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41396 Publications

Fundamental investigations of actinide immobilization by incorporation into solid phases relevant for final disposal

Huittinen, N. M.; Braga Ferreira Dos Santos, L.; Gilson, S.; Hennig, C.; Lender, T.; Marquardt, J.; Murphy, G.; Nießen, J.; Peters, L.; Richter, S.

This contribution provides an overview of a current research network funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), entitled “Fundamental investigations of actinide immobilization by incorporation into solid phases relevant for final disposal” – AcE. The AcE project aims at understanding the incorporation and immobilization of actinides (An) in crystalline, repository-relevant solid phases, such as zirconia (ZrO2) and UO2, but also in zircon (ZrSiO4), pyrochlores (Ln2Zr2O7) and orthophosphates of the monazite type (LnPO4), which may find use as host matrices for the immobilization and safe disposal of high-level waste streams.
Recent studies by the AcE-project consortium, addressing the structure, properties, and the radiation tolerance of monazites and Zr(IV)-based solid phases containing actinides or their surrogates from the lanthanide series will be presented. Material synthesis strategies in the AcE project have aimed at generating single-phase solid solutions in the form of polycrystalline powders, dense ceramics, and single crystals. Structural studies using powder X-ray diffraction at ambient conditions, but also at high temperatures and pressures have been complemented with a wide range of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques to address differences between the host- and dopant environments in the solid matrices at ambient and extreme conditions. The radiation tolerance of the synthetic solid phases have been investigated by combining external heavy-ion irradiation of inactive Ln-doped materials and in situ self-irradiation of 241Am-doped Zr(IV)-phases with monoclinic, cubic defect fluorite and pyrochlore structures. The latter experiments have been conducted in joint efforts with the Joint Research Center in Karlsruhe within the ActUsLab programme.

Related publications

  • Poster
    Actinides 2023, 04.-08.06.2023, Golden Colorado, United States

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37809
Publ.-Id: 37809


Interaction of Marangoni and buoyancy effects during mass transfer at liquid interfaces

Schwarzenberger, K.; Köllner, T.; Boeck, T.; Eckert, K.

Complex flow patterns frequently emerge when a surface active substance undergoes mass transfer between an organic and an aqueous phase. At the same time, density effects can play a major role, e.g. during the partial dissolution of floating organic droplets \cite{cejkova2019dancing}. The resulting droplet ensemble dynamics can be understood by highly resolved measurements of the transient velocity field via particle image velocimetry (PIV). At bubbles in a shear flow, the interaction of the Marangoni effect with the surrounding bulk flow leads to the formation of a circulating flow at the bubble surface \cite{eftekhari2021interfacial}. Bubbles or droplets which are placed in a vertical concentration gradient of a surface-active solute show an intriguing interaction of solutal Rayleigh and Marangoni convection in the form of relaxation oscillations \cite{mokbel2018information}. Depending on the distance between multiple droplets, convective interaction can lead to collective relaxation oscillations over the whole ensemble.

A repeated coupling of Rayleigh and Marangoni effects likewise can occur during mass transfer of a solute at a planar interface between two liquid layers. Solutal Rayleigh instability is able to provoke intense Marangoni-driven spreading motions at the interface, even if the mass transfer system is primarily stable towards stationary Marangoni convection \cite{koellner2016eruptive}. A more detailed study \cite{koellner2023eruptive} unravels the underlying mechanisms by a defined variation of key parameters: the layer height and the initial concentration of the solute. The flow structures are analyzed in detail by experiments and elaborate three-dimensional simulations of the two liquid layers. The flow in the interfacial region decouples from the bulk volume flow since for deep layers, the interfacial velocity gets invariant under a change of the nondimensional layer height. Due to the additional convection, mass transfer is strongly enhanced in comparison to the purely diffusive process. This can significantly increase the efficiency of liquid-liquid extraction processes.

\bibitem{cejkova2019dancing} J.~{\v{C}}ejkov{\'a}, K.~Schwarzenberger, K.~Eckert, S.~Tanaka, Colloids and Surfaces A, 566, 141 (2019)
\bibitem{mokbel2018information} M.~Mokbel, K.~Schwarzenberger, S.~Aland, K.~Eckert, Soft Matter, 14, 9250 (2018)
\bibitem{eftekhari2021interfacial} M.~Eftekhari, K.~Schwarzenberger, S.~Heitkam, K.~Eckert, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 599, 837 (2021)
\bibitem{koellner2016eruptive} T.~K{\"o}llner, K.~Schwarzenberger, K.~Eckert, T.~Boeck, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 791, R4 (2016)
\bibitem{koellner2023eruptive} T.~K{\"o}llner, K.~Schwarzenberger, K.~Eckert, T.~Boeck, in progress (2023)

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Dynamic Days Europe 2023 Conference, 03.-08.09.2023, Neapel, Italien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37807
Publ.-Id: 37807


Response of a surfactant- and particle-laden bubble surface to asymmetric shear flow

Eftekhari, M.; Schwarzenberger, K.; Heitkam, S.; Javadi, A.; Eckert, K.

The shear stress of an axisymmetric flow field triggers a nonuniform distribution of adsorbed
surfactants at the surface of a rising bubble. This creates a surface tension gradient that
counteracts the viscous shear stress of the flow and thus reduces the mobility of the interface.
However, in technological processes the flow field often is asymmetric, e.g. due to the
vorticity in the flow. Under such conditions, the interface experiences an unbalanced shear
stress that is not free of curl, i.e. it cannot be compensated by the redistribution of the surfactants
at the interface (Vlahovska et al., 2009). Here, we conduct model experiments with
a bubble at the tip of a capillary placed in a defined asymmetric flow field, in the presence of
surfactants and nanoparticles. Unlike classical surfactants, nanoparticles adsorb irreversibly
at the bubble surface. Thus, a different interaction between the bulk flow and the interface
is expected. In this study, we show a direct experimental observation of the circulating flow
at the interface under asymmetric shear stress (Eftekhari et al., 2021a,b). The results indicate
that the interface remains mobile regardless of the surfactant concentration. Additionally, we
show that the nanoparticle-laden interface adopts a solid-like state and resists the interfacial
flow upon surface compression. Our results imply that the immobilization of the interface
can be described by the ratio of the interfacial elasticity to the bulk viscous forces.
Vlahovska, P. M., Bławzdziewicz, J., & Loewenberg, M. (2009). Small-deformation theory for a
surfactant-covered drop in linear flows. J.Fluid Mech., 624, 293.
Eftekhari, M., Schwarzenberger, K., Heitkam, S., & Eckert, K. (2021). Interfacial flow of a surfactant-
laden interface under asymmetric shear flow. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 599, 837.
Eftekhari, M., Schwarzenberger, K., Heitkam, S., Javadi, A., Bashkatov, A., Ata, S., & Eckert, K.
(2021). Interfacial behavior of particle-laden bubbles under asymmetric shear flow. Langmuir,
37, 13244.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    93rd Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 30.05.-02.06.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37805
Publ.-Id: 37805


Grenzflächenkonvektion an Tropfen und Blasen

Schwarzenberger, K.; Eftekhari, M.; Mokbel, M.; Weber, N.; Aland, S.; Eckert, K.

Die Grenzflächenkonvektion (Marangoni-Effekt) ist eine kleinskalige Strömung, die
durch Gradienten der Grenzflächenspannung verursacht wird. Sie beeinflusst den
Stofftransport und die Strömungsbedingungen in einer Vielzahl von natürlichen und
technologischen Prozessen. Grenzflächenkonvektion kann an Tropfen oder Blasen
beobachtet werden, die in einem vertikalen Konzentrationsgradienten einer gelösten
grenzflächenaktiven Substanz platziert werden [1,2]. Die Frequenz der
Strömungswirbel wird direkt vom anliegenden Konzentrationsgradienten des
gelösten Stoffs bestimmt. Mehrere benachbarte Tropfen oder Blasen (Abb. 1, links)
synchronisieren sich durch konvektive Interaktion zu Oszillationen über das gesamte
Ensemble. Die genannten Erkenntnisse werden durch numerische Simulationen
bestätigt.
Abbildung 1: Wechselwirkung von Grenzflächenkonvektion an benachbarten Tropfen (links [2]),
Geschwindigkeitsfeld um zwei schwimmende Decanoltropfen (mittig [4]), asymmetrische
Bulkströmung um partikelbeladene Blasenoberfläche (rechts)
Grenzflächenkonvektion beeinflusst zudem die Dynamik von schwimmenden
Dichlormethan- und Decanoltropfen [3,4]. Durch zeitlich und örtlich hochaufgelöste
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)-Messungen kann der Einfluss der
Grenzflächenkonvektion auf die Deformation und Interaktion der schwimmenden
Tropfen verstanden werden (Abb. 1, mittig).
1 mm
Mit dieser Technik konnte auch zum ersten Mal eine kontinuierliche
Grenzflächenkonvektion auf der Blasenoberfläche aufgrund einer asymmetrischen
Scherkraft durch die anliegende Bulkströmung visualisiert werden [5]. In diesem
Prozess bleibt die Grenzfläche unabhängig von der Konzentration eines klassischen
Tensids mobil. Bei Adsorption von Partikeln auf der Blasenoberfläche nimmt die
Mobilität der Grenzfläche jedoch ab (Abb. 1, rechts). Durch eine Kompression der
Oberfläche bildet sich weiterhin ein zusammenhängendes Netzwerk aus Partikeln,
das die Grenzflächenkonvektion schließlich zum Erliegen bringt [6].
Dies zeigt, dass in Abhängigkeit von der Art des adsorbierten Stoffs deutlich
unterschiedliche Randbedingungen für die Strömung an der Grenzfläche von Tropfen
und Blasen vorherrschen können [7]. Die kleine Längenskala der
Grenzflächenkonvektion eröffnet zudem die Möglichkeit, diesen Effekt zur passiven
Durchmischung [8] oder zur Informationsübertragung in mikrofluidischen Prozessen
zu nutzen [2].
Publikationen:
[1] Schwarzenberger, K., Aland, S., Domnick, H., Odenbach, S., & Eckert, K. (2015). Relaxation
oscillations of solutal Marangoni convection at curved interfaces. Colloids and Surfaces A, 481, 633.
[2] Mokbel, M., Schwarzenberger, K., Aland, S., & Eckert, K. (2018). Information transmission by
Marangoni-driven relaxation oscillations at droplets. Soft Matter, 14(45), 9250.
[3] Antoine, C., Irvoas, J., Schwarzenberger, K., Eckert, K., Wodlei, F., & Pimienta, V. (2016). Selfpinning
on a liquid surface. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 7(3), 520.
[4] Čejková, J., Schwarzenberger, K., Eckert, K., & Tanaka, S. (2019). Dancing performance of
organic droplets in aqueous surfactant solutions. Colloids and Surfaces A, 566, 141.
[5] Eftekhari, M., Schwarzenberger, K., Heitkam, S., & Eckert, K. (2021). Interfacial flow of a
surfactant-laden interface under asymmetric shear flow. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 599,
837.
[6] Eftekhari, M., Schwarzenberger, K., Heitkam, S., Javadi, A., Bashkatov, A., Ata, S., & Eckert, K.
(2021). Interfacial Behavior of Particle-Laden Bubbles under Asymmetric Shear Flow. Langmuir,
37(45), 13244.
[7] Keshavarzi, B., Krause, T., Sikandar, S., Schwarzenberger, K., Eckert, K., Ansorge-Schumacher,
M. B., & Heitkam, S. (2022). Protein enrichment by foam Fractionation: Experiment and modeling.
Chemical Engineering Science, 256, 117715.
[8] Bratsun, D., Kostarev, K., Mizev, A., Aland, S., Mokbel, M., Schwarzenberger, K., & Eckert, K.
(2018). Adaptive micromixer based on the solutocapillary Marangoni effect in a continuous-flow
microreactor. Micromachines, 9(11), 600.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Kristallisation, Grenzflächenbestimmte Systeme und Prozesse sowie Mechanische Flüssigkeitsabtrennung, 09.-10.03.2023, Frankfurt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37804
Publ.-Id: 37804


Jupyter notebooks to calculate the electric field and properties of focusing (Gaussian) laser pulses

Steiniger, K.

These are the Jupyter notebooks which are used to compute the figures in K. Steiniger et al., "Distortions in focusing laser pulses due to spatio-temporal couplings - An analytic description".

They can be used to:

(1) Numerically calculate the electric field of laser pulses in time-space domain which are defined in frequency-space domain,

(2) Analytically calculate the properties and dispersion parameters of Gaussian laser pulses in time-space domain in the course of propagation through their focus,

(3) Compute the values of laser dispersion parameters in the focus of an off-axis parabolic mirror from the dispersion parameters before focusing at the mirror.

Keywords: laser pulse propagation; pulse-front tilt; laser dispersion; high-power laser; ultrafast optics

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37803
Publ.-Id: 37803


Machine Learning-Driven Structure Prediction for Iron Hydrides

Tahmasbi, H.; Ramakrishna, K.; Lokamani, M.; Cangi, A.

We created a computational workflow to analyze the potential energy surface (PES) of materials using machine-learned interatomic potentials in conjunction with the minima hopping algorithm. We demonstrate this method by producing a versatile machine-learned interatomic potential for iron hydride via a neural network using an iterative training process to explore its energy landscape under different pressures. To evaluate the accuracy and comprehend the intricacies of the PES, we conducted comprehensive crystal structure predictions using our neural network-based potential paired with the minima hopping approach. The predictions spanned pressures ranging from ambient to 100 GPa. Our results reproduce the experimentally verified global minimum structures such as \textit{dhcp}, \textit{hcp}, and \textit{fcc}, corroborating previous findings. Furthermore, our in-depth exploration of the iron hydride PES at different pressures has revealed complex alterations and stacking faults in these phases, leading to the identification of several new low-enthalpy structures. This investigation has not only confirmed the presence of regions of established FeH configurations but has also highlighted the efficacy of using data-driven, extensive structure prediction methods to uncover the multifaceted PES of materials.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37800
Publ.-Id: 37800


Measurement of the flux-weighted cross-sections for the natYb(γ,xn)175,169,167Yb reactions in the Bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12 - 16 MeV and 60 - 70 MeV

Naik, H.; Kim, G. N.; Schwengner, R.; Wooyoung, J.; Nguyen, T. H.; Shin, S. G.; Kye, Y.; Massarczyk, R.; John, R.; Junghans, A.; Wagner, A.; Cho, M. H.

The flux-weighted cross-sections of the natYb(γ,xn)175,169,167Yb reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12, 14, 16, 60, 65, and 70 MeV by the activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique using the 20 MeV electron linac (ELBE) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany, and 100 MeV electron linac at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Korea. The
natYb(γ,xn)175,169,167Yb reaction cross-sections as a function of photon energy were also calculated theoretically using the TALYS 1.9 code. The flux-weighted average values at different end-point energies were obtained from the literature as well as from the theoretical values reported in
the TALYS library based on mono-energetic photons. They were compared with the flux-weighted values based on the present experimental data and were found to be in general agreement. It was also found that the experimental and theoretical cross-section data increased from the threshold values to a certain energy, where other reaction channels opened, which highlights the role of excitation energy. After a certain value, the individual reaction cross-sections
decrease with an increase in bremsstrahlung energy owing to the opening of other reaction channels, which indicates the partitioning of energy in different reaction channels.

Keywords: Nuclear structure; nuclear reactions; photoactivation; bremsstrahlung; gamma-ray spectroscopy; statistical reaction model

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37799
Publ.-Id: 37799


Role of Protein Solvation in Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation

Adams, E.

Solvation water is integral in influencing in the structure, dynamics, and function of proteins. Coupling of water molecules to the protein surface results in an interfacial region in which water molecules within this region have distinctly different properties than bulk water. Using Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy, we are able to gain insight into protein hydration water by monitoring changes in the water hydrogen-bonding network.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of intrinsically disordered proteins results in the formation of biomolecular condensates, which are membrane-less liquid-like protein enriched droplets. Here we investigate how protein solvation water contributes to condensate formation. Characterization of the hydrogen bonding network reveals that water solvating hydrophobic groups is stripped away in the membrane-less biomolecular condensates. Additionally, water left inside of the biomolecular condensates is highly constrained, indicative of a population of bound hydration water. These results uncover the vital role of hydration water in LLPS: the entropically favorable release of unfavorable hydration water serves as a driving force for LLPS.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    CMWS Seminar, 02.11.2023, DESY, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37795
Publ.-Id: 37795


Selecting active matter according to motility in an acoustofluidic setup: Self-propelled particles and sperm cells

Misko, V. R.; Baraban, L.; Makarov, D.; Huang, T.; Gelin, P.; Mateizel, I.; Wouters, K.; de Munck, N.; Nori, F.; de Malsche, W.

Active systems – including sperm cells, living organisms like bacteria, fish, birds, or active soft matter systems like synthetic “microswimmers” – are characterized by motility, i.e., the ability to propel using their own “engine”. Motility is the key feature that distinguishes active systems from passive or externally driven systems. In a large ensemble, motility of individual species can vary in a wide range. Selecting active species according to their motility represents an exciting and challenging problem. We propose a new method for selecting active species based on their motility using an acoustofluidic setup where highly motile species escape from the acoustic trap. This is demonstrated in simulations and in experiments with self-propelled Janus particles and human sperm. The immediate application of this method is selecting highly motile sperm for medically assisted reproduction (MAR). Due to the tunable acoustic trap, the proposed method is more flexible than the existing passive microfluidic methods. The proposed selection method based on motility can also be applied to other active systems that require selecting highly motile species or removing immotile species.

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  • Secondary publication expected from 30.10.2024

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37787
Publ.-Id: 37787


Spark Plasma Sintering for synthesis of transition metal oxides

Veremchuk, I.; Grin, Y.; Makarov, D.

The solid-state synthesis of transition metal oxides (TMO’s) is a challenging task. Slow diffusion and mass transfer of reagents are characteristic of such solid-state reactions (SSR’s). In this context, spark plasma sintering (SPS) seems to emerge a promising and technologically applicable synthetic route to obtain TMO’s. We successfully conducted SSR of Ti2O3 synthesis using SPS with dc-current acting as an accelerator of the diffusion-controlled processes between TiO2 and Ti [1]. Further, this approach was applied to directly synthesize different TMO’s (titanium oxides [2], molybdenum oxides [3], tungsten oxides [4], and chromium oxides [5]). Among the advantages of such synthetic routes, we would like to stress: i) simple pre-experiment preparation (i.e., mixing of the initial powders); ii) simultaneous compaction and shaping of products; iii) short synthesis time (i.e., from minutes to about the few hours), iv) enormous accuracy (i.e., ≅ 0.1 at % of oxygen) as well as v) high degree of reproducibility.
New types of electrochemical using SPS SSR was recently performed in our laboratories using SPS. By sintering TiO2 (insulator) with WO2 (metal) mixed in different proportions, we obtained solid solution based on rutile (i.e., TiO2) structure. However, an appearance of elemental tungsten cannot be avoided while performing the synthesis with graphite foils as separators between the reacting mixture and the punches. To shed light on the mechanism of such an electrochemical process we performed two reactions, applying the opposite polarity of dc-current pulses, to the placed in graphite die layers of unmixed TiO2 and WO2. The further combined metallographic-EDX investigation of the polished cuts of the reacted specimens revealed that in the case when WO2 was under positive pole (i.e., being an anode) free W is forming at “+”-electrode, whereas the switch of the polarity results in the formation of tungsten inclusion on the phases border between reactants. Thus, elemental tungsten seems to be the product of electrochemical reduction of WO2. Avoiding this reaction, a single phase Ti1-xWxO2 is obtained replacing the graphite foils by tungsten ones.

