; Richter, C.; Troost, E. G. C.; Krause, M.; Baumann, M.; Löck, S.

These are the results from the analyses presented in a paper submitted to Scientific Reports.

The zip file contains the trained model files and the plots that were used in the manuscript.

Code for reproduction of our analyses can be obtained from https://github.com/oncoray/cnn-hnscc. There, you also find instructions on how to load our models.

Keywords: convolutional neural networks; Keras; Deep learning; head and neck cancer; loco-regional-recurrence; Cox proportional hazards

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30759
Publ.-Id: 30759


Preface of a special issue of the American Journal of Science

Fischer, C.; Arvidson, R. S.

This is the second part of a special issue of the American Journal of Science examining a problem that defines, perhaps more than any other, the state-of-the-art in the geochemistry of fluid-solid interaction: how to integrate data from both observations and modeling of events of brief duration at essentially atomic scales (for example, attachment, diffusion, detachment, hydrolysis), to that of mesoscale, ensemble processes (crystal dissolution, growth, alteration). The ultimate goal is an understanding of the long-term, phenomenological consequences of these interactions, often termed “upscaling”. Success in predicting and constraining these latter outcomes determines the larger value of this field, both to neighbors in environmental sciences and engineering, as well as to the public in terms of policy, education, and support. Nanoscale observation of mineral surfaces via instruments such as AFM and VSI is now widespread; increases in resolution and analytical capability of these instruments have also evolved in tandem with advances in the power and resolution of simulation and modeling approaches. Closely tied to an emerging theoretical framework, this “soft” progress in simulation and modeling was the focus of the first part of this issue.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30758
Publ.-Id: 30758


Crystal surface reactivity analysis using a combined approach of X-ray micro-computed tomography and vertical scanning interferometry

Kahl, W.-A.; Yuan, T.; Bollermann, T.; Bach, W.; Fischer, C.

Dissolution rates of porous crystalline materials reflect the superposition of transport and surface control, mainly via the parameters saturation of the ambient fluid and distribution of surface energy. As a result, reacting surfaces evolve over time showing a heterogeneous distribution of surface rates. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of surface reaction rates is analyzed using the rate map and rate spectra concept. Here, we quantify the dissolution rate variability covering the nm- to mm-scale of dissolving single-crystal and polycrystalline calcite samples, using a combined approach of X-ray micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) and vertical scanning interferometry (VSI). The dissolution experiments cover reaction periods from 15 minutes up to 54 days. The observed rate ranges are remarkably consistent over the entire reaction period but include a variability of about two orders of magnitude (10-9 - 3 * 10-7 mol m-2 s-1). The rate map data underscore the concurrent and superimposing impact of surface- vs. fluid flow controlled rate portions. The impact of fluid flow on reactivity at the mm-scale in the transport-controlled system is confirmed by 2-D reactive transport modeling. The sub-mm spatial heterogeneity of low vs. high reactivity surface portions of polycrystalline calcite is clearly below the mean crystal size. This suggests the dominant impact of highly reactive surface portions irrespective of the orientation of larger crystals on the overall surface reactivity. Correspondingly, the overall range of intrinsic reactivity heterogeneity as observed using singly crystal material is not further expanded for polycrystalline material. As a general conclusion, numerical reactive transport concepts would benefit from the implementation of a reactivity term resembling the experimentally observed existence of multiple rate components.

Keywords: crystal surface reactivity; rate map; dissolution rate variability; X-ray micro-computed tomography (µ-CT); vertical scanning interferometry (VSI); reactive transport; fluid-rock interaction

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30757
Publ.-Id: 30757


Recombinant expression of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 4 (NPP4) and development of a luminescence-based assay to identify inhibitors

Lopez, V.; Lee, S.-Y.; Stephan, H.; Müller, C. E.

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 4 (NPP4) is a membrane-bound enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular diadenosine polyphosphates such as Ap3A and Ap4A yielding mononucleotides. NPP4 on the surface of endothelial cells was reported to promote platelet aggregation by hydrolyzing Ap3A to ADP, which activates pro-thrombotic G protein-coupled P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Thus, NPP4 inhibitors have potential as novel antithrombotic drugs. In the present study we expressed soluble human NPP4 in Sf9 insect cells and established an enzyme assay using diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) as a substrate. The reaction product ATP was quantified by luciferin-luciferase reaction in a 96-well plate format. The sensitive method displayed a limit of detection (LOD) of 14.6 nM, and a Z’-factor of 0.68 indicating its suitability for high-throughput screening. The new assay was applied for studying enzyme kinetics and led to the identification of the first NPP4 inhibitors.

Keywords: Antithrombotic drugs; assay development; ectonucleotidase; recombinant enzyme expression; high-throughput screening; luminescence detection; NPP4 inhibitors

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30756
Publ.-Id: 30756


Higher order ferromagnetic resonances in out-of-plane saturated magnetic multilayers

Fallarino, L.; Stienen, S.; Gallardo, R. A.; Arregi, J. A.; Uhlíř, V.; Lenz, K.; Hübner, R.; Oelschlägel, A.; Hellwig, O.; Lindner, J.

Artificial ferromagnetic (FM)/nonmagnetic multilayers, with large enough FM thickness to prevent the dominance of interface anisotropies, offer a straightforward insight into the understanding and control of perpendicular standing spin wave (PSSW) modes. Here we present a study of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of [Co(3.0nm)/Au(0.6nm)]1≤N≤30 multilayer systems. Magnetometry reveals that the samples exhibit magnetization reversal properties typical of an effective single layer with weak perpendicular anisotropy, with the distinctive thickness-dependent magnetization reorientation transition from in-plane to out-of-plane. When such multilayer systems are out-of-plane saturated however, the dynamic response reveals the existence of several different ferromagnetic resonances in the form of PSSW modes that strongly depend on the material modulation characteristics along the total thickness. These modes are induced by the layer stacking itself as the effective single layer model fails to describe the complex dynamics observed in the system. In contrast to most systems considered in the past, described by a dynamic model of a single effectively homogeneous thick layer, the specific structures investigated here provide a unique platform for a large degree of tunability of the mode frequencies and amplitude profiles. We argue that the combination of periodic magnetic properties with vertical deformation gradients, arising from heteroepitaxial strain relaxation, generates a vertical regular array of two-dimensional pinning sites for the PSSW modes, which promotes the complex dynamics observed in the system.

Keywords: ferromagnetic resonance; multilayers; perpendicular anisotropy; spin waves

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30753
Publ.-Id: 30753


Analysis of In-Vessel Melt Retention for KONVOI PWR for selected severe accident scenarios

Jobst, M.

In the framework of the EU H2020 IVMR project, the applicability and technical feasibility of In-Vessel Melt Retention (IVMR) for high power reactors is assessed. HZDR contribution to the project was the investigation of the IVMR strategy for German Pressurized Water Reactor of type Konvoi (high power reactor with 1300 MWe). Four different severe accident scenarios with core material relocation to the lower head have been studied with the severe accident code ATHLET-CD, including Station Blackout (SBO), and Loss-of-Coolant accidents (LOCA) of various leak sizes in combination with SBO. The molten corium pool formed in the lower head and the ablation of vessel wall have been studied. The observed maximum heat flux on the outer surface of the wall is in the range between 1.47 MW/m² (SBO) and 1.67 MW/m² (LOCA). The corresponding minimum wall thickness is 25 mm and 21 mm, respectively. The simulations showed that with the assumptions made, IVMR seems to be possible for the investigated accident scenarios without vessel failure.

Keywords: PWR; Konvoi; severe accidents; In-vessel melt retention; ATHLET-CD

  • Poster
    IVMR 2020 - International Seminar “In-vessel retention: outcomes of IVMR project”, 21.-22.01.2020, Juan les Pins, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30752
Publ.-Id: 30752


Entwicklung eines Modells zur Grobstruktursimulation der Gas-Flüssigkeits-Strömung auf Querstromböden mit Hochleistungsventilen

Wiedemann, P.; Schubert, M.; Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.

Motivation und Ziel
Trennkolonnen zur Separation von Mehrkomponentenströmen finden vielfältigen Einsatz in der chemischen Industrie. Für den Betrieb solcher Apparate ergeben sich im Zusammenhang mit der zunehmenden Energiebereitstellung aus erneuerbaren Quellen wachsende Anforderungen im Hinblick auf eine flexible Fahrweise. Vor allem vergrößerte Über- und Unterlastbereiche, in denen dennoch eine hohe Trenneffizienz gewährleistet werden soll, stellen für die Auslegung eine Herausforderung dar. Insbesondere für Querstromböden mit sogenannten Fixed- und Push-Valves mangelt es bislang an verlässlichen Methoden, um den Einfluss des Bodendesigns auf die komplexe Zweiphasenströmung von Flüssigkeit und Dampf abzuschätzen.
Im Rahmen eines AiF-Forschungsvorhabens verfolgt das hier vorgestellte Teilprojekt das Ziel, ein Simulationsmodell bereitzustellen, mit welchem die Einflüsse von Ventilart, -anzahl und -anordnung sowie verschiedener Betriebsbedingungen auf die makroskopische Strömungsausbildung auf dem Querstromboden untersucht werden können.

Strategie und Methoden
Ausgangspunkt für die Modellentwicklung bildet zunächst die Simulation der Strömung am Einzelventil unter Nutzung des am HZDR entwickelten Mehrfeld-Zweifluid-Konzeptes (GENTOP, vgl. [1]). Hiermit werden sowohl großräumig separierte als auch disperse Phasenverteilungen sowie Übergänge zwischen diesen Strömungsmorphologien erfasst. Nach einer Validierung mit experimentell ermittelten Vergleichsdaten dienen die für vielfältige Betriebsbedingungen vorliegenden Simulationsergebnisse als Basis für die Ableitung von Feinstrukturmodellen für einen grobskaligen Modellierungsansatz. Für letzteren wird ein Euler-Euler-Modell favorisiert, in welchem die Effekte der nicht aufgelösten Phaseninteraktion über pragmatische Schließungsgleichungen integriert werden und die Abbildung der Ventile mittels punktartiger Massen- und Impulsquellen realisiert werden kann. Zur Validierung dieses Modells werden zunächst Simulationen für einzelne Ventile und Ventilgruppen durchgeführt und diese mit experimentellen Daten verglichen. Dazu wird ein Versuchsstand aufgebaut, an dem die Zweiphasenströmung an Einzelventilen oder Ventilgruppen unter definierten Betriebsbedingungen untersucht werden kann. Hierbei ist u. a. der Einsatz bildgebender Messverfahren geplant, um detaillierte Informationen über die Strömungsfelder und -regime zu erhalten. Um die Eignung des Grobstukturmodells zu demonstrieren, sind abschließend Vergleiche mit Experimentaldaten einer Versuchsanlage im industriellen Maßstab geplant.

Literatur
[1] Hänsch, S.; Lucas, D.; Krepper, E.; Höhne, T.: A multi-field two-fluid concept for transitions between different scales of interfacial structures. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 47 (2012) 171-182

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Computational Fluid Dynamics und Gasreinigung, 10.-11.03.2020, Bamberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30751
Publ.-Id: 30751


2D and 3D convolutional neural networks for outcome modelling of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Starke, S.; Leger, S.; Zwanenburg, A.; Leger, K.; Lohaus, F.; Linge, A.; Schreiber, A.; Kalinauskaite, G.; Tinhofer, I.; Guberina, N.; Guberina, M.; Balermpas, P.; von der Grün, J.; Ganswindt, U.; Belka, C.; Peeken, J. C.; Combs, S. E.; Böke, S.; Zips, D.; Richter, C.; Troost, E. G. C.; Krause, M.; Baumann, M.; Löck, S.

For treatment individualisation of patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with primary radiochemotherapy, we explored the capabilities of different deep learning approaches for predicting loco-regional tumour control (LRC) from treatment-planning computed tomography images. Based on multicentre cohorts for exploration (206 patients) and testing (85 patients), multiple deep learning approaches including extraction of deep features, transfer learning and complete training from scratch with 2D and 3D convolutional layers were assessed and compared to a clinical model including the tumour volume. Analyses were based on Cox proportional hazards regression and performance was assessed by the concordance index (C-index). While all 2D approaches showed similar or worse performance than the clinical model on the test cohort (C-index 0.39), 3D convolutional neural networks achieved improved discrimination (C-index 0.31) and patient stratification into high and low risk groups of tumour recurrence (p=0.001), in particular when using model ensembles instead of single models. Prospective validation of this result is planned.

Keywords: head and neck cancer; loco-regional-recurrence; convolutional neural networks; Cox proportional hazards

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30750
Publ.-Id: 30750


Development of tailored packings for Rotating Packed Beds

Gładyszewski, K.; Gross, K.; Qammar, H.; Kamiński, K.; Bieberle, A.; Schubert, M.; Skiborowski, M.; Górak, A.

Contribution to Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik, Adsorption und Extraktion

Keywords: Rotating packed beds; HIGEE; anisotropic; foam packings; mass transfer; hydrodynamic; computer tomography

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik, Adsorption und Extraktion, 26.-28.02.2020, Berchtesgaden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30749
Publ.-Id: 30749


Iron recovery from dry tailing dumps of an iron processing plant using an efficient circuit

Gholami, H.; Habibollahzadeh, A.; Haghi, M.; Hassanzadeh, A.

This work aims at investigating the production feasibility of a high yield product from a landfill suitable for feeding to an iron concentration plant. For this purpose, the samples were taken from tailing dumps of 3 Chahoun mine contained less than 10% iron content. After primary sample preparations, the representative samples were divided into two parts i.e. coarser and finer than 4 mm. it was concentrated by a medium intensity magnetic separator (MIMS) with a velocity of 1.5 m/s at rougher stage. The tailing and product were crushed by a jaw crusher down to 10, 6, 2 mm and followed by a low intensity magnetic separator (LIMS) with speeds of 1.5, 3, 4 m/s in the cleaner and scavenger stages. The results show that iron recovery is most likely to occur in samples with coarse grain size in the tailings. The highest weight recovery, iron and iron oxide content were obtained in low intensity magnetic separator at a velocity of 1.5 m/s in the cleaner stage that was about 18 and 35%, respectively, with dimensions less than 2 mm, which it has the highest iron and iron oxide separation rates of 46 and 54%, respectively.

