Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

In the multi-barrier concept for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), bentonite is proposed as a potential barrier and buffer material for sealing the space between the steel-canister containing the HLW and the surrounding host rock. In order to broaden the spectra of appropriate bentonites, we investigated the metabolic activity and diversity of naturally occurring microorganisms as well as their time-dependent evolution within the industrial B25 Bavarian bentonite under repository-relevant conditions. We conducted anaerobic microcosm-experiments containing the B25 bentonite and a synthetic Opalinus Clay pore water solution, which were incubated for one year at 30 °C and 60 °C. Metabolic activity was only stimulated by the addition of lactate, acetate or H2. The majority of lactate- and H2-containing microcosms at 30 °C were dominated by strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing and spore-forming microorganisms. The subsequent generation of hydrogen sulfide led to the formation of iron-sulfur precipitations. Independent from the availability of substrates, thermophilic bacteria dominated microcosms that were incubated at 60 °C. However, in the respective microcosms, no significant metabolic activity occurred and there was no change in the analyzed bio-geochemical parameters.

Bio-Angeln zum Recycling von Elektroschrott

Aluminum (oxy)hydroxide films play an important role as sorbents of toxic elements in aqueous environments, where their heterogeneous nucleation and growth can be controlled by the speciation of dissolved Al species and the charge and structure of underlying mineral surfaces. The structure of gibbsite films nucleated at the interface between the muscovite (001) surface and 1 mM AlCl3 solutions was investigated as a function of pH using in situ X-ray reflectivity. Growth of well-ordered gibbsite films was observed at pH 3–4, even when the solutions were undersaturated with respect to gibbsite. The ordering of these gibbsite films likely resulted from the structural similarity (i.e., epitaxy) between the basal planes of gibbsite and muscovite. In contrast, no film growth was observed at pH 9–12 where the solutions were supersaturated with respect to gibbsite. These results indicate that adsorption and accumulation of aqueous Al(III) species (i.e., Al3+ and AlOH2+ at acidic pH) is a critical step for the formation of secondary minerals on the negatively-charged muscovite surface.

We report Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) and Hall oscillations in Cu-doped high quality bismuth selenide single crystals. To increase the accuracy of Berry phase determination by means of the of the SdH oscillations phase analysis we present a study of n-type samples with bulk carrier density n ∼ 10¹⁹ − 10²⁰ cm⁻³ at high magnetic field up to 60 Tesla. In particular, Landau level fan diagram starting from the value of the Landau index N = 4 was plotted. Thus, from our data we found π-Berry phase that directly indicates the Dirac nature of the carriers in three-dimensional topological insulator (3D TI) based on Cu-doped bismuth selenide. We argued that in our samples the magnetotransport is determined by a general group of carriers that exhibit quasi-two-dimensional (2D) behaviour and are characterized by topological π-Berry phase. Along with the main contribution to the conductivity the presence of a small group of bulk carriers was registered. For 3D-pocket Berry phase was identified as zero, which is a characteristic of trivial metallic states.

The structure and magnetic properties of the nitrided compounds R₂Fe₁₇N₂ (R = Ho and Er) are studied. The type of crystal structure Th₂Ni₁₇ is preserved upon nitrogenation, and the relative unit cell volume ΔV/V increase exceeds 6%. Magnetic studies are performed in fields up to 60 T at 4.2 K on aligned powder samples. Field-induced spin-reorientation (SR) transitions are observed in the M(H) curves of R₂Fe₁₇N₂. Unlike the parent R₂Fe₁₇ compounds, where the magnetization increases in steps as the field grows stronger, ₂Fe₁₇N₂ demonstrate a gradual increase in magnetization. It is indicative of the change of the SR transition from first to the second type. Extrapolation of magnetization curves to the theoretical value of magnetization in the forced ferromagnetic state yields the coefficient of the inter-sublattice R–Fe exchange interaction. The inter-sublattice exchange is found to decrease upon nitrogenation.

Geospatial object detection is a fundamental but challenging problem in the remote sensing community. Although deep learning has shown its power in extracting discriminative features, there is still room for improvement in its detection performance, particularly for objects with large ranges of variations in scale and direction. To this end, a novel approach, entitled multi-scale and rotation-insensitive convolutional channel features (MsRi-CCF), is proposed for geospatial object detection by integrating robust low-level feature generation, classifier generation with outlier removal, and detection with a power law. The low-level feature generation step consists of rotation-insensitive and multi-scale convolutional channel features, which were obtained by learning a regularized convolutional neural network (CNN) and integrating multi-scaled convolutional feature maps, followed by the fine-tuning of high-level connections in the CNN, respectively. Then, these generated features were fed into AdaBoost (chosen due to its lower computation and storage costs) with outlier removal to construct an object detection framework that facilitates robust classifier training. In the test phase, we adopted a log-space sampling approach instead of fine-scale sampling by using the fast feature pyramid strategy based on a computable power law. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that compared with several state-of-the-art baselines, the proposed MsRi-CCF approach yields better detection results, with 90.19% precision with the satellite dataset and 81.44% average precision with the NWPU VHR-10 datasets. Importantly, MsRi-CCF incurs no additional computational cost, which is only 0.92 s and 0.7 s per test image on the two datasets. Furthermore, we determined that most previous methods fail to gain an acceptable detection performance, particularly when they face several obstacles, such as deformations in objects (e.g., rotation, illumination, and scaling). Yet, these factors are effectively addressed by MsRi-CCF, yielding a robust geospatial object detection method.

Nonlinear optical frequency conversion has been challenged to move down to the extreme ultraviolet and x-ray region. However, the extremely low signals have allowed researchers to only perform transmission experiments of the gas phase or ultrathin films. Here, we report second harmonic generation (SHG) of the reflected beam of a soft x-ray free-electron laser from a solid, which is enhanced by the resonant effect. The observation revealed that the double resonance condition can be met by absorption edges for transition metal oxides in the soft x-ray range, and this suggests that the resonant SHG technique can be applicable to a wide range of materials.We discuss the possibility of element-selective SHG spectroscopy measurements in the soft x-ray range.

In the present work, millisecond-range flash lamp annealing is used to recrystallize Mnimplanted Ge. Through systematic investigations of structural and magnetic properties, we find that the flash lamp annealing produces a phase mixture consisting of spinodally decomposed Mn-rich ferromagnetic clusters within a paramagnetic-like matrix with randomly distributed Mn atoms. Increasing the annealing energy density from 46, via 50, to 56 J cm−2 causes the segregation of Mn atoms into clusters, as proven by transmission electron microscopy analysis and quantitatively confirmed by magnetization measurements. According to x-ray absorption spectroscopy, the dilute Mn ions within Ge are in d5 electronic configuration. This Mn-doped Ge shows paramagnetism, as evidenced by the unsaturated magnetic-field-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism signal. Our study reveals how spinodal decomposition occurs and influences the formation of ferromagnetic Mn-rich Ge–Mn nanoclusters.

Time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurement was demonstrated on a sample of the Au/Fe/Au heterostructure with the Fe layer of 0.35nm thickness under Fe M-edge resonance condition. An ultrabrilliant free electron laser (FEL) in the soft X-ray range was facilitated for the detection of transient signals of resonant MOKE from the ultrathin Fe film. A variation in the Kerr rotation angle was successfully observed on the femtosecond timescale. This technique enables us to reveal the transient magnetization dynamics of such a-few-monolayer magnetic films, which promote the development of spintronic devices.

Neugier trifft Know-How:

Erfahrungsaustusch für Wissenschaftlerinnen zu ERC und Marie-Sklodowska-Curie-Maßnahmen

In this paper, a prediction model is proposed which allows the mineralogical characterization of particle systems observed by X-ray micro tomography (XMT). The model is calibrated using 2D image data obtained by a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a planar cross-section of the XMT data. To reliably distinguish between different minerals the model is based on multidimensional distributions of certain particle characteristics describing, e.g., their size, shape and texture. These multidimensional distributions are modeled using parametric Archimedean copulas, since other approaches like kernel density estimation require much larger sample sizes and are thus less practical. Parametric copulas have the advantage of describing the correlation structure of complex multidimensional distributions with only a few parameters. With the help of such distributions the proposed prediction model is able to distinguish between different types of particles among the entire XMT image.

This study is concerned with a chromatography-based approach for the recovery of gallium binding peptide sequences from a recombinant phage display library.
The phage display technology is a promising tool for the identification of highly specific peptide biosorbents for the recognition and binding of gallium in aqueous solutions. However, the success of the peptide selection strongly depends on the chosen biopanning method. Stable target immobilization, as well as low unspecific interactions is a prerequisite for the enrichment of strong binding peptides. The underlying procedure of phage clone selection is sophisticated but has many advantages for biopanning experiments using metal ions as a target, such as an enhanced monitoring of process conditions and fractionation of eluates.
Here we report about the development of chromatography-based biopanning methods for gallium as target ion and the enrichment of putative gallium binding clone types.
The methods meet the requirements for stable immobilization of the target metal ions during the entire biopanning process and complete recovery of well interacting bacteriophage clones.
Phage clones expressing the peptide sequences TMHHAAIAHPPH, SQALSTSRQDLR and HTQHIQSDDHLA were identified and characterized to bind >10 fold better to a target that presents immobilized gallium ions, thus being promising sequence motifs for the development of peptide-based biosorbents.

Over the past decade, functional imaging by means of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET/CT) has improved tumor staging and treatment planning leading to somewhat higher survival rates, in particular in NSCLC patients. This review focuses on the recent insight gained and at current challenges encountered while pursuing improved outcome in patients suffering from NSCLC or SCLC. © 2018, Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

Manganese (Mn)-based antiperovskite structures (Mn3AX, where A and X represent the 3d transition-metal elements and N or C atoms, respectively) have attracted growing attention because of their novel electronic and magnetic properties. However, the lack of an effective approach to regulate the magnetic coupling in Mn3AX crystal structure, particularly in antiferromagnetic ground states, hinders their further design and applications. Herein, robust high-temperature ferrimagnetic order with a Curie temperature (TC) in the range of B390–420 K was successfully achieved in Mn3GaxNx (x = 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7) via composition-deficient engineering. A systematic investigation, including synchrotron X-ray diffraction, neutron powder diffraction, pair distribution function, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, magnetic characterization, and first-principles calculations, convincingly indicated that the redistribution of partial atoms in the antiferromagnetic ground state was responsible for the observed long-range magnetic order. These results not only provide a new perspective into the design and construction of high-temperature ferrimagnets based on the Mn3AX structure, but also open up a promising avenue for the further design of Mn3AX-based spintronic or other multifunctional devices.

Future light sources such as synchrotron radiation sources driven by an energy recovery linac, free electron lasers, or THz radiation sources have in common that they require injectors, which provide high-brilliance, high-current electron beams in almost continuous operation. Thus, the development of appropriate highly brilliant electron sources is of key importance. With its superconducting radio-frequency photo-injector (SRF gun) the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf provided a promising approach for this key component, which has since been adopted in other laboratories. Nevertheless, some limitations occur caused by electron multipacting, which should be suppressed in order to further improve the gun. In this contribution, we present a detailed analysis of multipacting in the critical area of the SRF gun and different suppression techniques for it. The analytical predictions on the threshold for multipacting are qualitatively comparable with numerical simulation results and experimental data. Finally, we present specific surface structuring as an effective method to mitigate the multipacting phenomenon from the photocathode channel.