[1] Veremchuk I., Antonyshyn I., Candolfi C., et al. Inorg. Chem. (2013) 52, 4458.
[2] Feng B., Martin H.‐P., Börner F.‐D., Veremchuk I., et al. Adv. Eng. Mat. (2014) 16, 1252.
[3] Kaiser F., Schmidt M., Grin Yu., Veremchuk I., Chem. of Mater. (2020) 32, 2025.
[4] Kaiser F., Simon P., Burkhardt U., Kieback B., Grin Yu., Veremchuk I. Crystals (2017)7, 271.
[5] Veremchuk I., et al. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. (2022) 4, 2943.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2nd Conference on FAST/SPS from Research to Industry, 16.-18.10.2023, Warsaw, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37786
Publ.-Id: 37786


Magnetism and magnetoelectricity of textured thin films and polycrystalline bulk α-Cr2O3

Veremchuk, I.; Makushko, P.; Hedrich, N.; Zabila, Y.; Kosub, T.; Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Elsherif, A. G. A.; Wagner, A.; Ganss, F.; Burkhardt, U.; Pylypovskyi, O.; Hübner, R.; Faßbender, J.; Maletinsky, P.; Makarov, D.

Magnetoelectric antiferromagnets like α-Cr2O3 are attractive for the realization of energy-efficient and high-speed spin−orbitronic-based memory devices controlled by electric fields [1-3]. In contrast to single crystals, the quality of Cr2O3 thin films and bulk polycrystalline samples is usually compromised by the presence of point defects and their agglomerations at grain boundaries, putting into question their application potential. Here, we experimentally investigated the defect nanostructure of magneton-sputtered 250-nm-thick Cr2O3 thin films prepared under different conditions on single crystals of Al2O3 (0001) and correlate it with the integral and local magnetic properties of the samples [4]. Also, we fabricated of polycrystalline bulk α-Cr2O3 sample in conditions far out of equilibrium relying on spark plasma sintering (SPS) allows high quality material with a density close to that of a single crystal [5]. The sintered sample possesses a preferential [0001] texture at the surface, which can be attributed to uniaxial strain applied to the sample during the sintering process [5]. We evaluated the type and relative concentration of defects. For this purpose, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was used as a unique probe for open-volume defects in the samples. Our analysis reveals that the Cr2O3 samples are characterized by the presence of complex defects at grain boundaries, formed by groups of single monovacancies, coexisting with complex defects and dislocations. The concentration of complex defects for the thin films can be controlled by the sample fabrication conditions including the deposition temperature as well as the post-annealing in vacuum or in air [4]. The antiferromagnetic state of the sample and linear magnetoelectric effect are accessed all electrically relying on the spin Hall magnetoresistance effect in the Pt electrode interfaced with Cr2O3 [6]. In line with the integral magnetometry measurements, the magnetotransport characterization reveals that the samples possesses the magnetic phase transition temperature of about 308 K, which is hardly affected by the formed defects. The antiferromagnetic domain patterns consist of small domains with size equals the grain size, which is formed due to the granular structure of the samples. Furthermore, the presence of larger defects like grain boundaries has a strong influence on the pinning of magnetic domain walls in studied samples. The possibility to access the magnetoelectric properties of the samples relying on magnetotransport measurements indicates the potential of the thin films and polycrystalline bulk Cr2O3 samples for prospective research in antiferromagnetic spintronics.
[1] X. He, Y. Wang, N. Wu, A. N. Caruso, E. Vescovo, K. D. Belashchenko, P. A. Dowben, C. Binek, Nature Mater., 9, 579 (2010).
[2] T. Kosub, M. Kopte, R. Hühne, P. Appel, B. Shields, P. Maletinsky, R. Hübner, M. O. Liedke, J. Fassbender, O. G. Schmidt, D. Makarov, Nature Commun., 8, 13985 (2017).
[3] N. Hedrich, K. Wagner, O. V. Pylypovskyi, B. J. Shields, T. Kosub, D. D. Sheka, D. Makarov, P. Maletinsky, Nature Phys., 17, 574 (2021).
[4] I. Veremchuk, M. O. Liedke, P. Makushko, T. Kosub, N. Hedrich, O. V. Pylypovskyi, F. Ganss, M. Butterling, R. Hübner, E. Hirschmann, A. G. Attallah, A. Wagner, K. Wagner, B. Shields, P. Maletinsky, J. Fassbender, D. Makarov, Small, 18, 2201228 (2022).
[5] I. Veremchuk, P. Makushko, N. Hedrich, Y. Zabila, T. Kosub, M. O. Liedke, M. Butterling, A. G. Attallah, A. Wagner, U. Burkhardt, O. V. Pylypovskyi, R. Hübner, J. Fassbender, P. Maletinsky, and D. Makarov, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 4, 2943 (2022).
[6] R. Schlitz, T. Kosub, A. Thomas, S. Fabretti, K. Nielsch, D. Makarov, S. T. B. Goennenwein, Appl. Phys. Lett., 112, 132401 (2018).

  • Lecture (Conference)
    CMD30 FisMat, 04.-08.09.2023, Milan, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37785
Publ.-Id: 37785


Defect nanostructure and its impact on magnetism of α-Cr2O3 thin films.

Veremchuk, I.; Liedke, M. O.; Makushko, P.; Kosub, T.; Hedrich, N.; Pylypovskyi, O.; Ganss, F.; Butterling, M.; Hübner, R.; Hirschmann, E.; Wagner, A.; Elsherif, A. G. A.; Wagner, K.; Shields, B.; Maletinsky, P.; Faßbender, J.; Makarov, D.

Thin films of the magnetoelectric insulator Cr$_{2}$O$_{3}$ are technologically relevant for energy-efficient magnetic memory devices controlled by electric fields. We experimentally investigated the defect nanostructure of 250-nm-thick Cr$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin films prepared under different conditions on single crystals of Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$ (0001) and correlate it with the integral and local magnetic properties of the samples. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) was used as a unique probe for open-volume defects in thin films. Analysis reveals that the Cr$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin films are characterized by the presence of complex defects at grain boundaries, formed by groups of monovacancies, coexisting with monovacancies and dislocations. The concentration of complex defects can be controlled by the sample fabrication conditions. The defect nanostructure strongly affects the magnitude of the electrical readout, which is measured of the Cr$_{2}$O$_{3}$ samples capped with a thin layer of Pt relying on spin Hall effect. Furthermore, the presence of larger defects like grain boundaries has a strong influence on the pinning of magnetic domain walls in thin films. Independent of these findings, we showed that the N\'{e}el temperature, which is one of the important technological metrics, is hardly affected by the formed defects in a broad range of deposition parameters.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG spring meeting 2023, 26.-31.03.2023, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37784
Publ.-Id: 37784


Low temperature diffusion in thin film Pt-(Au-)-Co heterostructures: structural and magnetic characterization

Pedan, R.; Makushko, P.; Yavorskyi, Y.; Dubikovskyi, O.; Bodnaruk, A.; Burmak, A.; Golub, V.; Voloshko, S.; Hübner, R.; Makarov, D.; Igor, V.

Formation of functional thin films for nanoelectronics and magnetic data storage via thermally induced diffusion-driven structural phase transformations in multilayer stacks is a promising technology-relevant approach. Ferromagnetic thin films based on Co Pt alloys are considered as a material science platform for the development of various applications such as spin valves, spin orbit torque devices, and high-density data storage media. Here, we study diffusion processes in Pt-Co-based stacks with the focus on the effect of layers inversion (Pt/Co/substrate vs. Co/Pt/substrate) and insertion of an intermediate Au layer on the structural transitions and magnetic properties. We demonstrate that layer stacking has a pronounced effect on the diffusion rate at temperatures, where the diffusion is dominated by grain boundaries. We quantify effective diffusion coefficients, which characterize the diffusion rate of Co and Pt through the interface and grain boundaries, providing the possibility to control the homogenization rate of Pt-Co-based heterostructures. The obtained values are in the range of 10-16 – 10-13 cm2/s for temperatures of 150 °C – 350 °C. Heat treatment of thin-film samples results in the coercivity enhancement, which is attributed to short-range chemical ordering effects. We show that introducing an additional Au intermediate layer leads to an increase of the coercive field of the annealed samples due to a modification of exchange coupling between the magnetic grains at the grain boundaries.

Keywords: diffusion coefficient; grain boundary diffusion; magnetic thin films; short-range chemical order; Co-Pt alloy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37783
Publ.-Id: 37783


Tunable room temperature nonlinear Hall effect from the surfaces of elementary bismuth thin films

Makushko, P.; Kovalev, S.; Zabila, Y.; Ilyakov, I.; Ponomaryov, O.; Arshad, A.; Prajapati, G. L.; de Oliveira, T.; Deinert, J.-C.; Chekhonin, P.; Veremchuk, I.; Kosub, T.; Scurschii, I.; Ganss, F.; Makarov, D.; Carmine, O.

The nonlinear Hall effect (NLHE) with time-reversal symmetry constitutes the appearance of a transverse voltage quadratic in the applied electric field. It is a secondorder electronic transport phenomenon that induces frequency doubling and occurs in non-centrosymmetric crystals with large Berry curvature – an emergent magnetic field encoding the geometric properties of electronic wavefunctions. The design of (opto)electronic devices based on the NLHE is however hindered by the fact that this nonlinear effect typically appears at low temperatures and in complex compounds characterized by Dirac or Weyl electrons Here, we show a strong room temperature NLHE in the centrosymmetric elemental material bismuth synthesized in the form of technologically relevant polycrystalline thin films. The (111) surface electrons of this material are equipped with a Berry curvature triple that activates side jumps and skew scatterings generating nonlinear transverse currents. We also report a boost of the zero field nonlinear transverse voltage in arc-shaped bismuth stripes due to a extrinsic geometric classical counterpart of the NLHE This electrical frequency doubling in curved geometries is then extended to optical second harmonic generation in the terahertz (THz) spectral range. The strong nonlinear electrodynamical responses of the surface states are further demonstrated by a concomitant highly efficient THz third harmonic generation which we achieve in a broad range of frequencies in Bi and Bi-based heterostructures. Combined with the possibility of growth on CMOS-compatible and mechanically flexible substrates, these results highlight the potential of Bi thin films for THz (opto)electronic applications.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37781
Publ.-Id: 37781


Flexomagnetic Effects in Antiferromagnetic Epitaxial Cr2O3 Thin Films

Makushko, P.; Kosub, T.; Pylypovskyi, O.; Hedrich, N.; Li, J.; Pashkin, O.; Avdoshenko, S.; Hübner, R.; Ganss, F.; Wolf, D.; Lubk, A.; Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Wagner, A.; Wagner, K.; Shields, B.; Lehmann, P.; Veremchuk, I.; Faßbender, J.; Maletinsky, P.; Makarov, D.

Thin films of antiferromagnetic insulators (Cr2O3, Fe2O3, NiO etc.) are a prospective material platform for magnonics, spin superfluidity, THz spintronics, and non-volatile data storage. A standard micromagnetic approach for the description of thin film system commonly relies on the effective parameters, assumed to be homogeneously distributed within a material. The family of magnetomechanical effects includes piezo- and flexomagnetic responses, which determine the modification of the magnetic order parameters due to homogeneous or inhomogeneous strain, respectively. Accounting for the strain-gradient-driven magnetomechanical coupling promises technological advantages: the cross-coupling between elastic, magnetic and electric subsystems opens additional degrees of freedom in the control of the respective order parameters [1]-[3].
In this work, we discover the presence of flexomagnetic effects in epitaxial antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 thin films [4]. We demonstrate that a gradient of mechanical strain affect the order-disorder magnetic phase transition resulting in the distribution of the Néel temperature along the thickness of Cr2O3 thin film. The inhomogeneous reduction of the antiferromagnetic order parameter induces a flexomagnetic coefficient of about 15 µB nm-2. The antiferromagnetic ordering in the strained films can persist up to 100 °C, rendering Cr2O3 as a prospective material for industrial spintronic applications. Strain gradient in Cr2O3 thin films enables fundamental research on magnetomechanics and thermodynamics of antiferromagnetic solitons, spin waves and artificial spin ice systems in magnetic materials with continuously graded parameters.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    8th International conference on superconductivity and magnetism, 04.-11.05.2023, Fethiye, Turkey

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37779
Publ.-Id: 37779


Flexomagnetism and vertically graded Néel temperature in the epitaxial Cr2O3 thin films

Makushko, P.; Kosub, T.; Pylypovskyi, O.; Hedrich, N.; Li, J.; Pashkin, O.; Avdoshenko, S.; Hübner, R.; Ganss, F.; Wolf, D.; Lubk, A.; Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Wagner, A.; Wagner, K.; Shields, B.; Lehmann, P.; Veremchuk, I.; Faßbender, J.; Maletinsky, P.; Makarov, D.

Thin films of magnetoelectric antiferromagnetic insulators (Cr2O3, BiFeO3 etc.) have emerged as a prospective material platform for magnonics, spin superfluidity, THz spintronics, and energy efficient spin-orbitronics. Understanding the magnetomechanical coupling in antiferromagnets offers vast advantages in the control of the primary order parameters. A standard micromagnetic approach for the description of a material relies on the effective parameters being homogeneously distributed throughout the system. Such an approach is commonly sufficient, but does not provide full characterization of the system. The family of magnetomechanical effects includes piezo- and flexomagnetic responses, which determine the modification of the magnetic order parameters due to homogeneous or inhomogeneous strain, respectively. Accounting for the flexomagnetic effects promises technological advantages for multiferroic and antiferromagnetic materials, where cross-coupling between elastic, magnetic and electric subsystems open additional degrees of freedom in the control of the respective order parameters [1, 2].
In this work, we discover the effect of strain gradient onto the magnetic behaviour of epitaxial Cr2O3 thin films [3, 4]. We demonstrate that by tuning the parameters of Cr2O3 epitaxial growth a fine control of the crystallographic and defect structure can be realized. A persistent strain gradient was obtained in Cr2O3 affecting its magnetic order parameters rendering a distribution of the Néel temperature along the thickness of the thin film. The antiferromagnetic ordering in the strained films can persist up to 100°C, rendering Cr2O3 as a prospective material for industrial electronics applications. The inhomogeneous enhancement of the antiferromagnetic order parameter induced by the strain gradient renders a flexomagnetic response of about 15 µB nm-2.
Strain gradient in Cr2O3 thin films enables fundamental research on magnetomechanics and thermodynamics of antiferromagnetic solitons, spin waves and artificial spin ice systems in magnetic materials with graded parameters. Distribution of the Neel temperature along the thin film thickness introduces temperature as a took for realization of reconfigurable spintronic and magnonic devices.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    CMD30 FisMat 2023, 04.-08.09.2023, Milano, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37778
Publ.-Id: 37778


Flexomagnetism and vertically graded Néel temperature of antiferromagnetic Cr2O3 thin films

Makushko, P.; Kosub, T.; Pylypovskyi, O.; Hedrich, N.; Li, J.; Pashkin, O.; Avdoshenko, S.; Hübner, R.; Ganss, F.; Wolf, D.; Lubk, A.; Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Wagner, A.; Wagner, K.; Shields, B.; Lehmann, P.; Veremchuk, I.; Faßbender, J.; Maletinsky, P.; Makarov, D.

Thin films of antiferromagnetic insulators are a prospective material platform for magnonics, spin superfluidity, THz spintronics, and nonvolatile data storage. Here, we explore the presence of flexomagnetic effects in epitaxial Cr2O3 [1]. We demonstrate that a gradient of mechanical strain effect the order-disorder magnetic phase transition, resulting in the distribution of the Néel temperature along the thickness of a Cr2O3 film. The inhomogeneous reduction of the antiferromagnetic order parameter induces a flexomagnetic coefficient of about 15µB nm−2. The
antiferromagnetic ordering in the strained films can persist up to 100∘C, rendering Cr2O3 as a prospective material for industrial electronics applications.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Spring Meeting 2023, 26.-31.03.2023, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37777
Publ.-Id: 37777


Rollenscan Data Science und KI

Ernst, M.; Hartmann, M.; Marx, S.; Schindler, T.; Steinbach, P.; Wilde, A.

Im Zeitalter der datengestützten Entscheidungsfindung hat sich der Bereich Datenwissenschaft (Data Science) zu einem wichtigen Katalysator für Innovation und Fortschritt sowohl in der Industrie als auch in der Wissenschaft entwickelt. Die Rollen und Aufgaben von Data Scientists haben sich jedoch erheblich weiterentwickelt und umfassen ein breites Spektrum an Fähigkeiten, Fachwissen und Anwendungen. Um die Vielschichtigkeit dieser Rollen zu erfassen und unser kollektives Verständnis zu vermitteln, traf sich eine Gruppe von sechs Fachleuten bei Silicon Saxony und nutzte "Personas" als Methode, um unsere derzeitigen Ansichten über die Rolle von Datenwissenschaftler:innen zu formulieren. Dieses Papier fasst die Erkenntnisse dieser Aktivität zusammen.

Keywords: Data Science; Skill Set; Beruf; Industrie

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37776
Publ.-Id: 37776


Laser-Induced Positional and Chemical Lattice Reordering Generating Ferromagnetism

Pflug, T.; Pablo-Navarro, J.; Anwar, M. S.; Olbrich, M.; Magén, C.; Ibarra, M. R.; Potzger, K.; Faßbender, J.; Lindner, J.; Horn, A.; Bali, R.

Atomic scale reordering of lattices can induce local modulations of functional material properties, such as reflectance and ferromagnetism. Pulsed femtosecond laser irradiation enables lattice reordering in the picosecond range. However, the dependence of the phase transitions on the initial lattice order as well as the temporal dynamics of these transitions remain to be understood. This study investigates the laser-induced atomic reordering and the concomitant onset of ferromagnetism in thin Fe-based alloy films with vastly differing initial atomic orders. The optical response to single fs laser pulses on selected prototype systems, one that initially possesses positional disorder, Fe60V40, and a second system initially in a chemically ordered state, Fe60Al40, has been tracked with time. Despite the vastly different initial atomic orders the structure in both systems converges to a positionally ordered but chemically disordered state, accompanied by the onset of ferromagnetism. Time-resolved measurements of the transient reflectance combined with simulations of the electron and phonon temperature reveal that the reordering processes occur via the formation of a transient molten state with an approximate lifetime of 200 ps. These findings provide insights into fundamental processes involved in laser-induced atomic reordering, paving the way for controlling material properties in the picosecond range.