Keywords: Magnetic separator; iron grade; rougher and cleaner stages; tailing dumps

  • Contribution to proceedings
    IMPC 2020 - XXX International Mineral Processing Congress, 18.-22.10.2020, Cape Town, South Africa

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30748
Publ.-Id: 30748


The effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on wettability and floatability of chalcopyrite, pyrite and quartz

Hassanzadehmahaleh, A.; van Hall, .; Öktem, A.; Özkan, G.; Rudolph, M.

Despite the four-decade study on ultrasound’s (US) impact on mineral’s floatabilities, there is still not a clear image regarding its role in mineral surface wettability. For this purpose, the current investigation endeavours the wettability and floatability characteristics of a chalcopyrite-pyrite-quartz (Cp-Py-Qtz) system in the presence and absence of an ultrasonic pre-treatment. The ultrasonic process was carried out by a Sonopuls at a constant frequency of 20 kHz with an adjustable power level from 30 to 200 W. Initially, impact of sonication time (15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 s as well as 10, 20 and 30 min) and power level (30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 W) were evaluated while the dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity and pH were monitored. Collector-less micro-flotation tests were carried out on the non-pre-treated and the US pre-treated samples at 60 W and 15 s. The samples’ hydrophobicities were determined by the drop shape analysis approach. The dissolved-oxygen level was varied using a mini bench pressurized water reactor to study the effect of O2(aq) concentration on the chalcopyrite and pyrite wettability characteristics. The results showed that the minerals’ hydrophilicities were relatively sensitive to the sonication’s time than its power that resulted in reducing all three minerals’ hydrophilicities. In addition, it was found that the dissolved oxygen content and creation of sub-micron sized bubbles led to an improvement on chalcopyrite and pyrite’ hydrophobicities. Finally, we proved that the Cp’s floatability increased and Qtz’s recovery reduced while being subjected to the ultrasonic irradiation (15 s at 60 W), however, Py’s recovery remained constant. This conclusion confirmed possibility of a selective separation in ultrasound-assisted copper ore flotation. We recommend further advanced investigations are highly required e.g. using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to profoundly understand the surface modification induced by the ultrasonication.

Keywords: Ultrasound; dissolved oxygen; floatability; chalcopyrite-pyrite-quartz system; contact angle

  • Contribution to proceedings
    IMPC 2020 - XXX International Mineral Processing Congress, 18.-22.10.2020, Cape Town, South Africa

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30747
Publ.-Id: 30747


Proton number fluctuations in sqrt(s_NN)= 2.4 GeV Au+Au collisions studied with HADES

Adamczewski-Musch, J.; Arnold, O.; Behnke, C.; Belounnas, A.; Belyaev, A.; Berger-Chen, J. C.; Biernat, J.; Blanco, A.; Blume, C.; Böhmer, M.; Bordalo, P.; Chernenko, S.; Chlad, L.; Deveaux, C.; Dreyer, J.; Dybczak, A.; Epple, E.; Fabbietti, L.; Fateev, O.; Filip, P.; Fonte, P.; Franco, C.; Friese, J.; Fröhlich, I.; Galatyuk, T.; Garzon, J. A.; Gernhäuser, R.; Golubeva, M.; Greifenhagen, R.; Guber, F.; Gumberidze, M.; Harabasz, S.; Heinz, T.; Hennino, T.; Hlavac, S.; Höhne, C.; Holzmann, R.; Ierusalimov, A.; Ivashkin, A.; Kämpfer, B.; Karavicheva, T.; Kardan, B.; Koenig, I.; Koenig, W.; Kohls, M.; Kolb, B. W.; Korcyl, G.; Kornakov, G.; Kornas, F.; Kotte, R.; Kugler, A.; Kunz, T.; Kurepin, A.; Kurilkin, A.; Kurilkin, P.; Ladygin, V.; Lalik, R.; Lapidus, K.; Lebedev, A.; Lopes, L.; Lorenz, M.; Mahmoud, T.; Maier, L.; Mangiarotti, A.; Markert, J.; Matulewicz, T.; Maurus, S.; Metag, V.; Michel, J.; Mihaylov, D. M.; Morozov, S.; Müntz, C.; Münzer, R.; Naumann, L.; Nowakowski, K.; Palka, M.; Parpottas, Y.; Pechenov, V.; Pechenova, O.; Petukhov, O.; Piasecki, K.; Pietraszko, J.; Przygoda, W.; Ramos, S.; Ramstein, B.; Reshetin, A.; Rodriguez-Ramos, P.; Rosier, P.; Rost, A.; Rustamov, A.; Sadovsky, A.; Salabura, P.; Scheib, T.; Schuldes, H.; Schwab, E.; Scozzi, F.; Seck, F.; Sellheim, P.; Selyuzhenkov, I.; Siebenson, J.; Silva, L.; Sobolev, Y. G.; Spataro, S.; Spies, S.; Ströbele, H.; Stroth, J.; Strzempek, P.; Sturm, C.; Svoboda, O.; Szala, M.; Tlusty, P.; Traxler, M.; Tsertos, H.; Usenko, E.; Wagner, V.; Wendisch, C.; Wiebusch, M. G.; Wirth, J.; Zanevsky, Y.; Zumbruch, P.

We present an analysis of proton number fluctuations in sqrt(s_NN) = 2.4 GeV Au+Au collisions measured with the High-Acceptance DiElectron Spectrometer (HADES) at GSI. With the help of extensive detector simulations done with IQMD transport model events including nuclear clusters, various nuisance effects influencing the observed proton cumulants have been investigated. Acceptance and efficiency corrections have been applied as a function of fine grained rapidity and transverse momentum bins, as well as considering local track density dependencies. Next, the effects of volume changes within particular centrality selections have been considered and beyond-leading-order corrections have been applied to the data. The efficiency and volume corrected proton number moments and cumulants Kn of orders n = 1, . . . , 4 have been obtained as a function of centrality and phase-space bin, as well as the corresponding correlators C_n . We find that the observed correlators show a power-law scaling with the mean number of protons, i.e. Cn∝n, indicative of mostly long-range multi-particle correlations in momentum space. We also present a comparison of our results with Au+Au collision data obtained at RHIC at similar centralities, but higher sqrt(s_NN).

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30746
Publ.-Id: 30746


A modular, injectable, non-covalently assembled hydrogel system features widescale tunable degradability for controlled release and tissue integration

Rothe, R.; Xu, Y.; Kuriakose Thomas, A.; Meister, S.; Zhang, Y.; Pietzsch, J.; Hauser, S.

Biomaterials with attenuated adverse host tissue reactions, and meanwhile, combining biocompatibility with mimicry of mechanical and biochemical cues of native extracellular matrices (ECM) to promote integration and regeneration of tissues are important for many biomedical applications. Further, the materials should also be tailorable to feature desired application-related functions, like tunable degradability, injectability, or controlled release of bioactive molecules. Herein, a non-covalently assembled, injectable hydrogel system based on oligopeptides interacting with sulphated polysaccharides is reported, showing high tolerability and biocompatibility in immunocompetent hairless mice. Altering the peptide or polysaccharide component considerably varies the in vivo degradation rate of the hydrogels, ranging from a half-life of three weeks to no detectable degradation after three months. The hydrogel with sulphated low molecular weight hyaluronic acid exhibits sustained degradation-mediated release of heparin-binding molecules in vivo, as shown by small animal magnetic resonance imaging and fluorescence imaging, and enhances the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hydrogel surrounding. In vitro investigations indicate that M2-macrophages could be responsible for the moderate difference in pro-angiogenic effects. The ECM-mimetic and injectable hydrogels represent tunable bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering, also enabling controlled release of heparin-binding signalling molecules including many growth factors.

Keywords: Biocompatibility; MMP-cleavable peptide; Modular building blocks; Small animal imaging; Sulphated hyaluronic acid

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30744
Publ.-Id: 30744


Survival of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in soil under hostile environmental conditions in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone

Traxler, L.; Wollenberg, A.; Steinhauser, G.; Chyzhevskyi, I.; Dubchak, S.; Großmann, S.; Günther, A.; Gupta, D. K.; Iwannek, K.-H.; Kirieiev, S.; Lehmann, F.; Schulz, W.; Walther, C.; Raff, J.; Kothe, E.

Radioactive contamination resulting from major 29 nuclear accidents presents harsh environmental conditions. Inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone, even more than 30 years after the accident, the resulting contamination levels still does not allow land-use or human dwellings. To study the potential of basidiomycete fungi to survive the conditions, a field trial was set up 5 km south-south-west of the destroyed reactor unit. A model basidiomycete, the lignicolous fungus Schizophyllum commune, was inoculated and survival in the soil could be verified. Indeed, one year after inoculation, the fungus was still observed using DNA dependent techniques. Growth led to spread at a high rate, with approximately 8 mm per day. This shows that also white-rot basidiomycetes can survive the harsh conditions in soil inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone. The resistance against radiation was higher than 20 μSv/day with this unadapted fungal strain.

Keywords: Chernobyl exclusion zone; fungi; soil; environment; Schizophyllum commune

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30743
Publ.-Id: 30743


Holographic vector meson melting in a thermal gravity-dilaton background related to QCD

Zöllner, R.; Kämpfer, B.

A holographic model of probe vector mesons (quarkonia) is presented, where the dynamical gravity-dilaton background is adjusted to the thermodynamics of 2 +1 flavor QCD with physical quark masses. The vector meson action is modified to account for various quark masses. We focus on the Φ, J/ψ and Υ meson melting in agreement with hadron phenomenology in heavy-ion collisions at LHC, that is the formation of hadrons at the observed freeze-out temperature of 155 MeV.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30742
Publ.-Id: 30742


Temperature-dependent luminescence spectroscopic investigations of U(VI) complexation with the halides F- and Cl-

Demnitz, M.; Hilpmann, S.; Lösch, H.; Bok, F.; Steudtner, R.; Patzschke, M.; Stumpf, T.; Huittinen, N. M.

In the present study we have investigated the complexation of uranyl(VI) with chloride and fluoride using luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy). At 25 °C, in the presence of 0 − 0.175 M fluoride, the first single-component emission spectra for all four U(VI)-fluoride complexes, i.e. UO2F+, UO2F2, UO2F3−, and UO2F42− could be extracted. Based on the aqueous speciation derived from the TRLFS data, logK* values at I = 1 M were calculated for all these complexes and extrapolated to infinite dilution using the SIT approach. In the case of chloride, however, quenching of the U(VI)-luminescence hampered the experiments. Thus, U(VI)-complexation was studied with TRLFS at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Samples were prepared at 25 °C with chloride concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.0 M followed by instantaneous freezing and subsequent luminescence spectroscopic measurements at −120 °C. This allowed for the determination of the first luminescence spectra for the UO2Cl+ complex with the TRLFS method. The chloride quench reaction was further studied in the temperature range 1 – 45 °C using Stern-Volmer analysis. By applying the Arrhenius and the Eyring equations we obtained the first thermodynamic parameters for the dynamic quench process, i.e. the activation energy (Ea = 55.0 ± 12.9 kJ/mol), enthalpy (ΔHǂ = 52.5 ± 13.0 kJ/mol), and entropy (ΔSǂ = 103.9 ± 42.8 J/mol∙K).

Keywords: uranyl; luminescence; complexation; halides; quenching

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30741
Publ.-Id: 30741


Steel related activities and capabilities at HZDR

Gerbeth, G.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Sino-German Symposium „Future Steel“, 18.07.2019, Shanhai, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30740
Publ.-Id: 30740


Fast Reconstruction Algorithm for Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography

Wondrak, T.; Jacobs, R. T.; Faber, P.

The contactless inductive flow tomography is a measurement technique for the determination of the flow structure of an electrically conducting liquid. The procedure is based on the measurement of the magnetic field and can potentially be applied for visualisation and online-monitoring of industrial processes as, for example, continuous steel casting or the production of mono-crystalline silicon using the Czochralski crystal growth method. With the aid of the measured field values, the velocity field is reconstructed by solving a linear inverse problem that is described by a system of coupled integral equations. The frame rate of the field measurement is typically in the order of one frame per second, whereas the inversion of the integral equations usually takes about twenty times as long, since a regularisation parameter needs to be determined for each reconstruction. In order to reduce this discrepancy, a new algorithm is introduced in this article. The algorithm relies on the pre-computation of inverted matrices, so that the inversion can be determined solely by performing matrix-vector products. This technique reduces the time required for the inversion process at each reconstruction to same length of time a measurement cycle takes, i.e. about one second. The efficiency of the method will be demonstrated using a modified Rayleigh-Bénard experiment with liquid metal at room temperature.

Keywords: Contactless inductive flow tomography; inverse problems; measurement technique

  • Lecture (Conference)
    10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT 2020), 13.-15.05.2020, Deggendorf, Deutschland
  • Contribution to proceedings
    10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT 2020), 13.-15.05.2020, Deggendorf, Deutschland
    Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT 2020), 217-220
    DOI: 10.1109/ACIT49673.2020.9208853
    Cited 4 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30739
Publ.-Id: 30739


Synthesis, radiolabeling and first biological characterization of 18F-labeled xanthine derivatives for PET imaging of Eph receptors

Pretze, M.; Neuber, C.; Kinski, E.; Belter, B.; Köckerling, M.; Caflisch, A.; Steinbach, J.; Pietzsch, J.; Mamat, C.

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases, particulary EphA2 and EphB4, represent promising candidates for molecular imaging due to their essential role in cancer progression and therapy resistance. Xanthine derivatives were identified to be potent Eph receptor inhibitors with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range (1-40 nm).These compounds occupy the hydrophobic pocket of the ATP-binding site in the kinase domain. Based on lead compound 1, we designed two fluorine-18-labeled receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors ([18F]2/3) as potential tracers for positron emission tomography (PET). Docking into the ATP-binding site allowed us to find the best position for radiolabeling. The replacement of the methyl group at the uracil residue ([18F]3) rather than the methyl group of the phenoxy moiety ([18F]2) by a fluoropropyl group was predicted to preserve the affinity of the lead compound 1. Herein, we point out a synthesis route to [18F]2 and [18F]3 and the respective tosylate precursors as well as a labeling procedure to insert fluorine-18. After radiolabeling, both radiotracers were obtained in approximately 5% radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (>98%) and a molar activity of >10 GBq/µmol. In line with the docking studies, first cell experiments revealed specific, time-dependent binding and uptake of [18F]3 to EphA2 and EphB4 overexpressing A375 melanoma cells, whereas [18F]2 did not accumulate at these cells. Since both tracers [18F]3 and [18F]2 are stable in rat blood, the novel radiotracers might be suitable for in vivo molecular imaging of Eph receptors by, e.g., PET.