In the laboratory, the magnetorotational instability (MRI) can be observed in azimuthal (AMRI) or helical (HMRI) magnetic field configurations. In both variants, the shear flow between the two cylinders is operating in the hydrodynamically stable regime (Ωo∕Ωi >0.25). AMRI occurs then as an m=1 -symmetric wave with a characteristic drift and spatial frequency. First evidence of AMRI was obtained some years ago by Seilmayer et al. [1]. A Taylor Couette (TC) setup, filled with liquid metal (GaInSn), was exposed to a magnetic field Bφ∝r^(-1), which lead to instability of the flow. In that previous setup, the necessary current was supplied by a large frame of copper rods which also caused a residual m=1 magnetic field disturbance producing a stationary dominant background flow. Since then, several changes took place to circumvent external asymmetries and influences.
The main improvement was the symmetric current return path which eliminates the m=1 background flow and reduces stray fields. This optimized magnetic field system leads to a symmetric B_φ distribution. However, remaining mechanical misalignments of each axis (two cylinder axes, central rod axis) still impose a weak residual m=1 modulation of magnetic field with respect to the liquid metal flow. Nevertheless, the field displacement could be minimized to a value in the order of 1 mm by the present installation.
We observe a reasonable energy dependence of the dominant m=1 mode on the Hartmann number. But drift and spatial distribution differ from theory [2] and may depend on current and/or B_φ. The main feature is a symmetry breaking, which leads to an AMRI wave which is mainly located at the top of the cylinder. This is surprising since the theoretical prediction point to a symmetric wave with m=± 1 configuration. However, the wave component in the lower half of the cylindrical volume remained missing until now. The measured velocity in the range of v=O(1 mm/s) is inferred from an Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) system.
Recent observations indicate that thermal convection could be a possible source of symmetry breaking. It turns out that a minimal radial heat flux q ̇≈0.1 W⋅m^(-2) or a temperature difference of about Δϑ≈10^(-2) K across the cylindrical gap can cause a significant convection flow in the present TC-setup. Here, significant Rayleigh numbers Ra≈10^(4…5) can be achieved right from the beginning because of the liquid metal properties with a typically low Prandtl number of Pr=0.033 in conjunction with the low viscosity ν=3.4⋅10^(-7) m^2⋅s^(-1). As the driving heat source the radiation of the inner current carrying rod could be identified.
Figure 2 (left) summarizes different convective flow regimes, which occur for a hydrodynamic stable TC configuration with Ωi=0, Ωo≈0 and Irod=20 kA driving the convection due to radiation from the central rod. The thermal boundary condition is then defined by the vacuum insulation (Fig. 1 (1)) and the inner boundary of the vessel (Fig. 1 (8)) forming a small cylindrical gap with 3 mm in width and 0.4 m in height. The combinations of different insulation schemes (top/bottom/open chimney) indicate a connection between heat transport features and thermal convection. The solid line in Figure 2 (left) is the result of an axisymmetric MHD-simulation to verify the “convective” flow pattern, which was gained experimentally by UDV. Figure 2 (right) illustrates an ARMI run with Ω_o⁄Ω_i =0.26 and I=12.87 kA (Ha=100) when the yellow coil (see Fig. 1) heated the fluid to ϑ_Fluid≈30°C prior which also corresponds to a heat flux pointing radially inward. The AMRI wave then travels upwards as seen in the left part. Right after the switch off event at t=0 the hot copper coil starts to cool down. In the moment the heat flux points radially outwards again at t≈3000 s, the wave at the bottom is suppressed and the wave in the upper half starts to evolve as usual. Here convection reverses to normal operation which corresponds to a heated-from-inside regime.
We like to present experimental results giving evidence of the dependence of AMRI mode on thermal boundary conditions which affect the symmetry breaking of AMRI in a TC-setup.

[1] M. Seilmayer, V. Galindo, G. Gerbeth, T. Gundrum, F. Stefani, M. Gellert, G. Rüdiger, M. Schultz, and R. Hollerbach, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 024505 (2014).
[2] G. Rüdiger, R. Hollerbach, M. Gellert, and M. Schultz, Astron. Nachrichten 328, 1158 (2007).

Energy difference between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic collinear orderings has been calculated for the uniform and dimer Mn-pair geometries in order to find the ground state distribution of the Mn atoms in InAs host. We find the preference of the dimer ferromagnetic configuration of Mn dopants and an importance of optimizing the atomic site positions. The frequency-dependent optical and magneto-optical properties, namely the dielectric tensor (on-and off-diagonal components), the electron energy loss spectra, and the transversal Kerr effect (TKE), are calculated. Calculated TKE resonance in In1-xMnxAs (x=0.0625) is found to be in good agreement with corresponding experimental magneto-optical spectra. The origin of the large TKE is discussed.

Selenium is toxic to aquatic organisms even at µg L−1 range concentration. Further, the toxicity of selenium not only depends on its concentration but also on speciation. Thus, understanding the fate of the selenium in the environment is important. Micro-organisms are known to affect the speciation and hence mobility of selenium. This study, for the first time, evaluated the interaction of selenium oxyanions and strain Bacillus safensis JG-B5T, which was isolated from the Haberland uranium waste pile in Johanngeorgenstadt (Saxony) in 1997. The study showed that the B. safensis JG-B5T can reduce selenite, but not selenate, to selenium nanoparticles. Further, the growth of B. safensis JG-B5T is not affected by the presence of 2.5 mM of selenate and observed a lag of 8 h in presence of 2.5 mM selenite. The high resolution time-dependent TEM images has suggested that the extracellular production of Se NPs. The genomic data has pointed to the role of membrane associated reductases or extracellular reducing mechanism for the reduction of selenite. The high mobility, due to the presence of protein corona and negative zeta potential, and extracellular origin of Se NPs make them mobile. Thus, B. safensis JG-B5T can change the speciation and mobility of dissolved selenite and affect the fate of selenium in the environment.

Doping allows us to modify semiconductor materials for desired electrical, optical and magnetic properties. The solubility limit is a fundamental barrier for dopants incorporated into a specific semiconductor. Hyperdoping refers to doping a semiconductor much beyond the corresponding solid solubility limit and often results in exotic properties. For example, Ga hyperdoped Ge reveals superconductivity and Mn hyperdoped GaAs represents a typical ferromagnetic semiconductor. Ion implantation followed by annealing is a well-established method to dope Si and Ge. This approach has been maturely integrated with the IC industry production line. However, being applied to hyperdoping, the annealing duration has to be shortenedto millisecond or even nanosecond. The intrinsic physical parameters related to dopants and semiconductors (e.g. Solubility, diffusivity, melting point and thermal conductivity) have to be considered to choose the right annealing time regime. In this talk, we propose that ion implantation combined with flash lamp annealing in millisecond and pulsed laser melting in nanosecond can be a versatile approach to fabricate hyperdoped semiconductors. The examples include magnetic semiconductors [1-5], highly mismatched semiconductor alloys (Ge1-xSnx [6] and GaAs1-xNx [7]), n++ Ge [8, 9] and chalcogen doped Si [10-12].

[1] M. Khalid, et al., Phys. Rev. B 89, 121301(R) (2014).
[2] S. Zhou, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 48, 263001(2015).
[3] S. Prucnal, et al., Phys. Rev. B 92, 222407 (2015).
[4] Y. Yuan, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 3912 (2016).
[5] Y. Yuan, et al., Phys. Rev. Mater. 1, 054401 (2017).
[6] K. Gao, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.,105, 042107 (2014).
[7] K. Gao, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett.,105, 012107 (2014).
[8] S. Prucnal, et al., Sci.Reports 6, 27643(2016).
[9] S. Prucnal, et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 32 115006 (2017).
[10] S. Zhou, et al., Sci. Reports 5, 8329(2015).
[11] Y. Berencén, et al., Adv. Mater. Inter. 5, 1800101 (2018).
[12] M. Wang, et al., Phys. Rev. Applied. 10, 024054 (2018).

Anomalous Hall-like signals in platinum in contact with magnetic insulators are common observations that could be explained by either proximity magnetization or spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR). In this work, longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistances are measured in a pure gold thin film on the ferrimagnetic insulator Y3Fe5O12 (Yttrium Iron Garnet, YIG). We show that both the longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistances have quantitatively consistent scaling in YIG/Au and in a YIG/Pt reference system when applying the SMR framework. No contribution of an anomalous Hall effect due to the magnetic proximity effect is evident. Published by AIP Publishing.

Integration of high quality single crystalline InP thin film on Si substrate has potential applications in Si-based photonics and high-speed electronics. In this work, the exfoliation of a 634 nm crystalline InP layer from the bulk substrate was achieved by sequential implantation of He ions and H ions at room temperature. It was found that the sequence of He and H ion implantations has a decisive influence on the InP surface blistering and exfoliation, which only occur in the InP pre-implanted with He ions. The exfoliation efficiency first increases and then decreases as a function of H ion implantation fluence. A kinetics analysis of the thermally activated blistering process suggests that the sequential implantation of He and H ions can reduce the InP thin film splitting thermal budget dramatically. Finally, a high quality 2 inch InP-on-Si(100) hetero-integration wafer was fabricated by He and H ion sequential implantation at room temperature in combination with direct wafer bonding.

The present work describes the mathematical formulation of a new tray efficiency model through refinement of the conventional residence time distribution (RTD) approach [Foss et al. AIChE J. 1958, 4(2), 231−239]. Geometrical partitioning of a tray into compartments along the main liquid flow direction is a prerequisite in the new model. This partitioning allows computation of the tray efficiency through quantification of the efficiency of the individual compartments. The new model ensures that the fluid dynamics of each compartment contributes toward the overall tray efficiency. This breaks the previous black-box convention of the existing models, which only refer to flow profiles at the tray boundaries. The tray segmentation further aids in analyzing the impact of vapor flow maldistribution on the tray efficiency. The capabilities of the new model are demonstrated in two separate case studies after the model validation for perfectly mixed liquid flow in the compartments and biphasic plug flow on the tray.

Distillation columns are energy-intensive process equipments as they account for 10 to 15% of the global energy consumption.(1) According to a recent estimate, 50% of the existing columns in the world are equipped with cross-flow trays.(2) Such columns are cascades of trays with similar geometry and function. Thus, trays are considered as the fundamental unit in distillation columns.(3) This generalization has led to numerous experimental and numerical studies on hydrodynamics and separation efficiency of individual trays. The methods for integrating individual tray performances in a column with the overall column efficiency have been largely unexplored. Reasonable estimates of the column efficiency based on vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) characteristics and flow non-idealities on tray internals are possible to obtain during the column design phase. This can reduce column’s cost and energy consumption through design modification and process optimization.
In this work, two separate case studies are formulated for displaying the approach of the overall column efficiency prediction based on flow non-idealities and VLE characteristics of binary mixtures on column trays. Basically, the axial dispersion model is firstly used to assign non-idealities to the liquid flow on column trays. The VLE data for binary mixtures are then generated using the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) model and the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) model inbuilt in Aspen Plus. Thereafter, the mathematical models(3) are employed to obtain the tray efficiency based on given liquid dispersion and VLE data using an iterative procedure for the presumed point efficiencies. In the first study, this procedure is employed for different binary mixtures getting distilled in a theoretical column operating under total reflux condition as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. McCabe-Thiele diagram for Benzene-Toluene mixture in total reflux column at 1 atm with pseudo-VLE curves for tray Péclet number as 2 and 40 and EOV = 0.5.

In the second study, the same procedure is used to analyze real column data of binary mixtures taken from the literature. For both studies, the graphical stepping procedure of equilibrium and non-equilibrium trays in the McCabe-Thiele diagram is shown (Fig. 1) in this work. The relocation of the pseudo-VLE curve in this diagram with respect to liquid dispersion on trays signifies their impact on the overall column efficiency. This work also motivates for the formulation of better tray efficiency models in the future, as they are a key aspect of column efficiency calculations.