Keywords: positional order; chemical order; atomic reordering; ferrmagnetism; pump-probe reflectometry

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37775
Publ.-Id: 37775


Data publication: Fermionic physics from ab initio path integral Monte Carlo simulations of fictitious identical particles

Dornheim, T.

This repository contains the PIMC/CPIMC results shown in J. Chem. Phys. 159, 164113 (2023).

Related publications

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37774
Publ.-Id: 37774


Virial coefficients of the Uniform Electron Gas from Path Integral Monte Carlo Simulations

Röpke, G.; Dornheim, T.; Vorberger, J.; Blaschke, D.; Mahato, B.

The properties of plasmas in the low-density limit are described by virial expansions. Analytical expressions are known from Green's function approaches only for the first three virial coefficients. Accurate path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations have recently been performed for the uniform electron gas, allowing the virial expansions to be analyzed and interpolation formulas to be derived. The exact expression for the second virial coefficient is used to test the accuracy of the PIMC simulations and the range of validity of the interpolation formula of Groth {\it et al.}~[Phys.~Rev.~Lett.~\textbf{119}, 135001 (2017)]. We discuss the fourth virial coefficient, which is of interest, e.g., for properties of solar plasmas, but has not yet been precisely known. Combining PIMC simulations with benchmarks from exact results of the virial expansion would allow us to obtain precise results for the equation of state (EoS) in a wide range of parameters.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37773
Publ.-Id: 37773


Calorimetry as a tool to improve the dosimetric accuracy in novel radiotherapy modalities

Horst, F. E.

The main quantity of interest in radiotherapy dosimetry is absorbed dose to water, i.e. the energy that is deposited by the radiotherapy beam in water per unit mass. The most common method to measure dose in radiotherapy is by using air-filled ionization chambers via the charge released in their active volume by ionizations. These ionization chambers are typically absolute calibrated in 60Co beams in terms of absorbed dose to water. If a measurement is carried out in another radiation quality (e.g. proton beams), the different response of the chamber in that radiation quality compared to 60Co photons due to a different water-to-air stopping power ratio and chamber-specific geometry effects is taken into account by applying a beam quality correction factor kQ. Because kQ might be sensitive to several factors, it is recommended that absolute absorbed dose to water measurements should be performed within defined reference conditions (e.g. field size and water depth), and therefore such measurements are referred to as reference dosimetry [1]. In addition to kQ, also several other corrections may be necessary (e.g., recombination or air density correction).
Compared to ionization chamber dosimetry, a more direct way to measure dose is calorimetry where the deposited energy in the detector is measured via its temperature increase. Calorimetry is considered as the most accurate method of dose determination but requires a large logistic effort, stable thermal conditions in the room plus a good isolation and those devices are usually very sensitive and complicated to operate. Therefore calorimetry is at present mostly applied as primary standard for absorbed dose in permanently installed setups at national metrology institutes [2], to which the calibration of ionization chambers used in radiotherapy clinics can be traced back to.
The natural choice of the calorimeter medium is water because absorbed dose to water is the quantity of interest in radiotherapy dosimetry. Due to some practical limitations of water calorimeters, there are also calorimeter designs based on solid materials, typically graphite. Graphite calorimeters can be a lot more compact than water calorimeters and due to the smaller specific heat capacity of graphite, the temperature increase (i.e., the measurement signal) is about a factor 5 higher than for water at the same dose. However, the higher thermal conductivity of graphite requires additional insulation of the calorimeter core. Another characteristic of graphite calorimetry is that it requires a conversion from absorbed dose to graphite to absorbed dose to water and therefore the stopping power ratio in the radiation field of interest must be calculated.
Besides applications as primary standard for absorbed dose to water, calorimetric measurements can also be helpful to guarantee the dosimetric accuracy when novel radiotherapy modalities, for which standard dosimetry protocols are not suitable, are introduced. Recent examples are magnetic resonance guided radiotherapy [3], where the response of ionization chambers is modified by the magnetic field, or FLASH radiotherapy at ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) [4,5] where recombination effects in ionization chambers become more pronounced than in conventional radiotherapy. For calorimetric measurements, the UHDR delivery can even be considered an advantage because the quasi-instantaneous dose application makes the heat drift become less relevant. For instance at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany, efforts were made to establish a water calorimeter as primary standard in the UHDR beam of their 20 MeV electron accelerator [4]. Another example is the first proton FLASH patient trial at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in the USA where a group from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) of the United Kingdom supported the dosimetric characterization of UHDR beams with their graphite calorimeter [5]. Recently, water calorimeters have been used to determine ionization chamber specific beam quality correction factors in clinical proton (6) and carbon ion beams [7,8].
Generally, for protons and heavy ions no actual primary standards have been established up to now [9], because the national metrology institutes do not have suitable accelerators and beam qualities on-site but would have to travel to clinical facilities with their calorimetry equipment. For this purpose, since several years many metrology groups work on the development of portable calorimeters (see for example ref. [10] for an early work).
At NPL a portable graphite calorimeter was developed [11]. This device is now intended to be applied for secondary standard measurements in UHDR proton beams in order to improve the dosimetric accuracy for this novel radiotherapy modality. Like ionization chamber dosimetry, also calorimetry requires a number of correction factors to be applied to the measured signal. Cotterill and colleagues present in their paper [12], published in this ESTRO 2023 Physics Highlights special issue of phiRO, detailed Monte Carlo simulations on their so-called Small-body Portable Graphite Calorimeter. They derived correction factors for 250 MeV protons correcting for the graphite impurity and the air gap between the graphite core and its jacket. They show that the dominating perturbation (almost 0.5%) is due to missing scatter contributions from the styrofoam insulation around the device, for which they introduce a new correction factor. By applying the obtained correction factors, the dosimetric accuracy of the calorimeter can be improved considerably. The in- and out-scattering of protons from the different components of the device was studied in detail and the dose conversion factor from absorbed dose in the graphite core to absorbed dose to water at the reference point was calculated.
Even though portable calorimeters like the one presented by Cotterill et al. are still more complicated to operate than ionization chambers, they are much more convenient to transport and set up than classic calorimetry setups.
It will be very interesting to see if these developments will contribute to a wider spread of calorimetric measurements in radiotherapy, or even a routine use in radiotherapy clinics as envisioned by Cotterill et al., and if the establishment of a primary standard for absorbed dose to water in proton (and heavy ion) beams will finally succeed.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37772
Publ.-Id: 37772


Selective leaching of indium from spent LCD screens by siderophore desferrioxamine E

Zheng, K.; Benedetti, M. F.; Jain, R.; Guy, B. M.; Pollmann, K.; van Hullebusch, E. D.

Given the criticality of indium (In), spent LCD screens can represent a viable secondary resource of In. In this work, an innovative and alternative technology to selectively leach In from spent LCD screens using a microbial chelating agent, desferrioxamine E (DFOE), was developed. Indium was concentrated from spent LCD screens by implementing an adapted pre-treatment procedure, allowing the isolation of an indium-rich glassy fraction. During leaching, the competition between Aluminum (Al) and In for complexation with DFOE leads to the precipitation of In(OH)3 at low DFOE concentration (12-240 µM). After adjusting the optimal conditions (fraction size: 0-36 μM, pH 5.5, S/L ratio: 1 g/L, room temperature), the In leaching yield reached 32%, ten times higher than Al over 90 days with 5 mM DFOE. Thus, selective leaching of In, while mitigating the influence of competing element Al, makes it possible to achieve a high In recovery by extending leaching time. This is the first attempt to selectively leach In by a selected siderophore from end-of-life (EoL) products with high concentrations of non-targeted elements (i.e. Al, Si, and Ca). This work shows good potential to generate indium-rich leachates that can be further processed by the GaLIophore technology for indium refinery.

Keywords: Waste liquid crystal displays; selective leaching; optimal conditions; competition; modeling

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37771
Publ.-Id: 37771


Magnetic membrane polymers with onboard electronic skins for supervised actuation

Oliveros Mata, E. S.; Ha, M.; Canon Bermudez, G. S.; Liu, J. A.-C.; Evans, B. A.; Tracy, J. B.; Makarov, D.

Soft actuators have been developed to mimic the biomechanics of living organisms, enabling complex movements such as crawling, flapping, and twisting upon the application of physical and chemical stimuli [1]. Magnetic membrane soft polymers have been used for controlled, programmable, and fast actuation in uniform and gradient magnetic fields [2,3]. This allows for multipurpose biomimetic systems that can move untethered using permanent magnets and electromagnets for use in remote surgery, cargo transport, and artificial muscles [4]. To achieve the full potential of these types of soft actuators, it is needed a suitable system that mimics the sensory and proprioception capabilities of living beings.
Here, we show the integration of highly flexible electronic skins that are laminated to the body of magnetic flexible membranes to supervise their actuation mechanisms [5]. The electronic skins contain flexible magnetic field sensors based on thin films fabricated on ultrathin (2.5-µm-thick) polymeric foils. This highly compliant e-skin acts as an onboard sensory system of magnetic cues, such as the own magnetization state of the soft actuator and the magnetic fields employed for deforming the membranes. This allows the system to orient itself with respect to a reference magnetic source and be aware of its folding state. We demonstrate the signal readout and supervision of magnetic soft membrane actuators during their assembly into box and boat-like layouts [5].
[1] D. Rus, et al. Nature. 521, 467 (2015).
[2] X. Wang, et al. Commun. Mater. 67, 1 (2020)
[3] H. Chung, et al. Adv. Intell. Syst. 3, 2000186 (2021).
[4] S. Wu, et al. Multifunct. Mater. 3, 042003. (2020).
[5] M. Ha, E.S. Oliveros Mata, et al. Adv. Mater. 33, 2008751 (2021)

Keywords: magnetic; soft robot; actuator; polymer; composite

  • Lecture (Conference)
    European-MRS 2023 Spring Meeting, 29.05.-02.06.2023, Strasbourg, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37769
Publ.-Id: 37769


Printed human machine interfaces using touchless interaction via magnetic fields

Oliveros Mata, E. S.; Voigt, C.; Xu, R.; Ha, M.; Canon Bermudez, G. S.; Zabila, Y.; Fritsch, M.; Mosch, S.; Kusnezoff, M.; Vinnichenko, M.; Makarov, D.

Printed and flexible electronics have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential in various applications including medical, wearable, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices [1]. In this work, we focus on the development and characterization of printed magnetic field sensors for use in human-machine interfaces enabling the control and monitoring of various systems and devices. We developed a set of printable magnetically sensitive pastes based on microflakes and microparticles showing anisotropic [2,3], giant [4], and large magnetoresistance [5] effects. Our sensors are fabricated using cost-effective, scalable, and large-area automatized printing techniques, making them prospectively suitable for large-scale
production.
The design and production of the printed sensors are based on the properties of the paste fillers, binder, substrate, and techniques used in the fabrication process. By adjusting the mechanical properties of the binder, we were able to give the printed sensors the capability to conform to various shapes and surfaces. The use of polymeric binders in the printing process on flexible foils allowed us to laminate the sensors onto objects with complex geometries, including human skin. For example, we were able to create stretchable magnetic field sensors that can undergo 100% strain by using a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer as a binder. We have also demonstrated that these sensors remain functional even when folded to a
radius of 16 µm. [4]
We have also shown that it is possible to produce large quantities of magnetic field sensors using automatized dispenser printing and laser sintering Bi pastes [5]. This method allows large-area, cost-effective, and customizable fabrication of flexible, fully printed magnetic field sensors using minimal materials. This manufacturing capability has the potential to pave the way for more extensive interactive smart surfaces and touchless control boards. Our research represents a significant advancement in the integration of printed and flexible electronics into human machine interfaces, and it opens the door for further research for creating customized solutions to user-specific needs.
[1] Y. Khan, et al. Adv. Mater. 32, 1905279 (2020)
[2] E.S. Oliveros Mata, et al. Appl. Phys. A 127, 280 (2021)
[3] R. Xu, et al. Nat. Commun. 13, 6587 (2022)
[4] M. Ha, et al. Adv. Mater. 33, 2005521 (2021)
[5] E.S. Oliveros‐Mata, E. S., C. Voigt, et al. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2200227 (2022)

Keywords: printed electronics; magnetic; human machine interfaces; flexible electronics

  • Lecture (Conference)
    European-MRS 2023 Spring Meeting, 29.05.-02.06.2023, Strasbourg, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37768
Publ.-Id: 37768


Yamdb - Yet Another Materials DataBase

Weier, T.; Nash, W.; Personnettaz, P.; Weber, N.

Yamdb (Yet Another Materials Database/YAMl materials DataBase) is a
Python library providing thermophysical properties of liquid metals
and molten salts in an easily accessible manner. Mathematical
relations describing material properties - usually determined by
experiment - are taken from the literature and implemented in
Python. The coefficients of these equations are stored separately in
YAML files.

Keywords: material properties; liquid metals; molten salts; YAML; Python

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37766
Publ.-Id: 37766


Goma - using Yamdb material databases from the commandline

Weier, T.; Nash, W.; Personnettaz, P.; Weber, N.

Goma (GO MAterials database) is a program enabling command line access to the  YAML files distributed with Yamdb. It implements the equations necessary to calculate the thermophysical properties from the coefficients stored in the YAML database. Yamdb (Yet another materials data base) and Goma address the need to provide thermophysical properties of liquid metals and molten salts in an easily accessible manner. Mathematical relations describing material properties - usually determined by experiment - are taken from the literature. Equations and their coefficients are stored separately. The former can be implemented in any programming language (Go in this case) and the latter are kept in YAML files together with additional information (source, temperature range, composition, accuracy if available, etc).

Keywords: material properties; liquid metal; molten salts; YAML; Go

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37765
Publ.-Id: 37765


First measurement of the low-energy direct capture in ²⁰Ne(p,γ)²¹Na and improved energy and strength of the E(c.m.) = 368 keV resonance

Masha, E.; Barbieri, L.; Skowronski, J.; Aliotta, M.; Ananna, C.; Barile, F.; Bemmerer, D.; Best, A.; Boeltzig, A.; Broggini, C.; Bruno, C. G.; Caciolli, A.; Campostrini, M.; Casaburo, F.; Cavanna, F.; Ciani, G. F.; Ciapponi, A.; Colombetti, P.; Compagnucci, A.; Corvisiero, P.; Csedreki, L.; Davinson, T.; Depalo, R.; Di Leva, A.; Elekes, Z.; Ferraro, F.; Fiore, E. M.; Formicola, A.; Fülöp, Z.; Gervino, G.; Guglielmetti, A.; Gustavino, C.; Gyürky, G.; Imbriani, G.; José, J.; Junker, M.; Lugaro, M.; Manoj, P.; Marigo, P.; Menegazzo, R.; Paticchio, V.; Piatti, D.; Prati, P.; Rapagnani, D.; Rigato, V.; Robb, D.; Schiavulli, L.; Sidhu, R. S.; Straniero, O.; Szücs, T.; Zavatarelli, S.

The ²⁰Ne(p,γ)²¹Na reaction is the slowest in the NeNa cycle and directly affects the abundances of the Ne and Na isotopes in a variety of astrophysical sites. Here we report the measurement of its direct capture contribution, for the first time below E(c.m.) = 352 keV, and of the contribution from the E(c.m.) = 368 keV resonance, which dominates the reaction rate at T = 0.03–1.00 GK. The experiment was performed deep underground at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics, using a high-intensity proton beam and a windowless neon gas target. Prompt γ rays from the reaction were detected with two high-purity germanium detectors. We obtain a resonance strength ωγ = (0.112 ± 0.002(stat) ± 0.005(sys)) meV, with an uncertainty a factor of 3 smaller than previous values. Our revised reaction rate is 20% lower than previously adopted at T < 0.1 GK and agrees with previous estimates at temperatures T ≤ 0.1 GK. Initial astrophysical implications are presented.

Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics; Underground Laboratory; Cross Section Measurement; Neon-Sodium-Cycle; LUNA

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37764
Publ.-Id: 37764


Observing the onset of pressure-driven K-shell delocalization

Döppner, T.; Bethkenhagen, M.; Gericke, D.; Kraus, D.; Bachmann, B.; Chapman, D.; Böhme, M.; Divol, L.; Dornheim, T.; Falcone, R.; Fletcher, L.; Kruse, M.; Landen, O.; Macdonald, M.; Glenzer, S.; Redmer, R.; Schörner, M.; Sterne, P.; Vorberger, J.

We have developed an experimental platform for x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) at NIF to characterize plasma conditions in ICF indirectly-driven capsule implosions near stagnation [1,2]. This enabled us to investigate up to 30 times compressed ablator materials reaching pressures above 3 Gigabars, at conditions where the distance between the nuclei becomes comparable to the extent of the core shell bound states, which will eventually lead to their pressure ionization. In this talk we will present results from experiments with beryllium shells. We observe reduced elastic scattering for the most extreme conditions [2]. We interpret this reduction as the precursor of pressure ionization of the remaining K-shell electrons, that is, a strongly modified bound state. The beryllium charge state inferred from the data is considerable higher than standard models predict but agrees well with results from DFT simulations [2,3]. Accurate modelling of the K-shell occupation of light elements is imperative for creating predictive capabilities for ICF implosions. Our experiments yield valuable benchmarks for this process and demonstrating a complex pathway of pressure ionization.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    APS DPP, 30.10.-03.11.2023, Denver, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37763
Publ.-Id: 37763


Towards a model-free interpretation of X-ray Thomson scattering signals

Dornheim, T.

Matter under extreme densities and temperatures is ubiquitous throughout our universe and naturally occurs in a plethora of astrophysical objects such as giant planet interiors and brown dwarfs. In addition, such warm dense matter (WDM) is of key importance for a number of technological applications, most notably inertial confinement fusion. Yet, the accurate diagnostics of experiments with WDM is rendered challenging by the extreme conditions. Indeed, even basic parameters such as the temperature often cannot be measured directly and have to be inferred from other observations. In this context, X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) [1] has emerged as a key diagnostic, but the interpretation of an XRTS signal is often based on de-facto uncontrolled approximations such as the decomposition into bound and free electrons within the popular Chihara model.

In this contribution, I outline how one can get direct access to the physical properties of interest by analyzing the measured signal in the imaginary-time domain [2]. No simulations/models and, therefore, no approximations are required. First and foremost, this allows us to infer the temperature of a given system with high accuracy [3]. Moreover, we can use XRTS to probe electron—electron correlations by utilizing the f-sum rule in the imaginary-time domain [4]. Finally, we show how the idea of imaginary-time correlation functions can be generalized to characterize the degree of nonequilibrium in the probed system [5], with important implications for equation-of-state measurements and the understanding of relaxation times.