Keywords: RTK imaging; cancer; malignant melanoma; radiolabeling; kinase inhibitors

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30738
Publ.-Id: 30738


Numerical investigation on the effect of transversal fluid field deformation on heat transfer in a rod bundle with mixing vanes

Tas-Köhler, S.; Lecrivain, G.; Krepper, E.; Unger, S.; Hampel, U.

Spacer grids of fuel rod assemblies are equipped with vanes, which promote flow mixing and turbulence within and across the sub-channels, thereby enhancing the heat transfer. First, a literature study about the various effect of the spacer grid has on the sub-channel thermo-hydrodynamics is provided. It follows, that the multiple effects on the vane angle are insufficiently understood. The effect of the vane angle on design parameters, namely the evolution of the Nusselt number, the pressure drop, the cross and swirl flows, is here further discussed and supplemented by own simulations. The effect of the velocity gradient tensor ∇⊗u, decomposed into a strain and a vorticity contribution, is also looked at downstream of the spacer grid. The RNG k-ε turbulence model was found to provide results best matching the experimental data available in the literature. The use of vanes results in the formation of a downstream vortex. As the flow develops downstream of the spacer grid, the vortex migrates away from the sub-channel center and eventually weakens. In line with the presented literature survey, it is confirmed that a vane angle of about 30° provides optimal swirl and cross flows, resulting in an enhanced heat transfer.

Keywords: Literature analysis; Vortex generator; Vane angle; Rod bundle; Vorticity; Turbulent flow; Heat transfer

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30737
Publ.-Id: 30737


Understanding the local structure of Eu3+ and Y3+ stabilized zirconia – Insights from luminescence and X–ray absorption spectroscopic investigations

Eibl, M.; Shaw, S.; Prieur, D.; Roßberg, A.; Wilding, M. C.; Hennig, C.; Morris, K.; Rothe, J.; Stumpf, T.; Huittinen, N. M.

This study combines bulk structural and spectroscopic investigations of Eu3+ or Y3+/Eu3+ co–doped tetragonal and cubic zirconia polymorphs to an gain in–depth understanding of the solid solution formation process. Our bulk structural characterizations show that the dopant is homogenously distributed in the ZrO2 host structure resulting in an increase of the bulk symmetry with increasing dopant substitution (from 8 mol% to 26 mol%). The local site–symmetry around the Eu3+–dopant, however, determined with luminescence spectroscopy (TRLFS), remains low in all samples. Results obtained with X–ray pair distribution function (XPDF) and X–ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) show that the average coordination environment in the stabilized zirconia structures remains practically unchanged. Despite of this very constant average dopant environment, site–selective TRLFS data show the presence of three non–equivalent Eu3+ environments in the ZrO2 solid structures. These Eu3+ environments are assumed to arise from Eu3+ incorporation at superficial sites which increase in abundance as the size of the crystallites decrease, and incorporation on two bulk sites differing in the location of the oxygen vacancies with respect to the dopant cation.

Keywords: Eu3+; Y3+; incorporation; stabilized ZrO2; TRLFS; EXAFS; XPDF

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30736
Publ.-Id: 30736


Highly sensitive silicon nanowire biosensor devices for the investigation of UniCAR platform in immunotherapy

Nguyen Le, T. A.; Sandoval Bojorquez, D. I.; Arnau, P. R.; Bergoi, I.; Feldmann, A.; Gianaurelio, C.; Bachmann, M.; Baraban, L.

Although showing impressive therapeutic potential, treatments of leukemias with T-cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is limited by their risk of several severe side effects [1,2]. To overcome these problem, a switchable CAR platform has been developed termed UniCAR [2-4]. Unlike conventional CAR which directed against tumor-associated antigens, UniCAR treatment involve an intermediate target module (TM) which can cross-link UniCAR T cells with tumor cells and lead to destruction [4]. The development of these novel TMs against different tumor targets require numerous repetitive tests on different synthesizing trials which is usually limited in quantity and time-consuming. Meanwhile, nano-biosensors are lately known as analytical tools which are highly sensitive, label-free, rapid and reagent-saving [5]. Among them, silicon nanowire (SiNW) sensor is extensively investigated by researchers over the past decades thanks to its compability with CMOS technology enabling mass production [6,7]. In this work, we demonstrated the application of previously published SiNW biosensor [8] on detection of the binding of UniCAR and a part of different TMs. The results underline advantage of SiNW sensor over ELISA method in term of ease of preparation, speed and sensitivity. The method is able to evaluate binding affinity of UniCAR to different TMs and open a potential to quantify the number of active UniCAR T-cells in in-vivo-sample in later stage. In the end, the application of nanosensor may speed up the R&D process of UniCAR concept and later play an important role in clinical monitoring of immunotherapy, especially, in the era of precision medicine.

Keywords: biosensor; immunotherapy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30735
Publ.-Id: 30735


Conductive ITO interfaces for optoelectronic applications based on highly ordered inverse opal thin films

Galle, L.; Ehrling, S.; Lochmann, S.; Kaskel, S.; Bischoff, L.; Grothe, J.

A three-step fabrication process for optically transparent, conducting ITO thin films with an intrinsic inverse opal structure is described. The preparation is based on colloidal crystal templating using polystyrene microspheres (100 nm - 600 nm). For the realization of varying periodicities in this structure, different sphere sizes were assembled to monolayers on a substrate by spin coating and infiltrated afterwards similarly. The influence of rotation parameters as well as dispersion concentration was studied. Using this approach different geometries of the surface are accessible by systematically varying the rotation parameters and infiltration volume. The thin films show excellent anti-reflection behavior, good transmission ( >80 % in the visible range) as well as a low resistance of 200 Ω/sq compared to other porous ITO interfaces. The properties are very promising for several optoelectronic applications such as in- or out-coupling structures in solar cells and organic light emitting diodes.

Keywords: ITO thin films; conducting; transmission; optoelectronics

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30734
Publ.-Id: 30734


Sputtering of nanostructured tungsten and comparison to modelling with TRI3DYN

Stadlmayr, R.; Szabo, P. S.; Mayer, D.; Cupak, C.; Dittmar, T.; Bischoff, L.; Möller, S.; Rasinski, M.; Wilhelm, R. A.; Möller, W.; Aumayr, F.

He-induced nanostructured tungsten (so called W-fuzz) was bombarded with Ar ions under 60 degree and the dynamic erosion behaviour experimentally investigated. By using a highly sensitive quartz-crystal-microbalance technique in a particle catcher configuration the sputtered particles distribution of Wfuzz could be evaluated. In contrast to a at sample, where sputtered particles are emitted primarily in forward direction, we find that W-fuzz samples emit sputtered particles preferably in backward direction (i.e. in the direction of the incident ion beam). After continuous Ar irradiation of a W-fuzz sample the distribution approaches that of a at sample. In addition to experimental data we also show modelling results obtained with a state-of-the-art Monte-Carlo (MC) binary collision approximation (BCA) code TRI3DYN in full 3D. Surface morphology changes as monitored by SEM as well as the dynamic sputtering behaviour can be well reproduced by the full 3D MC-BCA code.

Keywords: Erosion; Quartz crystal microbalance; TRI3DYN; Surface roughness; Sputtering; nanostructured tungsten; W-fuzz

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30733
Publ.-Id: 30733


Hollow Au@TiO2 porous electrospun nanofibers for catalytic applications

Kumar, L.; Singh, S.; Horechyy, A.; Formanek, P.; Hübner, R.; Albrecht, V.; Weißpflog, J.; Schwarz, S.; Puneet, P.; Nandan, B.

Catalytically active porous and hollow titania nanofibers encapsulating gold nanoparticles were fabricated using a combination of sol-gel chemistry and coaxial electrospinning technique. We report the fabrication of catalytically active porous and hollow titania nanofibers encapsulating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a combination of sol-gel chemistry and coaxial electrospinning technique. The coaxial electrospinning involved the use of a mixture of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and titania sol as the shell forming component, whereas a mixture of poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP) and pre-synthesized AuNPs constituted the core forming component. The core-shell nanofibers were calcined stepwise up to 600 °C which resulted in decomposition and removal of the organic constituents of the nanofibers. This led to the formation of porous and hollow titania nanofibers, where the catalytic AuNPs were embedded in the inner wall of the titania shell. The catalytic activity of the prepared Au@TiO2 porous nanofibers was investigated using a model reaction of catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and Congo red dye in the presence of NaBH4. The Au@TiO2 porous and hollow nanofibers exhibited excellent catalytic activity and recyclability, and the morphology of the nanofibers remained intact after repeated usage. The presented approach could be a promising route for immobilizing various nanosized catalysts in hollow titania supports for the design of stable catalytic systems where the added photocatalytic activity of titania could further be of significance.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30732
Publ.-Id: 30732


The role of boron on exchange coupling in NiFe/Ru1−xBx/FeCo trilayer structures

Mckinnon, T.; Hübner, R.; Heinrich, B.; Girt, E.

In this work, we study the interlayer exchange coupling, J, between two NiFe and FeCo layers in a series of NiFe/Ru1-xBx(d)/FeCo synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) samples, where the thickness of the spacer layer, d, is varied from 0.4 nm to 0.9 nm, and the boron concentration, x, is varied from 0 to 15 at. %. The samples are studied as deposited and after being annealed at 250 °C. B is deposited into the Ru spacer layer to investigate what occurs after annealing a FeCoB/Ru/FeCoB SAF structure, which is commonly used in modern nanoscale magnetic devices, in which the FeCoB layer crystallizes to FeCo and B diffuses to adjacent layers. We find that J in as-deposited samples is relatively unaffected by adding up to 15% B into the Ru spacer layer. However, after annealing at 250 °C, J changes the sign from antiferromagnetic coupling to ferromagnetic coupling for spacer layers thinner than 0.45 nm for 5% and 10% B and thinner than 0.525 nm for 15% B. We used transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy in order to investigate the diffusion of atoms within a similar Ta(2.5 nm)/NiFe(0.8 nm)/Ru1-xBx(23 nm) layer structure. We find that after annealing at 250 °C, the sample containing 15% B within the Ru85B15 layer had significantly more diffusion of Fe into the Ru85B15 layer, from the NiFe layer, as compared to the sample with 0% B. Thus, the presence of B within the spacer layer enhances diffusion of Fe into the spacer layer.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30731
Publ.-Id: 30731


Electric and magnetic dipole strength in 54Fe

Schwengner, R.; Massarczyk, R.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Bhike, M.; Brown, B. A.; Butterling, M.; Derya, V.; Dietz, M.; Fiedler, F.; Frotscher, A.; Gayer, U.; Grieger, M.; Hartmann, A.; Junghans, A. R.; Kögler, T.; Krishichayan, F.; Ludwig, F.; Lutz, B.; Pai, H.; Römer, K.; Sieja, K.; Szücs, T.; Takacs, M.; Tornow, W.; Wagner, A.

The dipole strength of the N=28 nuclide 54Fe was studied in photon-scattering experiments using bremsstrahlung produced with electron beams of energies of 7.5 and 13.9 MeV at the gELBE facility as well as using quasi-monoenergetic and linearly polarized photon beams of 26 energies within the range from 5.5 to 11.4 MeV at the HIgS facility. About 100 J=1 states were identified, out of them 19 with 1+ and 30 with 1- assignment. The quasicontinuum of unresolved transitions was included in the analysis of the spectra and the intensities of branching transitions were estimated on the basis of simulations of statistical γ-ray cascades. As a result, the photoabsorpton cross section up to the neutron-separation energy was determined and compared with predictions of statistical reaction codes. The experimental M1 strengths from resolved 1+ states are compared with results of large-scale shell-model calculations.

Keywords: Photon scattering; nuclear resonance fluorescence; angular distributions; polarization; statistical gamma-ray cascades; photoabsorption cross section; dipole excitations; shell model

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30730
Publ.-Id: 30730


Thermodynamic Reference Database (THEREDA) – Present activities

Moog, H. C.; Bok, F.; Freyer, D.; Gaona, X.; Thoenen, T.

The THEREDA project [1] aims at providing an extensive thermodynamic database for the modeling of solubility equilibria in aqueous solutions within the context of nuclear waste disposal. Focus is laid on saline solutions, typically with an ionic strength > 1M, using the Pitzer approach [2].
THEREDA is operated by five research institutions. A web-based user interface is used for data capture and documentation. The primary products, however, are ready-to-use data files for PHREEQC, Geochemist’s Workbench, CHEMAPP, and (to a limited extent) EQ3/6. In addition, a code-independent, generic format (JSON) is available for download. Before release, data sets are subject to rigid, internal checks. More than 200 test calculations are used to continously ensure the correctness of calculated results, both in terms of earlier test runs and between different codes.
While extending the database, experimental data for various chemical systems are recorded. The agreement with model calculations using THEREDA are documented. This “positive list” is continously being extended.
In response to the limited lifetime of existing codes and to extend our user base, efforts are undertaken to support two additional codes, GEMS and TOUGHREACT.

[1] H. C. Moog et al. (2015): Appl. Geochem. (55) 72-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.016.
[2] K. S. Pitzer (1991): Activity Coefficients in Electrolyte Solutions (2nd ed.). CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-5415-3.

Keywords: THEREDA; Pitzer; Thermodynamic Reference Database

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    Goldschmidt2020, 21.-26.06.2020, Honolulu, USA
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Goldschmidt2020, 21.-26.06.2020, Honolulu, USA
    Golschmidt2020: Geochemical Society

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30728
Publ.-Id: 30728


A self-adaptive particle-tracking methodology for minerals processing

Pereira, L.; Frenzel, M.; Khodadadzadeh, M.; Tolosana Delgado, R.; Gutzmer, J.

Resource and energy efficiency are essential for the raw-materials industry to secure a sufficient and economically feasible supply of minerals and metals for society in the coming decades. This task becomes more challenging as the complexity of primary resources increases. Mineral processing plant control systems, an important tool for guaranteeing efficient plant operations, are currently based on processing models that only consider bulk chemical and physical properties. They do not incorporate particle-level data – a significant limitation when dealing with complex bulk materials. This contribution presents a novel particle-based prediction model capable of dealing with complete particle datasets (i.e. no dimensionality reduction required), of operating without human-input and able to provide the probability of each particle in a system to deport to any one of the material streams within a given operation. The method is applicable to any processing unit that does not modify the physical dimensions of particles, such as comminution.
The particle-based prediction model consists of a regularized logistic regression model with a probability adjustment step to accommodate geological variability. Even though the method supports different types of particle-level characterization data, it is built around data obtained by scanning electron microscope-based image analysis. Constructed cases demonstrate the method’s efficiency in recreating characteristic recovery trends for magnetic separation, hydrocyclone and flotation units. In addition, the system is used to reconstruct a complete processing plant with three flotation and one magnetic separation circuits. Predicted results of masses and compositions for all of the intermediates and products correspond well to the results reported from the plant itself. The provided probabilities allow for the modelling of the interaction between particle properties and machine parameters, and can later be used for process simulation and optimization.