(1) D. S. Sholl, R. P. Lively. Seven chemical separations to change the world. Nature News, 532(7600), 435, 2016.
(2) A. Górak, Z. Olujić. Distillation: equipment and processes, Academic Press. 2014.
(3) V. Vishwakarma, M. Schubert, U. Hampel. Assessment of separation efficiency modeling and visualization approaches pertaining to flow and mixing patterns on distillation trays, Chemical Engineering Science, 185, 182-208, 2018.

In the present work, a new model built through refinement of the existing residence time distribution model [Foss, PhD Thesis, University of Delaware, 1957] is proposed. In this new model, the tray is imaginarily partitioned into compartments along the liquid flow direction between tray inlet and outlet. This partitioning allows computing the tray efficiency through quantification of the efficiencies of the individual compartments. Therefore, the fluid dynamics of each compartment contribute towards the evolving tray efficiency, thereby breaking the tray’s black-box convention. The tray segmentation further supports in studying the effects of vapor maldistribution as well as flow path length on the tray efficiency. This indicates the versatility and advantage of the new model over the existing ones. In particular, the mathematical formulation of this model along with its theoretical validation and application through analysis of suitable case studies are presented.

Cross-flow trays are widely favored vapor-liquid contacting devices in the process industry. It is approximated that distillation columns consume 3% of the worldwide energy, while half of them are equipped with trays. An accurate quantification of column performance is a prerequisite prior to process optimization through external measures. Since a column is a cascade of trays with more or less same function, it is appropriate to consider the trays as a fundamental unit of the column, and thus focus on understanding of their operation and performance.
Flow and mixing patterns on these trays strongly affect their separation efficiency. Mathematical models have been formulated in the literature to relate these patterns with the tray efficiency. Recent advances in imaging and simulation techniques have revealed the biphasic non-idealities existing on the trays. The available efficiency models, recently reviewed by Vishwakarma et al.(1), however, usually consider flow conditions at the tray boundaries only, and assume uniform homogenous vapor load on the tray. Such efficiency assessment conveys the impression of trays as a black-box.
A significant improvement in tray efficiency modeling can be achieved by mathematically segmenting the tray into an arbitrary number of chambers amidst inlet and outlet. A new model built upon the available residence time distribution (RTD) approach(2) is proposed in the present work, where the tray efficiency is computed through contribution of the RTD efficiencies of the individual chambers. This segmentation further complements in studying the impacts of vapor maldistribution and flow path length on the tray efficiency, thereby signifying the advantage of this new model over the existing ones. The mathematical construction of the proposed model along with its theoretical validation and analyses through case studies will be highlighted in this work. The cases studies will further attempt to break the black-box convention of the trays.

(1) V. Vishwakarma, M. Schubert and U. Hampel. ‘Distillation tray efficiency modelling: a forgotten chapter’, Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet-Fachgruppe Fluidverfahrenstechnik, 16-17 March 2016, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany).

(2) A. S. Foss, J. A. Gerster and R. L. Pigford. ‘Effect of liquid mixing on the performance of bubble trays’, AIChE Journal, 4(2):231-239, 1958.

For a high level radioactive waste disposal as well as former uranium mining sites after sealing U(IV) is expected to be the stable oxidation state due to reducing conditions. Thermodynamic data on U(IV) in aqueous solution is needed for a reliable safety assessment but still sparse by reason of its low solubility and a lack of appropriate measuring systems. By employing a combination of absorption- and fluorescence spectroscopy to study U(IV) sulfate complexation in acidic aqueous solution we gained complex formation constants, extinction coefficients and single component absorption spectra of U4+, UOH3+, U(SO4)2+ and U(SO4)2.

Traditionally during exploration campaigns, geochemical and conventional drill-core logging data is acquired in order to understand the formation and zonality of mineral deposits. The zonality and variability of the mineralization are most commonly linked to the changes in alteration assemblages and therefore the development of a detailed alteration model would allow a better understanding of the distribution and mode of occurrence of mineralization – and provides important, early clues to processing characteristics. Here, we introduce a methodology for rapid extraction of mineralogical, textural and structural features from exploration core. Data obtained can be easily integrated into 3D numerical models and linked to other exploration data (e.g. grade). Mineralogical and structural information is acquired using innovative image classification and segmentation techniques on hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR core scans. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based analyses performed on representative samples allow for thorough investigations of the modal mineralogy and microfabric attributes of specific mineralization styles – with samples selected based on the results of hyperspectral core scans. The methodology is applied to the Bolcana copper-gold porphyry deposit (Romania), where extensive drilling has been performed by Eldorado Gold. The system shows complex transitions between lithological and alteration assemblages thus representing a particularly suitable case study. Results obtained illustrate that the integration of hyperspectral data with conventional core logs and structural data (Reflex IQ-logger) provided by Eldorado Gold offers insight into the spatial and directional distribution of vein types and associated alteration assemblages. The integration of SEM-data permits unique insight into processing characteristics – thus enabling the construction of a predictive geometallurgical model to outline limits and opportunities of metallurgical testing already during the early exploration stage.

For vein hosted mineralization such as encountered in porphyry systems, the documentation of the main alteration assemblages associated with specific vein generations is essential in understanding the geometry of the mineralized body. Hence, mineralogical and structural information are highly relevant for characterizing the mineralization. In this paper, we present an approach for the extraction of both mineralogical and structural information from hyperspectral scans. We propose a parallel framework which includes a typical mineral mapping technique for the extraction of mineralogical information as well as a ridge detection method for the extraction of veins applied on mineral abundance maps. In the proposed framework, the abundance maps are obtained from hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR drill-core scans using a linear spectral unmixing technique. Drill cores hosting porphyry stockwork type mineralization are used for the evaluation of the proposed technique and the experimental results show that the method offers a tool for accurately characterizing the mineralized body.

Purpose or Objective
Neoadjuvant or primary radiochemotherapy (RCT) are treatment options for patients with borderline resectable or unresectable locally advanced non-metastatic pancreatic cancer, respectively. Currently, the potential of RCT is hampered by an insufficient dose prescription to the target, limited by the close-by radiosensitive organs at risk (OAR). Dose-escalation to the gross tumor volume (GTV) along with the current standard dose to the elective volume using a simultaneous integrated boost approach (SIB) may lead to improved therapeutic outcome. In this in-silico feasibility study on SIB dose-escalation, we compared volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) using photons with robust intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT).

Material and Methods
For each of five locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients, a VMAT and a robust multi-field optimized IMPT treatment plan were optimized on free-breathing treatment planning CTs using the RayStation treatment planning system (V5.99, RaySearch Laboratories AB, Sweden). For the photon treatment plan, the doses prescribed to 95% of the GTV and of the planning target volume (PTV: clinical target volume, CTV, plus a 5 mm margin) were to be at least 95% of 66Gy and 51Gy respectively, both in 30 fractions. For the proton plan, robust optimization to the CTV (instead of the PTV) with a setup uncertainty of 5mm and a density uncertainty of 3.5% was chosen, thus prescribing the dose of 51Gy(RBE) to 95% of the CTV (GTV with a margin and elective volume). The OAR dose constraints adhered to local guidelines and QUANTEC. For each treatment plan, doses to GTV, CTV, and OARs as well as the volume of normal tissue outside the CTV receiving a dose of ≥ 20Gy(RBE) (V20Gy) were compared.

Results
All treatment plans reached the prescribed doses to the GTV and CTV/PTV, irrespective of the technique. In some patients, doses to the bowel, stomach and liver exceeded the constraints since that OARs were next to or within the target volume. While the VMAT technique reduced the V50Gy of the bowel (median V50Gy: VMAT 20.4ccm vs. IMPT 23.3ccm) and stomach (median V50Gy: VMAT 1.2ccm vs. IMPT 4.5ccm), the radiation doses to the remaining gastrointestinal organs were lower for IMPT, e.g. liver (median V30Gy: VMAT 93.6ccm vs. IMPT 39.2ccm) and kidneys (median V20Gy of left/right kidney: VMAT 21.0ccm/16.1ccm vs. IMPT 13.8ccm/12.1ccm). Overall, the IMPT technique showed a lower dose deposition outside the targets for the surrounding normal tissue (median V20Gy: VMAT 1483.4ccm vs. IMPT 756.2ccm).

Conclusion
Disregarding the inter- and intra-fractional organ motion, dose escalation is possible for both treatment techniques. In comparison to VMAT, IMPT reduced the dose to the surrounding normal tissue, including relevant organs at risk. However, robust optimization increased the high-dose level to OARs overlapping with the target volume. Further patients will be included in this study and presented during the DKFK 2019.

The electronic structure and dielectric properties of the diamond, body centered cubic diamond (bc8), and hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite) phases of carbon are computed using density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory up to 15 Mbar with the emphasis on the excitonic picture of the solid phases relevant in the regimes of high-pressure physics and warm dense matter (WDM). We also discuss the capabilities of reproducing the inelastic x-ray scattering spectra in comparison with the existing models.

Status of the Digital Low Level RF at ELBE is presented.

The accurate description of electrons at extreme density and temperature is of paramount importance for, e.g., the understanding of astrophysical objects and inertial confinement fusion. In this context, the dynamic structure factor S(q,w) constitutes a key quantity as it is directly measured in X-ray Thomson (XRTS) scattering experiments and governs transport properties like the dynamic conductivity. In this work, we present the first ab initio results for S(q,w) by carrying out extensive path integral Monte Carlo simulations and developing a new method for the required analytic continuation, which is based on the stochastic sampling of the dynamic local field correction G(q,w).
In addition, we find that the so-called static approximation constitutes a promising opportunity to obtain high-quality data for S(q; !) over substantial parts of the warm dense matter regime.

The upgrade of the Low Level RF (LLRF) system of the Electron Linac for beams with high Brilliance and low Emittance (ELBE) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) is ongoing. A digital system based on MTCA.4 will replace the analogue system, which is operated since almost 20 years.The digital LLRF controller is implemented on a FPGA. The parametrisation and monitoring of the controller is performed by a ChimeraTK server application. ChimeraTK is a control system and hardware interface tool kit, which among others can provide an OPC-Unified Architecture (OPC-UA) interface. On the one hand, this interface is used to integrate the digital LLRF into the existing ELBE control and machine protection system, that is based on a Siemens PLC (S7) infrastructure. On the other hand, it is used to implement different additional clients of the ChimeraTK server application, such as the ELBE human machine interface used by the operators (WinCC, SCADA) or expert panels (e.g. LabView or Python). An overview of the new system including hardware as well as software components is given. In addition, first results of the full integration test including LLRF controller optimization and amplitude and phase noise measurements are presented.

The upgrade of the Low Level Radio Frequency (LLRF) system at the superconducting linear accelerator ELBE is about to being finished. A digital system based on MTCA.4 has been implemented and is going to replace the analogue system which is in operation since 20 years by the end of 2018. The digital system is capable for continuous wave (CW) operation and single cavity control. The server application uses the open source project ChimeraTK and its OPC-UA adapter, that is based on the open source project open62541. This allows to integrate the digital LLRF into the existing ELBE control and machine protection system, that is based on a Siemens PLC (S7) infrastructure. Furthermore, the OPC-UA adapter of ChimeraTK allows to implement different additional clients of the ChimeraTK server application, such as the ELBE human machine interface used by the operators (WinCC, SCADA) or expert panels (e.g. LabView or Python). The talk summarizes first results of the full integration test including LLRF controller optimization and amplitude and phase noise measurements. Furthermore, latest developments of the OPC-UA adapter and contributions to ChimeraTK are presented.