[1] S. Glenzer and R. Redmer, Reviews of Modern Physics 81, 1625 (2009)

[2] T. Dornheim et al, arXiv:2209.02254 (submitted)

[3] T. Dornheim et al, Nature Communications 13, 7911 (2022)

[4] T. Dornheim et al, arXiv:2305.15305 (submitted)

[5] J. Vorberger et al, arXiv:2302.11309 (submitted)

  • Lecture (Conference)
    APS DPP, 30.10.-03.11.2023, Denver, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37762
Publ.-Id: 37762


Fate of Oxidation States at Actinide Centers in Redox-Active Ligand Systems Governed by Energy Levels of 5f Orbitals

Takeyama, T.; Tsushima, S.; Gericke, R.; Kaden, P.; März, J.; Takao, K.

We report the formation of a Np(IV) complex from the complexation of Np(VI)O22+ with the redox-active ligand tBu-pdiop2-=2,6-bis[N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)iminomethyl]pyridine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the direct complexation-induced chemical reduction of Np(VI)O22+ to Np(IV). In contrast, the complexation of U(VI)O22+ with tBu-pdiop2- did not induce the reduction of U(VI)O22+, not even after the two-electron electrochemical reduction of [U(VI)O2(tBu-pdiop)]. This contrast between the Np and U systems may be ascribed to the decrease of the energy of the 5f orbitals in Np compared to those in U. The present findings indicate that the redox chemistry between U(VI)O22+ and Np(VI)O22+ should be clearly differentiated in redox-active ligand systems.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37759
Publ.-Id: 37759


Extended-gate field-effect transistor chemo- and biosensors: State of the art and perspectives

Janićijević, Ž.; Nguyen Le, T. A.; Baraban, L.

Extended-gate field-effect transistor (EG-FET) chemo- and biosensors are emerging tools for a wide range of biomedical applications. Significant efforts have been made to make them ultrasensitive to biomolecules via the development of miniaturized sensing transistors, design and optimization of extended gate sensing layer, exploration of the multiplexing ability of EG-FET configuration, and advanced data analysis. Here, we specifically focus on several important aspects related to the construction and current applications of EG-FET sensors. Namely, we review the materials, fabrication, properties of the transducer, specificities of the conditioning electronics, and signal analysis. At the same time, we discuss the current drawbacks of these sensors preventing their straightforward commercialization, such as output signal variation and non-linearities of the response. We also review the recent key applications of EG-FET sensors in the areas of early medical diagnostics, ecology, food and chemical industries, and others. Finally, we briefly discuss the future perspectives in the development of this class of sensors.

Keywords: Extended gate; Field-effect transistors; Bioelectronics; Biosensors; Potentiometric measurement; Nanosensors

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37758
Publ.-Id: 37758


Possible Eliashberg-Type Superconductivity Enhancement Effects in a Two-Band Superconductor MgB2 Driven by Narrow-Band THz Pulses

Sobolev, S.; Lanz, A. P.; Dong, T.; Pokharel, A.; Kabanov, V.; Xu, T.-Q.; Wang, Y.; Gan, Z.-Z.; Shi, L.-Y.; Wang, N.-L.; Pashkin, O.; Uykur, E.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Demsar, J.

We study THz-driven condensate dynamics in epitaxial thin films of MgB2, a prototype two-band superconductor (SC) with weak interband coupling. The temperature and excitation density dependent dynamics follow the behavior predicted by the phenomenological bottleneck model for the single-gap SC, implying adiabatic coupling between the two condensates on the ps timescale. The amplitude of the THz-driven suppression of condensate density reveals an unexpected decrease in pair-breaking efficiency with increasing temperature—unlike in the case of optical excitation. The reduced pair-breaking efficiency of narrow-band THz pulses, displaying minimum near ≈0.7  Tc, is attributed to THz-driven, long-lived, nonthermal quasiparticle distribution, resulting in Eliashberg-type enhancement of superconductivity, competing with pair breaking.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37757
Publ.-Id: 37757


Investigation of microalgae and bubble interaction in electroflotation via image processing

Marquardt, T.; Schwarzenberger, K.; Krujatz, F.; Eckert, K.

Microalgae are becoming increasingly important for numerous applications such as food or pharmaceutical products. Flotation is an effective and comparatively inexpensive process for dewatering of the algal biomass after cultivation. In electroflotation, the hydrophobic algal cells attach to the surface of rising gas bubbles generated by water electrolysis and can be removed as a concentrated froth. For enhanced floatability, the size of microalgae can be increased by flocculation, e.g., with chitosan. Chitosan is a non-toxic, non-contaminating biopolymer that has proven to be a practical flocculant for microalgae. The effectiveness of the flotation process is influenced by numerous variables. At the same time, the mechanisms of the attachment of the algae to the bubbles are not fully understood. Hence, the aim of the presented work is to gain a deeper insight into the processes involved in the electroflotation of microalgae, like the algae-bubble-interaction, using optical measurement methods and machine learning (ML) based image processing.
A main focus is on the number and size of bubbles generated by electrolysis, as well as the size of Chlorella vulgaris agglomerates created by flocculation with chitosan. The properties of the bubbles were influenced by changing the electrolysis voltage and evaluated by image processing methods on microscopic images. Using laser diffraction spectroscopy, the influence of different chitosan dosages and flocculation times on the agglomerate size were analyzed. The size distribution is found to depend strongly on the varying biological properties of the microalgal suspension. Nevertheless, some general recommendations for an optimal chitosan concentration range could be deduced. In order to identify conditions promoting a successful attachment of algae to bubbles, an ML based method using series of microscopic images for visualization of the rising bubble and agglomerate paths during bubble-algal interaction was developed. The results show that a similar size of bubble and microalgal agglomerate is beneficial for enhanced bubble-algae interaction. For the analyzed voltage range, the mean bubble size was approximately 20 μm. The flocculation experiments showed that agglomerate sizes of 20 μm or higher are also achievable and thus, the microalgae flocs can be tuned to a well-floatable size range. Summing up, it was possible to derive first conclusions on how to promote effective electroflotation of microalgae. The developed visualization method contributes to a better understanding of flotation mechanisms and can be used as a basis for further research.

Keywords: Electroflotation; Microalgae; Image Processing; Flocculation; Rising Bubbles

  • Lecture (Conference)
    93rd Annual Meeting of the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 30.05.-02.06.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37756
Publ.-Id: 37756


Evaluating Iron Ore Characteristics through Machine Learning and 2D LiDAR Technology

Matos, S.; Pinto, T.; Domingues, J.; Ranieri, C.; Albuquerque, K.; Moreira, V.; Souza, E.; Ueyama, J.; Melo Euzebio, T. A.; Pessin, G.

Conveyor belts are the most effective way to transport ore in a mining complex. The ore that comes from the mining areas can be heterogeneous in size and type. As the ore needs to pass through several processing steps, online information about the ore’s type and degree of fragmentation can help improve mineral processing for both safety and efficiency. Current instrumentation systems are expensive and require frequent calibration and maintenance. This paper presents a novel intelligent instrument for online recognition of type and degree of fragmentation. A 2D LiDAR sensor and machine learning techniques were used to estimate the characteristics of iron ore particles on conveyor belts. An experiment was conducted using several types of ore and granulometry. Five machine learning models were compared using statistical methods, including analysis of average accuracy and normality and hypotheses tests. Among them, the Random Forest models achieved the highest average accuracy, 93.81% for ore type and 85.52% for the degree of fragmentation. These models were improved by a voting mechanism, resulting in a reduction of classification errors of 93.3% for ore type and 99.2% for the degree of fragmentation. These findings demonstrate potential for improving mineral processing controls and elevating operational safety within the mining sector.

Keywords: Light Detection and Ranging; Conveyor Belt; Machine Learning; Mining Industry

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  • Secondary publication expected from 13.12.2024

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37754
Publ.-Id: 37754


Data publication: Unraveling dispersion and buoyancy dynamics around radial A + B → C reaction fronts: microgravity experiments and numerical simulations.

Stergiou, Y.; Escala Vodopivec, D.; Papp, P.; Horváth, D.; Hauser, M.; Brau, F.; de Wit, A.; Tóth, Á.; Eckert, K.; Schwarzenberger, K.

This dataset includes the image data obtained from the Sounding Rocket experiment (TEXUS 57) and numerical simulation data.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37753
Publ.-Id: 37753


µCT data of two drill cores of fractured crystalline rock (Grimsel)

Kulenkampff, J.
DataCollector: Loesel, Dagmar; DataCollector: Schoessler, Claudia; Researcher: Jankovsky, Filip; Researcher: Zuna, Milan

Two crystalline rock drill cores from the Grimsel site were scanned with a Nikon XT H 225 - scanner. The samples were prepared (formatted and cast in epoxy) by UJV Rez, Czech Republic. The CT-data were acquired and processed at HZDR-FWOT.

Sample 1 (GAM_UJV_1C_1) contains a complex system of interconnected fractures.
Sample 2 (GAM_UJV_1C_2) contains one single end-to-end fracture with larger aperture.

Size of both samples: Diameter 80 mm, length 165 mm.

Two tomograms were acquired for both samples:
1) Complete drill core as one scan, voxel size ca. 75 µm.
2) HR-tomogram merged from three sections with maximum resolution, voxel size ca. 40 µm.

The tomograms were stored as 3D-raw files. Data format, acquisition parameters, and processing workflow, are documented in the tomogram header files (nrrd-format (text):  see https://teem.sourceforge.net/nrrd/format.html).
This data format is importable into open-source visualization programs as 3D slicer (https://www.slicer.org) or Paraview (https://www.paraview.org). The data processing has been conducted with Avizo (https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/electron-microscopy/products/software-em-3d-vis/avizo-software.html).

Files:
Sample 1
GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet-2_01_NLM: Graylevel image of complete sample, ring artifact removal, non-local-means filter
GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet-2_01_thresholded: Tentative label image of complete sample, threshold segmentation with manual edit
Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR.Frac_section: Graylevel image of merged fracture section, unfiltered
Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR.Frac_section.Threshold: Tentative label image of merged fracture section, adaptive threshold segmentation with manual edit
GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet_2.png: Figure of complete sample 
GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR_Frac_Y2.png: Figure of merged high-resolution tomogram

Sample 2
GAM_UJV_1C_2_complet_01.filtered: Graylevel image of complete sample, ring artifact removal, non-local-means filter
GAM_UJV_1C_2_complet_01.filtered.thresholded: Tentative label image of complete sample,  threshold segmentation with manual edit
Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_2_A_01.Frac_section.filtered: Graylevel image of merged fracture section, ring artifact removal, non-local-means filter
Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_2_A_01.Frac_section.filtered.segm: Tentative label image of merged fracture section, threshold segmentation with manual edit
GAM_UJV_1C_2_complett_2.png: Figure of complete sample
GAM_UJV_1C_2_HR_Frac_Y2.png: Figure of merged high-resolution tomogram

Original acquistion data are stored on the HZDR bulk data storage system and available for reprocessing on request.


Financial support was granted from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 847593 (EURAD, WP FUTURE, task 2.2).
 

Keywords: X-ray computed tomography; crystalline rock; granite; drill core; fracture

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37750
Publ.-Id: 37750


A Monte Carlo photonic model to simulate the UV inactivation of airborne microorganisms

Cavagnola, M. A.; Hampel, U.; Lecrivain, G.

The goal is to develop a model based on a photonic approach that allows us to track each of the flowing airborne microorganisms and predict, by using a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm, whether it is active or not

  • Poster
    DLR GANDALF - Graduate School, 26.10.2023, Köln, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37748
Publ.-Id: 37748


Magneto-structural phase transitions for direct magnetic patterning

Bali, R.; Potzger, K.; Lindner, J.; Faßbender, J.

The use of focused ion beams for sensitively controlling the intrinsic magnetic as well as transport properties at the nanoscale requires materials, wherein small atomic displacements results in large property changes. Typical examples are binary alloys consisting of a 3d metal such as Fe and elements such as Al [1], Rh [2] and most recently, V [3]. These materials act as non-ferromagnetic templates onto which atomic reordering within confined regions can be used to realize the direct writing of ferromagnetism. These alloys are deployed as prototypes for exploring nanoscale ion-induced property modulation.

The type of phase transition may vary, for instance, a transition in the chemical order of Fe60Al40 in contrast with the emergence of a crystalline lattice from a short-range ordered structure in Fe60V40. Due to chemical disordering, the localized ferromagnetic in the former alloy imparts spin scattering that can be observed in the anomalous Hall effect, whereas in the latter, the lattice reordering propagates in a layer like fashion providing homogenous ferromagnetic layers. The phase transition characteristics influence their potential applications, such as in ferromagnetic resonance and transport.

Observations of the evolving nearest-neighbour environment of atoms as a function of the atomic displacements helps unravel some of the microscopic processes leading to the large intrinsic property changes. This current research is being performed with the help of large-scale facilities, such as the Ion-Beam-Centre as well as the ELBE at HZDR.

References:

1. S. Sorokin et al., New J. Phys. (2023).
2. W. Griggs et al., APL Materials (2020) 8, 121103.
3. Md. S. Anwar et al., ACS Appl. Elec. Mater. (2022) 4, 8, 3860.

Keywords: ion irradiation; magnetism; magnetic patterning; structural phase transition

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    7th International Conference on Nanostructuring by Ion Beams (ICNIB 2023), 02.-04.11.2023, Dehradun, Indien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37747
Publ.-Id: 37747


Systematic investigation of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance near the magic N = 82 shell closure

Kluwig, F.; Müscher, M.; Savran, D.; Schwengner, R.; Schüttler, T.; Zilges, A.

The Pygmy Dipole Resonance is part of the electric dipole response of an atomic nucleus. There are still several open questions concerning, e.g., its structure. Systematic studies are crucial to improve the knowledge of this excitation mode. Such systematic studies have already been performed along the magic N = 82
isotonic chain using the Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) technique, hinting to a trend of increasing strength with increasing N/Z ratio. Comparing these results to those from further NRF experiments on neighbouring non-magic isotopes and on 142Ce, a more fragmented strength distribution seems to occur.

Keywords: Nuclear structure; Dipole excitations; Nuclear resonance fluorescence; Photon scattering; Gamma-ray spectroscopy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37745
Publ.-Id: 37745


Dipole excitations in open shell nuclides near the neutron threshold energy from (g,g') experiments: The case of Ge isotopes

Benouaret, N.; Schwengner, R.; Massarczyk, R.; Shizuma, T.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Junghans, A.; Wagner, A.

The dipole response of the open-shell nuclide 70Ge has been investigated in high-resolution (g,g') experiments using bremsstrahlung produced with electron beams of energies of 8.5 and 14.7 MeV at the linear accelerator ELBE. A resonance-like structure of levels mostly with spin J = 1 has been identified, distributed between 5 MeV up to neutron separation energy Sn as in the case of 76Ge and in contast to 74Ge where the level density is lower and ceases abruptly at about 1 MeV below Sn . The distibution strength was complemented by the unresolved levels using simulations of statistical gamma-ray cascades, corrected by estimations of branching transitions. The summed strength in 70 Ge, completed by the data from 74,76Ge do not fit with a linear trend as function
of the neutron excess. Such unexpected behaviour might be related to the nuclear deformation which seems to play the major role in the moderately deformed germanium isotopic chain.

Keywords: Nuclear structure; Dipole excitations; Photon scattering; Nuclear resonance fluorescence; Gamma-ray cascades

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37744
Publ.-Id: 37744


UQTestFuns: A Python3 Library of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) Test Functions

Wicaksono, D. C.; Hecht, M.

UQTestFuns is an open-source Python3 library of test functions commonly used within the applied uncertainty quantification (UQ) community. Specifically, the package provides:

  • an implementation with minimal dependencies (i.e., NumPy and SciPy) and a common interface of many test functions
  • single entry point collecting test functions and their probabilistic input specifications in a single Python package
  • an opportunity for an open-source contribution, supporting the implementation of new test functions or posting reference results.

In short, UQTestFuns is an homage to the Virtual Library of Simulation Experiments (VLSE).

v0.4.1 includes one additional test function used in the context of metamodeling. The package documentation has been updated following the review process during the submission to the Journal of Open Source Software (JOSS). This release is part of the acceptance of the package to JOSS.

This archive is part of the archival process to ROBIS.

Keywords: python; uncertainty-quantification; benchmark; sensitivity-analysis; metamodeling; reliability-analysis

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37736
Publ.-Id: 37736


UQTestFuns: A Python3 library of uncertainty quantification (UQ) test functions

Wicaksono, D. C.; Hecht, M.

Researchers are continuously developing novel methods and algorithms in the field of applied uncertainty quantification (UQ).
During the development phase of a novel method or algorithm, researchers and developers often rely on test functions taken from the literature for validation purposes.
Afterward, they employ these test functions as a fair means to compare the performance of the novel method against that of the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency measures.

UQTestFuns is an open-source Python3 library of test functions commonly used within the applied UQ community.
Specifically, the package provides:

  • an implementation with minimal dependencies (i.e., NumPy and SciPy) and a common interface of many test functions available in the UQ literature
  • a single entry point collecting test functions and their probabilistic input specifications in a single Python package
  • an opportunity for an open-source contribution, supporting the implementation of new test functions and posting reference results.

UQTestFuns aims to save the researchers' and developers' time from having to reimplement many of the commonly used test functions themselves.

Keywords: test functions; benchmark; uncertainty quantification; metamodeling; surrogate modeling; sensitivity analysis; reliability analysis; rare event estimation

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37735
Publ.-Id: 37735


DAG Optimizations for Feynman Diagrams of High-Multiplicity Scattering Processes in Julia

Reinhard, A.; Ehrig, S.; Hernandez Acosta, U.; Widera, R.

The description of scattering processes in high-energy physics is usually done with Feynman Diagrams. The number of Feynman Diagrams that can be generated for a given process explodes factorially with the number of particles. We discuss a possible approach enabling the calculation of higher-multiplicity scattering processes. We propose representing the calculation for a process as a directed acyclic graph (DAG) of small computation tasks. Using Julia, we can optimize this graph using subgraph replacement strategies together with an optimization algorithm. Finally, efficient code targeting arbitrary heterogeneous HPC systems can be generated from the optimized DAG.

Keywords: Julia; Scattering Processes; Compton; High-Energy Physics; DAG; Optimization; HPC

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    JuliaHEP 2023 Workshop, 06.-09.11.2023, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Deutschland

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37734
Publ.-Id: 37734


Tunable room-temperature non-linear Hall effect from the surfaces of elementary bismuth thin films

Makarov, D.

In this presentation I will describe our recent experiments with polycrystalline Bi thin films, where we observed non-linear Hall effect.