Keywords: geometallurgy; machine learning; mineral processing; particletracking; automated process prediction

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30727
Publ.-Id: 30727


Status update of the PEnELOPE laser system

Albach, D.; Löser, M.; Siebold, M.; Schramm, U.

We present a status update of the PEnELOPE laser system currently under construction at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. We show the first energetic activation of the first major amplification stage on the 10 Joule-level in order to benchmark the performance of the whole last two amplifier sections and the progress at the last amplifier section in order to achieve a first activation.

Keywords: laser; diode; diode-pumping; ytterbium; petawatt; laser system; penelope

  • Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    The 9th Advanced Lasers and Photon Sources (ALPS2020), 20.-23.04.2020, Yokohama, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30726
Publ.-Id: 30726


Microstructure, texture and hardness of a metastable β-titanium alloy after bar-rolling and annealing

Gu, B.; Chekhonin, P.; Schaarschuch, R.; Oertel, C.-G.; Xin, S. W.; Ma, C. L.; Zhou, L.; Gan, W. M.; Skrotzki, W.

The microstructure and texture evolution of a metastable Ti-5Al-3V-3Mo-2Cr-2Zr-1Nb-1Fe alloy during bar-rolling and after various thermal treatments was investigated by high-energy synchrotron diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Bar-rolling is applied in the (α+β)-phase field in order to achieve a bi-modal (duplex) microstructure. The effect of dynamic recrystallized and recovered zones on texture of Ti5321was analyzed separately, as well as the texture of primary α-precipitates and secondary α-lamellae. The texture of the recovered zones is characterized by a cube component ({001}<100>) plus α- and γ-fibre with dominant {100}<110>, {112}<110>, {111}<110> components, while the texture of the recrystallized zones is a strong cube texture. After aging or recrystallization plus aging, this texture component remains, while it disappears after solution treatment. The primary α-precipitates have their c-axes perpendicular to the rolling direction and do not follow the Burgers orientation relationship. This texture characteristics remains after various thermal heat treatments. Secondary α-lamellae obey the Burgers orientation relationship. Moreover, a variant selection of secondary α-lamellae occurs. The mechanism of texture formation of the β-phase and the precipitation behavior of the α-phase is discussed.
The hardness increase can be attributed to size, shape and volume fraction of the α-precipitates.
Different combinations of primary α- and secondary α-precipitates make an increase in hardness of about 11%.

Keywords: Metastable β-titanium alloy; Bar-rolling; Microstructure; Texture; Microhardness

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  • Secondary publication expected

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30724
Publ.-Id: 30724


Slice2Volume: A registered dataset of multimodal medical imaging and light microscopy data in irradiation-injured brain tissue

Müller, J.; Suckert, T.; Beyreuther, E.; Schneider, M.; Boucsein, M.; Bodenstein, E.; Stolz-Kieslich, L.; Krause, M.; von Neubeck, C.; Haase, R.; Lühr, A.; Dietrich, A.

Recent years have shown that particle therapy offers highly conformal brain irradiation and optimized healthy tissue sparing. Nevertheless, elevated dose levels in healthy tissue, particularly in the distal beam region, can lead to undesirable long-term side effects. The biological mechanisms of such effects, however, remain unclear. A major obstacle towards correlating effects on clinical and cellular imaging levels is the mapping of radiation dose to specific brain regions or individual cell populations.
We present a publicly available dataset of registered, multimodal imaging data of nine mice that received proton brain irradiation of different doses in a clinically relevant setting. It is available open access (https://rodare.hzdr.de/record/801) and comprises a baseline computed tomography (CT) scan, simulated distributions of dose and linear energy transfer, a co-aligned mouse brain atlas as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up of up to six months. Additionally, we provide registered histological brain sections with eight histological stainings, reflecting all major cell types in adult mice brains. We used the self-developed tool Slice2Volume together with existing methods (Elastix & Big Warp) to fuse image data. The software is available open source: https://github.com/jo-mueller/Slice2Volume
The provided image data spans several orders of magnitude of scale. Images of all modalities can be freely overlaid for every mouse as is demonstrated on Figure 1. This, for instance, allows tracing MRI image changes to specific cell populations. Hence, the dataset enables direct correlations and mechanistic observations regarding effects of proton radiation on the anatomical (atlas), clinical (MRI) and microscopic level (histology).

Keywords: proton therapy; preclincal; open source; image fusion

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    Particle therapy co-operative group (PTCOG) annual meeting, 04.-07.06.2021, Taipeh, Taiwan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30723
Publ.-Id: 30723


Regulation of bone regeneration

Jung, F.; Pietzsch, J.

This editorial presents three comprehensive reviews of recent preclinical and clinical findings supporting the healing of critical bone defects through adjuvant therapy approaches, which have been published in a special issue. In summary, these articles highlight current concepts that attempt to improve osteogenesis and bone healing using small molecule drugs and intelligent drug delivery methods. The main conclusions lead to an evaluation of the modulation of angiogenesis and microcirculation as a very promising concept. The modulation of inflammation, on the other hand, was evaluated as critical with respect to the start and duration of therapy. Novel solutions are expected from a targeted modulation of bone metabolism, the use of bifunctional or hybrid compounds, appropriate drug combinations and delivery systems.

Keywords: Adjuvant drug-assisted bone healing; angiogenesis; anti-resorptive drugs; bone metabolism; critical bone defect; compound fracture; drug release; inflammation; local therapy; systemic therapy; osteoconductive drugs; osteoinductive drugs; pleiotropic effects; targeted therapy; tissue regeneration

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30722
Publ.-Id: 30722


Computer assisted beam modeling for particle therapy

Fuchs, H.; Elia, A.; Resch, A. F.; Kuess, P.; Lühr, A.; Vidal, M.; Grevillot, L.; Georg, D.

Purpose:

To develop a computer-driven and thus less user dependent method, allowing for a simple and straight forward generation of a Monte Carlo (MC) beam model of a scanned proton and carbon ion beam delivery system.

Methods:

The method was applied on five different clinical as well as one research beam lines for proton and carbon ions of three different particle therapy centers using synchrotron or cyclotron accelerator systems: i) MedAustron ion therapy center, ii) University Proton Therapy Dresden, and iii) Center Antoine Lacassagne Nice. In a first step, experimental measurements were performed for proton and carbon ion energies in the available energy ranges. Data included depth dose profiles measured in water and spot sizes in air at various iso-center distances.
Using an automated regularization-based optimization process, GATE/Geant4 beam models of the respective beam lines were generated and compared to independent measurements. Sequentially, using least square weighting functions with and without regularization, the beam parameters energy, energy spread, beam sigma, divergence, and emittance were iteratively tuned until a user defined agreement was reached. Based on the parameter tuning for a set of energies a beam model was generated. The resulting beam models were validated for all centers comparing laterally integrated depth dose curves and spot sizes in air. For a representative center, 3D dose cubes were measured and compared to simulations.

Results: Beam ranges in the MC beam models agreed on average within 0.2 mm compared to measurements for all energies and beam lines. Spot sizes (full-width at half maximum) at all positions in air, differed by less than 0.4% from the measurements.
Dose calculation with the beam model for the MedAustron clinical beam line agreed better than 1.7% in absolute dose for a representative clinical case treated with protons.
For protons, beam model generation, including geometry creation, data conversion, and validation, was possible within three working days.The number of iterations required for the optimization process to converge, was found to be similar for all beam line geometries and particle types.

Conclusion:

The presented method was demonstrated to work independently of the beam optics behavior of the different beam lines, particle types and geometries. Furthermore, it is suitable for non-expert users and requires only limited user interaction. Beam model validation for different beam lines based on different beam delivery systems, showed good agreement.

Keywords: Monte Carlo; beam modeling; optimization; proton therapy; carbon ions; particle therapy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30721
Publ.-Id: 30721


Relationships between depth-resolved primary radiation damage, irradiation-induced nanostructure and nanoindentation response of ion-irradiated Fe-Cr and ODS Fe-Cr alloys

Vogel, K.; Heintze, C.; Chekhonin, P.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Altstadt, E.; Bergner, F.

Ion irradiations are indispensable for exploring radiation effects on materials, for example, radiation hardening. However, the extraction of radiation hardening as function of displacement damage from the nanoindentation (NI) response of self-ion-irradiated metallic alloys is a challenge. In particular, recent attempts suffer from interference with contributions arising from injected self-interstitial atoms. Moreover, instances of available microstructural evidence and NI results reported for the same material and same irradiation are rare. In order to tackle these issues, the depth-dependent irradiated microstructure and the NI response were analyzed for Fe-9Cr and oxide dispersion strengthened Fe-Cr alloys irradiated with 5 MeV iron ions. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicated the appearance of irradiation-induced dislocation loops but no other types of visible microstructural changes. NI indicated maxima of the radiation hardening as function of contact depth. Links between the depth-resolved primary radiation damage, the observed depth-dependent characteristics of loops and the measured hardening are considered. As a key point, the link between loops and hardening requires the integration of the local hardening contributions over the indentation plastic zone. Calculations and measurements are compared with respect to both the depth position of maximum hardening and the substrate effect. The role of the model assumptions is discussed with special emphasis on the plastic zone size and the superposition of hardening contributions. The latter is found to be material-specific. The model also allows hardening contributions arising from displacement damage and injected interstitials to be separated.

Keywords: Fe-alloys; ion irradiation; TEM; nanoindentation; irradiation hardening

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30720
Publ.-Id: 30720


Flüssigmetallbatterien zur erfolgreichen Sektorkoppelung

Nimtz, M.; Landgraf, S.; Personnettaz, P.; Weber, N.; Weier, T.

Flüssigmetallbatterien bieten die Möglichkeit, große Mengen elektrischer Energie zu Speichern und bieten durch ihre Masse und ihr Temperaturniveau ebenfalls ein gewisses Potential zur Speicerung thermischer Energie. Der Vortrag stellt die Technologie und die Forschung am HZDR sowie einzelne Ergebnisse zur Simulation von Flüssigmetallbatterien vor.

Keywords: Flüssigmetallbatterien; Energiespeicher; Simulation; Sektorkoppelung

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    CIO-Arbeitskreis Energiespeicher, 04.02.2020, Zittau, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30719
Publ.-Id: 30719


HIM and AFM Data set from first AFM in the HIM test

Hlawacek, G.; Andany, S.
Project Member: Stefan Hummel; Project Leader: Georg Fantner

In this work, the integration of an atomic force microscope (AFM) into a helium ion microscope
(HIM) is reported for the first time. The helium ion microscope is a powerful instrument, capable of sub-
nanometer resolution imaging and machining nanoscale structures, while the AFM is a well-established
versatile tool for multiparametric nanoscale metrology. Combining the two techniques opens the way for
unprecedented, in-situ, correlative analysis at the nanoscale. Nanomachining and analysis can be
performed without contamination of the sample as well as avoiding environmental changes between
processing steps. The practicality of the resulting tool lies in the complementarity of the two techniques as
the AFM offers not only true 3D topography maps---something the HIM can only provide in an indirect
way---but also allows for nanomechanical property mapping, as well as electrical and magnetic
characterisation of the sample after focused ion beam materials modification with the HIM. The
experimental setup is described and evaluated through a series of correlative experiments, demonstrating
the feasibility of the integration.

Keywords: Helium Ion Microscopy; Atomic Force Microscopy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30718
Publ.-Id: 30718


Dynamics of Bubble Formation at Micro-orifices under Constant Gas Flow Conditions

Mohseni, E.; Jose Kalayathine, J.; Reinecke, S.; Hampel, U.

Fine gas dispersion into a liquid is requested in a number of industrial applications. One way to achieve finer gas dispersion is to downsize the openings at which the gas bubbles are generated. Accordingly, we have investigated the dynamics of bubble formation from submerged orifices ranging from 0.04 to 0.8 mm at a comprehensive range of gas flow rates for a system of air and deionized water. In this range of orifice size, we observe a different mechanism of bubble formation compared with millimeter-range orifices. We discuss the observations on the basis of temporal change of the bubble shape, bubble base expansion, and detachment criteria. At submillimeter orifices, the mechanism of bubble formation is highly influenced by the capillary pressure and the gas kinetic energy. The latter results in congregation of small bubbles in the vicinity of the orifice, even at very small gas flow rates. Moreover, we studied the evolution of individual forces applied to the surface of bubbles during their formation. We found that the formation of bubbles at submillimeter orifices cannot be described with a quasi-static force balance. Finally, we present a bubbling regime map using proper dimensionless numbers.

Keywords: Bubble Formation; Stainless Steel Orifice; Bubbling Dynamics; Bubbling Regime; Submillimeter Orifices

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30717
Publ.-Id: 30717


The Link Between Photovoltaics, Sustainability, and the Metals Industry

Bartie, N. J.; Reuter, M.

Metals make modern societies function, and increasingly, various high purity precious and special metals endow sustainability-driving technologies with specific functionalities. These metals become heavily intertwined within products, complicating end-of-life treatment. To counteract the resulting downcycling and potential depletion of scarce resources, maximising both the quantities and qualities of materials recovered during primary extraction and recycling processes should be a priority in the pursuit of sustainable circular economy.
Adopting a process simulation approach, a digital twin for the life cycle of cadmium-telluride solar photovoltaic (CdTe PV) modules was created. The system comprises an integrated metallurgical production system that produces, among others, cadmium, tellurium, selenium, zinc, copper, and lead, all of which are required to manufacture PV modules. System-wide resource efficiency and environmental impacts are assessed using exergy analysis and life cycle assessment, respectively.
Simulation of this large and complex product life cycle at a high level of detail allows for the evaluation of potential system-wide effects of various production, recycling and residue exchange scenarios aimed at maximising the sustainability of the entire system. It diminishes the need to make arbitrary choices about allocation methods for the distribution of environmental impacts in multiple-output production systems. Furthermore, it demonstrates the key importance of metallurgy in achieving Circular Economy.