The helium ion microscope has already proven its value for high-resolution imaging, compositional analyses, nanofabrication, and materials modification. However, imaging in transmission mode remains not fully explored. A Gas Field Ion Source Microscope (GFISM) is being modified for studying scanning transmission helium ion images at the 10 to 30 keV energy range with a nanometer-sized probe. Employing a new position-sensitive and time-resolved detector will enable the exploration of several imaging modes, such as bright- and dark-field, channeling, and possibly diffraction. Ion-energy loss spectrometry (IELS) using time-of-flight can also be performed by combining an ultra-fast beam blanker system with time-resolved detection. Details about the setup and results of SRIM simulations revealing the properties of the transmitted particles will be presented.
This work has been supported by the H2020 Project npSCOPE under grant number 720964 and the FNR STHIM project under grant number 17748.

Laser-driven ion acceleration has been considered a potential alternative for conventional accelerators like cyclotrons or synchrotrons and thus could provide a more compact and cost-efficient particle therapy solution in the future. Instead of continuous ion beams, laser-driven ions exhibit fs to ps bunch length, carrying up to 1013 particles with broad energy spectrum and are highly divergent. Pulsed high-field magnets are a versatile and efficient way of shaping those bunches both spatially and spectrally for application, while preserving the short pulse lengths and high intensities leading to high dose rates when stopped in matter.
We performed experiments with the PW beam of the Dresden laser acceleration source Draco to investigate the feasibility of worldwide first controlled volumetric tumour irradiations with laser-accelerated protons. Therefore, a setup of up to two solenoid magnets was used to efficiently capture and shape the proton beam, matching the radiobiological demands, which was then analysed by means of a Thomson parabola spectrometer, scintillator, ionization chamber and radiochromic film.

Since the past few years, Pu(V) has gained much attention due to its potential contribution to the environmental migration of actinides. However, the preparation of concentrated (up to mM) and pure Pu(V) solutions is quite difficult and often hindered by its great instability towards disproportionation, thus limiting the accessibility to physical and chemical property data. This work describes the rapid and facile sonochemical preparation of relatively stable Pu(V) solutions in the millimolar range free from the admixtures of the other oxidation states of plutonium. The mechanism deals with the sonochemical reduction of Pu(VI) in weakly acidic perchloric solutions by using the in situ generated H2O2, where the kinetics can be dramatically enhanced under high frequency ultrasound and an Ar/O2 atmosphere. The quasi-exclusive presence of the Pu(V) aqua ion in solution was evidenced by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The prepared solutions were found to be stable for more than one month which allowed the accurate XAFS and NMR investigations of Pu(V). EXAFS spectra revealed the presence of two trans dioxo Pu[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds at 1.81 Å and 4–6 equatorial Pu–Oeq interactions at 2.47 Å characteristic of coordinated water molecules. The exact number of water molecules (N[Oeq(H2O)] = 4) was determined by simulating the EXAFS spectra of the PuO2+ aqua complexes using DFT calculations (geometry and the Debye–Waller factor) and comparing them with experimental signals. For the first time, the magnetic susceptibility of the pentavalent state of plutonium in aqueous solutions was also determined (χM = 16.3 × 10−9 m3 mol−1 at 25 °C) and the related Curie constant was estimated (C = 6.896 × 10−6 m3 K mol−1).

In the last two decades, the generation of intense ion beams based on laser-driven sources has become an extensively investigated field. The LIGHT collaboration combines a laser-driven intense ion source with conventional accelerator technology based on the expertise of laser, plasma and accelerator physicists. Our collaboration has installed a laser-driven multi-MeV ion beamline at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung delivering intense proton bunches in the subnanosecond regime. We investigate possible applications for this beamline, especially in this report we focus on the imaging capabilities. We report on our proton beam homogenization and on first imaging results of a solid target.

A heterogeneous modeling approach for an inclined rotating fixed bed reactor with concentric internal tube is introduced. The novel reactor is designed to intensify the mass transfer of gas-limited heterogeneous catalyzed reactions by intermittent catalyst wetting, which is enabled exposing the packed bed to rotation and inclination. A simulation study for the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene is presented. In particular, the influence of period length and different wetting-draining cycles on the space-time-yield of the reactor is analyzed.

The inclined rotating tubular fixed bed reactor has been introduced recently as a concept for the implementation of multiphase processes, in particular for heterogeneously catalysed gas-liquid reactions with mass transfer limitations.
Often, trickle bed reactors suffer from liquid maldistribution and low mass and heat transfer rates and have therefore been subject to process intensification. Periodic liquid flow rate modulation at the reactor inlet was introduced, which leads to elevated space-time-yields in comparison to the steady-state operation. However, the beneficial effects decay rapidly along the reactor length and maldistribution is not effectively counterbalanced.
To fully utilise the positive effects of such modulation strategy with the new reactor concept, the tubular reactor with the fixed catalyst packing is inclined against the vertical to establish a stratified flow. The superimposed continuous reactor rotation around the axis ensures a wetting intermittency via periodic immersion of the whole catalyst packing in the stratified liquid phase. Furthermore, it enables also tuning the liquid residence time at constant gas and liquid flow rates.
The wetting intermittency results in a complete utilization of the catalyst on the reactor scale and in periodically thinned liquid films at the catalyst surface, which enhances the accessibility of the gaseous reactants to the active sites. The latter is proven by an increased space-time-yield compared to conventional trickle bed reactor operation for the hydrogenation of α methylstyrene to cumene.
In this presentation, the performance of the new reactor concept will be assessed based on reactive studies. Furthermore, the results will be discussed with respect to the prevailing flow regimes investigated via gamma-ray computed tomography, as well as liquid residence time and axial dispersion obtained by a stimulus-response technique using embedded wire-mesh sensors.

A high-power, pulsed laser impacting the surface of a material can generate surface ablation, shock waves and crack propagation; while X-ray imaging can provide a time-resolved probe. Hard X-rays are perfectly suitable for visualizations of transient processes in optically opaque materials even for objects of several mm in size. The MHz pulsed time structure, tunable energy bandwidth, high brilliance, and the high degree of spatial coherence of hard X-rays (E > 30keV) from third generation synchrotron sources allowing transient processes to be tracked directly using ultra-high-speed image acquisition systems.
We report on an in-situ real time investigation of ns single-pulsed laser-driven processes studied by combined diffraction-direct-space-imaging experiments exploiting the single bunch structure at the hard X-ray imaging beam line ID19 of the ESRF investigating the process of laser hole drilling into single crystalline silicium.
Whereas macroscopic changes in bulk materials can be quite easily deduced from X-ray phase contrast imaging; information probing changes at the lattice level can be obtained using diffraction imaging. The whole process was followed for 120sec with a maximum frame rate of up to 100kHz.
We have developed an experimental methods that allow to synchronize on the ns level the single shot laser operation with the high speed camera system matching the 4- and 16-bunch structure of the ESRF.

In the last decades several research groups investigated the dynamic operation of trickle bed reactors to intensify mass transfer-limited multiphase reactions. This process intensification strategy is realized via a cyclic flow rate modulation of the liquid phase, which results in a spatial and time-dependent liquid holdup in the catalytic fixed bed. Here, the variation of the liquid holdup causes an enhanced accessibility of the limited components to the catalyst, whereby a higher overall reaction rate is achieved. Although promising enhancements of the overall reaction rate in lab-scale trickle bed reactors were proved, the forced liquid cycling suffers from pulse attenuation along the reactor, thus the beneficial flow conditions mitigate at lower axial reactor positions (Atta et al., 2014).
Recently, an inclined rotating fixed bed reactor was developed, which ensures a permanent wetting intermittency of the catalyst within the stratified flow. The latter is caused by the reactor inclination. A twofold increase of the conversion for the α-methylstyrene hydrogenation was obtained, compared to the trickle bed operation, which highlights the potential of the new reactor concept (Härting et al., 2015).
In this contribution, a feasible hybrid model approach for the prediction of the space-time yield is proposed. The model consists of a three-dimensional two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian model and a heterogeneous continuum model to describe the hydrodynamics and the mass transfer and reaction phenomena, respectively. In this hybrid framework, the Eulerian-Eulerian model provides information about the wetting intermittency in terms of the dynamic holdup, which is incorporated in the heterogeneous continuum model by time-dependent boundary conditions at the particle scale.
The hydrodynamic model is based on a recently modified permeability approach with permeability coefficients of the gas phase depending on the flow pattern to approximate the solid-gas interactions of the phases (Subramanian et al., 2016). In this contribution different reactor geometries are studied and operated with α-methylstyrene, cumene and hydrogen. Additionally, the influence of the interfacial area density and the drag coefficient in the gas-liquid closure is examined via simulation studies.
The heterogeneous continuum model consists of a stationary reactor model considering the Danckwerts boundary conditions and of a transient particle model accounting for the intraparticle concentration gradients.
Eventually, the implemented hybrid model approach is applied for simulation studies to extend the knowledge of the new reactor concept and to support the optimal design and operation.

Time-resolved in-situ or/and in-operando X-ray experiments open a very direct, natural way to study the formation and transformation of materials during relevant technological processes. High-brilliance, fs-pulsed X-rays generated by XFels demonstrate the highest temporal and spatial resolutions, but the maximum X-ray energy is currently limited to ~25 keV. Despite the possibility to illuminate macroscopic objects with large beams (~100mm2) synchrotron light sources produce X-rays pulses with much lower temporal resolution (~100ps), spatial coherence and brilliance but are able to reach X-ray energies higher than achieved at current FELs. MHz pulse repetition rates (ESRF:up to 5.6MHz in the 16 bunch mode) are characteristic to synchrotrons, allowing transient processes to be tracked using ultra-high-speed image acquisition systems with multiple frames, that are even able to visualize transient processes that are stochastic or a-periodic.
Here, we report on an in-situ real time investigation into high-power (>1J), ns single-pulsed (Nd:YAG, = 532 nm; pulse length ~10 ns) laser-driven irradiation processes leading either to surface ablation, crack propagation or shock generation [1] studied by a combined diffraction-direct-space-imaging experiment exploiting the single bunch structure. Whereas macroscopic changes (i.e. density changes or cracks) in bulk materials can be quite easily deduced from X-ray phase contrast imaging, information probing changes at the lattice level can be obtained using diffraction imaging.
As an example is in the figure shown such a combined experiment [2]: The first laser shot of an in-situ real-time laser hole-drilling experiment into a 0.50 mm thick Si (001) single crystalline wafer that was carried out for about 120sec. The sample was placed by about 45° with respect to the laser and the X-ray beam. Both beams intersect horizontally at the same height at an angle of 90° at the rotation center of the sample. The laser light was directed to the sample using a focusing lens. The synchronization of the cameras with laser and X-ray pulses are described in [1]. The X-ray beam fully illuminates the 10×10 mm2 wafer. The diffraction angle was tuned so that the Si (333) reflection in transmission geometry was recorded by the diffraction imaging detector.

Mass transfer limitations in multiphase reactions are a widespread phenomenon in reaction engineering. Particularly in trickle bed reactors, space-time yield is limited due to the low accessibility of the gaseous educts to the solid catalyst. The inclined rotating fixed bed reactor is a new intensification strategy for trickle bed reactors to circumvent this bottleneck. The superposition of reactor inclination and rotation results in a stratified flow, which causes wetting intermittency of the catalytic fixed bed with alternatingly unhindered access of gas and liquid educts to the catalyst. The conversion for the α-methylstyrene hydrogenation has been doubled with the new reactor concept compared to the trickle bed operation, which highlights the potential of the process intensification strategy [1].
Within a DFG-funded project, a feasible model approach for the prediction of the space-time yield of the process intensification strategy is developed. In order to identify the most beneficial process windows and proper design parameters, a reactor model framework consisting of a two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian model and a heterogeneous continuum model to describe the hydrodynamics and to capture mass transfer and reaction phenomena, respectively, is proposed. In this contribution, the heterogeneous one-dimensional continuum model accounting for intraparticle gradients with time-dependent Neumann boundary conditions at particle scale is implemented. While the catalyst wetting intermittency leads to dynamic species concentrations at the particle scale, the species concentrations of the liquid bulk phase are stationary. Coupling of the different scales is realized by a two-way approach, using the species concentrations on each scale. The implemented model is applied for simulation studies considering the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene to cumene in order to investigate the influence of period length via reactor rotation velocity and the wetting/draining cycle via flow stratification defined as split on the space-time yield.