Keywords: Bi thin films; non-linear Hall effect; geometric non-linear Hall effect

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    Annual meeting of the Lu Jiaxi international team, 25.-26.11.2023, Ningbo, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37733
Publ.-Id: 37733


Magnetic composites: from printed, self-healable and eco-sustainable magnetoelectronics to smart magnetic soft robots

Makarov, D.

In this lecture for magnetism students, I will cover the following topics: magnetic composites (i.e., mixtures of polymers and magnetic particles); flexible magnetoelectronics; printed magnetoelectronics; eco-sustainable magnetics; magnetic actuation (including locomotion). The aim is to provide an overview of new application scenarios of magnetic materials prepared in the form of composites for hingeless ultrafast actuators and printed magnetic field sensors. The lecture should stimulate activities on the realization of eco-sustainable magnetics including biodegradable and biocompatible magnetic field sensors.

Keywords: flexible magnetic field sensors; shapeable magnetoelectronics; printed magnetoelectronics; magnetic composites

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    PETASPIN 2023 School on “Spintronics: fundamentals and applications” – II edition, 12.-15.12.2023, Messina, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37732
Publ.-Id: 37732


Floquet analysis of a superradiant many-qutrit refrigerator

Kolisnyk, D.; Queißer, F.; Schaller, G.; Schützhold, R.

We investigate superradiant enhancements in the refrigeration performance in a set of N three-level systems that are collectively coupled to a hot and a cold thermal reservoir and are additionally subject to collective periodic (circular) driving. Assuming the system-reservoir coupling to be weak, we explore the regime of stronger periodic driving strengths by comparing collective weak-driving, Floquet-Lindblad, and Floquet-Redfield master equations. We identify regimes where the power injected by the periodic driving is used to pump heat from the cold to the hot reservoir and derive analytic sufficient conditions for them based on a cycle analysis of the Floquet-Lindblad master equation. In those regimes, we also argue for which parameters collective enhancements like a quadratic scaling of the cooling current with N can be expected and support our arguments by numerical simulations.

Keywords: Floquet theory; periodic driving; refrigeration; superradiance; cooling condition; collective effects

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37731
Publ.-Id: 37731


Sequential Kibble-Zurek dynamics in the anisotropic Ising model of the Si(001) surface

Schaller, G.; Queißer, F.; Parya Katoorani, S.; Brand, C.; Kohlfürst, C.; Freeman, M. R.; Hucht, A.; Kratzer, P.; Sothmann, B.; Horn-Von Hoegen, M.; Schützhold, R.

As a simplified description of the non-equilibrium dynamics of buckled dimers on the Si(001) surface, we consider the anisotropic 2D Ising model and study the freezing of spatial correlations during a cooling quench across the critical point. The dependence of the frozen correlation lengths ξ‖ and ξ⊥ on the cooling rate obtained numerically matches the Kibble-Zurek scaling quite well. However, we also find that the ratio ξ‖/ξ⊥ of their frozen values deviates significantly from the ratio in equilibrium. Supported by analytical arguments, we explain this difference by the fact that the deviation from equilibrium in the weakly coupled direction occurs earlier than in the strongly coupled direction.

Keywords: Kibble-Zurek mechanism; defect formation; temperature quench; silicon surface; Ising model; anisotropy effects

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37730
Publ.-Id: 37730


How small can Maxwell's demon be? -- Lessons from autonomous electronic feedback models

Schaller, G.

External piecewise-constant feedback control can modify energetic and entropic balances, allowing in extreme scenarios for Maxwell demon operational modes. Without specifying the actual implementation of external feedback loops, one can only partially quantify the additional contributions to entropy production. This is different in autonomously operating systems with internal feedback. Traditional (bipartite) autonomous systems can be divided into controller and a controlled subsystem, but also non-bipartite systems can accomplish the same task. We consider examples of autonomous three-terminal models that transfer heat mainly from a cold to a hot reservoir by dumping a small fraction of it to an ultra-cold (demon) reservoir, such that their coarse-grained dynamics resembles an external feedback loop. We find that the minimal three-level implementation is most efficient in utilizing heat dissipation to change the entropy balance of the effective controlled system.

Keywords: Maxwell demon; autonomous operation; refrigerator; coarse-graining

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37729
Publ.-Id: 37729


Supporting microscope images: The Impact of Al2O3 Particles from Grit-Blasted Ti6Al7Nb (Alloy) Implant Surfaces on Biocompatibility, Aseptic Loosening, and Infection

Kocjančič, B.; Avsec, K.; Šetina Batič, B.; Feizpour, D.; Godec, M.; Kralj Iglič, V.; Podlipec, R.; Cor, A.; Debeljak, M.; Grant T., J.; Jenko, M.; Dolinar, D.

Supporting confocal fluorescence microscope images of live cells grown on different implant surfaces

Keywords: Ti6Al7Nb implant alloy cementless hip endoprostheses; roughness; Al2O3 grit blasting; surface and subsurface implant contamination; cytotoxicity; aseptic loosening; infection; osteointegration

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37728
Publ.-Id: 37728


The Impact of Al2O3 Particles from Grit-Blasted Ti6Al7Nb (Alloy) Implant Surfaces on Biocompatibility, Aseptic Loosening, and Infection

Kocjančič, B.; Avsec, K.; Šetina Batič, B.; Feizpour, D.; Godec, M.; Kralj Iglič, V.; Podlipec, R.; Cor, A.; Debeljak, M.; Grant T., J.; Jenko, M.; Dolinar, D.

For the improvement of surface roughness, titanium joint arthroplasty (TJA) components are grit-blasted with Al2O3 (corundum) particles during manufacturing. There is an acute concern, particularly with uncemented implants, about polymeric, metallic, and corundum debris generation and accumulation in TJA, and its association with osteolysis and implant loosening. The surface morphology, chemistry, phase analysis, and surface chemistry of retrieved and new Al2O3 grit-blasted titanium alloy were determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and confocal laser fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Peri-prosthetic soft tissue was studied with histopathology. Blasted retrieved and new stems were exposed to human mesenchymal stromal stem cells (BMSCs) for 7 days to test biocompatibility and cytotoxicity. We found metallic particles in the peri-prosthetic soft tissue. Ti6Al7Nb with the residual Al2O3 particles exhibited a low cytotoxic effect while polished titanium and ceramic disks exhibited no cytotoxic effect. None of the tested materials caused cell death or even a zone of inhibition. Our results indicate a possible biological effect of the blasting debris; however, we found no significant toxicity with these materials. Further studies on the optimal size and properties of the blasting particles are indicated for minimizing their adverse biological effects.

Keywords: Ti6Al7Nb implant alloy cementless hip endoprostheses; roughness; Al2O3 grit blasting; surface and subsurface implant contamination; cytotoxicity; aseptic loosening; infection; osteointegration

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37725
Publ.-Id: 37725


Challenges of the copper-mediated radiofluorination

Kaur, S.; Wenzel, B.; Deuther-Conrad, W.; Dukic-Stefanovic, S.; Toussaint, M.; Kopka, K.; Moldovan, R.-P.

Ziel: Copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) was a breakthrough of the last decade in the development of non-activated 18F-aryl-bearing radiopharmaceuticals.1 Despite extensive studies and improvements of the radiolabelling conditions, the formation of H-side product 3 and OH-side product 4 still possess a challenge in these Suzuki/Stille type reactions. In our work, we faced similar problems and additionally, the continuous hydrolysis of the boronic ester precursor 1 during the semi-preparative HPLC purification resulted in another impurity 5. In this study, we tried to address and overcome these challenges.

Methoden: The CMRF of 1 bearing a non-activating aromatic substituent at para position was optimized by varying the following parameters: solvent (DMA and DMI), reaction time (5 - 20 min), temperature (110 - 130 °C) and molar ratio of precursor 1 to Cu-complex (1:3, 1:4. 2:3, 1:8). Compounds 3 and 4 were synthesized as references for identification of the side-products in the final radiotracer formulation. Various stationary phases (pentafluorophenyl, cyano, phenyl, C18) and mobile phases were tested to separate unwanted side products 3 and 4 by HPLC. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was performed with the C18 plus cartridge before the semi-preparative HPLC purification of [18F]2.

Ergebnisse: [18F]2 was achieved with a high radiochemical conversion of 85 % using 2 mg of 1, 10 mg of [Cu(OTf)2(py)4] (molar ratio of 1:4) in n-BuOH/DMI (1:2, v/v) at 110 °C for 5 min. SPE under acidic conditions (pH 2) resulted in around 90 % recovery of [18F]2 compared to only 20 % under neutral conditions. Due to hydrolysis of residual precursor 1 with TFA prior to semi-preparative HPLC purification, the content of 5 in the formulated final product could be reduced from 25 % (without TFA hydrolysis) to 0.5-1 %. The side-products 3 and 4 were successfully separated using a ReproSil C18AQ column (250 x 20 mm) and 48 % THF/ACN (1:1, v/v) buffered with 20 mM ammonium acetate. Compound [18F]2 was isolated with a radiochemical purity of >95 % and molar activities in the range of 60 GBq/µmol were achieved.

Schlussfolgerungen: Despite a number of hurdles, the CMRF reactions are currently being widely employed for the production of radiopharmaceuticals embodying non-activated 18F-aryl scaffolds. To overcome the occasional purification difficulties of the resulting radioligands, further improvements and mechanistic studies need to be undertaken.

Referenzen:

[1] Preshlock, S., et al. Chemical Reviews 2016, 116(2), 719-766.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    29. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiochemie / Radiopharmazie, 28.-30.09.2023, Bad Salzuflen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37724
Publ.-Id: 37724


New high-resolution microscopy approaches for understanding biocompatibility of hip implants

Podlipec, R.; Štrancar, J.; Barlič, A.; Dolinar, D.; Jenko, M.

Ensuring the biocompatibility of hip implants is essential for the safety, effectiveness, and longevity of these medical devices [1]. The material-induced tissue inflammation and immune reaction must be negligible while promoting tissue integration. However, the major unresolved issue in joint replacement is the occurrence of adverse biological reactions to wear debris, leading to severe inflammation [2] which has been observed at the subcellular level [3]. To gain a deeper understanding of the biocompatibility related to material chemistry and surface topography and to better predict the material functionality and clinical use, it is crucial to investigate the properties of cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration on the implant's surface. In this study, we demonstrate how Al2O3-coated titanium alloys with varying surface topographies and roughness affect the growth and morphology of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). This subcellular-level investigation was conducted on live cells using novel high-resolution 3D confocal fluorescence and backscatter microscopy.

1. Hu CY, Yoon TR. Biomaterials Research, 2018, 22, 33.
2. Cobelli N, Scharf B, Crisi GM, Hardin J, Santambrogio L. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011, 7, 600–608.
3. Podlipec R, Punzón-Quijorna E, Pirker L, Kelemen M, Vavpetič P, Kavalar R, Hlawacek G, Štrancar J, Pelicon P, Fokter SK, Materials, 2021, 14, 3048.

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    5th International Symposium on Biomaterials (5ISB), 13.10.2023, Portorož, Slovenia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37723
Publ.-Id: 37723


Supporting Data: Particulate matter triggers the formation of extracellular amyloid β and tau -containing plaques and neurite shortening in vitro

Sebastijanovič, A.; Podlipec, R.; Gianoncelli, A.; Hlawacek, G.; Bonanni, V.; Camassa, L. M. A.; Malmborg, V.; Kralj, S.; Pagels, J.; Vogel, U.; Zienolddiny-Narui, S.; Urbančič, I.; Koklič, T.; Štrancar, J.

Supplementary material including sample preparation, microscope setup, correlative microscopy analysis and supporting images.

Keywords: neurite shortening; neuronal degeneration; amyloid beta (Aβ); microtubule-associated protein (tau); air pollution; particulate matter; TiO2 nanotubes; diesel exhaust; CeO2 nanoparticles; iron oxide

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37722
Publ.-Id: 37722


Understanding electronic correlations in warm dense quantum plasmas

Dornheim, T.

Warm dense matter (WDM)---an extreme state that is characterized by extreme densities and
temperatures---has emerged as one of the most active frontiers in plasma physics and material
science. In nature, WDM occurs in astrophysical objects such as giant planet interiors and brown
dwarfs. In addition, WDM is highly important for cutting-edge technological applications such as
inertial confinement fusion and the discovery of novel materials. In the laboratory, WDM is studied
experimentally in large facilities around the globe, and new techniques have facilitated
unprecedented insights. Yet, the interpretation of these experiments requires a reliable diagnostics
based on accurate theoretical modeling, which is a notoriously difficult task [1].
In this work, I will give an overview of how we can use exact ab-initio path integral Monte Carlo
(PIMC) simulations [2] together with thermal density functional theory (DFT) calculations to get
new insights into the behavior of WDM. Moreover, I will show how switching to the imaginary-
time representation allows us to significantly improve the interpretation of X-ray Thomson
scattering (XRTS) experiments, which are a key diagnostic for WDM [3]. Specifically, I will
present a model-free temperature diagnostic [4] based on the well-known principle of detailed
balance, but available for all wave numbers, and a new idea to directly extract the electron—
electron static structure factor from an XRTS measurement [5]. As an outlook, I will show how new
PIMC capabilities will allow to give us novel insights into electronic correlations in warm dense
quantum plasmas, leading to unprecedented agreement between experiments [6] and theory.
[1] M. Bonitz et al., Physics of Plasmas 27, 042710 (2020)
[2] M. Böhme et al., Physical Review Letters 129, 066402 (2022)
[3] S. Glenzer and R. Redmer, Reviews of Modern Physics 81, 1625 (2009)
[4] T. Dornheim et al., Nature Communications 13, 7911 (2022)
[5] T. Dornheim et al., arXiv:2305.15305 (submitted)
[6] T. Döppner et al., Nature 618, 270-275 (2023)

  • Lecture (others)
    CFEL Theorie Seminar, 25.10.2023, Hamburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37721
Publ.-Id: 37721


Design of a primary heat exchanger in a sCO2 power cycle for energy storage systems

Guille-Bourdas, A. F.; Unger, S.; Hampel, U.

Renewable energy sources are the key for long-term decarbonisation of the energy system. However, the intermittent nature of renewables, such as solar energy or wind energy, does not always meet the energy demand in the electrical grid. Considering the fact that both electricity production and consumption vary independently, balancing the grid is a major challenge for the development of an energy system based on renewable energies. Within this framework, Thermal Energy Storage systems (TES) coupled with a power cycle have gained popularity since they can store energy from renewable sources during the periods of high production and release it when necessary.
To convert thermal energy into electricity, a power cycle is required. Given the relative high temperature range (600 - 1000 °C), supercritical CO2 (sCO2) is the most promising material as working fluid for the power cycle, from efficiency and safety considerations. Thus, the Primary Heat Exchanger (PHX) must be carefully designed as the fluid pressures in the TES and the power cycle are namely 1 - 10 bar and 200 - 250 bar.
The present work consists of two parts, one elaborates a 1D model in order to design the PCHE regarding a certain set of boundary conditions. The model requires heat transfer and pressure loss correlations from the literature to estimate the Nusselt number and friction factor, which strongly depends on the geometry. It was found that the zigzag channel design intensifies both heat transfer and pressure drop phenomena, which is not suitable for the hot fluid from an economic prospective. Furthermore, 3D simulations by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) were done and compared to the results from the 1D model to ensure the validity of the correlations. It was also found that the results match those from the literature, thus validating the 1D model.

Keywords: Heat exchanger; Printed circuit heat exchanger; Supercritical CO2; Computational fluid dynamics; 1D model; Brayton power cycle

  • Poster
    Doctoral seminar, 17.-19.10.2023, Schöneck, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37720
Publ.-Id: 37720


Data from a case study of the application of Gas Flow Modulation technique for measuring the axial gas dispersion coefficient in bubble columns

Marchini, S.; Bieberle, A.; Schubert, M.; Hampel, U.

The data were used to exemplify the application of Gas Flow Modulation (GFM) for measuring the axial gas dispersion coefficient in bubble column reactors operated at ambient conditions. For more details, please refer to the atteched PDF.

Keywords: Gas flow modulation; Bubble column; Axial gas dispersion coefficient; case-study

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37719
Publ.-Id: 37719


Grazing incidence synchrotron radiation diffraction studies on irradiated Ce-doped and pristine Y-stabilized ZrO2 at the Rossendorf Beamline

Svitlyk, V.; Braga Ferreira Dos Santos, L.; Niessen, J.; Gilson, S.; Marquardt, J.; Findeisen, S.; Richter, S.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Huittinen, N. M.; Hennig, C.

Ce-doped yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and pure YSZ phases were subjected to irradiation with 14 MeV Au ions. The irradiation studies were performed to simulate long-term structural and microstructural damage due to self-irradiation in YSZ phases hosting alpha-active radioactive species. It was found that both the Ce-doped YSZ and YSZ phases were rather tolerant to irradiation at high ion fluences and the bulk crystallinity was well preserved. Nevertheless, local microstrain increased in all the studied compounds after the irradiation, with the Ce-doped phases being less affected than pure YSZ. Doping with cerium ions increased the microstructural stability of YSZ phases through a possible reduction in the mobility of oxygen atoms, which limits the formation of structural defects. Doping of YSZ with tetravalent actinide elements is expected to have a similar effect. Thus, YSZ phases are promising for the safe long-term storage of radioactive elements. Using synchrotron radiation diffraction, measurements of the thin irradiated layers of the Ce-YSZ and YSZ samples were performed in grazing incidence (GI) mode. A corresponding module for measurements in GI mode was developed at ROBL and relevant technical details of sample alignment and data collection are also presented.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37717
Publ.-Id: 37717


High-temperature solid thermal energy storage for Power-Heat-Power systems

Bangalore Mohankumar, M.

Presentation for PhD seminar

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Annunal PhD. Seminar, 17.-19.10.2023, Schöneck/Vogtland, Germany
    High-temperature solid thermal energy storage for Power-Heat-Power systems

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37714
Publ.-Id: 37714


Synthese und Charakterisierung von Bispidinen als bifunktionelle Liganden für die spezifische Bindung von PSMA und der Radiomarkierung mit Quecksilber-197(m)

Ullrich, N.