Keywords: Metals; Circular Economy; Sustainability; Process Simulation; Systems; Cadmium Telluride; Photovoltaics

  • Contribution to proceedings
    IMPC2020 - XXX International Mineral Processing Congress, 18.-22.10.2020, Cape Town, South Africa

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30715
Publ.-Id: 30715


The Late Paleozoic tectonometamorphic evolution of Patagonia revisited: Insights from the pressure-temperature-deformation-time (P-T-D-t) path of the Gondwanide basement of the North Patagonian Cordillera (Argentina)

Oriolo, S.; Schulz, B.; Gonzalez, P. D.; Bechis, F.; Olaizola, E.; Krause, J.; Renda, E. M.; Vizàn, H.

Combined field structural analysis with in situ EPMA (electron probe microanalysis) Th-U-Pb monazite dating, petrologic and microstructural data provide a reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-deformation-time (P-T-D-t) path of the Gondwanide basement of the North Patagonian Cordillera. For samples from the Challhuaco hill, the timing of development of the metamorphic S2 foliation and associated L2 lineation and tight to isoclinal F2 folds is constrained by monazite ages of 299 ± 8 and 302 ± 16 Ma during peak metamorphic conditions of ca. 650 °C and 11 kbar, achieved during prograde metamorphism and progressive deformation. Metamorphism and deformation of metamorphic complexes of the North Patagonian Andes seem to record Late Paleozoic crustal thickening and are coeval with metamorphism of accretionary complexes exposed further west in Chile, suggesting a coupled Late Devonian-Carboniferous evolution. Instead of the result of continental collision, the Gondwanide orogeny might thus be essentially linked to transpression due to advancing subduction along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana. On the other hand, a second generation of monazite ages of 171 ± 9 and 170 ± 7 Ma constrain the timing of low-grade metamorphism related to kink band and F3 open fold development during Jurassic transtension and emplacement of granitoids. Finally, a Cretaceous overprint, likely resulting from hydrothermal processes, is recorded by monazite ages of 110 ± 10 and 80 ± 20 Ma, which might be coeval with deformation along low-grade shear zones during the onset of Andean transpression.

Keywords: EPMA Th-U-Pb monazite dating; in situ petrochronology; garnet metapelite thermobarometry; Upper Paleozoic; Terra Australis; southwestern Gondwan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30714
Publ.-Id: 30714


Epithermal Ag-(Au)-Zn-Pb mineralisation in the northern part of the Freiberg District, Germany

Swinkels, L.; Rossberg, C.; Schulz-Isenbeck, J.; Frenzel, M.; Gutzmer, J.; Burisch, M.

The polymetallic veins in the Freiberg district form one of the largest epithermal systems in Europe. It produced over 5600 t of Ag during active mining between 1168 and 1969. Historically, exploration focused on the centre of the district, with peripheral sub-districts exploited only to shallow depth. Recent exploration activity focuses on these peripheral regions, yet only a limited amount of modern geochemical data is available and the underlying ore-forming processes are insufficiently understood. Here, we present preliminary geochemical, fluid inclusion, and petrographic data for 55 samples from the historical mine camps of Reinsberg and Kleinvoigtsberg (northern peripheral sub-district). Samples were selected from the scientific collections of the TU Bergakademie Freiberg and collected from outcrops in the field. They include vertical profiles of two major veins extending from 18 to 532 meters below ground level. The data is combined with previous literature descriptions to develop a genetic model for the northern sector of the Freiberg district. Mineralisation in the Reinsberg and Kleinvoigtsberg mine camps is hosted by polystadial Ag-(Au)-Zn-Pb veins. The paragenetically oldest mineralisation, Stage I, is dominated by base metal sulphides and quartz; it has been encountered most prominently in the deepest levels of the historic mines. The occurrence of carbonates and the introduction of Ag-Sb sulphides and sulfosalts mark the transition to Stage IIa. At shallower mining levels, carbonate recedes and quartz returns as the major gangue mineral, indicating the transition to Stage IIb. Stage IIb vein infill is often breccia-textured and carry the highest silver grades. At the present day surface, veins consist of quartz and host rock fragments, forming a cockade breccia texture (stage III). Although no visible sulphides are present, such quartz breccias contain up to 2.5 g/t Au. Recent studies show that the main ore-forming process in the northern district seems to be cooling - causing distinct district and vein-scale zoning. Effervescence of CO2 is most likely the underlying process behind the transition from quartz to carbonate gangue. An understanding of mineral zonation and its underlying ore-forming processes can be translated into mappable exploration criteria. In this case, the highest ore grades (Ag and Au) are associated with Stage IIb (Ag-Sb-sulfosalts-quartz assemblage). This assemblage occurs always wedged between the carbonate-rich assemblage of Stage IIa (below) and the sulphide-poor quartz Stage III (above). This systematic relation may well constitute an important exploration vector for the Freiberg district.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Geomünster 2019, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, BRD

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30713
Publ.-Id: 30713


Mineralogical zoning within the Freiberg epithermal Ag- (Au)-Pb-Zn-Cu system, Germany

Swinkels, L.; Rossberg, C.; Schulz-Isenbeck, J.; Burisch, M.; Frenzel, M.; Gutzmer, J.

The Freiberg epithermal system comprises numerous hydrothermal veins with rich Ag-(Au)-Pb-Zn-Cu mineralisation. Even after more than 800 years of extensive mining, substantial resources remain in the northern sub-districts. This area is subject to recent exploration activity. Preliminary petrographic data of two vertical profiles from the northern part of the district are presented and a new model for the district-scale zoning is proposed. The highest Ag grades occur in Ag-Sb-S-quartz veins and seem to systematically occur above an Ag-Sb-S-Carbonate stage and below Sb-S-quartz mineralisation. This high-grade Ag mineralisation is relatively distal, shallow, and abundant in the northwest sector of the Freiberg district. This, and similar insights may be used to develop new exploration vectors for the Freiberg district.

  • Poster
    15th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, 26.-30.08.2019, Glasgow, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30712
Publ.-Id: 30712


Explaining metal zonation at the Lisheen Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland

Frenzel, M.; Röhner, M.; Gutzmer, J.; Burisch, M.; Cook, N. J.; Gilbert, S.; Ciobanu, C. L.; Güven, J.

Metal zonation is an important feature of low-temperature carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits. Its origin, however, remains poorly understood. In this article, we use the Lisheen deposit in Ireland as a case study to show how thermodynamic modelling can explain these zonation patterns. Based on input data derived from fluid inclusion studies, bulk ore geochemistry and accepted models of ore formation in the Irish Orefield we construct a reaction path model that successfully accounts for the major features of the mineralisation, most importantly the presence of Cu-Ni-As-rich core zones around hydrothermal feeder structures, surrounded by more distal Fe-Zn-Pb-rich mineralisation. The outcomes of this study strongly support current metallogenetic models for Irish-type deposits and have implications for near-deposit exploration.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    15th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, 26.-30.08.2019, Glasgow, UK
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Geomünster 2019, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, BRD

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30711
Publ.-Id: 30711


2.05 Ga A1-type felsic to intermediate igneous suite and related Nb-Zr-REE mineralization at Otanmäki, central Finland

Kärenlampi, K.; Hanski, E.; Kontinen, A.; Huhma, H.; Krause, J.; Heinig, T.; Lahaye, Y.

A-type granites record ancient rifting events and host deposits of high-tech metals, such as the rare earth elements (REE). We have studied the geology, geochemistry, geochronology and Sm-Nd isotope compositions of a globally uncommon suite of ca. 2.04–2.06 Ga ferroan A1-type igneous rocks in central Finland, Fennoscandian Shield[1]. The suite consists of gneissic peralkaline to peraluminous granites and related syenite, monzonite and monzodiorite[1].
The Otanmäki A-type rocks have εNd(2050 Ma) values ranging from +2.5 to -3.4 and trace element characteristics similar to ocean island basalts (OIB), suggesting their derivation from mafic mantle-derived parental magmas similarly as has been proposed for many other A1-type suites globally[1]. However, the peraluminous granites exceptionally show Nb/U, Nb/Yb and Th/Yb ratios more similar to those of Archean granitoids than OIBs, indicating role of crustal contamination in their genesis[1].
The Otanmäki suite A-type rocks host two Nb-Zr- REE deposits: Kontioaho, consisting of an up to 50-m-thick tabular granitic body, and Katajakangas, comprising several closely-spaced 0.1- to 1.4-m-thick quartz-rich veins. A peraluminous monzogranite forms the wall rock for both deposits, but the mineralized rocks have a geochemical signature similar that of peralkaline-metaluminous alkali feldspar granite adjacent to the monzogranite. The main ore minerals are allanite, zircon and titanite with minor Nb-REETh-U oxides. Geochemical and geochronological data and Nd isotope compositions of the mineralized rocks indicate that they formed from highly fractionated, volatile-bearing (e.g., F, CO2) late-stage residual melts of the A-type magmatism.

[1] Kärenlampi, K., Kontinen, A., Huhma H. & Hanski, E. Geology, geochemistry and geochronology of the 2.05 Ga gneissic A1-type granites and related intermediate rocks in central Finland: implication for the tectonic evolution of the Karelia craton margin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland (2019) (in press)

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Goldschmidt Barcelona 2019, 18.-23.08.2019, Barcelona, Spain

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30710
Publ.-Id: 30710


Radionuclides from Space

Merchel, S.; Lachner, J.; Rugel, G.; Wallner, A.

The determination of long-lived radionuclides by means of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is usually outstandingly successful when an interdisciplinary team comes together. The “heart” of AMS research is of course an accelerator equipped with sophisticated ion sources, analytical tools and detectors run by experienced and ambitious physicists. Setting-up and further developing AMS systems is one of the most interesting and challenging topics.
Another essential part in AMS research is the radiochemical sample preparation preceding the measurement where the goals are: 1.) Enrichment of nuclides of interest by reduction of the matrix. 2.) Depletion of isobars. 3.) Production of a thermally stable chemical compound such as AgCl, AgI, Al₂O₃, BeO, CaF₂, Fe₂O₃, MnO₂ etc. of relatively high purity.
One of the most interesting applications of AMS is the analysis of extraterrestrial material such as meteorites. While being at the surface of their so-called parent body (asteroids, Moon, Mars,…) and again while travelling through space as a so-called meteoroid, these unique pieces are bombarded by high-energy particles from the cosmic radiation. Long-lived radionuclides are produced in the material by nuclear reactions in both stages potentially until saturation. However, they start decaying in a third stage, when meteorites have landed on Earth because the cosmic radiation is shielded by the Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field. Hence, the concentrations of radionuclides are records of all three stages allowing the reconstruction of the exposure history (duration, shielding, size,…) of the individual meteorite and the cosmic radiation itself.
Meteorite projects and projects with artificially-irradiated targets are also well-suited to develop measurements of “new” AMS radionuclides as the isotopic ratios are at much higher levels (up to 10-10 radioactive/stable) than e.g. in terrestrial natural samples (10-14-10-16). The AMS community is very open to any input and questions from “outside”. The DREsden AMS (DREAMS) and other European AMS facilities offer researchers from academia free measurements via a Trans-National-Access proposal program (www.ionbeamcenters.eu) and also national access (www.dresden-ams.de; DREAMS only).

Keywords: AMS; meteorite; cosmogenic; cosmic radiation; radionuclide

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  • Poster
    53rd Annual Conference of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User´s Meeting, 01.-04.03.2020, Münster, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30709
Publ.-Id: 30709


Modelling indium deportment in a polymetallic sulfide ore

Frenzel, M.; Bachmann, K.; Carvalho, J.; Relvas, J.; Pacheco, N.; Gutzmer, J.

Based on a combination of bulk-ore geochemistry and mineralogical and microanalytical data, this study is the first to develop a quantitative model of indium deportment in massive sulfide ores, demonstrating how regularities in indium partitioning between different minerals can be used to predict its mineralogical deportment in individual drill-core samples. Bulk-ore assays of As, Cu, Fe, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, Zn, and In are found to be sufficient for reasonably accurate predictions. The movement of indium through the ore processing plants is fully explained by its mineralogical deportment, allowing for specific mine and process planning. The novel methodologies implemented in this contribution for (1) the assessment of analytical uncertainties, (2) the prediction of complex mineralogical deportments from bulk geochemical data, and (3) the modeling of byproduct recoveries from individual mining blocks, are of general applicability to the geometallurgical assessment of many other byproduct metals in polymetallic sulfide ores, including Ga, Ge, Mo, Re, Se, Te, as well as the noble metals.

  • Lecture (others)
    Geometallurgy Workshop, 15th SGA Biennial Meeting, Glasgow, 26.08.2019, Glasgow, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30708
Publ.-Id: 30708


Laser ablation ICP-MS trace element systematics of hydrothermal pyrite in gold deposits of the Kalgoorlie district, Western Australia

Godefroy-Rodríguez, M.; Hagemann, S.; Frenzel, M.; Evans, N. J.

The Kalgoorlie district in the Archean Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia containstwoworld-classgolddeposits:thegiant Golden Mile shear-zone system and the Mt Charlotte quartz-vein stockworks. Mineralization occurs in three styles:(a) Fimiston style is characterized by ankerite-pyrite ± hematite-magnetite-gold replacement, (b) Oroya style overprintsFimiston ore in the shear zones and is characterized by silica-ankerite-V-muscovite-pyrite ± pyrrhotite-gold-telluridereplacement and (c) Mt. Charlotte style is characterized by veins with ankerite-sericite ± albite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-goldselvages. Hydrothermal pyrite is ubiquitous in all styles and occurs in several stages. Laser ablation inductively coupledplasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) spot analyses (n= 652) were collected on 54 representative samples of pyritefrom three deposits. Smooth sections in the ablation spectra were selected for quantitative analysis excluding peakscaused by micron-sized inclusions. Linear mixed effects (LME) modeling of the analytical results indicates no system-atic differences between the Fimiston, Oroya and Mt Charlotte styles. The variance introduced to the dataset bygeological variability reflected in random differences between samples and deposits is large. This may be a major reasonfor difficulties in distinguishing the differences due to mineralization style. However, there are clear differences betweenpyrites co-existing with different mineral assemblages. These indicate a strong control on pyrite chemistry by thecomposition of the hydrothermal fluids. Finally, Au-Te-As systematics show that a substantial proportion of the analyzedpyrites in all deposits fall into the field of gold saturation consistent with the known metallurgical character of the ores.Mineralogical studies, ultra-fine grinding and recovery by cyanide leach show that > 82% of all gold is present in nativegrains or in Au-Ag-tellurides. The refractory nature of theFimiston pyrite concentrates is due to clusters of micron- tonano-sized inclusions rather thandue to abundant lattice-bound gold.