The major goal of the iCross project is to link experimental results and reactive transport modelling across scale to get a fundamental understanding of processes in the multi barrier system of a potential nuclear waste repository. This poster shows how the mapping of surface topography via vertical scanning interferometer results in quantitative information about the surface reactivity. Furthermore, it highlights how Positron emission tomography can be used to characterize transport patterns in geomaterials.

The development of new materials is today closely related to the “creation” of new functional nano structures. Structural investigations are the key to establish a connection between the functional and structural properties generating these functions. This knowledge makes it possible to design new materials with precisely predetermined properties. The function of nano structures is not only determined by their internal structure, but in large part by their morphology and surface properties.

Time-resolved in-situ or/and in-operando X-ray experiments open a very direct, natural way to study the formation and transformation of materials during the relevant technological processes. The talk will build a bridge from classical material science problems, like the formation of 3-dimensional Germanium nano crystal arrays embedded in a dielectric matrix using synchrotron radiation, or the crystallization process during a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of an amorphous GeSn thin film using a laboratory setup, to experiments exploiting a µsec-time resolution and even behind that.

For example, material processing by laser beams is a widely used technology in industry. Many applications, like the fabrication of thin solar cells, require a large area processing in short times with a limited heat exposure. Therefore time resolved studies of laser driven processes are again of great scientific interest. If thousand of frames are needed to follow the materials evolution on an atomic level the regular bunch structure of a synchrotron source turns out to be an ideal probe to sense changes in the morphology and crystal structure during and after a laser-sample(target) interaction.

Nanometer probing of ultrahigh intensity ultrashort pulse laser interaction with solid density plasmas, by SAXS using XFELs

The ability to manipulate the metal-insulator transition (MIT) of metal oxides is of critical importance for fundamental investigations of electron correlations and practical implementations of power efficient tunable electrical and optical devices. Most of the existing techniques including chemical doping and epitaxial strain modification can only modify the global transition temperature, while the capability to locally manipulate MIT is still lacking for developing highly integrated functional devices. Here, lattice engineering induced by the energetic noble gas ion allowing a 3D local manipulation of the MIT in VO2 films is demonstrated and a spatial resolution laterally within the micrometer scale is reached. Ion-induced open volume defects efficiently modify the lattice constants of VO2 and consequently reduce the MIT temperature continuously from 341 to 275 K. According to a density functional theory calculation, the effect of lattice constant variation reduces the phase change energy barrier and therefore triggers the MIT at a much lower temperature. VO2 films with multiple transitions in both in-plane and out-of-plane dimensions can be achieved by implantation through a shadow mask or multienergy implantation. Based on this method, temperature-controlled VO2 metasurface structure is demonstrated by tuning only locally the MIT behavior on the VO2 surfaces.

Presentation of past and ongoing campaigns aimed at the efficient generation of high energy proton beams at the Draco PW laser facility of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR).

We investigate the mechanical properties of freely suspended nanostrings fabricated from tensilestressed, crystalline In1-xGaxP. The intrinsic strain arises during epitaxial growth as a consequence of the lattice mismatch between the thin film and the substrate, and is confirmed by x-ray diffraction measurements. The flexural eigenfrequencies of the nanomechanical string resonators reveal an orientation dependent stress with a maximum value of 650 MPa. The angular dependence is explained by a combination of anisotropic Young's modulus and a change of elastic properties caused by defects. As a function of the crystal orientation, a stress variation of up to 50% is observed. This enables fine tuning of the tensile stress for any given Ga content x, which implies interesting prospects for the study of high Q nanomechanical systems.

We report on indirect X-ray detector systems for various full-field, ultra high-speed X-ray imaging methodologies, such as X-ray phase-contrast radiography, diffraction topography, grating interferometry and speckle-based imaging performed at the hard X-ray imaging beamline ID19 of the European Synchrotron - ESRF. Our work highlights the versatility of indirect X-ray detectors to multiple goals such as single synchrotron pulse isolation, multiple-frame recording up to millions frames per second, high efficiency, and high spatial resolution. Besides the technical advancements, potential applications are briefly introduced and discussed.

This presentation provides an overview of current concepts of MVT deposit formation. As an in-depth case study, MVT-style deposits in South Africa are used to illustrate variations to the common theme.

Extending from Northern America to Central China the Variscan belt is a Paleozoic Orogen exceptionally well endowed in magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits, including skarn deposits. Yet, the genesis of fertile skarns and their distinction from barren equivalents in orogenic zones is only poorly constrained. Here, we present innovative U-Pb laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry geochronology of garnet from different skarns in the Erzgebirge, a classic metallogenic province in central Europe. Garnet ages obtained not only constrain the timing of fertile skarn formation and associated Sn, W, Fe, Zn, Cu and In mineralization, but also clearly distinguish these from barren skarn bodies. We show that barren skarns formed during times of peak regional metamorphism at ∼340 Ma whereas mineralized skarns are temporally associated with late-orogenic magmatism at ∼325-313 Ma as well as post-orogenic magmatism at ∼308-295 Ma. The recognition of discrete mineralization events associated with the largest and economically most important skarn deposits provides valuable insight into the punctuated evolution of magmatic-hydrothermal systems in ancient collisional orogens on a regional scale; this has important implications to direct future mineral exploration.

Much of the basement geology of Central Europe is characterized by volcanosedimentary successions of Late Precambrian and Early Paleozoic age that have been variably deformed and metamorphosed during the Variscan orogeny, followed by the intrusion of voluminous granites. The Variscan orogen records the closure of the Rheic ocean and the collision of Laurussia with Gondwana to form the Supercontinent Pangaea, and occurred as a series of protracted geotectonic events providing a suitable framework for the formation of a diverse range of ore deposits.

It comes as no surprise that the Variscan basement is host to most significant ore deposits of Central Europe. These ore deposits did not only provide the raw materials needed for industrial development in the past, but their mining yielded the need for scientific research and technological innovation. This need was also expressed by the publication of the world’s first textbook dedicated to economic geology as a distinct subdiscipline of the geosciences (Cotta 1855).

Industrial exploitation of most ore deposits of the Variscan basement in Central Europe ceased towards the end of the 20th century, typically due to subdued metal prices, but not motivated by a lack of mineral resources. Yet, following the demise of the mining sector there was the prevailing perception that Central Europe had little to offer for future exploration. This erroneous perception has seen a surprising reversal in the last decade. Renewed exploration interest is attributable not only to higher commodity prices but also to the realization of the significant geostrategic risk of highly industrialized countries to be entirely dependent on raw materials imports (EU 2008).

In metallurgy, gas-stirring ladle treatment of aluminum alloys and steels is applied for the control of non-metallic inclu-sion population. The intense mixing of the molten metal bath by the bubbly flow provides the agglomeration of strongly dispersed solid inclusions and subsequently, the entrapment of agglomerates by gas bubbles floating up into the slag.
This work focuses on flow-induced particle agglomeration in liquid metal. We perform model experiments to study particle-laden liquid metal flow around a circular cylinder. The fluid flow is driven by an electromagnetic induction pump. Neutron transmission radiography is employed for time-resolved visualization of the particle trajectories in the opaque liquid metal.
The experimental setup is designed as a closed liquid metal loop shown in Figure 1a. The flat channel, made of welded stainless steel, has a rectangular inner cross section with 3 mm depth, i.e. parallel to neutron beam direction, and 30 mm width. A 5 mm diameter cylindrical obstacle representing a single rising bubble is placed in the mid-dle of the straight channel section. The disk-type rotating permanent magnet induction pump is locat-ed at the lower U-shaped channel section. By controlling the pump rotational speed in the range of 15…95 min-1, the average flow velocity of 6…40 cm/s results during the measurements.
Low-melting gallium alloyed with 7 wt-% tin (Ga-Sn) is employed as model liquid metal, so that the experimental setup can be operated at room temperature without additional heating. Gadolinium(III) oxide particles (Gd2O3) in a grain size range of 400-600 µm serve as model particles, since they have superior attenuation characteristics for neutron radiation compared to the liquid metal. To introduce the solid Gd2O3 particles into the liquid Ga-Sn, a two-step mixing protocol is developed. It includes the initial preparation of a paste-like suspension with high solid content of wetted particles, followed by a second mixing step inside the Ga-Sn-filled channel by means of the electromagnetic pump. In-creased rotational speed up to 550 min-1 combined with changing rotating direction is applied for in-tense stirring and distributing the particles homogenously in the liquid metal.
The neutron imaging studies are performed at the SINQ beamlines NEUTRA and ICON at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. By imaging with both high spatial (0.1 mm/px) and temporal (100 fps) resolution, the fast-moving particles are captured as single objects. In terms of en-hanced contrast-to-noise ratio between the Gd2O3 particles and the surrounding liquid Ga-Sn, the currently best neutron image quality is achieved on the ICON beamline due to the higher beam aper-ture (80 mm) yielding the maximum neutron flux of 1.4 x 108 cm-2 s-1 mA-1. The neutron transmission image sequences provide raw data on particle positions and motion in the liquid metal loop, in particular in the shear flow around the cylindrical obstacle. By image processing and data analyzing, we investigate the particle behavior depending on various fluid flow rates.

In this study three hydrometallurgical methods are described for leaching of a eudialyte concentrate with H2SO4: (i) direct leaching, (ii) fast leaching and (iii) water leaching of dehydrated acid/concentrate mixture. It is demonstrated how to obtain a silica free solution, how parameter variations impact the properties of precipitated silica and which processes lead to losses of valuable components during leaching. Furthermore, the acid solubility of gangue minerals in the concentrate is analyzed and the resulting consequences in terms of leach solution contamination and acid consumption are discussed. The best result in terms of the average yield of value components (REEs, Zr(+Hf), Mn and Nb) of 86 % is obtained by direct leaching under mild conditions (cH2SO4=1 mol/L; TL=60 °C). However, released silicic acid does not precipitate and aggregates at pulp density ϱPD,L=100 kg/m3 by gelling. Fast leaching allows the efficient removal of silica at high solid-liquid ratios in the pre-treatment stage. Due to mass transfer limitations, high efficiency stirrers are crucial for achieving high yields in short reaction times. Dehydration of the acid/concentrate mixture before water leaching can be a good alternative if well-defined amount of acid is used; however, high energy input is needed.

Selten-Erd-Elemente (SEE) sind 17 verschiedene Elemente (Scandium, Yttrium sowie die sog. Lanthanoide), die weltweit in nur wenigen Regionen in abbauwürdigen Mengen zu finden sind. SEE gelten als Schlüsselkomponenten der Hightech-Industrie und werden unter anderem in Windturbinen, Smartphones und Energiesparlampen eingesetzt.