Für die Untersuchung des Radionuklidpaares 197(m)Hg in der Theranostik, ist die Entwicklung eines Radiopharmakons erforderlich, bei dem unter In-vivo-Bedingungen keine Dissoziation und somit keine Freisetzung von zytotoxischem Quecksilber stattfindet. Das potenzielle metallorganische Radiopharmakon soll dabei auf einem in vivo stabilen Bispidin-Grundgerüst basieren. Dieses bietet die Möglichkeit das Radionuklid durch einfache Substitution über eine benzylische Struktureinheit kovalent an das Grundgerüst zu binden. Durch die dreidimensionale Struktur erfährt das Radionuklid dabei eine sterische Abschirmung. Zusätzlich fungiert das Grundgerüst als bifunktioneller Ligand, der durch eine weitere Substitution in der C9-Position das PSMA-Bindungsmotiv binden kann.
Auf Grundlage der bisherigen Forschungsergebnisse soll das potenzielle Radiopharmakon auf einem Bispidin-Grundgerüst basieren. Hierfür müssen die pharmakologischen Eigenschaften wie die Lipophilie angepasst werden, was durch die Verwendung von Methylgruppen in den Positionen C1 und C5 erreicht werden soll. Weiterhin soll durch die gezielte Funktionalisierung der C9-Position des Bispidin-Grundgerüsts eine Bindung des PSMA-Bindungsmotivs an das Grundgerüst ermöglicht werden, wofür verschiedene Ansätze untersucht werden sollen. Das vorrangige Ziel besteht dabei in der Einführung und Funktionalisierung eines primären Amins und deren Substitution, um die Bindung des Vektormoleküls zu erreichen.
Nach Entfernung des C1-Bausteines aus dem Aminal soll durch nukleophile Substitution jeweils eine Trialkylstannyl-funktionalisierte Struktureinheit an den sekundären Aminen gebunden werden, um eine Fluchtgruppe für die folgende, kovalente Bindung des Quecksilbers zu ermöglichen. Hierfür soll einem vorangehenden Schritt das Trialkylstannyl-funktionalisierte Molekül synthetisiert werden. Basierend auf der Arbeit von I. M. GIPLIN und Kollegen soll statt der Trimethylstannyl- eine Triethylstannyl-Verbindung genutzt werden, um die beobachtete Instabilität zu umgehen.
Nachfolgend soll das PSMA-Bindungsmotiv über eine Peptidbindung an die funktionalisierte C9-Position des Grundgerüsts gebunden werden, wodurch sich das Radiopharmakon später selektiv an maligne Zellen anlagern kann. Darüber hinaus soll die anschließende Radiomarkierung mit dem Nuklidpaar 197(m)Hg ermöglicht werden.

Keywords: Quecksilber-197(m); Bispidine; theranostisches Konzept

  • Master thesis
    TU Dresden - Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, 2023
    Mentor: PD Dr. Constantin Mamat
    114 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37712
Publ.-Id: 37712


Exchange gap in GdPtBi probed by magneto-optics

Polatkan, S.; Uykur, E.; Mohelsky, I.; Wyzula, J.; Orlita, M.; Shekhar, C.; Felser, C.; Dressel, M.; Pronin, A. V.

We measured the magneto-reflectivity spectra (4 – 90 meV, 0 – 16 T) of the triple-point semimetal GdPtBi and found them to demonstrate two unusual broad features emerging in field. The electronic bands of GdPtBi are expected to experience large exchange-mediated shifts, which lends itself to a description via effective Zeeman splittings with a large g-factor. Based on this approach, along with an ab-initio band structure analysis, we propose a model Hamiltonian that describes our observations well and allows us to estimate the effective g-factor, g∗ = 95. We conclude that we directly observe the exchange-induced Γ8 band inversion in GdPtBi by the means of infrared spectroscopy.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37711
Publ.-Id: 37711


Viscosity influence on human hepatoma tumor spheroids formation in core-shell alginate-carboxymethylcellulose microcapsules

Peng, X.; Janićijević, Ž.; Lemm, S.; Laube, M.; Pietzsch, J.; Bachmann, M.; Baraban, L.

Biomolecular and physical stimuli, such as stiffness and stress, of the extracellular environment, regulate collective cell dynamics and tissue patterning. The viscosity in the tumor microenvironment can increase due to the accumulation of macromolecules over time. Islands of rigid tumors are surrounded by soft cells that are more deformable than their healthy counterparts. Nonetheless, how the viscosities of the tumor microenvironment regulate collective cell spatial and temporal organization is not fully understood. Here, we used the human hepatoma (HepG2) cancer cells, the basic structural component of the liver, as an example to study the influence of viscosity (range from 0.8 cP to 15 cP) on cancer cell collective behavior in 3D microcapsules reactors. Alginate/Alginate-carboxymethylcellulose microcapsules (AL/AL-CMC MCs) with HepG2 cells were generated using a home-made high-throughput droplet-based microfluidic platform. Cell distribution, cell proliferation, spheroids growth, morphology change, and cytoskeleton difference were observed and quantified, showing a significant effect on viscosity change. Importantly, F-actin and keratin 8 intensity and distribution results can be a cue that viscosity increases enhancing the ability of cancer cells to squeeze through dense tissue. The results thus demonstrate that extracellular viscosity as an important physical cue regulates tumor development relevance to cancer biology.

Keywords: physical stimuli; viscosity; HepG2; gel matrix

  • Lecture (Conference)
    International Conference on Nanotechnologies & Bionanoscience, 14.09.2023, Heraklion, Greece

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37708
Publ.-Id: 37708


Application of focused ion beams for quantum and information technologies

Astakhov, G.

In the first part, we present our recent result on mask-free nanofabrication involving a quasi-deterministic creation of single G- and W-centers in silicon wafers using focused-ion beam (FIB) writing. Using these centers, we implement a scalable, broad-beam implantation protocol compatible with the complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology to fabricate telecom single photon emitters at desired positions on the nanoscale In the second part, we present a concept of ultralong, high-density data archiving based on optically active atomic-size defects in silicon carbide (SiC). The information is written in these defects by FIB and read using photoluminescence (PL) or cathodoluminescence (CL). With near-infrared laser excitation, grayscale encoding and multi-layer data storage, the areal density corresponds to that of Blu-ray discs.

Keywords: Quantum technology; Defects; Focused ion beam

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    Sino-German Symposium Defect Engineering in SiC and Other Wide Bandgap Semiconductor, 23.-24.10.2023, Conference Center, SUSTech, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37705
Publ.-Id: 37705


Learning to reconstruct the bubble distribution with conductivity maps using Invertible Neural Networks and Error Diffusion

Kumar, N.; Krause, L.; Wondrak, T.; Eckert, S.; Eckert, K.; Gumhold, S.

Electrolysis is crucial for eco-friendly hydrogen production, but gas bubbles generated during the process hinder reactions, reduce cell efficiency, and increase energy consumption. Additionally, these gas bubbles cause changes in the conductivity inside the cell, resulting in corresponding variations in the induced magnetic field around the cell. Therefore, measuring these gas bubble-induced magnetic field fluctuations using external magnetic sensors and solving the inverse problem of Biot-Savart’s Law allows for estimating the conductivity in the cell and, thus, bubble size and location. However, determining high-resolution conductivity maps from only a few induced magnetic field measurements is an ill-posed inverse problem. To overcome this, we exploit Invertible Neural Networks (INNs) to reconstruct the conductivity field. Our qualitative results and quantitative evaluation using random error diffusion show that INN achieves far superior performance compared to Tikhonov regularization.

Keywords: Machine Learning; Invertible Neural Networks; Water Electrolysis; Biot-Savart Law

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    11th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 06.-08.09.2023, Mexiko-Stadt, Mexiko
  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    11th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 06.-08.09.2023, Mexiko-Stadt, Mexiko

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37702
Publ.-Id: 37702


Current Tomography - Localization of void fractions in conducting liquids by measuring the induced magnetic flux density

Krause, L.; Kumar, N.; Wondrak, T.; Gumhold, S.; Eckert, S.; Eckert, K.

A novel concept of a measurement technology for the localization and determination of the size of gas bubbles is presented, which is intended to contribute to a further understanding of the dynamics of efficiency-reducing gas bubbles in electrolyzers. A simplified proof-of-concept (POC) model is used to numerically simulate the electric current flow through materials with significant differences in electrical conductivity. Through an automated approach, an extensive data set of electric current density and conductivity distributions is generated, complemented with determined magnetic flux densities in the surroundings of the POC cell at virtual sensor positions. The generated data set serves as testing data for various reconstruction approaches. Based on the measurable magnetic flux density, solving Biot-Savart’s law inversely is demonstrated and discussed with a model-based solution of an optimization problem, of which the gas bubble locations are derived.

Keywords: current tomography; magnetic field measurement; current density distribution; inverse problem

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    11th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 06.-08.09.2023, Mexiko-Stadt, Mexiko
  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    11th World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography, 06.-08.09.2023, Mexiko-Stadt, Mexiko

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37701
Publ.-Id: 37701


Example Dataset from a Laser Ion Beam Accelearation Experiment for the Lecture on Research Software Engineering

Metzkes-Ng, J.; Zeil, K.; Bernert, C.; Reimold, M.; Gaus, L.; Assenbaum, S.; Schlenvoigt, H.-P.
DataCurator: Knodel, Oliver; ContactPerson: Juckeland, Guido

The dataset is an example experiment with images and metadata from the Laser-driven Ion Acceleration at HZDR from 2019-08-29. The dataset is used for the lecture on research Software Engineering (RSE) at Technische Universität Dresden.

Keywords: Laser Ion Beam Accelearation; Data Management; Metadata; Research Software Engineering

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37699
Publ.-Id: 37699


Structure prediction of iron hydrides at high pressures with machine-learned interatomic potentials

Tahmasbi, H.; Ramakrishna, K.; Lokamani, M.; Bethkenhagen, M.; Cangi, A.

Understanding the composition of Earth's core and mantle is a major challenge in geoscience
and materials science. The core is primarily made of iron, but its density is known to be
slightly lower than pure iron. Hydrogen contributes to this density deficit, leading to
significant interest in the properties and structure of iron hydrides under high pressure.

Previous studies have shown that the dhcp phase of FeH remains stable at lower pressures (10-40 GPa)
but undergoes phase transitions to hcp and fcc phases at higher pressures.
This study focuses on a theoretical exploration of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) of FeH under
varying pressure conditions. The objective is to demonstrate the effectiveness of automated and systematic
methods for training and validating transferable machine-learned interatomic potential (ML-IAP) using global
optimization techniques. By utilizing this potential, which significantly reduce computational costs,
the phase diagram of the stoichiometric Fe-H system is analyzed across a range of pressures.

To achieve this, we utilize the PyFLAME code to construct a highly transferable ML-IAP.
With this accurate potential, the PESs of bulk FeH structures are systematically investigated
through global sampling using the minima hopping method. This comprehensive exploration enables the prediction
of stable and metastable iron hydrides from 0 to 100 GPa. Density functional theory calculations are conducted
to refine the predicted structures and evaluate their dynamical stability.
The findings of this study reveal a wide range of novel low-energy polymorphs of FeH at each
pressure level, alongside the recovery of well-known structures in the literature.

  • Open Access Logo Poster
    NHR Conference 2023, 18.-19.09.2023, Berlin, Germany

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37698
Publ.-Id: 37698


Orientational mercury removal from aqueous solution using three-dimensionally structured CuxS nanocluster anchored attapulgite

Dai, G.; Huang, J.; Ding, W.; Qiu, L.; Zhang, W.; Gu, Q.; Wang, Z.; Hu, Z.; Quan, C.; Li, P.

Toxic mercury-containing wastewater emitted from mining and nonferrous metallurgy seriously threatens human health and aquatic ecosystem. Effective mercury removal interfered with other coexisting metal ions in wastewater poses major challenges, requiring simple and sustainable methods. In this work, a novel three-dimensional (3D) CuxS nanocluster-anchored attapulgite (ATP@CuxS) is tailored for orientational mercury adsorption from diluted mercury-containing wastewater. The prepared ATP@CuxS adsorbent exhibited an unparalleled Hg2+ adsorption capacity of 746.48 mg g-1 among ever-reported clay-based adsorbents. Mercury-containing wastewater with an initial concentration of 5 mg L-1, and solution pH of 6.5 was ~100% removed within 20 min, and no interference by coexisting anionic and cation ions was observed. In the determination of the adsorption mechanism, in-situ intercalation and vulcanization of Cu2+ on ATP base constructs nanoclusters shaped CuxS that provide abundant active sites for Hg2+ adsorption. The negatively charged ATP facilitates positive Cu2+ immobilization on its surface followed by inorganic sulfide generation. This interfacial electrical compatibility makes a compact and stable composite.
33 Hydrophilic ATP modulated the uniform dispersion performance of ATP@CuxS, and
34 the dense CuxS package contributed to easier sedimentation and recovery after Hg2+
35 adsorption in water. Furthermore, Hg2+ removal efficiency was maintained at 70% after
36 8 times repetitions, indicating a gentle feasibility as a mass-generated adsorbent. The
37 proposed interface engineering from the perspective of micro-interface electrical
38 compatibility creates an attractive and easily accessible system that combines efficiency,
39 capacity, selectivity, and reusability for orientational removing Hg2+ from wastewater.

Keywords: CuxS nanocluster; Attapulgite; Interface engineering; Mercury removal; Orientational removal; Feasibility evaluation

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  • Secondary publication expected from 26.01.2025

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37697
Publ.-Id: 37697


Nucleation of surface nanobubbles in electrochemistry: Analysis with nucleation theorem

Ma, Y.; Huang, M.; Mutschke, G.; Zhang, X.

The formation of single bubbles at nanoelectrodes during electrochemical reactions allows to accurately identify the critical nucleus for bubble formation. As demonstrated before, combining nanoelectrode experiments and an analysis approach based on classical nucleation theory (CNT) delivers useful insight into bubble nucleation. In this work we propose an alternative approach to analyze the critical nuclei by applying the nucleation theorem (NT), which is able to overcome the inherent shortcomings of CNT. The size of the critical nucleus can be calculated more accurately by fitting experimental data in a simple form of the NT. Simulating the local gas concentration using a finite element approach, and considering the effect of gas oversaturation on the interfacial tension and the real gas compressibility, we obtain a more realistic estimation of the critical nuclei morphology. With the NT-based analysis presented, we re-analyze the nucleation data reported before. The properties of the critical nuclei obtained here are roughly consistent with those obtained from the CNT-based approach. In addition, we confirm that the critical nucleus for bubble formation in high gas oversaturation is featured with a contact angle much larger than Young’s contact angle.

Keywords: nanobubble; critical nucleous; nucleation theorem; finite element simulation; contact angle

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37696
Publ.-Id: 37696


Defect evolution in GaN thin film heterogeneously integrated with CMOS-compatible Si(100) substrate by ion-cutting technology

Shi, H.; Yi, A.; Ding, J.; Liu, X.; Qin, Q.; Yi, J.; Hu, J.; Wang, M.; Cai, D.; Wang, J.; Xu, K.; Mu, F.; Suga, T.; Heller, R.; Wang, M.; Zhou, S.; Xu, W.; Huang, K.; You, T.; Ou, X.

Ion-cutting technology is an ingenious solution to the high-quality heterogeneous integration of GaN thin films with CMOS-compatible Si(100) substrate, which provides a platform to combine GaN-based optoelectronics, high-frequency and high-power electronics with digital signal processing, logic computation, and control of Si(100) CMOS. Previously, we reported the fabrication of 2-inch GaN film on SiO2/Si(100) substrate (GaNOI) by the ion-cutting technology. In this study, we further study the defect evolution in the transferred GaN films, which is needed to promote the practical applications of the GaNOI material platform.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37695
Publ.-Id: 37695


The Heterogeneity of the Sandy Facies of Opalinus Clay across Scales, from Seismic Surveys to Radionuclide Diffusion - an in-situ Test in the Swiss Rock Laboratory Mont Terri

Heberling, F.; Albers, H.; Beilecke, T.; Deissmann, G.; Fischer, C.; Furche, M.; Geckeis, H.; Hoyer, E.-M.; Joseph, C.; Liebscher, A.; van Loon, L.; Lüth, S.; Ma, B.; Metz, V.; Müller, K.; Nowak, U.; Quinto, F.; Rebscher, D.; Rühaak, W.; Schulte, F.; Steegborn, F.; Tietz, T.

Many countries consider clay rock formations as potential host rocks for high-level nuclear waste disposal. Clay rocks may exhibit heterogeneity on various scales, from the micro- to the facies-scale. In the Mont Terri rock laboratory, Switzerland, various experiments study properties and characteristics of the Jurassic Opalinus Clay, which is the target host rock for the Swiss nuclear waste repository but may also provide proxies for other considered clay rock formations. At Mont Terri, the Opalinus Clay mainly appears in a shaly and two sandy facies. So far, diffusion experiments at Mont Terri focussed on the relatively homogeneous shaly facies. The upper sandy facies (SF-OPA) exhibits a more pronounced internal – mineralogical and textural – heterogeneity. Clay rocks with comparable heterogeneity to SF-OPA may be present among the lower Cretaceous clay rocks of northern Germany, which are among the potential host rock candidates for a future German nuclear waste repository. Since 2020, seven institutions develop an in-situ diffusion experiment in SF-OPA, the so-called DR-D experiment, to explore the impact of rock heterogeneity on radionuclide diffusion in low permeability clay rocks.
So far, the DR-D experiment combined high-resolution seismic tomography, borehole logging, and detailed drill core analyses to characterize the heterogeneity of the selected SF-OPA area. The targeted rock zone exhibits a layer starting ca. 10 m below the gallery surface, which is characterized by relatively high seismic velocities. This layer is as well evident in the natural gamma- and the neutron backscattering logs. In the drill cores it stands out as whitish rock characterized by large concretions and traces of bioturbation in contrast to the dark layered clay-rock above and below with smaller concretions. Detailed analysis of seismic signals and drill-cores is still ongoing. In future, an in-situ diffusion test using various radioactive and non-radioactive tracers (e.g., HTO, 129I, 22Na) will be conducted targeting the evidently heterogeneous rock section 10 m below the gallery surface. The evolution of tracer concentrations in a synthetic porewater circulating in the diffusion interval will be monitored. A second seismic tomography survey is planned after the termination of the diffusion experiment. Finally, overcoring and post-mortem analysis of the rock affected by tracer diffusion will be used to determine the local variability of diffusion parameters.
In this contribution, we present the general concept, technical layout, and expected scientific impact of the DR-D experiment, as well as first results from field and related laboratory studies.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    18th international conference on the chemistry and migration behaviour of actinides and fission products in the geosphere, 24.-29.09.2023, Nantes, France
  • Poster
    18th international conference on the chemistry and migration behaviour of actinides and fission products in the geosphere, 24.-29.09.2023, Nantes, France, 24.-29.09.2023, Nantes, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37694
Publ.-Id: 37694


Data publication: Chelator Impact: Investigating the Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Copper-64 Labeled PD-L1 Radioligands

Krutzek, F.; Donat, C.; Stadlbauer, S.

Bei diesem Datensatz handelt es sich um die chemische Charakterisierung der Verbindungen, die in-vitro- und in-vivo-Daten.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37693
Publ.-Id: 37693


Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)-Ladder-Type Two-Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Fast Proton Storage

Wang, M.; Wang, G.; Naisa, C.; Fu, Y.; Manoj Gali, S.; Paasch, S.; Wang, M.; Wittkaemper, H.; Papp, C.; Brunner, E.; Zhou, S.; Beljonne, D.; Steinrück, H.-P.; Dong, R.; Feng, X.