Keywords: Kalgoorlie; trace elements; LA-ICP-MS; gold; pyrite

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30707
Publ.-Id: 30707


High resolution mineral-chemical analysis of scheelite from the Felbertal tungsten deposit, Austria

Haupt, C.; Krause, J.; Schulz, B.; Aupers, K.; Schmidt, S.

The Felbertal tungsten deposit is situated in the Hohe Tauern range, near Mittersill, Austria. The ore is hosted in the volcano-sedimentary, polymetamorphic units of the Pre-Permian Habach Complex as disseminated and stockwork mineralization, mostly associated to quarz. An Eastern and a Western ore zone (EOZ and WOZ), which are spacially devided by the NS oriented valley, have been distinguished. The genetical relation of different postulated mineralization events of scheelite in the EOZ and WOZ has not yet been fully resolved. Previous studies reported four different generations, characterized mainly by different fluorescence colour and molybdenum (Mo) content. The first and second generation are characterised by yellow fluorecence and relatively high Mo contents, whereas the later third and fourth generation where observed to have whitish to blue fluorescence colour with low Mo concentration. Processes of remobilisation and recrystallization have been accepted to be responsible for different generations.(Höll, R., & Eichhorn, R., 2000)

Formly less well explored ore bodies have been targeted in the WOZ in the last years. Scheelite in this study was collected in recently worked districts of the mine, namely K8 ore body, K2 Brekzie and scheelite-dotted (SD)-gneiss. Associated scheelites display complex and diverse zonation under UV light.

To target this, new quantitative and qualitative analysis of scheelites have been made using electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). Qualitative molybdenum distribution maps, quantitative element profiles and cathodoluminescence (CL) images have been combined with microtextural analysis to reveal a new view into the mineralisation history.
Molybdenum distribution maps of scheelite grains between 0,5 and 300 mm are of multiphase character with often sharp, irregular edges between plateaus of even concentration, fractures and peripheral areas contain microscale Mo-sulfides. Profiles show a mostly fluctuating pattern between concentrations of 0,00 to 4,14 wt% ox. Mo. The element maps reveal a more complex microscale distribution of Mo, than can be visualized by UV-light.
Under the microscope scheelite shows ondulating extinction, complex fracturing and occasional recrystallization.

The formation of the scheelite apparently involved multiple dissolution and reprecipitation during a fluid-mineral interaction where relatively Mo-poor scheelite replaced Mo-rich scheelite. This was followed by predominantly brittle deformation but with occasional dynamic recrystallization of scheelite. These new observations will ultimately influence the genetical interpretation of the Felbertal tungsten deposit.

References:

Höll, R., & Eichhorn, R. (2000). Tungsten mineralization and metamorphic remobilization in the Felbertal scheelite deposit, Central Alps, Austria. Chapter, 11, 233-264.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    GEOMünster 2019 Present, Past, Future, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30706
Publ.-Id: 30706


Halogens in hydrothermal sphalerite record origin of ore-forming fluids

Frenzel, M.; Cook, N. J.; Ciobanu, C. L.; Slattery, A.; Wade, B.; Gilbert, S.; Ehrig, K.; Burisch, M.; Verdugo-Ihl, M. R.; Voudouris, P.

The halogens Cl and Br are sensitive indicators for the origin of ore-forming fluids. Here, we use a combination of microchemical and microscopic methods to show that measurable concentrations of these elements commonly occur as atomic-scale substitutions within hydrothermal sphalerite. Furthermore, the Cl/Br ratios of the halogen-rich sphalerites investigated in this study are indistinguishable from those of the corresponding ore fluids. Thus, they record fluid compositions, which are in turn closely related to fluid origin. Given the abundance of sphalerite in hydrothermal base-metal deposits, as well as the relative ease of conducting in-situ microchemical analyses, the halogen signature of sphalerite has the potential to become a sensitive proxy to distinguish between different ore-forming environments.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30705
Publ.-Id: 30705


Geology and Genesis of the Giant Gorevskoe Pb-Zn-Ag Deposit, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Russia

Belokonov, G.; Frenzel, M.; Priyatkina, N. S.; Renno, A.; Makarov, V.; Gutzmer, J.

The Gorevskoe Pb-Zn-Ag Mine is currently the largest producer of Pb and Zn in Russia, exploiting one of the largest sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits worldwide. Despite its size and economic importance, the Gorevskoe deposit remains poorly understood. It is located on the western margin of the Siberian Craton within the Yenisei Ridge, a Neoproterozoic orogenic belt. Mineralization consists of three tabular orebodies that are in turn composed of multiple stacked stratiform to stratabound lenses of galena-pyrrhotite-sphalerite-rich massive sulfide ores, hosted in organic-rich marine metalimestones and calcareous slates of Stenian to Tonian age (1,020 ± 70 Ma). Extensive Fe-Mg-Mn-carbonate alteration haloes surround the ore lenses in the hanging wall and the footwall. The Pb isotope signature of the deposit is consistent with derivation of the Pb, and probably all associated metals, from an evolved crustal source at the time of formation of the host rocks. The sulfur-isotopic composition of pyrrhotite, along with sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite and pyrite (δ34S = 16.0 – 20.4 ‰) is within the range reported for contemporaneous seawater, indicating complete reduction of marine sulfate as the main source of sulfide.
The available geological and geochemical data indicate that the Gorevskoe deposit belongs to the sediment-hosted massive sulfide class of Zn-Pb deposits, with an affinity to Selwyn-type deposits. Hydrothermal mineralization appears to be related to rifting and distal mafic volcanism in a passive margin setting. Geological relationships suggest that sulfide orebodies formed in a diagenetic environment. Furthermore, the predominance of primary pyrrhotite over pyrite as the major iron sulfide, the presence of abundant siderite, and the virtual absence of barite from the deposit, all indicate highly reducing conditions during ore-formation. They also constrain the character of the metal-bearing fluid to be similarly reducing, and of moderate temperature (200 – 300°C). Gorevskoe may thus be regarded as one of the world’s largest Selwyn-type SHMS deposits.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30703
Publ.-Id: 30703


Petrochronology by EPMA and automated SEM in the Saxothuringian high pressure nappes of the central and western Erzgebirge

Schulz, B.; Krause, J.; Lapp, M.

The Saxothuringian Zone of the Variscan orogen is composed of autochthonous and allochthonous domains. Dating of metamorphic events in the domains of the Saxonian Granulite Massiv, and the Münchberg, Frankenberg, and Erzgebirge nappe units is critical for resolving the complex geodynamic evolution during the Variscan orogeny. The in-situ chemical Th-U-Pb monazite (Th, U, Si, LREE, Y, Ca)PO4 dating by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) has demonstrated its high potential to resolve polyphase metamorphism. The method is based on the premise that monazite inherits negligible amounts of common Pb and that the radiogenic Pb is retained due to very low diffusion rates even at high T [1]. A monazite dating routine, enclosing the analysis of HREE, was performed with a JEOL-8530F, producing 100 - 200 single analyses per sample. Also, energy dispersive x-ray mapping (GXMAP) by automated SEM was used for semiquantitative identification of garnet zonation pattern. Quantitative chemical compositions of garnet and related plagioclase, biotite and muscovite were then measured by EPMA for geothermobarometric estimates by cation exchange and net transfer reactions. Monazite is abundant in lenses of granulitic garnet gneisses ("saidenbachites") in the central Erzgebirge UHP unit. The monazite ThO2*-PbO data straightly define isochrons at around 335±3 Ma. High pyrope (27 mol%) garnet crystallised at 830 °C/19 kbar [2]. Despite such high T, the monazite Y contents are low. In the intercalated MP micaschists, the monazite ThO2*-PbO isochrones appear more diverse, between 334±4 and 344±5 Ma. Furthermore, monazite has been studied in the micaschists and related phyllites of the western Erzgebirge. The monazite ThO2*-PbO data define isochrones between 323±10 and 360±10 Ma, with most samples around 340 Ma, interpreted as the ages of Variscan regional metamorphism. Several samples bear an older minor monazite population at ages between 415 to 432 Ma. Special regard has been dedicated to metapelites within the Pöhla mineralisation. The Eibenstock granite Th-U-Pb monazite isochrone is at 321±2 Ma. In non-mineralised micaschists older monazites (329±8 Ma), and in mineralised parts younger (309±6 Ma) and hydrothermal low-Th monazites are observed.

[1] Montel, J.-M., Foret, S., Veschambre, M., Nicollet, C., Provost, A. (1996): Electron microprobe dating of monazite. - Chem. Geol., 131: 37-51.
[2] Tichomirowa, M., Whitehouse, M., Gerdes A., Schulz, B. (2018): Zircon (Hf, O isotopes) as melt indicator: Melt infiltration and abundant new zircon growth within melt rich layers of granulite-facies lenses versus solid-state recrystallization in hosting amphibolite-facies gneisses (central Erzgebirge, Bohemian Massif). - Lithos 302–303.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    GEOMünster 2019 Present, Past, Future, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30702
Publ.-Id: 30702


Nanoscale compositional segregation and structure in complex In-bearing sulfides: Results from transmission kikuchi diffraction and atom probe tomography

Krause, J.; Reddy, S. M.; Rickard, W. D. A.; Saxey, D.; Fougerouse, D.; Bauer, M. E.

Indium-bearing sphalerites from the Hämmerlein skarn deposit, located in the western Erzgebirge (Germany), show complex distribution patterns of major and minor elements on a micrometer to sub-micrometer scale. However, with the spatial resolution of traditional analytical methods, such as SEM-based image analysis and field emission electron probe microanalysis (FE-EPMA), many features in these samples cannot be resolved. It remains unclear whether Cu, In and Fe are in solid solution in the sphalerite or form discrete phases.
Atom probe tomography combined with transmission kikuchi diffraction has been used to resolve the compositional heterogeneity and the nanostructure of these complex In-Cu-Fe-sphalerites. The obtained data indicate a complex structure with micro- to nanometer sized, plate-shaped inclusions of chalcopyrite in the sphalerite. In addition, a nanometer scale In-Cu-sulfide phase forms plate-like segregations in the sphalerite. All types of segregations have similar crystal structure and record the same crystal orientation indicating that they likely formed by exsolution.
The results indicate that complex sulfides containing cations of more than one element as minor or major constituents may represent discrete, exsolved phases, rather than solid solutions. This heterogeneous nature will affect the nanoscale properties of the sphalerite, which may have implications for the economic extraction of precious elements such as In. Furthermore these nanoscale properties will open up new perspectives on formation processes of In-Cu-Fe-sphalerites, which might be relevant for other chemically complex minerals as well.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    GEOMünster 2019 Past , Present, Future, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30701
Publ.-Id: 30701


Nanoscale compositional segregation in complex In-bearing sulfides

Krause, J.; Reddy, S. M.; Rickard, W. D. A.; Saxey, D.; Fougerouse, D.; Bauer, M. E.; Seifert, T.; Gutzmer, J.

Indium-bearing sphalerites from the Hämmerlein skarn deposit, located in the western Erzgebirge (Germany), show complex distribution patterns of major and minor elements on a micrometer to sub-micrometer scale. However, with the spatial resolution of traditional analytical methods, such as SEM-based image analysis and field emission electron probe microanalysis (FE-EPMA), many features in these samples cannot be resolved. It remains unclear whether Cu, In and Fe are in solid solution in the sphalerite or form discrete phases.
Atom probe tomography combined with transmission Kikuchi diffraction has been used to resolve the compositional heterogeneity and the nanostructure of these complex In-Cu-Fe-sphalerites. The obtained data indicate a complex structure with micro- to nanometer sized, plate-shaped inclusions of chalcopyrite in the sphalerite. In addition, a nanometer scale In-Cu-sulfide phase forms plate-like segregations in the sphalerite. All types of segregations have similar crystal structure and record the same crystal orientation indicating that they likely formed by exsolution.
The results indicate that complex sulfides containing cations of more than one element as minor or major constituents may represent discrete, exsolved phases, rather than solid solutions. This heterogeneous nature will affect the nanoscale properties of the sphalerite, which may have implications for the economic extraction of precious elements such as In. Furthermore these nanoscale properties will open up new perspectives on formation processes of In-Cu-Fe-sphalerites, which might be relevant for other chemically complex minerals as well.

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    Goldschmidt Barcelona 2019, 18.-23.08.2019, Barcelona, Spanien

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30700
Publ.-Id: 30700


Mineralogy of the polymetallic Waschleithe Zn-Pb-(W) skarn – implications for skarn genesis in the Schwarzenberg district, western Erzgebirge, Germany

Reinhardt, N.; Frenzel, M.; Gutzmer, J.; Meinert, L. D.; Gerdes, A.; Burisch, M.

The Schwarzenberg district (SD) in the western Erzgebirge comprises a series of polymetallic skarn bodies with significant resource potential for Sn, W, Zn, and In. Skarn mineralisation in the SD is hosted by low- to medium-grade metasedimentary units forming the so-called Schwarzenberg Gneiss Dome (SGD). Recent exploration, mainly for Sn, W, and In, targeted the large Globenstein, Hämmerlein and Tellerhäuser skarn bodies (several km strike length). Fertile skarn mineralisation in these skarns is related to the late- to post-collisional phase of the Variscan Orogeny (325-295 Ma). Economically important large skarn bodies as well as smaller satellites of the SGD have thus far only been investigated individually, rather than being considered part of a potentially district-wide mineralizing system (~ 12 x 15 km). The Waschleithe skarn in the far north of the SGD is a typical example for a smaller skarn body. Considering its distal position within the SGD it provides valuable insight into district-scale mineral zoning. Mineralisation occurs within two skarn horizons hosted by marble interlayered with mica schists. The sharp contact between skarn and marble is well exposed in historical mine workings. Coarse-grained pyroxene (hedenbergite-diopside), finer-grained subordinate yellowish-green andraditic garnet and Mn-rich pyroxenoids are the dominant constituents of the prograde skarn mineral assemblage. All of them overprint the metamorphic microfabric of the marble. A retrograde skarn assemblage is only weakly developed and consists mainly of ilvaite, epidote, vesuvianite, amphibole, chlorite, quartz, fluorite and hydrothermal calcite. Ore minerals associated with the retrograde mineral assemblage may be grouped into three different assemblages: 1) magnetite, 2) sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and chalcopyrite and 3) scheelite. The retrograde ore mineral assemblages show no association with paragenetically late chlorite, indicating that they formed relatively early during retrograde skarn formation. The marble front, dark pyroxenes, relatively low garnet/pyroxene ratios and the presence of Mn-bearing pyroxenoids indicate that the Waschleithe skarn formed distal to its fluid source relative to skarns with a more proximal mineralogy, such as Hämmerlein. Thus, Waschleithe represents a distal equivalent to the larger skarns of the SGD situated farther to the south. A genetic link between the skarns of the SGD requires a substantial re-evaluation of the size and exploration potential of this mineral system. To test this hypothesis a comprehensive set of mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological data from several skarn bodies of the SGD is currently being acquired.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Geomünster 2019, 22.-25.09.2019, Münster, BRD

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30699
Publ.-Id: 30699


The Waschleithe W-skarn - a distal relative of skarns in the Schwarzenberg district, western Erzgebirge, Germany?