In metallurgy, the achievement of inclusion cleanliness is a major challenge for the production of high-performance structural and functional metallic materials like aluminium alloys and steels. Ladle treat-ment of molten metal by gas injection has been employed for a long time as the processing stage is mainly responsible for the control of non-metallic inclusions in metal alloys. In these ladles, inclusion are separated by the combination of settling down and floating up. Since bigger inclusion aggregates are eliminated more easily, agglomeration is supposed to play an essential role. In case of the floata-tion process, the probabilities of collision as well as attachment between gas bubbles and solid in-clusions is strongly dependent on their sizes.
This work is focussed on the visualization of three-phase particle-laden liquid metal flow in model experiments, applying 2D X-ray and neutron transmission imaging. Low-melting gallium-based alloys are employed for the imaging studies at room temperature. Modell particles containing tungsten and gadolinium are used due to their excellent attenuation characteristics for polychromatic X-ray and thermal neutrons, respectively. Injection of inert argon gas drives the liquid metal flow in a rectangular shaped vessel having a gap size of up to 20 mm. For both X-ray and neutron imaging, the time-resolved measurements are performed by means of a scintillation screen in combination with a sCMOS camera. The captured trajectories of rising millimetre-sized gas bubbles and submillimetre-sized solid particles, carried by the bubbly liquid metal flow, are analysed regarding bubble - particle and particle - particle interactions.

The helium ion microscope has already proven its value for high-resolution imaging, composition analysis, nanofabrication, and material modification. However, imaging in transmission mode remains not fully explored. Mass-thickness contrast has been studied using a conversion plate below the specimen and collecting secondary electrons with an ET detector. Changing from bright to dark field regime was demonstrated using an annular microchannel plate and changing the acceptance angle by adjusting the distance between the sensor and the sample. Channeling and diffraction phenomena provide information about the crystal structure and can be recorded by a position-sensitive detector. In this report, we present our approach to explore this imaging mode, the challenges and main figures of merit. Our test setup with a position-sensitive detector will be shown, and simulations of the contrast mechanism will be presented.

Siderophores are biomolecules, which can form strong complexes with different metals. They are produced by microorganisms and a biotechnological production of these chelators offers an application in different processing methods. Particularly amphiphilic siderophores are very interesting for the froth flotation process. The hydrophilic part, carrying hydroxamate groups is responsible for the binding of the metals. Flotation agents produced by the chemical industry with the same functional groups have already been applied successfully in this processing method. It can be suggested, that siderophores carrying the same functional groups, also work well as collectors. The fatty acid tail, that is representing the hydrophobic part, gets in contact with the bubbles and avoid additional chemicals and further working steps for making the target mineral particles hydrophobic. The aim of this study is to show the usage of amphiphilic siderophores in froth flotation process in different scales and with different minerals.

We proposed and demonstrated a method to enhance photoresponses in the timescale from nanoseconds to microseconds of an all optically driven VO₂-based terahertz (THz) wave modulator by driving the initial VO₂ close to percolation threshold (via externally heating the initial VO₂ thin film near insulator-to-metal transition temperature). We experimentally realized 10-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold improvement of photosensitivity, photoresponsivity, and optical modulation bandwidth of the VO₂-based THz wave modulator, respectively. Percolation theory, along with the macroscopic conductivity response, was used to explain the mechanism for photomodulation response enhancement. The enhanced photomodulation response is promising especially for optical modulators and photodetectors. This approach is also compatible with other optimization methods and can be further used to enhance other VO₂-based optoelectronic devices.

The complexation of the trivalent lanthanides Nd(III) and Eu(III) and of the actinide Am(III) with malate was studied using a multi−method approach. The combination of structural and thermodynamic studies was required for the interpretation of the stoichiometry and thermodynamic data (logβ0, Δ_rH⁰ _m,2, Δ_rS⁰ _m, Δ_rG⁰ _m) of the lanthanide/actinide malate complexes leading to a profound molecular understanding of the system. The structure-sensitive methods vibrational spectroscopy and extended X–ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy complemented with quantum-mechanical ab–initio molecular dynamics calculations revealed a tridentate ring structure of the respective metal complexes. The metal is coordinated by two carboxylate groups and a hydroxyl group. UV–Vis, laser fluorescence and calorimetric studies consistently yielded two complex species having a 1:1 and a 1:2 (metal:malate) stoichiometry. Parallel factor analysis and iterative transformation factor analysis were applied to decompose experimental spectra into their single components and to determine stability constants. The 1:1 and 1:2 Nd(III) malate complexation constants determined by isothermal titration calorimetry were extrapolated to zero ionic strength using the specific ion interaction theory, yielding logβ₁ ⁰ and logβ₂ ⁰ of about 6 and 9, respectively. The respective complexation enthalpies Δ_rH⁰ _m,1 and Δ_rH⁰ _m,2 showed average values of 5 kJ·mol⁻¹ which are typical for small organic molecules. The comparison of Nd(III) and Am(III) malate complexes showed that the malate binding motif, the speciation and the thermodynamics can be transferred from lanthanides(III) to actinides(III) supporting the 4f–/ 5f–element homology.

Concrete widely serves as an engineering barrier and for waste conditioning in nuclear waste re-positories. Organic additives like poly(hydroxyl)carboxylates are commonly used for tuning the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of fresh concrete. In the worst-case scenario of wa-ter intrusion into the waste repository, the concrete may degrade, so that the soluble organic ad-ditives will be leached out and may form stable radionuclide (RN) complexes. Consequently, for a long-term risk assessment in nuclear waste repositories, the interactions of RNs with cement additives and CSH phases (main phase of cement) must be known. Americium(III) is one of the RN that will determine the radiotoxicity of a waste repository for a long time. As a model com-pound for cement additives malic acid (α-hydroxydicarboxylic acid) was chosen...

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stroma, composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, promotes therapy resistance and poor survival rate. Integrin-mediated cell/ECM interactions are well known to controls cancer cell survival, proliferation and therapy resistance. Here, we identified β8 integrin in a high-throughput knockdown screen in three-dimensional (3D), ECM-based cell cultures for novel focal adhesion protein targets as critical determinant of PDAC cell radiochemoresistance. Intriguingly, β8 integrin localizes with the golgi apparatus perinuclearly in PDAC cells and resection specimen from PDAC patients. Upon radiogenic genotoxic injury, β8 integrin shows a microtubule-dependent perinuclear-to-cytoplasmic shift as well as strong changes in its proteomic interactome regarding the cell functions transport, catalysis and binding. Parts of this interactome link β8 integrin to autophagy, which is diminished in the absence of β8 integrin. Collectively, our data reveal β8 integrin to critically co-regulate PDAC cell radiochemoresistance, intracellular vesicle trafficking and autophagy upon irradiation.

Concrete widely serves as an engineering barrier and for waste conditioning in nuclear waste re-positories. Organic additives like poly(hydroxyl)carboxylates are commonly used for tuning the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of fresh concrete. In the worst-case scenario of wa-ter intrusion into the waste repository, the concrete may degrade, so that the soluble organic ad-ditives will be leached out and may form stable radionuclide (RN) complexes. Consequently, for a long-term risk assessment in nuclear waste repositories, the interactions of RNs with cement additives and CSH phases (main phase of cement) must be known. Americium(III) is one of the RN that will determine the radiotoxicity of a waste repository for a long time. As a model com-pound for cement additives malic acid (α-hydroxydicarboxylic acid) was chosen...

In recent years Focused Ion Beam (FIB) processing has been developed into a well-established and promising technique in nearly all fields of nanotechnology for patterning and prototyping on the µm-scale and below. Liquid Metal Alloy Ion Sources (LMAIS) represent a promising alternative to expand the FIB application fields beside all other source concepts. The need of light elements like Li was investigated using various alloys. A promising candidate is a Ga35Bi60Li5 based LMAIS which is introduced in more detail and operates stable for more than 1000 µAh. It enables high resolution imaging and patterning using Li and sample modification using Ga or heavy polyatomic Bi clusters, all coming from one ion source.

Uranium is widespread in the environment, resulting both from natural occurrences and anthropogenic activities. Its toxicity is mainly chemical rather than radiological. In the blood it is transported as uranyl UO22+ cation and forms complexes with small ligands like carbonates and with some proteins. From there it reaches the skeleton, its main target organ for accumu lation. Fetuin is a serum protein involved in biomineralization processes which was demonstrated to be the main UO22+‐binder in vitro. Fetuin’s life cycle ends in bone. It is thus suspected to be a key protagonist of U accumulation in this organ. Up to now, there has been no effective treatment for the removal of U from the body and studies devoted to the interactions involving chelating agents with both UO22+ and its protein targets are lacking. The present work aims at studying the potential role of the 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) as a promising chelating agent in competition with fetuin. The apparent affinity constant of the 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) was first determined, giving evidence for its very high affinity similarity to that of fetuin. Chromatography experiments, aimed at identifying the complexes formed and quantify their UO22+ content, and spectroscopic structural investigations (XAS) were carried out, demonstrating that the 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) inhibits/limits the formation of fetuin‐uranyl complexes in stoichiometric conditions. But surprisingly, possible ternary complexes stable enough to remain present after the process, were identified for sub stoichiometric conditions of HOPO versus fetuin. These results contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms accounting for U residual accumulation despite the chelation therapy after internal contamination.

Short introduction to general principles for the statistical analysis of mineral chemistry data.

Any data measured (or reported) in terms of proportions of a whole is called ‘compositional’. Virtually all geochemical data falls under this category. Because such data has a number of special properties, specific procedures are required for its statistical analysis. Generally, it cannot be meaningfully analyzed by methods designed for the analysis of multivariate Gaussian data, such as the standard regression analysis still used by many geologists.

This lecture is intended to give a brief overview of the most important mathematical characteristics of compositional data, and what consequences these have for the statistical analysis of such data. It will provide the theoretical foundations for the next lecture(s) in which the specific problems associated to the analysis of mineral chemistry data (lecture 2) and hierarchical data structures (lecture 3) will be considered in somewhat more detail. These later two lectures are intended as more practical guides to actual data analysis.

Sustainable source of energy is the emergent necessity for the near future which comes from the simultaneous two issues: The growing request for energy and the necessity to strictly limit and control carbon emissions with warning on global warming. Although there are very terrible statistics of CO2 emission worldwide (110 billion metric tonnes in 2010 with estimated 140 billion metric tonnes by 2035), there are also hopes in that the plants and biomasses may sequester more than 260 Giga tonnes of CO2 annually. Interestingly, approximately 183 Giga tons of CO2 are annually fixed through microalgae to produce about 100 Giga tons of its biomass. These are other great motivations to invest in microalgae-based technologies such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) which are the cells to produce power from simultaneous CO2 sequestration and wastewater treatment. In this chapter, we present an overview of the current status together with the future prospects on the fuel cells based on biomass. Additionally, the necessities for scaling up the MFCs have been discussed. The main motivation for research and developments in this field is highlighted to develop green energy and technology for environmental protection. Specifically, latest researches and achievements in MFC technology are presented. The main constituents of MFC, i.e. anodes, cathodes, substrates, and microorganisms are discussed with the latest researches and developments. As a rule of thumb, for scale-up purposes, there is a threshold volumetric power density of 1 kWm-3, maintaining of which as the lab-scale one is challengeable. However, there are suggestions such as optimizing some key factors, such as and appropriately spacing the electrodes with the specific surface area. In this regard, three-dimensional electrodes with highly surface area for enhanced microbial attachment and anodic performance such as tenuous graphite rods have been introduced.

Дискретное быстрое преобразование Фурье (БПФ) позволяет рассчитывать временную эволюцию электромагнитных полей без численной дисперсии и дает ряд других преимуществ, существенных при численном моделировании некоторых физических процессов. Однако существенная нелокальность обработки данных при выполнении БПФ ограничивает возможности создания эффективных, хорошо масштабируемых суперкомпьютерных реализаций этого подхода. В работе проводится анализ перспектив эффективного распараллеливания вычислений на основе локального применения БПФ в пространственных доменах с перекрытиями, позволяющими согласованно переносить все возмущения между доменами за счет ограниченности скорости распространения электромагнитных возмущений.