Electrochemical proton storage plays an essential role in designing next-generation high-rate energy storage devices, e.g., aqueous batteries. Two-dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c-COFs) are promising electrode materials, but their competitive proton and metal-ion insertion mechanisms remain elusive, and proton storage in COFs is rarely explored. Here, we report a perinone-based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL)-ladder-type 2D c-COF for fast proton storage in both a mild aqueous Zn-ion electrolyte and strong acid. We unveil that the discharged C−O− groups exhibit largely reduced basicity due to the considerable π-delocalization in perinone, thus affording the 2D c-COF a unique affinity for protons with fast kinetics. As a consequence, the 2D c-COF electrode presents an outstanding rate capability of up to 200 A g−1 (over 2500 C), surpassing the state-of-the-art conjugated polymers, COFs, and metal–organic frameworks. Our work reports the first example of pure proton storage among COFs and highlights the great potential of BBL-ladder-type 2D conjugated polymers in future energy devices.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37692
Publ.-Id: 37692


Preclinical evaluation of an ¹⁸F-labeled Nε-acryloyllysine piperazide for covalent targeting of transglutaminase 2

Wodtke, R.; Laube, M.; Hauser, S.; Meister, S.; Ludwig, F.-A.; Fischer, S.; Kopka, K.; Pietzsch, J.; Löser, R.

Background: Transglutaminase 2 (TGase 2) is a multifunctional protein and has a prominent role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. In particular, its transamidase activity, which is rather latent under physiological conditions, gains importance in malignant cells and supports tumor development and progression. Thus, there is a great need of theranostic probes for targeting tumor-associated TGase 2, and targeted covalent inhibitors appear particularly attractive as vector molecules in this regard. Such an inhibitor, equipped with a radionuclide suitable for noninvasive imaging, would be supportive for answering the general question on the possibility for functional characterization of tumor-associated TGase 2 in vivo. For this purpose, the recently developed ¹⁸F-labeled Nε-acryloyllysine piperazide [¹⁸F]7b, which is a potent and selective irreversible inhibitor of TGase 2, was subject to a detailed radiopharmacological characterization herein, including ex vivo biodistribution, metabolism and tumor uptake.
Results: An alternative radiosynthesis of [¹⁸F]7b under basic conditions is presented, which demands less than 300 µg of the respective trimethylammonio precursor per synthesis and provides [¹⁸F]7b in good radiochemical yields (17±7%) and high (radio)chemical purities (≥99%). Ex vivo biodistribution in healthy mice at 5 and 60 min p.i. revealed no permanent enrichment of ¹⁸F-activity in tissues with the exception of the bone tissue. In vivo pretreatment with ketoconazole and in vitro murine liver microsome (MLM) studies complemented by UPLC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that bone uptake originates from metabolically released [¹⁸F]fluoride. Further metabolic transformations of [¹⁸F]7b include mono-hydroxylation and glucuronidation. Based on blood sampling data and MLM experiments, pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma and intrinsic clearance were derived, which substantiated the apparently rapid distribution of [¹⁸F]7b in and elimination from the organisms. A TGase 2-mediated uptake of [¹⁸F]7b in different tumor cell lines could not be proven. Moreover, evaluation of [¹⁸F]7b in melanoma tumor xenograft models based on A375-hS100A4 (TGase 2 +) and MeWo (TGase 2 -) cells by ex vivo biodistribution and PET imaging were not indicative for a TGase 2-specific targeting.
Conclusion:
[¹⁸F]7b is a valuable radiometric tool to study TGase 2 in vitro under various conditions. However, its suitability for targeting tumor-associated TGase 2 is strongly limited due its unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties including a pronounced metabolization. Consequently, from a radiochemical perspective [18F]7b requires structural modifications to overcome these limitations.

Keywords: radiofluorination; liver microsomes; biodistribution; PET imaging; plasma clearance; pharmacokinetics; radiometabolites; defluorination

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37691
Publ.-Id: 37691


Uranium(VI) interactions with Pseudomonas sp. PS-0-L, V4-5-SB and T5-6-I

Kasko, J.; Li, X.; Müller, K.; Ge, Y.; Vettese, G. F.; Law, G. T. W.; Siitari-Kauppi, M.; Huittinen, N. M.; Raff, J.; Bomberg, M.; Herzig, M.

Pseudomonas sp. are indigenous inhabitants of ombrotrophic bogs which can survive in acidic, nutrient-poor environments with wide temperature fluctuations. Their interactions with contaminant radionuclides can influence radionuclide biogeochemistry in boreal environment. Here, uranium (U(VI)) bioassociation by Pseudomonas sp. PS-0-L, V4-5-SB and T5-6-I isolated from a boreal bog was studied by a combination of batch contact experiments, spectroscopy and microscopy. All strains removed U from the solution and the U bioassociation efficiency was affected by the nutrient source, incubation temperature, time and pH. Highest U bioassociation occurred in the strains PS-0-L (0.199 mg U/gBDW) and V4-5-SB (0.223 mg U/gBDW). Based on in-situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) analyses, the most likely functional groups responsible for U binding were the cell surface carboxyl groups. In addition, transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDX) showed dense intra-cellular round- and needle-like U accumulations in the cytoplasm and near to the inner cell membrane. The presence of U with phosphorus was indicated in elemental mapping. Modelled data showed ≡SOOHx-1 and ≡SOCO2Hx-1 as the dominant surface sites, contributing to the negative cell surface charge. The U removal efficiency depended on the U(VI) speciation under different pH conditions. At pH 5, the main species reacting with bacterial cell surfaces was UO22+, while at pH 9 UO2(OH)2 and UO2(OH)3- dominated the reactions. Further, U bioassociation increased with increasing aqueous U(VI) concentrations. Our data suggests U bioassociation on 1) outer cell membrane/cell wall associated carboxyl groups (e.g., proteins), and 2) intracellular phosphate groups (e.g., phospholipids).

Keywords: bioassociation; biosorption; bioaccumulation; modelling; carboxyl group; phosphate group

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37690
Publ.-Id: 37690


Oppositely charged surfactants and nanoparticles at the air-water interface: Influence of surfactant to nanoparticle ratio

Eftekhari, M.; Schwarzenberger, K.; Karakashev, S. I.; Grozev, N. A.; Eckert, K.

Hypothesis: The interactions between oppositely charged nanoparticles and surfactants can significantly influence the interfacial properties of the system. Traditionally, in the study of such systems, the nanoparticle concentration is varied while the surfactant concentration is kept constant, or vice versa. However, we believe that a defined variation of both components' concentration is necessary to accurately assess their effects on the interfacial properties of the system. We argue that the effect of nanoparticle-surfactant complexes can only be properly evaluated by keeping the surfactant to nanoparticle ratio constant.

Experiments: Zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, high amplitude surface pressure and surface tension measurements are employed synergistically to characterize the interfacial properties of the nanoparticle-surfactant system. Interferometric experiments are performed to highlight the effect of surface concentration on the stability of thin liquid films.

Findings: The interfacial properties of surfactant/nanoparticle mixtures are primarily determined by the surfactant/nanoparticle ratio. Below a certain ratio, free surfactant molecules are removed from the solution by the formation of surfactant-nanoparticle complexes. Surprisingly, even though the concentration and hydrophobicity of these complexes do not seem to have a noticeable impact on the surface tension, they do significantly affect the rheological properties of the interface. Above this ratio, free surfactant monomers and nanoparticle-surfactant complexes coexist and can co-adsorb at the interface, changing both the interfacial tension and the interfacial rheology, and thus, for example, the foamability and foam stability of the system.

Keywords: Nanoparticle surfactant complexes; Surfactant to nanoparticle ratio; Surface pressure isotherm; Zeta potential; Film stability

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  • Secondary publication expected from 04.10.2024

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37689
Publ.-Id: 37689


Opportunities and challenges for spintronics

Adelmann, C.; Jenkins, A.; Pirro, P.; Schultheiß, K.; van Dijken, S.; Kruglyak, V.; Bortolotti, P.

Conventional electronics use the flow of electric charges and are based on standard semiconductors. Spintronic devices exploit the electrons’ spin to generate and control currents and to combine electric and magnetic signals. Today there is a strong effort worldwide to integrate spintronic devices with standard CMOS technology towards hybrid spin-CMOS chips, offering advantages in terms of power consumption, compactness, and speed. Recent results (from SAMSUNG [1], TSMC [2], etc.) confirm the merit of this approach.

Keywords: spintronics; magnonics

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37688
Publ.-Id: 37688


Research data management of laser-plasma science at HZDR

Schlenvoigt, H.-P.; Tippey, K. E.; Horn, W.; Bock, S.; Pape, D.; Knodel, O.; Kluge, T.; Irman, A.; Zeil, K.; Schramm, U.

The Draco laboratory at HZDR is a versatile, multi-arm and multi-target-area facility, consisting of several, independent subsystems. The lack of an overarching DAQ is balanced by interfaces of the subsystems and custom inter-linking agents. We present recent progress of implementing such software agents, connecting to the center’s electronic lab documentation system. First, manual logging of shot parameters and observations is lifted from spreadsheet software to a flexible web-app, writing to a database (DB). The laser-internal logging is exported to a DB and internal software triggering is forwarded to experiments. That provides a connection between laser-internal indexing and experiment-based indexing (another DB) and enables near-online data processing. The latter comprises file path logging and validation according to the shot’s acquisition settings for further analysis as well as basic on-shot analysis scripts, both enabling near-online visualization to better guide the course of experiments.
Likewise, parameters and results from simulations are logged to databases, enabling machine learning techniques and better computing resource management.
For a long-term, FAIR storage, the HELPMI project starts exploring the possibilities of openPMD and NeXus to ingest experimental data. That project shall serve as initiative for the global LPA community to find a data and metadata standard.

Keywords: data standard; metadata

  • Open Access Logo Poster
    6th European Advanced Accelerator Concepts workshop, 18.-22.09.2023, La Biodola Bay, Isola d'Elba, Italy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37687
Publ.-Id: 37687


Synthese und Radiomarkierung von macropa-PSMA-Derivaten für die Tumorbildgebung mit Iod-123

Krönke, T.

Ziel: macropa-PSMA-Konjugate mit Albuminbinder zur zielgerichteten Alphatherapie mit 225Ac wurde innerhalb der Arbeitsgruppe bereits erfolgreich synthetisiert und in vitro und in vivo untersucht.[1,2] Die dabei eingeführte albuminbindende Einheit bietet die Grundlage zur Erarbeitung eines theranostischen Ansatzes indem, neben der Komplexierung des Alphaemitters 225Ac, die Bindung von Iod-123 als leicht zugängliches SPECT-Nuklid im gleichen Molekül ermöglicht wird. Vorteilhaft sind die milden Markierungsbedingungen sowie eine passende Halbwertszeit des Iodisotopes (t1/2 =13,2 h), welche die Bildgebung länger zirkulierender Substanzen ermöglicht.
Methoden: Die Synthese der peptidomimetischen Ausgangsverbindungen erfolgte angelehnt an die Vorarbeiten durch mehrstufige Peptidkupplungen und die Anbringung des Chelators mittels Cu-katalysierter Click-Reaktion. Anstelle der 4-(p-Iodphenyl)buttersäure wurde der entsprechende Zinnprecursor eingeführt, um die Verbindung durch eine elektrophile, aromatische Substitution mit 123I markieren zu können.

Keywords: macropa; Radiohybridkonjugate; Actinium-225; Iod-123; Alphatherapie

  • Master thesis
    TU Dresden - Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, 2023
    Mentor: PD Dr. Constantin Mamat
    72 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37686
Publ.-Id: 37686


Synthese und Radiomarkierung von macropa-PSMA-Derivaten für die Tumorbildgebung mit Iod-123

Krönke, T.; Reissig, F.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Kopka, K.; Mamat, C.

Ziel: macropa-PSMA-Konjugate mit Albuminbinder zur zielgerichteten Alphatherapie mit Actinium-225 wurde innerhalb der Arbeitsgruppe bereits erfolgreich synthetisiert und in vitro und in vivo untersucht. Die dabei eingeführte albuminbindende Einheit bietet die Grundlage zur Erarbeitung eines theranostischen Ansatzes indem, neben der Komplexierung des Alphaemitters Actinium-225, die Bindung von Iod-123 als leicht zugängliches SPECT-Nuklid im gleichen Molekül ermöglicht wird. Vorteilhaft sind die milden Markierungsbedingungen sowie eine passende Halbwertszeit des Iodisotopes (t1/2 =13,2 h), welche die Bildgebung länger zirkulierender Substanzen ermöglicht.
Methoden: Die Synthese der peptidomimetischen Ausgangsverbindungen erfolgte angelehnt an die Vorarbeiten durch mehrstufige Peptidkupplungen und die Anbringung des Chelators mittels Cu-katalysierter Click-Reaktion. Anstelle der 4-(p-Iodphenyl)buttersäure wurde der entsprechende Zinnprecursor eingeführt, um die Verbindung durch eine elektrophile, aromatische Substitution mit Iod-123 markieren zu können.
Ergebnisse: Durch die erfolgreiche Entwicklung einer Methode zur Iodierung der synthetisierten Zinnprecursoren mit hohen radiochemischen Ausbeuten konnten schließlich die einfach bzw. doppelt PSMA-gebundenen Verbindungen [123I]I-mcp-M-alb-PSMA und [123I]I-mcp-D-alb-PSMA hergestellt werden. Nach der Iodierung der Verbindungen wurde in vitro der Einfluss des 139La-Komplexes als auch der des unkomplexierten Chelators an der PSMA-positiven Zelllinie LNCaP untersucht.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die Einführung von Iod-123 in die bereits untersuchten Derivate mit stabilem Iod-127 ergab keine Änderungen der biologischen Ergebnisse. Damit ergibt sich der neue Aspekt des theranostischen Nutzens als hybrides Radiopharmakon mit einer weiteren Markierungsstelle in der Peripherie des eigentlichen Liganden.

Keywords: Alphatherapie; Actinium-225; Iod-123; Macropa; Radiohybridkonjugate

  • Lecture (Conference)
    29. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiochemie/Radiopharmazie, 28.-30.09.2023, Bad Salzuflen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37685
Publ.-Id: 37685


Detectors of SPM cantilever deflection based on field emission phenomenon

Gacka, E.; Kwoka, K.; Sierakowski, A.; Janus, P.; Hlawacek, G.; Gotszalk, T.

The most common deflection detection methods for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), like microcantilevers used in scanning probe microscopy, include optical methods based on optical beam deflection systems, piezoresistive or capacitive methods. This issue is still being pursued in order to develop a method with the highest possible deflection sensitivity. For this reason, attention is focused on exploiting the field emission phenomenon – the tunnelling of electrons through a potential barrier that occurs when the applied threshold voltage between electrodes is exceeded.
This work presents a method for microcantilever deflection detection based on field emission phenomenon – fig. 1a. As a result of cantilever deflection, the distance between the emitter tips (electrodes) was changed, resulting in a variation of the threshold voltage and field emission current. Nanotip field emitters were integrated into the microcantilevers using a focused electron and ion beam induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) (fig. 1b). This one-step process allowed for the simplification of their fabrication technology. The effect of distance between electrodes and emitter shape on the emission enhancement factor was analysed. Preliminary usability tests of the sensor have been performed.
Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland PRELUDIUM-21 grant [“Nanometrology of field emission phenomena from electron beam deposited nanowires operating as nano- and picodeflection sensors – FEmet”, grant number 2022/45/N/ST7/03049]; and a short term scientific mission funded by the COST Action CA19140 (http://www.fit4nano.eu/).

Keywords: HIM; FIB; SPM; FIBID

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XII Workshop on Applications of Scanning Probe Microscopy – STM/AFM 2023, 29.11.-03.12.2023, Zakopane, Polen

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37683
Publ.-Id: 37683


The MultiMorph Model for industrial multiphase flows

Schlegel, F.

Introduction to the MultiMorph model developed at HZDR for numerical simulation of multiphase flows with morphology transition

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2023 HZDR Science Conference, 15.-16.11.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37679
Publ.-Id: 37679


From Multiphase Code Repository by HZDR for OpenFOAM Foundation Software towards a Helmholtz Energy Multiphase Platform?

Schlegel, F.

Open source software has become indispensable for science, in particular with respect to the FAIR principles it is a sufficient requirement. The full access to the source code and the transparency of the open source research software requires completely new concepts and business models between software providers and users, as well as the organisation of the community. This poses a challenge, but on the other side opens up space for new, creative solutions and a new perspectives. Within open source software there is an enormous potential for more effective research and collaboration, which so far has been used only rarely by research organisations.
A very successful open source software for engineering applications is the C++-library OpenFOAM, which is developed for solving non-linear partial differential equations. HZDR has set itself the goal to ensure sustainable software development for our research. The contribution will present the experiences and learnings of HZDR from working with open-source software, exemplary for OpenFOAM, and from an intensive commitment as an OpenFOAM community member and contributor to the OpenFOAM Foundation release. The developers of the HZDR Multiphase Addon for OpenFOAM rely intensively on the Helmholtz Cloud Services, which provide a unique opportunity to foster sustainable software developments and collaboration. Based on the successful development of the HZDR Multiphase Addon and the growing importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics for reactor safety research the Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz finances the OpenFOAM_RCS project, a continuously growing, collaborative platform for qualification of OpenFOAM for nuclear safety research. The OpenFOAM_RCS platform is based on the Helmholtz Cloud Services and coordinated by HZDR in close collaboration with OpenFOAM Foundation.
The idea of the presentation is to present our experiences and to stimulate discussions with the aim to develop the HZDR Multiphase Addon and the OpenFOAM_RCS project into a Helmholtz Energy Multiphase Platform.

  • Poster
    Helmholtz Energy Conference 2023, 12.-13.06.2023, Koblenz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37678
Publ.-Id: 37678


Lecture 13: Multiphase Developments with OpenFOAM Foundation Software

Schlegel, F.

A introduction into the open-source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM and sustainable development using the Helmholtz Cloud services

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th Multiphase Flow Conference and Short Course: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 19.-23.06.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37677
Publ.-Id: 37677


Lecture 10: A Morphology Adaptive Multifield Two-Fluid Model

Schlegel, F.

An introduction into the MultiMorph Model developed at HZDR for numerical simulation of multiphase flows with morphology transitions.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th Multiphase Flow Conference and Short Course: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 19.-23.06.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37676
Publ.-Id: 37676


A Performance Study of Local Outlier Detection Methods for Mineral Exploration with Geochemical Compositional Data

Puchhammer, P.; Kalubowila, C.; Braus, L.; Pospiech, S.; Sarala, P.; Filzmoser, P.

In exploration geochemistry, mineral deposits are typically characterised by local changes of the analysed chemical composition, where enrichment of the targeted elements is expected. Local changes can also be found with local outlier detection methods, which are multivariate methods for outlier identification that incorporate the spatial neighbourhood of the samples. It is essential that geochemical data are treated as compositional data, and the requirements for their treatment depend on the specific local outlier detection method. We demonstrate how prominent local outlier detection methods can be used for mineral exploration with geochemical data that vary in scale, in the sampling density, and in data quality. The methods are compared based on known mineralisations, and recommendations for their usefulness are provided.