Reinhardt, N.; Burisch, M.; Frenzel, M.; Gutzmer, J.; Meinert, L. D.; Gerdes, A.

The Waschleithe skarn located near Schwarzenberg in eastern Germany hosts sub-economic polymetallic W-Zn-Pb-Cu-Fe mineralisation. Its mineralogy is dominated by prograde clinopyroxene and subordinate garnet. The garnet and pyroxene colours of this skarn as well as low garnet/pyroxene ratios are typical for distal skarn settings. Ore minerals (magnetite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, scheelite) in the prograde skarn do not show a clear association with the weakly developed retrograde overprint consisting mainly of late chlorite and calcite.

  • Poster
    15th Biennial Meeting of the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, 28.08.2019, Glasgow, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30698
Publ.-Id: 30698


Assessing the global availability of by-product metals – The cases of Ga, Ge and In

Frenzel, M.

Recently, considerable concerns have been raised about the supply security of certain high-tech elements produced as by-products. To determine in how far these concerns are justified by the actual availability of these elements, a new method was developed to estimate supply potentials, including statistical uncertainties. This was applied to three relevant examples – Ga, Ge and In – to compare their global availability to current and historic production volumes. The assessment is based on detailed estimates of the amounts extractable from various raw material streams given contemporary market prices and technologies. The results show that the supply potentials of all three elements significantly exceed current primary production. However, the degree to which this is the case varies from element to element. Differences also exist in historic growth trends, with indium showing the fastest growth rate of production relative to supply potential at the time of analysis.

Keywords: By-products; Hi-tech metals; Supply security

  • Lecture (others)
    USGS Eastern Competence Center on Mineral Resources - Seminar, 17.12.2019, Reston, VA, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30697
Publ.-Id: 30697


Avoiding amorphization during semiconductor nanostructure ion beam irradiation

Hlawacek, G.; Xu, X.; Möller, W.; Engelmann, H.-J.; Klingner, N.; Gharbi, A.; Heinig, K.-H.; Facsko, S.; Borany, J.

Ion beam induced amorphization of semiconductor nanostructures limits the applicability of ion beam processing to semiconductor nanostructures. Here, we present an approach that not only avoids this amorphization but in addition allows to tailor the lateral device dimensions of pillars and fins used in modern GAA and Fin-FET designs. Si nanopillars (diameter: 25–50 nm) have been irradiated by either 50 keV broad beam Si + or 25 keV focused Ne + beam from a helium ion microscope (HIM) at various temperatures using fluences of 2×10 16 cm −2 and higher. While at room temperature strong deformation of the nanopillars has been observed, the pillar shape is preserved above 325 ∘ C. This is attributed to ion beam induced amorphization of Si at low temperatures allowing plastic flow due to the ion hammering effect and surface capillary forces. Plastic deformation is suppressed for irradiation at elevated temperatures. Above 325 ∘ C, as confirmed by diffraction contrast in BF-TEM, the nanopillars remain crystalline, and are continuously thinned radially with increasing fluence down to 10 nm. This is due enhanced forward sputtering through the sidewalls of the pillar, and agrees well with 3D ballistic computer simulations.
Supported by the H-2020 under Grant Agreement No. 688072.

Keywords: HIM; silicon; ion beam mixing; amorphization

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  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung, 15.-20.03.2020, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30696
Publ.-Id: 30696


On the effect of liquid viscosity, density and surface tension on the hydrodynamics of TSL injection systems

Reuter, M. A.; Obiso, D.; Stelter, M.; Kriebitzsch, S.

On the effect of liquid viscosity, density and surface tension on the hydrodynamics of TSL injection systems,
Main features
Top-submerged gas injection
Submerged combustion
Smelting of non-ferrous metals
Example: copper from chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 )
Importance of hydrodynamics:
gas-liquid interface
intensity of mixing
splashing
lance cooling/coating

Keywords: TSL

  • Lecture (Conference)
    EXTRACTION, 26.-29.08.2019, Ottawa, Canada

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30695
Publ.-Id: 30695


Raw data of liquid saturation, pressure drop and porosity of an inclined rotating fixed-bed reactor with inner tube

Timaeus, R.; Schleicher, E.; Bieberle, A.; Hampel, U.; Schubert, M.

The hydrodynamic raw data of an inclined rotating fixed-bed reactor with different inner tubes are given. The phase distributions of nitrogen and cumene in the cross-section of the reactor filled with porous alumina particles were measured via a capacitance wire-mesh sensor. Besides, the the raw data of the specific pressure drops for the investigated operating points are described. Additionally, the attenuation coefficients of different configurations (different particle and inner tube diameter) are collected, which were measured by gamma-ray computed tomography. This publication contains the raw data of the publication "Hydrodynamic data of an inclined rotating fixed-bed reactor" (10.14278/rodare.203).

Keywords: Hydrodynamic analysis; Wire-mesh sensor; Raw data; Gamma-ray computed tomography

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30694
Publ.-Id: 30694


CFD modeling of combustion and heat transfer in the TSL smelter

Reuter, M. A.; Obiso, D.; Kriebitzsch, S.; Stelter, M.

CFD modelling of combustion and heat transfer in the TSL smelter.
The importance of viscous and interfacial forces on the hydrodynamics of the TSL furnace
An experimental and numerical investigation of TSL gas injection in liquid metal

Keywords: CFD modelling; TSL; metal

  • Lecture (Conference)
    EMC19, European Metallurgical Conference, 23.-26.06.2019, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30693
Publ.-Id: 30693


Validation of a VOF approach for the Top-Submerged gas injection in liquid metal

Reuter, M. A.; Obiso, D.; Richter, A.; Akashi, M.; Eckert, S.

The main goal of this work is to prove the reliability of the Volume of Fluid (VOF) model for a top-submerged-lance (TSL) gas injection in a liquid metal bath, therefore trying to close the gap between the modelling of common air/water lab setups and real TSL slag-bath furnaces. Suitable validation data were provided by HZDR, where X-ray imaging was applied to picture the multiphase flow in an Argon - Ga77.2In14.4Sn8.4 system [1].

Keywords: Volume of Fluid; op-submerged-lance; metal; X-ray

  • Lecture (Conference)
    17th Multiphase Flow Conference HZDR, 13.-15.11.2019, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30692
Publ.-Id: 30692


Editorial for World of Metallurgy

Reuter, M. A.

The title of a paper we wrote for this journal in 2014 "Copper: A Key Enabler of Resource Efficiency", or to rephrase it in light of the present Circular Economy (CE) paradigm "Copper: A Key Enabler of the Circular Economy", rings as true as ever.

Keywords: Copper; Resource Efficiency; Circular Economy

  • Erzmetall - World of Metallurgy 72(2019)6, 307-308
    ISSN: 1613-2394

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30691
Publ.-Id: 30691


Janus nanorods with tailored size and tip shape

Eichler-Volf, A.; Huang, T.; Vasquez, L. F.; Alsaadawi, Y.; Baraban, L.; Steinhart, M.; Erbe, A.

Polystyrene-Gold (PS-Au) Janus and Polystyrene-Silver/Silver Chloride (PS-Ag/AgCl) nanomotors (Fig.1) with aspect ratios (length divided by width) ranging from 10 to 15 have been prepared by template based synthesis using anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) followed by replication methods presented in this work. The wettability transition from wetting to nonwetting of PS inside the cylindrical pores of AAO template in nonsolvent polyethylene glycol was used to manipulate the morphology of PS nanorods. To generate anisotropy in surface chemistry of nanorods, we deposited 15 nm Au or 30 nm Ag layers running along the minor axis. The trajectories of the Janus nanorods were captured by mean of video microscopy and analyzed in term of the MSD and MSAD. The fabricated PS-Au Janus nanoparticles showed the efficient decomposition of hydrogen peroxide even at very low concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.4%. For the PS-Ag/AgCl Janus nanorods exposed to blue light, the generation of the local chemical gradient led to changes in rotational behavior of single nanorods.

Keywords: Janus nanomotors; fuel free

  • Open Access Logo Poster
    Okinawa Colloids 2019, 03.-08.11.2019, Nago, Okinawa, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30690
Publ.-Id: 30690


An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanocharacterization

Andany, S. H.; Hlawacek, G.; Hummel, S.; Brillard, C.; Kangül, M.; Fantner, G. E.

In this work, the integration of an atomic force microscope (AFM) into a helium ion microscope (HIM) is reported for the first time. The helium ion microscope is a powerful instrument, capable of sub-nanometer resolution imaging and machining nanoscale structures, while the AFM is a well-established versatile tool for multiparametric nanoscale metrology. Combining the two techniques opens the way for unprecedented, in-situ, correlative analysis at the nanoscale. Nanomachining and analysis can be performed without contamination of the sample as well as avoiding environmental changes between processing steps. The practicality of the resulting tool lies in the complementarity of the two techniques as the AFM offers not only true 3D topography maps---something the HIM can only provide in an indirect way---but also allows for nanomechanical property mapping, as well as electrical and magnetic characterisation of the sample after focused ion beam materials modification with the HIM. The experimental setup is described and evaluated through a series of correlative experiments, demonstrating the feasibility of the integration.

Keywords: AFM; HIM; Correlative Microscopy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30689
Publ.-Id: 30689


The Application Of Subspace Clustering Algorithms In Drill-Core Hyperspectral Domaining

Rafiezadeh Shahi, K.; Khodadadzadeh, M.; Tolosana Delgado, R.; Tusa, L.; Gloaguen, R.

Diamond drilling is used in the mining industry to extract drill-cores for characterising mineral deposits. Traditionally, drill-cores are visually analysed by an on-site geologist, subjected to geochemical analyses, and then, few representative samples subjected to additional high-resolution mineralogical studies. However, the choice in samples is frequently subjective and the mineralogical analyses are highly time-consuming. In order to optimize the choice of samples and accelerate the analyses, drill-cores can be partitioned into domains, and then, laboratory analyses can be carried out on selected domains. Nevertheless, in the mining industry, automatic drill-core domaining still remains a challenge. Recently, hyperspectral imaging has become an important technique for the analysis of drill-cores in a non-invasive and non-destructive manner. Several clustering algorithms of hyper-spectral data are proposed for automatic drill-core domaining. In this paper, we suggest using advanced subspace clustering algorithms (i.e., sparse subspace clustering algorithm, spectral-spatial sparse subspace clustering algorithm). These algorithms work based on the self-representation property of the hyperspectral data. The clustering methods are tested on two drill-core samples which present different mineralogical and structural features. The subspace clustering algorithms are compared with the result of the K-means clustering algorithm. Our experimental results show that subspace clustering algorithms provide accurate drill-core domains and it is shown that including spatial information significantly improves the clustering results.

Keywords: Clustering algorithms; Hyperspectral imaging; Veins; Minerals; Signal processing algorithms; Clustering methods

  • Contribution to proceedings
    2019 10th Workshop on Hyperspectral Imaging and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS), 24.-26.09.2019, Amsterdam, Netherlands

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30688
Publ.-Id: 30688


Evaluation of performance improvements through application of anisotropic foam packings in rotating packed beds

Gładyszewski, K.; Groβ, K.; Bieberle, A.; Schubert, M.; Hild, M.; Górak, A.; Skiborowski, M.

While there is a constantly increasing interest in HIGEE technology and rotating packed beds in particular for the intensification of gas-liquid and vapor-liquid mass transfer, especially in reactive systems, there is still a need for detailed investigations of the mass transfer and hydrodynamic performance. Classical isotropic single block packings, constructed from wired and knit mesh or foams constitute the most applied and investigated packings for absorption and stripping processes. Yet, the large geometric surface area which is offered by these packings can hardly be exploited to the full extend due to the constant change in gas and liquid loads along the radius of the torus-shaped packings. In order to overcome these limitations and extend the operating range and mass transfer performance of foam packings, the current study presents a detailed comparison of isotropic and anisotropic packings. The conducted pressure drop and mass transfer experiments, based on chemical absorption of CO2 with aqueous sodium hydroxide, illustrate the improved performance that can be expected from anisotropic packings, while dedicated gamma-ray computed tomography provides further insight into the improved liquid distribution for these kind of packings.

Keywords: Rotating packed beds; HIGEE; anisotropic; foam packings; mass transfer; hydrodynamic; computer tomography

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30687
Publ.-Id: 30687


A subspace clustering algorithm with spatial regularization for mineral mapping.

Rafiezadeh Shahi, K.; Khodadadzadeh, M.; Tolosana Delgado, R.; Gloaguen, R.