We investigate the hopping transport of positively charged mobile oxygen vacancies V(o)(+)in electroforming-free bipolar memristive BiFeO3 switches by conducting impedance spectroscopy and quasistatic state-test measurements. We demonstrate that BiFeO3 switches with mobile oxygen vacancies (V-o(+)) and fixed substitutional Ti4+ donors on Fe3+ lattice sites close to the bottom electrode have a rectifying top electrode with an unflexible barrier height and a rectifying and/or nonrectifying bottom electrode with a flexible barrier height. The field-driven hopping transport of the oxygen vacancies determines the recon- figuration of the flexible barrier and the dynamics of the resistive switching. Average activation energies of 0.53 eV for trapping and of 0.31 eV for the release of oxygen vacancies by the Ti4+ donors during application of the SET and RESET excitation pulses are extracted, respectively. The larger activation energy during SET is experimentally verified by impedance spectroscopy measurements and evidences the local enhancement of the electrostatic potential profile at the bottom electrode due to the Ti4+ donors on Fe3+ lattice sites.

Many flotation kinetics models have been studied in the literature. Their applicability was extensively investigated and argued in detail. However, model selection criteria were not adequately discussed from the statistical points of view. In this investigation, the kinetic behavior of a complex copper sulfide ore was studied in a mechanical Denver flotation cell focusing on flotation kinetics of chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite. Different flotation kinetics models including nine common empirical models and four mathematical models namely Hill, Chapman (Sigmodial function), single rectangular (Hyperbola equation) and exponential were applied to the experimental data. In addition to assessment of the goodness of fit criterion for each model, a factor of model complexity was considered using information criteria (IC) (i.e. Bayesian information (BIC), low of iterated logarithm (LILC) and Akaike information (AIC) indices). The obtained results showed that the IC indices could simply manifest the best-fitted model to the experimental data. Whereas, the coefficient of determination values (R2) were relatively same for all models. By taking the R2 and model complexity criteria into account, the exponential model was chosen as the best representative mathematical model to demonstrate chalcopyrite kinetic behavior. However, Chapman model was selected as the best one for the flotation of pyrite and molybdenite. In case of the common first-order flotation kinetics models, fast and slow flotation kinetic model (Kelsall) was reasonably fitted the best to the given data of chalcopyrite. However, the gas/solid kinetics adsorption model was chosen as the best-fitted one for pyrite and molybdenite. Furthermore, it was found that mathematical models represent better results in association with flotation kinetic behavior of chalcopyrite, pyrite and molybdenite due to the consideration of more parameters in modeling. Finally, it was concluded that the IC indices must be applied to the process of model selection due to consideration of goodness of fit, complexity of a model and model consistency.

Particle-bubble sub-processes cannot be directly and physically obtained in froth flotation due to the complexity of the process as well as numerous and dynamic interactions of particles and bubbles in an extremely intensive turbulent condition. Therefore, over the last three decades, two fundamental model configurations have been used as an only solution for prediction of particle-bubble collection efficiencies (E-coll). Additionally, the relative intensity of the main flotation parameters on flotation rate constant, particle-bubble interactions together with their interrelations is not adequately addressed in the literature.

The present study attempts in two separate phases to overcome these difficulties. In the first stage, prediction and evaluation of particle-bubble sub-processes are critically discussed by categorizing them in two configurations. The analytical models (approach I) commonly applied generalized Sutherland equation (E-c(GSE)), modified Dobby-Finch (E-a(DF)) and modified Schulze stability (E-s(SC) ) models. The second approach, numerical models, utilized Yoon-Luttrell (E-c(YL)), Yoon-Luttrell (intermediate) (E-a(YL)) and modified Schulze stability (E-s(SC)) models. In the second stage, relative intensity and interrelation of key effective hydrodynamic parameters on the probability of particle-bubble encounter (E-c) and flotation rate constant (k) are obtained and optimized by mea s of the response surface modeling (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Five key factors including particle size (1-100 mu m), particle density (1.3-4.1 kg/m(3)), bubble size (0.05-0.10 cm) and bubble velocity (10-30 cm/s) together with turbulence dissipation rate (18-30 m(2)/s(3)) are considered in order to maximize the responses including the k and E-c.

The results obtained show that the E-coll calculated by numerical techniques (configuration (II)) is greater than that of analytical approaches (configuration (I)) due to assumptions involved in using Yoon-Luttrell collision and attachment models. It is also found that under the conditions studied, particle size and bubble velocity are the most effective factors on E-c and k, respectively. Furthermore, not only the relative significance of factors on E-c and k but also the interrelation of cell turbulence and bubble size as well as bubble velocity and turbulence are shown to be inconsistent in the literature and thus require further studies. We briefly reported the main longstanding challenges in flotation kinetic modeling and emphasized on a serious need for fulfilling lack of physical observations. Finally, the presented analyses with respect to three-zone model offer a new concept for the extension of common flotation modeling approach using analytical and numerical techniques.

Fine particle separation is a challenging task and relies on a proper understanding of interfacial properties. In our research the focus lies on the process of flotation, which is a heterocoagulation separation method for fine particles in aqueous dispersions (size range approx. 5 µm < x <200 µm). It has been used in large extent for several decades and with billions of tons of particles processed per annum in the mining industry to separate valuable mineral particles from worthless ones. The main principle of separation is the particles' differences in wettability. This wettability is influenced by controlled selective adsorption of amphiphilic molecules rendering most typically the valuable containing minerals hydrophobic. Usually the particle property "wettability" is being quantified with a water contact angle. However, this value is not only difficult to assess for particles but furthermore through Young's equation a function of the surface free energy, which is a complex parameter as a result of various interatomic/intermolecular interactions. Using iGC we show how to characterize these complex wettability properties of particles assessing the heterogeneity of disperse and acid base specific surface free energies. These complex values are used in accordance to an approach by van Oss to formulate a new wettability parameter for flotation which is the specific free energy of interaction between a particle and a gas bubble immersed in water. We are presenting the general approach and results from various mineral collector systems and give insights to the boundary conditions and the general calculation scheme. In a recent trial we show the predictive power of the results. Furthermore we show how iGC can be put in context to other interaction investigations using flotability, contact angle measurements and colloidal probe atomic force microscopy.

The MgAl(Sn) layered double hydroxides (LDH) with the atomic ratios Mg/(Al+Sn) = 3 and Sn/(Sn+Al) = 0, 0.002, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 were synthesized and the ratio Sn/(Sn+Al) ≤ 0.1 was shown to provide the formation of systems with uniform phase composition. Mixed oxides derived from LDH retain the high specific surface area of 150-200 m2/g and the basic properties when some aluminium atoms are replaced with tin. It was found that the Sn-containing mixed oxides are able to restore the layered structure during rehydration and intercalate the anion precursors of platinum into the interlayer space of the formed LDH.
The emerging platinum sites initiate the reduction of tin at temperatures below 723 K. TEM, EXAFS and XPS studies demonstrated that tin introduction in the support increases the dispersion of supported platinum. An extreme dependence of the activity of Pt/MgAl(Sn)Ox catalysts in propane and n-decane dehydrogenation on the tin content in the support was revealed. The active catalysts are characterized by the phase and elemental uniformity of the support, highly disperse state of Pt(0), and the absence of a noticeable amount of reduced tin and bimetallic particles.

Flotation is one of the feasible separation methods suggested for recovery of petroleum coke from the tailings of lime calcination furnaces. In this study, analyses of ash content and calorific value of petroleum coke in lime calcination tailings were used to measure its floatability and product quality. In addition, seven most common flotation kinetics models were fitted to the obtained experimentalm data. Based on the maximum recovery, minimum ash content, and maximum calorific value of the flotation products, optimum dosages for collector (kerosene) and frother (MIBC) were found 30 g/t and 60 g/t, respectively. Regarding the flotation kinetic modeling and the obtained sum of squared errors (SSEs), Agar and Klimpell models were found to have the best and the poorest fits to the experimental data, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that new statistical concepts such as information criteria (IC) and non-linear generalized least squares estimation (NLGLSE) must be applied to the process of model selection owing to consideration of goodness of fit, complexity of a model and model consistency.

Today: Limits in simulating stratified & segregated two phase flow
Algebraic Interfacial Area Density Model (AIAD)
Free Surface Drag
Turbulence Damping
Sub-grid wave turbulence (SWT)
Verification and Validation is going on – more experimental data are required for the validation

Surface-modulated magnonic crystals are the natural link between continuous films with sinusoidal spin-wave eigenmodes and one-dimensional magnonic crystals composed of individual nanowires. Nevertheless, the transformation process of the spin-wave modes in this transition remains yet unclear. Here, spin-wave modes in their entire transition from a flat film to a ‘full’ (one-dimensional) magnonic crystal are studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and micromagnetic simulations. For this purpose, the surface of a pre-patterned thin permalloy film was sequentially ion milled resulting in hybrid structures, referred to as surface-modulated magnonic crystals, with increasing modulation depth. After each step, FMR measurements were carried out in backward-volume and Damon-Eshbach geometry. The evolution of each spin-wave resonance is studied together with the corresponding mode profile obtained by micromagnetic simulations. Simple rules describing the transition of the modes from the film to the modes of the full magnonic crystal are provided unraveling the complexity of spin-wave states in these hybrid systems.

Long-range spin transport in magnetic systems can be achieved by means of exchange-mediated spin textures with robust topological winding - a phenomenon referred to as spin superfluidity. Its experimental signatures have been discussed in antiferromagnets which are nearly free of dipolar interaction. In ferromagnets, which present with non-negligible dipole fields, however, realization of such spin transport has remained a challenge. Using micromagnetic simulations, we investigate exchange-mediated spin transport in extended thin ferromagnetic films. We uncover a two-fluidstate, in which the long-range spin transport by spin textures co-exists with and is stabilized by spin waves, as well as a soliton-screened spin transport regime at high spin injection biases. Both states are associated with distinct spin texture reconstructions near the spin injection region and sustain spin transport over large distances.