Keywords: geochmistry; till; exploration; robust statistics; logratio transformation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37675
Publ.-Id: 37675


Structural investigations of Au-Ni aerogels: morphology and element distribution

Kresse, J.; Georgi, M.; Hübner, R.; Eychmüller, A.

The physical properties of nanomaterials are determined by their structural features, making accurate structural control indispensable. This carries over to future applications. In the case of metal aerogels, highly porous networks of aggregated metal nanoparticles, such precise tuning is still largely pending. Although recent improvements in controlling synthesis parameters like electrolytes, reductants, or mechanical stirring, the focus has always been on one particular morphology at a time. Meanwhile, complex factors, such as morphology and element distributions, are studied rather sparsely. We demonstrate the capabilities of precise morphology design by deploying Au-Ni, a novel element combination for metal aerogels in itself, as a model system to combine common aerogel morphologies under one system for the first time. Au-Ni aerogels were synthesized via modified one- and two-step gelation, partially combined with galvanic replacement, to obtain aerogels with alloyed, heterostructural (novel metal aerogel structure of interconnected nanoparticles and nanochains), and hollow spherical building blocks. These differences in morphology are directly reflected in the physisorption behavior, linking the isotherm shape and pore size distribution to the structural features of the aerogels, including a broad-ranging specific surface area (35-65 m2 g-1). The aerogels were optimized regarding metal concentration, destabilization, and composition, revealing some delicate structural trends regarding the ligament size and hollow sphere character. Hence, this work significantly improves the structural tailoring of metal aerogels and possible up-scaling. Lastly, preliminary ethanol oxidation tests demonstrated that morphology design extends to the catalytic performance. All in all, this work emphasizes the strengths of morphology design to obtain optimal structures, properties, and (performances) for any material application.

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37674
Publ.-Id: 37674


Physics-Informed Machine Learning for Addressing Challenges in Static and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

Shah, K.; Cangi, A.

In this talk, we explore the potential of Physics-Informed Machine Learning (ML) in addressing
key computational tasks in both static and time-dependent Density Functional Theory (DFT
and TDDFT). The talk will focus on two projects that employ advanced ML techniques,
specifically Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) and Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs),
to tackle these complex tasks.
In the first part of the presentation, we examine the use of PINNs and FNOs in addressing the
intricate density-to-potential inversion problem in static DFT. By employing these methods as
alternatives to conventional inversion schemes, we demonstrate enhancements in predictive
transferability and speed. We highlight the applications to exactly solvable models, such as
soft-Coulomb systems, illustrating their potential as accurate and rapid data-driven surrogate
models.
In the second part of the talk, we discuss the application of PINNs to accelerate TDDFT
calculations. By incorporating the fundamental physical constraints of the Time-Dependent
Kohn-Sham equations directly into the learning process, PINNs offer a unique way to fuse the
power of deep learning with the nuances of TDDFT. We demonstrate the performance and
generalisability of PINN solvers on the time evolution of model systems across varying system
parameters, domains, and energy states.
By integrating physics and machine learning, these projects shed light on promising new
directions for addressing challenges in DFT and TDDFT. The methods developed here have
the potential to accelerate (TD)DFT workflows, enabling the simulation of large-scale
calculations of electron dynamics in matter exposed to strong electromagnetic fields, high
temperatures, and pressures.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    NHR Conference ’23, 18.-19.09.2023, Berlin, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37673
Publ.-Id: 37673


HELPMI: HElmholtz Laser-Plasma Metadata Initiative

Bagnoud, V.; Bussmann, M.; Debus, A.; Hornung, J.; Kaluza, M.; Kessler, A.; Pöschel, F.; Schlenvoigt, H.-P.; Schramm, U.; Eisenbarth, U.

HELPMI is a 2-year project, subsidized by the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration, conducted by GSI, HI Jena and HZDR (lead). The aim is to start the development of a F.A.I.R. data standard for experimental data of the entire laser-plasma (LPA) community. Such standard does not yet exist. It will facilitate management and analysis of usually quite heterogeneous experimental data and logs by rich and machine-actionable metadata, allowing automated processing of broad and long data sets. To date, the LPA community is widely using openPMD, an open meta-standard, well-established for simulations. NeXus is a similarly hierarchical and extensible standard for various experimental methods of the Photon and Neutron science community. Within HELPMI, we plan to adopt NeXus for LPA experimental data and simultaneously to make openPMD and its API extensible for custom hierarchies like NeXus. Thereby we can achieve interoperability of the standards, circumventing the need for another standard. Alongside we will start developing a glossary of LPA experimental terms in order to achieve re-usability. The glossary shall be community-driven and technically open, extensible and implementation-independent.

Keywords: data standard; metadata; data management

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    HMC Conference 2023, 10.-12.10.2023, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37672
Publ.-Id: 37672


Modified Diglycolamide Resin: Characterization and Potential Application for Rare Earth Element Recovery

Romero, J.; Tabelin, C. B.; Park, I.; Alorro, R. D.; Zoleta, J.; Silva, L. C.; Arima, T.; Igarashi, T.; Mhandu, T.; Ito, M.; Happel, S.; Hiroyoshi, N.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are crucial for green energy applications due to their unique properties, but their extraction poses sustainability challenges because the global supply of REEs is concentrated in a few countries, particularly China, which produces 70% of the world’s REEs. To address this, the study investigated TK221, a modified extraction chromatographic resin featuring diglycolamide (DGA) and carbamoyl methyl phosphine oxide (CMPO), as a promising adsorbent for REE recovery. The elemental composition and functional groups of DGA and CMPO on the polystyrene-divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) support of TK221 were confirmed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption kinetics of neodymium (Nd), yttrium (Y), cerium (Ce), and erbium (Er) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer chemisorption. Furthermore, iron (Fe) adsorption reached apparent equilibrium after 360 min, with consistent Fe adsorption observed at both 360 min and 1440 min. The inclusion of Fe in the study is due to its common presence as an impurity in most REE leachate solutions. The Fe adsorption isotherm results are better fitted with the Langmuir isotherm, implying chemisorption. Maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of the resin were determined as follows: Nd (45.3 mg/g), Ce (43.1 mg/g), Er (35.1 mg/g), Y (15.6 mg/g), and Fe (12.3 mg/g). ATR-FTIR analysis after adsorption suggested that both C=O and P=O bands shifted from 1679 cm−1 to 1618 cm−1 and 1107 cm−1 to 1142 cm−1 for Y, and from 1679 cm−1 to 1607 cm−1 and 1107 cm−1 to 1135 cm−1 for Ce, implying possible coordination with REEs. These results suggest that TK221 has a huge potential as an alternative adsorbent for REE recovery, thus contributing to sustainable REE supply diversification.

Keywords: RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; ION-EXCHANGE RESIN; ADSORPTION; CRITICAL METALS

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37671
Publ.-Id: 37671


Failure of load-bearing dyke networks as a trigger for volcanic edifice collapse

Thiele, S. T.; Cruden, A. R.; Micklethwaite, S.

Most large ocean-island volcanoes are gravitationally unstable. Some deform slowly, forming long-lived slumps, while others collapse and generate potentially dangerous debris avalanches. Here we investigate the effect of pervasive dyke networks on edifice instability, using data from La Palma, Spain. Like fibre-reinforced composites, where rigid layers are embedded in a compliant matrix, we find that dykes experience higher stress than surrounding host rocks. If the ratio of dyke to host stiffness is larger than the corresponding strength ratio, the dyke network will fail first, causing a rapid stress redistribution and possibly triggering edifice collapse. Fibre bundle models of a weak layer crosscut by dykes suggest this can occur with less seismicity or deformation than models without dykes. The models also suggest that dyke network strength could determine the potential for rapid collapse rather than gradual slump-type deformation. We conclude that dyke networks should be considered when assessing volcanic edifice stability.

Keywords: volcanic island; landslide; composite material; geohazards

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37670
Publ.-Id: 37670


Curvilinear Antiferromagnetic Spin Chains: Interplay Between Geometry And External Magnetic Field

Borysenko, Y.; Sheka, D.; Yershov, K.; Faßbender, J.; van den Brink, J.; Makarov, D.; Pylypovskyi, O.

Antiferromagnetically ordered (AFM) spin chains arranged along space curves represent a useful playground to study various possibilities of altering the sample’s magnetic response by its geometry modification. The influence of curvature (κ) and torsion (τ) is characterized by effective magnetic interactions, namely anisotropic and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya-like, which originate from exchange, dipolar interaction and intrinsic anisotropy [1, 2]. The strength of these interactions depends on κ and τ, determining the ground state and spin dynamics of such systems [2, 3].

Here, we investigate theoretically the interplay between geometrical and magnetic field effects in intrinsically achiral anisotropic spin chains shaped as rings (constant κ, no torsion) and helices (constant κ, τ) exposed to uniform static and rotating magnetic fields. Exposed to static magnetic field, bulk AFMs possess a high-field spin-flop state, characterized by reorientation of the order parameter. In contrast to the spin-flop phase for the model of a bulk easy-axis AFM, in ring-shaped spin chains the spin-flop state comprises two topologically different ground states depending on κ. We attribute them to the influence of curvature-induced Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, as well as the spin-flop transition being of first or second order depending on the ring curvature and the presence of an intermediate canted state for large κ [4]. In the helix-shaped spin chain, a rotating magnetic field induces domain wall propagation with velocity, which is proportional to the field frequency. The relation between the external field and geometrical parameters determines two motion modes: oscillating one and rigid motion with a constant velocity. Curvature and torsion strongly influence domain wall velocity and stability conditions of the rigid motion mode.

Keywords: antiferromagnetism; curvilinear antiferromagnets

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IEEE NAP 2023, 10.-15.09.2023, Bratislava, Solvakia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37669
Publ.-Id: 37669


X-ray absorption spectroscopy to identify radionuclide sequestration processes at solid-water interfaces: Sorption complexes, clusters and solid-solutions under reducing conditions

Scheinost, A.

Vorlesung im Rahmen der KRIMI Winter School an der TU Berlin

Keywords: EXAFS; ROBL; Nuclear waste

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    KRIMI Winter School, 09.-13.10.2023, Berlin, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37668
Publ.-Id: 37668


Modellierung des Stofftransportes in einer geneigten Kolonne mit dem Ansatz der hydrodynamischen Analogien

Ehlert, T.; Mamedov, T.; Schubert, M.; Kenig, E. Y.

Modellierung des Stofftransportes in einer geneigten Kolonne mit dem Ansatz der hydrodynamischen Analogien

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik und Hochdruckverfahrenstechnik, 02.-03.05.2022, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37667
Publ.-Id: 37667


Charakterisierung des Einflusses neigungsinduzierter Strömungsformen mit dem Ansatz der hydrodynamsichen Analogie

Ehlert, T.; Mamedov, T.; Schubert, M.; Kenig, E. Y.

Charakterisierung des Einflusses neigungsinduzierter Strömungsformen mit dem Ansatz der hydrodynamsichen Analogie

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik und Adsorption, 21.-23.03.2023, Frankfurt, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37666
Publ.-Id: 37666


Friend or Foe? Microbial impact of Calcigel bentonite on metal materials used for nuclear waste repository

Wei, T.-S.; Sushko, V.; Matschiavelli, N.; Kluge, S.; Cherkouk, A.

Multi-barrier concept is a favorable option to store high-level nuclear waste (HLW) in a deep geological repository. Bentonites are processed clay materials that are considered as a geotechnical barrier for metal containers storing HLW. To understand the impact of indigenous microorganisms from bentonites on these metal materials, anaerobic microcosms incubating Calcigel bentonite, synthetic Opalinus clay (OPA) porewater, lactate (one of the organic acids in natural OPA porewater) or H2 gas (product from anaerobic metal corrosion) with or without cast iron metal plates were conducted for up to 9 months in triplicates for each condition and time point (sampling every 3 months).

The amplicon sequencing targeting V4 region of 16S rRNA genes showed that microbial communities of raw Calcigel bentonites mainly comprised phyla Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Methylomirabilota. In the microcosms with lactate, enrichment of Bacillaceae (Firmicutes) and uncultured MB-A2-108 (Actinobacteriota) were observed; whereas in the presence of both lactate and cast iron, genera of Firmicutes, namely Desulfotomaculum, Desulfitobacterium and Desulfallas-Sporotomaculum, were highly enriched (relative abundance ranged from 60% to 95%) associating with large decrease in sulfate and lactate concentration. These bacteria appeared to be driven by H2 gas generated from metal corrosion. Moreover, SEM-EDX analyses showed that the metal surface was corroded and covered by a carbonate passivation layer. In this layer, FeS appeared to be formed, further suggesting the influence on cast iron corrosion and formation of secondary minerals induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria.

On the other hand, we supplied N2 gas mixed with H2 and CO2 (80:10:10) to stimulate growth of H2-oxidizing sulfate reducers. GC analyses showed that in the microcosms without cast iron, the content of H2 gas in the headspace decreased accompanying with decrease in sulfate concentration (measured via IC). However, in the microcosms with cast iron we noted large accumulation of H2 gas (~ 5 times more than initial value) and greater decrease in sulfate concentration. Similarly, surface corrosion was visible by SEM-EDX, and thre carbonate passivation layer with possible FeS precipitates was formed on the metal surface but in a shorter timeframe (3 months). Hence, we speculated that certain autotrophic H2-oxidizing sulfate reducers also corroded cast iron metal, and their taxonomy and mechanisms will be identified using metagenomic approaches.

Altogether we concluded that microbial communities in Calcigel bentonites lead to microbially induced corrosion for cast iron under certain conditions, yet interestingly, the formation of passivation layer enhances the resistance for further metal corrosion. The actual impact of indigenous microorganisms in different bentonites, either disadvantageous or beneficial, on metal containers for HLW requires comprehensive investigations.

Keywords: Bentonite; MIC; Corrosion; Nuclear waste repository; Sulfate-reducing bacteria; Cast iron

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    2nd Joint Symposium of the International Societies for Environmental Biogeochemistry & Subsurface Microbiology 2023, 22.-28.10.2023, Banff, Canada
    DOI: 10.3897/aca.6.e108081

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37665
Publ.-Id: 37665


Euler-Euler simulation of multi-regime two-phase flow with thin liquid films

Porombka, P.; Boden, S.; Schlottke, J.

Euler-Euler simulation of multi-regime two-phase flow with thin liquid films

Keywords: CFD; Euler-Euler two-fluid model; horizontal annular flow; liquid film; multi-regime modelling

  • Poster
    19th Multiphase Flow Conference and Workshop, 19.-23.06.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37664
Publ.-Id: 37664


High field suppression of bremsstrahlung emission in high-intensity laser-plasma interactions

Habibi, M.; Arefiev, A.; Toncian, T.

The interaction of high-intensity lasers with plasma is predicted to produce extreme quasi-static magnetic fields with magnitudes approaching Megatesla (MT) levels. In relativistically transparent plasmas, these fields can enhance direct laser acceleration and allow efficient gamma-ray emission by accelerated electrons. However, due to the so-called magnetic suppression effect, the magnetic field can also affect radiating electron trajectories and thus reduce the emission probability of the bremsstrahlung. This is the first study to examine the bremsstrahlung suppression mechanism in the context of high-intensity laser-plasma interactions. Our paper describes a new module that integrates the suppression effect into the standard bremsstrahlung module of the EPOCH particle-in-cell code by considering the impact of magnetic fields and extending the analysis to electric fields. We also investigate this suppressing mechanism's effect on the emitting electron's dynamics. Our findings show that this mechanism not only suppresses low-energy emissions but also has an impact on the dynamics of the radiating electrons.

Keywords: Bremsstrahlung emission; High field suppression; Relativistic transparency; High-intensity laser-plasma interaction

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37663
Publ.-Id: 37663


Experimental analysis of ship motion effects on the performance of an absorption column equipped with structured packings

Mamedov, T.; Schleicher, E.; Schubert, M.; Ehlert, T.; Kenig, E. Y.; Hampel, U.

In the upstream sector of the modern offshore industry, mainly packed columns are used for gas purification purposes, such as the removal of CO2, SOx, NOx, and other impurities. Offshore conditions are known for their harsh environment conditions that pose extra challenges for stable process operations and can lead to inefficient separation. To make use of the newly explored offshore energy resources, floating vessels, namely, Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units, are currently gaining dominance due to their technological and economic advantages over conventional offshore platforms. These floating vessels with their unique design can be operated in deeper locations by means of advanced technologies, i.e. mooring system and remote control mechanisms. Despite aforementioned facts, the impact of sea states and strong winds on the floating production systems cannot be fully suppressed, and these conditions affect the performance of onboard packed columns. To have a highly efficient separation process, the interfacial mass transfer area between the gas and liquid phases in packed columns must be sufficiently large, and for this reason, a uniform distribution of the phases in characteristic packing channels is required. However, realizing uniform flow distribution in the packings becomes more difficult during ship motions. When considering the geometric arrangement of column internals, structured packings are likely to have relatively better performance than random packings under these circumstances. Nevertheless, it is still unclear to what extent the flow distribution deviates from its ideal pathway under motion conditions and how this deviation degrades the separation performance.
In this study, most predominant sea conditions are considered to experimentally analyze the effect of ship motions on the mass transfer efficiency of packed columns. Therefore, air dehumidification with triethylene glycol (TEG) desiccant is chosen as an example of an absorption process in a structured packing column. To simulate typical motion conditions, an absorption column (DN150) equipped with Mellapak 250Y structured packings is placed on the mobile platform of a hexapod robot that mimics the six-degree-of-freedom ship motion. The mass transfer performance of the absorption column in the stationary upright position is first investigated by measuring the inlet and outlet humidity of the gas phase, and then the experimental results in static and dynamic inclination positions are compared to evaluate the relative deterioration of the efficiency. Furthermore, the impact of operating conditions, such as gas factor, liquid load, and TEG concentration, is explored.

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der DECHEMA-Fachgruppen Fluidverfahrenstechnik und Adsorption, 21.-23.03.2023, Frankfurt, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37662
Publ.-Id: 37662


(Radio)metal interaction with selected biosystems - from nuclear waste repositories to the food chain

Raff, J.

The investigation of the interaction of radionuclides with biosystems plays an important role not only in repository research but also in radioecology. The obtained knowledge expands the basic understanding of the behavior of radionuclides in nature on the one hand and opens up possibilities for the industrial use of the processes on the other hand. The lecture will give a general overview of the research work in biogeochemistry and its application potential.

Keywords: radionuclides; repository research; radio ecology; biosystems

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  • Lecture (others)
    Institutsseminar, Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Czech Technical University, 05.10.2023, Prag, Tschechien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-37661
Publ.-Id: 37661


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