Determination of the mineral compositions of an ore deposit is a vital task in exploration campaigns. HyperSpectral (HS) imaging is an emerging technology that is becoming popular in the mining industry. Specially, analyzing drill core HS data enables geologists to map minerals in mining projects in a fast and non-destructive manner. There are several methods to analyze the acquired drill cores. While traditional approaches such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD) can be subjective and are time consuming, the new machine learning based techniques applied on drill core HS scans have shown promising results. By using machine learning techniques, geologists are able to identify representative areas of drill core samples to apply traditional laboratory analysis.In recent studies, advanced unsupervised learning techniques to cluster HS data have shown great performance. Specially subspace clustering methods (i.e., sparse subspace clustering, low rank representation clustering) obtained more accurate results than the traditional clustering methods (e.g. K-means) for the analysis of this data. This is mainly because of the fact that each pixel may contain several minerals rather than a single phase. Therefore, the drill core HS data can be better represented as a union of low dimensional subspaces.In this work, we propose a new subspace-based method to cluster drill core HS data. It has been shown in the literature that incorporating spatial information will improve the classification results of HS data. Thus, in this work, we suggest including spatial information in the sparse subspace clustering method. In the classical sparse clustering method, only spectral information being used to cluster HS data. While, by adding information from the surrounding of each pixel in the classical sparse formula, the performance of the subspace clustering method will be improved. The method was applied to VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral data. Qualitative validation was provided by scanning electron microscopy based Mineral Liberation Analysis (SEM-MLA) on some areas of interest. Results indicate that the proposed method is promising, compared to existing clustering methods

Keywords: PIXELS; DRILL cores; REGULARIZATION (Mathematics); ORE deposits; SCANNING electron microscopy; MINERAL analysis

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    EGU General Assembly 2019, 07.-12.04.2019, Vienna, Austria
    Geophysical Research Abstracts

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30686
Publ.-Id: 30686


Local vibrational modes of Si vacancy spin qubits in SiC

Shang, Z.; Hashemi, A.; Berencen, Y.; Komsa, H.-P.; Erhart, P.; Zhou, S.; Helm, M.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Astakhov, G.

Silicon carbide is a very promising platform for quantum applications because of the extraordinary spin and optical properties of point defects in this technologically friendly material. These properties are strongly influenced by crystal vibrations, but the exact relationship between them and the behavior of spin qubits is not fully investigated. We uncover the local vibrational modes of the Si vacancy spin qubits in as-grown 4H-SiC. We apply microwave-assisted spectroscopy to isolate the contribution from one particular type of defects, the so-called V2 center, and observe the zero-phonon line together with seven equally separated phonon replicas. Furthermore, we present first-principles calculations of the photoluminescence line shape, which are in excellent agreement with our experimental data. To boost up the calculation accuracy and decrease the computation time, we extract the force constants using machine-learning algorithms. This allows us to identify the dominant modes in the lattice vibrations coupled to an excited electron during optical emission in the Si vacancy. A resonance phonon energy of 36 meV and a Debye-Waller factor of about 6% are obtained. We establish experimentally that the activation energy of the optically induced spin polarization is given by the local vibrational energy. Our findings give insight into the coupling of electronic states to vibrational modes in SiC spin qubits, which is essential to predict their spin, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. The approach described can be applied to a large variety of spin defects with spectrally overlapped contributions in SiC as well as in other threeand two-dimensional materials.

Keywords: Silicon carbide; Spin qubits; Defects; Vibrational modes; Quantum

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30685
Publ.-Id: 30685


UAS aeromagnetic survey and hyperspectral data for mineral exploration

Madriz Diaz, Y. C.; Jackisch, R.; Zimmermann, R.; Gloaguen, R.

Geophysical methods for mineral exploration require cost- and time-effective ways to acquire high resolution data to supplement field mapping. During the last few years, lightweight magnetometers and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors have been increasingly and independently developed for their use on unmanned aerial systems (UAS). We propose that the combination of hyperspectral images and UAS aeromagnetic surveys can provide a rapid and cost-effective technology to improve the detection of shallow targets and to delineate mineral structures in potentially hazardous terrains where traditional techniques cannot be operated safely. With low altitude flights and tight flight lines, UAS aeromagnetic surveys can help overcome the scale gap between ground and air-borne magnetics and deliver high resolution maps. However, data corrections are required for UAS aeromagnetic data to achieve valid observations and reliable maps. For this study the main magnetic compensations applied to the magnetics were meant to attenuate temporal variations, headings and maneuvering errors. The interpretation of accurate total field maps can be improved with the aid of hyperspectral images. HSI are widely used in geological mapping and mineral exploration (e.g., van der Meer et al., 2012, Jakob et al., 2016). A comprehensive data set including hyperspectral images and handheld spectral measurements of the study area in Siilinjärvi, Finland, was acquired before the UAS aeromagnetic survey was performed. The UAS magnetics was acquired at 40 m height, with a line spacing of 20 m, covering an area of 3.894 ha.
Data processing of the UAS aeromagnetic data revealed the importance of making appropriate corrections for the reliability of the total magnetic intensity (TMI) and derived maps. Results suggest that UAS aeromagnetic data captured the main geological trends of the area by applying pertinent corrections. Aided by the HSI information, the sources of the magnetic anomalies were identified. A high magnetic contrast created by a syenite intrusion located in a glimmeritic carbonatite complex is consistently delineated by the UAS aeromagnetic data. Outcropping areas of the syenite intrusion can also be identified in the available hyperspectral image of Siilinjärvi.

Keywords: Airborne magnetics; magnetometer; hyperspectral; mineral exploration; UAS

  • Open Access Logo Invited lecture (Conferences)
    AGU-SEG Airborne Geophysics Workshop, 11.-13.06.2019, Davie, Florida, United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30684
Publ.-Id: 30684


Guided capped particles propulsion via hydrogen peroxide decomposition under magnetic field

Alsaadawi, Y.; Heigl, M.; Eichler-Volf, A.; Albrecht, M.; Gemming, S.; Erbe, A.

Janus particles are artificial microswimmers with potential applications, including photonics, catalysis, and drug delivery. It has different shapes and responsive materials and could be employed to investigate new physical effects. We demonstrate the swimming behavior of one-, two- and three-janus particles clusters with magnetic caps under the influence of hydrogen peroxide and magnetic field.

Related publications

  • Poster (Online presentation)
    Annual Meeting 2019 - SPP 1726 “Microswimmers – from single particle motion to collective behaviour”, 23.-24.05.2019, Bonn, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30683
Publ.-Id: 30683


Carboranyl Derivatives of Rofecoxib with Cytostatic Activity Against Human Melanoma and Colon Cancer Cells

Buzharevski, A.; Paskas, S.; Sárosi, M.-B.; Laube, M.; Lönnecke, P.; Neumann, W.; Murganić, B.; Mijatović, S.; Maksimović-Ivanić, D.; Pietzsch, J.; Hey-Hawkins, E.

Due to the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in carcinogenesis, COX-2-selective inhibitors are increasingly studied for their potential cytotoxic properties. Moreover, the incorporation of carboranes in structures of established anti-inflammatory drugs can improve the potency and metabolic stability of the inhibitors. Herein, we report the synthesis of carborane-containing derivatives of rofecoxib that display remarkable cytostatic activity in the micromolar range with excellent selectivity for melanoma and colon cancer cell lines over normal cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the carborane-modified derivatives of rofecoxib displayed different modes of action that was dependent on the cell type.

Keywords: cancer; rofecoxib; carborane; cytostatic drugs; NO-releasing drug

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30682
Publ.-Id: 30682


Fabrication of ellipsoidal microswimmers with controllable tip shape

Alsaadawi, Y.; Vazquez Luna, F.; Eichler-Volf, A.; Steinhart, M.; Erbe, A.

Microswimmers are objects capable of converting applied energy into active motion, resulting in its propulsion in a medium. The shape and chemical compound of the microswimmer strongly influence its propulsion properties. Here we investigate a template-based approach for fabrication of particles with controlled composition, size, and shape, which can be used as fundamental units for the preparation of microswimmers. Polystyrene nanorods with different configurations of the tip shape were fabricated with an aspect ratio of 10:1. The ratio of length-to-width (i.e. aspect ratio) can be easily modified by controlling the surface properties of the template. The wettability transition of polystyrene was used to manipulate the morphology and entrapment of polymer nanostructures

Related publications

  • Poster
    Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft e. V., 01.04.2019, Regensburg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30681
Publ.-Id: 30681


UAS aeromagnetic survey for mineral exploration using a fluxgate triaxial magnetometer.

Madriz Diaz, Y. C.; Jackisch, R.; Zimmermann, R.; Gloaguen, R.

Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for aeromagnetic surveying are currently an advantageous and suitable alternative for a large variety of geophysical applications, such as mineral exploration. UASs equipped with lightweight fluxgate magnetometers can rapidly provide high resolution magnetic data under conditions where traditional surveys cannot operate safely. Furthermore, UAS-borne magnetic acquisition offer a new mapping scale to overcome the gap between terrestrial and manned airborne surveys in a cost-effective way. However, there are several sources of magnetic interferences that compromise the measurements of the Earth's magnetic field, affecting the validity of observations and causing the development of unreliable maps. We address magnetic interference at the initial stages of survey planning and later on during processing. Fluxgate triaxial magnetometers can simultaneously measure the three components of the geomagnetic field but the sensor must be oriented and the heading of the aircraft plays an important role. To characterize the heading error it was essential to perform a compensation test including the possible flight directions before or after survey acquisition. To best adjust to the specific conditions of this case study, a processing tool was designed and programmed to compute suitable corrections and attenuate magnetic interferences. The three main corrections applied to the data included the removal of temporal variations, maneuvering noise and heading errors.
To test the potential of UAS for mineral exploration we selected a former mine in Otanmäki, Finland, as study site. To explore the contribution of low altitude UAS flights to characterize and improve the detection of geological structures, the study area was surveyed at three different heights: 60 m, 40 m and 15 m. For validation purposes, previous aeromagnetic studies in the area were employed, among them a ground magnetic survey. With regards to the efficiency of the UASs for aeromagnetic surveying it is worth mentioning that none of the flights lasted more than 15 minutes. The validation revealed that the total magnetic field maps consistently delineate the iron-ilmenite-magnetite deposits that enclose the test area. As expected, the superior spatial resolution was reached by the 15 m flight survey. Corrections played an important role during data processing. Nevertheless magnetic interference by heading errors was crucial for the reliability of this study. Our results suggest that after applying the pertinent magnetic compensations, UAS aeromagnetic surveys constitute a robust tool for mineral exploration.

Keywords: Unmanned aircraft systems; Magnetic survey; Magnetometer; Airborne surveying

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    EGU General Assembly 2019, 08.-12.04.2019, Wien, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30680
Publ.-Id: 30680


The sigma-1 receptor: potential role in the modulation of cellular radiation sensitivity

Belter, B.; Deuther-Conrad, W.; Hofheinz, F.; Bachmann, M.; Brust, P.; Pietzsch, J.

Direct interaction of the sigma-1 (σ1) receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone located in close vicinity to the mitochondrion, with a variety of proteins involved in essential processes regulating proliferation, survival, and death of cells, indicates a role of this protein in tumor biology. Since tumor therapies address precisely these processes to stop the growth of tumor cells, the σ1 receptor could be a suitable modulator of the effectiveness of selected therapies. Recent initial studies have shown not only antiproliferative effects of ligands targeting this protein, but also modulating effects in both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, in this regard the influence of functional expression of the σ1 receptor has not yet been fully clarified. The purpose of this pilot experiment was to investigate the role of σ1 receptor on cellular radiosensitivity in an in vitro model. Therefore, clonogenic assays were performed to assess the susceptibility of HEK293 cells, stably transfected with human σ1 receptor, towards irradiation (X-ray) in comparison to non-transfected cells. Moreover, irradiation combined with pharmacological treatment should prove whether agonistic and antagonistic ligand binding to σ1 receptor influences the effectiveness of radiation treatment. The data obtained are not fully conclusive by indicating, on the one hand, an involvement of σ1 receptor in radiation-induced effects along with pharmacological effects independent from the σ1 receptor level, on the other hand, suggesting limitations of the model used herein. Consequently, subsequent work will focus on the investigation of tumor cells with different receptor densities.

Keywords: Chaperone protein; clonogenic assay; endoplasmatic reticulum; intracellular transmembrane receptors; radioresistance; sigma-1 receptor ligands

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30679
Publ.-Id: 30679


CFD modelling of the combustion and heat transfer in the Top-Submerged-Lance smelter

Reuter, M.; Obiso, D.; Stelter, M.; Kriebitzsch, S.

The growth outlook for the circular economy in the metallurgical industry has to be built on the deep knowledge of the secondary processes involved in the chain: metal recycling and waste recov-ery play a significant role to successfully close the loop in the metal cycle.
The top-submerged-lance (TSL) furnace technology, primarily designed for metal extraction, is gradually making headway on that perspective because of its technical and economical flexibility. To push the market in that direction, an intense research effort has to be put in the understanding of the fundamentals, from chemical-physical to the engineering aspects.
In the present work, the authors investigate the lance combustion and the heat transfer in a TSL fur-nace. The submerged combustion is a crucial aspect of this technology. The correct design and ap-plication of the lance and the appropriate gas flow conditions must ensure a well-defined value of the partial pressure of oxygen pO2, which drives the smelting reaction process of the mineral con-centrate in the liquid slag bath.
A CFD investigation of the lab-scale TSL furnace, located at TU Bergakademie Freiberg, is per-formed using ANSYS Fluent®: the furnace setup includes the submerged combustive injection into a Cu-slag bath, in absence of the concentrate stream. The analysis provides detailed insights of the fuel combustion and the interaction with the liquid slag. Besides that, the evaluation of the pO2 at the lance tip and the temperature distribution in the bath and in the lance wall represent an added value for the furnace controlling and optimization.

Keywords: TSL smelting; submerged combustion; CFD; pyrometallurgy

  • Poster
    TMS - The Mineral Society Annual Meeting, 10.-14.03.2019, San Antonio, Texas, Texas, USA
  • Contribution to proceedings
    10th European Metallurgical Conference, EMC 2019, 23.-26.06.2019, Düsseldorf, Germany
    Proceedings of the 10th European Metallurgical Conference, EMC 2019, Volume 2(2019), 631-638

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30678
Publ.-Id: 30678


Line-scan detection system to identify rare earth elements in rocks

Abend, T.; Sharma, S. K.; Fuchs, M.; Beyer, J.; Heitmann, J.; Gloaguen, R.

We develop an integrated sensor system to detect rare earth elements (REE) in natural minerals on-site. The system combines reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy in order to present a noninvasive alternative to conventional time-consuming and costly chemical analysis of drill cores in mineral exploration. The major benefit lies in the rapid gathering of continuous spatial information on the type and abundance of the REEs in drill cores. Additionally the sample material remains unharmed during the whole process. To maximise scan speed and sample throughput, our system operates in continuous line scan mode, with continuous sample flow beneath the detector.

Keywords: Photoluminescence (PL); rare earth elements (REE); line-scan; system integration

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IEEE Sensors 2019, 27.-30.10.2019, Montreal, Canada

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-30677
Publ.-Id: 30677


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