Recent experiments have demonstrated transport and separation of hydrogen isotopes in layered materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride and molybdenum disulphide. Here, based on first-principles calculations combined with well-tempered metadynamics simulations, we report the chemical interactions and mobility of protons (H+) and protium (H atoms) in the interstitial space of these layered materials. We show that both H+ and H can be transported between the layers of h-BN and MoS2 with low free energy barriers, while they are immobilized in graphite, in accordance with the experimental observations. In h-BN and MoS2, the transport mechanism involves a hopping process between the adjacent layers, which is assisted by the low- energy phonon shear modes. Defects present in MoS2 suppress the transport and act as traps for H species.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nano-electronics and nano-photonics device fabrications. This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets are used for the fabrication of nano-electronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanomold and nanosheet based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires based on nanomold structure showed metallic conductance. The other wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom-up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nano-electronics and nano-photonics device fabrications. This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets are used for the fabrication of nano-electronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanomold and nanosheet based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires based on nanomold structure showed metallic conductance . The other wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nanoelectronics and nanophotonics device fabrications.
This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanoMOLDS are used for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanoMOLDS and create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanoMOLD based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires showed metallic conductance. The other two wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

Small DNA origami templates 90 nm x 70 nm DNA origami nanosheets with three functionalized sides holding a total of eight capture strands for decoration with gold nanoparticles were fabricated. Electroless gold growth is applied to selectively grow the gold nanoparticles until they merge into continuous nanowires. Finally, this work demonstrates the application of shape-controlled C-shaped gold wires as precisely tailored metal contacts to single, isolated nanowires to better understand the charge transport characteristics at different temperatures.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nano-electronics and nano-photonics device fabrications. This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanomolds1,2 and nanosheets are used for the fabrication of nano-electronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanomold and nanosheet based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires based on nanomold structure showed metallic conductance.1 The other wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

Small DNA origami templates 90 nm x 70 nm DNA origami nanosheets with three functionalized sides holding a total of eight capture strands for decoration with gold nanoparticles were fabricated. Electroless gold growth is applied to selectively grow the gold nanoparticles until they merge into continuous nanowires. Finally, this work demonstrates the application of shape-controlled C-shaped gold wires as precisely tailored metal contacts to single, isolated nanowires to better understand the charge transport characteristics at different temperatures.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nanoelectronics and nanophotonics device fabrications.
This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanoMOLDS are used for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanoMOLDS and create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanoMOLD based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires showed metallic conductance. The other two wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

The DNA origami method provides a programmable bottom up approach for creating nanostructures of any desired shape, which can be used as scaffolds for nano-electronics and nano-photonics device fabrications. This technique enables the precise positioning of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles along the DNA nanostructures. In this study, DNA origami nanomolds1,2 and nanosheets are used for the fabrication of nano-electronic devices. To this end, electroless gold deposition is used to grow the AuNPs within the DNA origami nanomolds and nanosheets create eventually continues nanowires. In order to contact the fabricated nanostructues electrically, a method using electron-beam lithography was developed. The DNA origami nanomold and nanosheet based metallic wires were electrically characterized from room temperature down to 4.2K.
Temperature-dependent characterizations for four wires exhibiting different conductance at RT were performed in order to understand the dominant conductance mechanisms from RT to 4.2K. Two of these nanowires based on nanomold structure showed metallic conductance.1 The other wires deviated from pure metallic behavior and they showed thermionic, hopping and tunneling charge transport mechanism.

The fundamental mechanisms governing macroscopic freckle defect formation during directional solidification are studied experimentally in a Hele-Shaw cell for a low melting point Ga-25wt.%In alloy, and modelled numerically in 3D using a microscopic parallelised Cellular Automata lattice Boltzmann method. The size and distribution of freckles (long solute channels, or chimneys) is shown to be strongly dependent on the thermal profile of the casting, with flat, concave and convex isotherms being considered. For the flat isotherm case, no large-scale freckles form, while for concave or convex isotherms large freckles appear but in different locations. The freckle formation mechanism is as expected buoyancy-driven, but the chimney stability, its long-term endurance and its location, are shown to depend critically on the detailed convective transport through the inter-dendritic region. Flow is generated by curved isopleths of solute concentration. As solute density is different from that of the bulk fluid, gravity causes ‘uphill´ or ‘downhill’ lateral flow from the sample centre to the edges through the mush, feeding the freckle. An excellent agreement is obtained between the numerical model and real-time x-ray observations of a solidifying sample under strictly controlled temperature conditions.

Im ersten Teil dieses letzten Studienheftes wollen wir uns mit Reaktionen vertraut machen, bei denen aus einer prochiralen Verbindung selektiv chirale Verbindung gebildet wird, bei der ausschließlich eines der beiden Stereoisomere mit Chiralitätszentrum entsteht. Aus den Studienheften davor wissen wir schon, dass aus nichtchiralen Verbindungen mit prochiralem Zentrum meist Racemate entstehen. Faktoren, die zu einer Bevorzugung eines der beiden Stereoisomere führen, werden wir uns genau anschauen.
Im zweiten Teil wollen wir uns mit Retrosynthese und Syntheseplanung beschäftigen. Ausgehend von teils komplizierten Molekülen und Strukturen werden Sie sehen, wie durch eine gedankliche „Rückwärtsreaktion“ (Zerlegung in Bestandteile) ein Syntheseplan erstellt werden kann. Dazu wird das Zielmolekül immer weiter in seine Bestandteile, also hypotetische Ausgangsstoffe, zerlegt.

Elementorganische Verbindungen sind uns schon ganz am Anfang dieses Studiums seit dem ersten Studienheft über den Weg gelaufen. Bisher haben wir uns auf Substanzen beschränkt, die Hauptgruppenmetalle wie Magnesium, Natrium oder Lithium beinhalten. Denken Sie dabei zum Beispiel an die Aldol-Reaktion. Aber auch ein typisches Nebengruppenelement, nämlich das Zink, haben wir uns angeschaut.
Für Sie ist wichtig zu wissen, welche Bindungsverhältnisse in diesen metallorganischen Verbindungen vorherrschen. Das betrifft insbesondere die Umpolung der Bindung des Kohlenstoffs, wenn er an Metallen gebunden ist im Vergleich zur Bindung von elektronegativeren Elementen, wie den Halogenen, Stickstoff, Sauerstoff oder auch Schwefel. Damit soll klarwerden, dass dieses Kohlenstoffatom dann carbanionisch reagiert.

Das Ziel des ersten Teils dieses Studienheftes besteht darin, ein Gefühl beziehungsweise Verständnis von Nebenreaktionen zu bekommen, die beispielsweise bei nucleophilen Substitutionsreaktionen oder Additionen und Eliminierungen auftreten. Diese Nebenreaktionen sind meist Umlagerungen, haben teilweise ihren eigenen Mechanismus und führen vielfach zu unerwarteten Produkten, wie wir schon in der Vergangenheit sehen konnten. Wir werden uns intensiv damit beschäftigen, ob und wie diese Umlagerungen beeinflusst werden können und welche Varianten es gibt.
Des Weiteren werden wir schauen, welche weiteren Umlagerungen existieren und welche Produkte zu erwarten sind. Am Ende werden wir einen Blick auf elektrocyclische Reaktionen werfen und sehen, dass durch deren Übergangszustände und Zwischenstufen stereoselektiv Produkte gebildet werden.

Nachdem wir uns in der Organischen Chemie I in der Hauptsache mit Stoffklassen, funktionellen Gruppen und wichtigen Reaktionen beschäftigt haben und in der Organischen Chemie II die Reaktionsmechanismen genau beleuchteten, wollen wir uns im dritten Teil mit speziellen Themen der organischen Chemie beschäftigen. In diesem Studienheft wollen wir uns einzig und allein mit der Anordnung der Atome in Molekülen und den damit verbundenen Besonderheiten dieser Moleküle beschäftigen. Doch warum brauchen wir das ganze Wissen über den exakten Aufbau der Moleküle? Es ist speziell für die Pharmazie und Biochemie von grundlegender Bedeutung, genau zu wissen, wie Moleküle aufgebaut sind. Denn mit exakt der gleichen Summenformel, selbst mit gleicher Aneinanderreihung der Atome können unterschiedliche Wirkungen auftreten.
Deshalb werden wir noch einmal genau beleuchten, was Isomere sind und welche Arten es gibt. Dann werden wir uns die Auswirkungen anschauen, die vier unterschiedliche Substituenten an einem Kohlenstoffatom haben. Wichtig ist, dass Sie verstehen, dass unterschiedliche Stoffe oder Verbindungen da sind, wenn Sie die Stellung (Anordnung) der Substituenten im Molekül „vertauschen“. Zudem sollten Sie mit dem Begriff Stereoisomerie sicher umgehen können und wissen, was für Isomere da existieren und was das für Folgen auf die Reaktivität des Moleküls hat. Darauf aufbauend finden wir Moleküle, in denen mehr als ein Chiralitätszentrum existiert. Welche Auswirkungen das auf die Eigenschaften des Moleküls hat, werden wir am Schluss sehen.

The first evidence of azimuthal magnetorotaional instability was given some years ago by Seilmayer et al. (2014). A Taylor Couette Setup, filled with liquid metal, was exposed to magnetic field Bφ ~ r^ -1. The necessary current was supplied by a large frame of copper rods which caused a residual m=1 field disturbance. This imperfection caused a stationary dominant background flow. Since then, several changes took place to circumvent external asymmetries and influences. The main improvement was the symmetric current return path which eliminates the m=1 background flow and reduces stray fields. Now the AMRI wave is mainly located at the top of the cylinder, which is surprising since the theoretical prediction allows a symmetric wave with m=±1 configuration. However, the wave component from below is missing. Recent work indicate that thermal convection could be a possible source of symmetry breaking. We present experimental results which give evidence to the strong dependency on thermal boundary conditions which affect AMRI action in the volume.

Thallium (Tl) is a typical toxic metal, which poses a great threat to human health through drinking water and the food chain (biomagnification). China has rich Tl-bearing mineral resources, which have been extensively explored and utilized, leading to release of large amounts of Tl into the environment. However, research on Tl pollution and removal techniques is relatively limited, because Tl has not been listed within the scope of environmental monitoring in China for several decades. This paper reviewed Tl pollution in wastewater arising from various industries in China, as well as the latest available methods for treating Tl-containing industrial wastewater, in order to give an outlook on effective technologies for controlling Tl pollution. Conventional physical and chemical treatment technologies are efficient at removing trace amounts of Tl, but it proved to be difficult to achieve the stringent environmental standard (≤0.1–5 μg/L) cost-effectively. Adsorption by using newly developed nanomaterials, and metal oxide modified polymer materials and microbial fuel cells are highly promising and expected to become next-generation technologies for remediation of Tl pollution. With the potential for greater Tl contamination in the environment under accelerated growth of industrialization, researches based on lab-scale implementation of such promising treatment technologies should be further expanded to pilot and industrial scale, ensuring environmental protection and the safety of drinking water for sustainable development. Comprehensive insights into experiences of Tl pollution in China and in-depth perspectives on new frontier technologies of Tl removal from wastewaters will also benefit other nations/regions worldwide, which are susceptible to high exposure to Tl likewise.

Thallium (Tl) is an uncommon toxic element, with an even greater toxicity than that of As, Hg and Cd. Steel-making industry has been identified as an emerging new significant source of Tl contamination in China. This paper presents a pilot investigation of the contamination and geochemical transfer of Tl and associated metal(loid)s in river sediments affected by long-term waste discharge from the steel-making industry. The results uncovered an overall Tl contamination (1.96 ± 0.42 mg/kg) across a sediment profile of approximately 1.5 m in length, even 10 km downstream the steel plant. Highly elevated contents of Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Sb were found in the fluvial sediments, displaying strong positive correlations with Tl contents. Elevated levels of geochemically mobile Tl as well as Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb occurred in the fluvial sediments, signifying anthropogenic imprints from steel production activities at high temperature. Levels of contamination and ecological risk were calculated to be moderate to considerable for Tl, Cu, Zn and high to very high for Cd, Pb, Sb. The results highlight that there is a great challenge in view of potentially considerable Tl pollution due to continuous massive steel production in many other parts of China. It is high time to initiate process-based management of Tl contamination control for the ambient aquifer system in the steel-making area.

The grinding characteristic of a cassiterite-bearing skarn ore was investigated for the fine particle size range using an agitated ball mill. The applicability of Mineral Liberation Analyzer was investigated for the fine particle range. The appropriate liberation of cassiterite was determined with the help of tangible parameters such as the degree and coefficient of liberation and grade-recovery diagrams. The liberation of cassiterite was found to be in a satisfying range for downstream upgrading. A more etailed analysis of the liberation characteristics of the potential valuables together with a better understanding of the breakage characteristics of the gangue minerals will help to optimize the operation of the subsequent upgrading process. Therefore, the breakage behavior of the most important gangue minerals was analyzed. The effect of selectivity in breakage for the different minerals became visible.
A clear spreading for the mineral recovery versus size class indicated a mineral specific accumulation during milling. These trends lead to the assumption that the separation of the minerals into different particle size classes can be optimized by applying a specific energy input.