Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Objectives: Pyridine containing bifunctional chelating agents (BFCA) based on 1, 4, 7 – triazacyclononane backbones (DMPTACN) are suitable platforms for copper (II) complexes. These ligands rapidly form highly stable, inert square pyramidal complexes that are resistant to metal leaching.¹ The ligand structure enables convenient introduction of additional conjugatable functional groups like -COOH end groups to allow a regioselective coupling to various biomolecules for e.g. bombesin.² Since Cu-64 is a highly useful PET (positron emission tomography) radioisotope because of its intermediate half-life (⁶⁴Cu, t_1/2 -12.7 h) and a high resolution image, these conjugatable DMPTACN chelators can be coupled with various vectors for e.g., proteins, dendritic polymers in order to understand their detailed in vivo pharmacokinetic properties with respect to their ADME behavior. The current objective of the work was to synthesize new maleimide and -SCN derivatives of DMPTACN ligands which could be employed to be conjugated to anti-inflammatory dendritic polyglcerol sulfate (dPGS) & neutral dPG derivatives under mild conditions in order to study the metabolic fate of these potentially therapeutic polymers using positron emission tomography.
Methods: DMPTACN was synthesized by a 10-step process using an established protocol.¹ Two coupling groups such as maleimide (1) or isothiocyanate (2) have been attached for further conjugation. These ligands were then conjugated to the thiolated dPGS via Michael addition of 1 and also via direct labeling of 2 to dPGS amine to yield highly stable conjugates. ⁶⁴Cu was produced following an already established protocol with high specific activities of 150-250 GBq/µmol.^{3 64}Cu-labeling of the conjugates were performed using [⁶⁴Cu]CuCl₂ at ambient temperature in aqueous buffer solution (0.1 M MES/NaOH) and resulted in a radiochemical purity of ≥99% within a few minutes. Challenge experiments were conducted in presence of EDTA or copper seeking superoxide dismutase (SOD) for evaluation of in vitro stability.⁴ Biodistribution and PET studies were conducted in male Wistar rats.
Results: DMPTACN-dPG/S conjugates form highly stable metal complexes with ⁶⁴Cu under mild conditions (ambient temperature, aqueous solution) showing resistance to demetalation in vitro and high in vivo stability. Biodistribution data and PET experiments show a charge dependant excretion of the dPGS and dPG macromolecules.
Conclusions: DMPTACN ligands are a versatile platform which can be applied for labeling small molecules, proteins as well as polymers for detailed insight on their biodistribution profiles using ⁶⁴Cu that allows studying relatively long biochemical processes and thus, prove to be an attractive candidate for PET imaging.
Acknowledgements: This study is part of a research initiative “Technologie und Medizin – Multimodale Bildgebung zur Aufklärung des in-vivo Verhaltens von polymeren Biomaterialien” of the Helmholtz-Portfoliothema.
References:
[1] Gasser G., et al. (2008) Bioconjugate Chem. 19, 719-730.
[2] Bergmann R., et al. (2013) Eur. J. Med. Chem. 70, 434-446.
[3] Thieme S., et al. (2012) Appl. Radiat. Isot. 70, 602-608.
[4] Zarschler K., et al. (2013) RSC Adv. 4, 10157-10164.

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Introduction: The 15.9 kg main mass of the Twannberg meteorite has been found in 1984 in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland. Five additional masses were found until 2007 [1]. Since then, nearly 100 new finds brought the known mass to ~37 kg. The Twannberg meteorite belongs to the small IIG group (6 members), which is characterized by a low concentration of nickel and large inclusions of schreibersite.
Here we study the cosmic ray exposure (CRE) history of 17 individuals of Twannberg using cosmogenic radionuclides and noble gases. We are especially interested in the terrestrial age of Twannberg to better understand its relation with the associated glacial sediments.
Experimental Methods: Noble gas isotopes (He, Ne, and Ar) are analyzed by noble gas mass spectrometry at the University of Bern following procedure described earlier [2,3]. Analyses of the cosmogenic radionuclides (¹⁰Be, ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl, and ⁴¹Ca) are performed at the DREsden Accelerator Mass Spectrometry facility (DREAMS, [4]) adapted from procedures described in [5].
Results: So far, 17 samples have been analyzed for the noble gas; 6 of them have also been investigated for their cosmogenic radionuclide contents. We observed a wide range of noble gas and radionuclide concentrations (more than one order of magnitude). The noble gas and radionuclide concentration correlate, indicating the reliability of the analysis despite low concentrations. Combining the data with model calculations indicate a preatmospheric radius in range of 1 to 10 meters. Considering an average density of about 8 g/cm³ and assuming a spherical object, the Twannberg preatmospheric mass was greater than at least 33 tons.
The CRE age has been determined using the ³⁶Cl-³⁶Ar method [6]. The average CRE age is 243±64 Ma, which is in the range of typical CRE ages for iron meteorites [7] and which is in good agreement with the adopted age of 230±50 Ma found previously [1]. The average terrestrial age based on the ³⁶Cl/¹⁰Be-¹⁰Be systematics is 88±38 ka, indicating that the meteorite fell during the last glaciation, the Würm event (~110-15 ka), but before the maximum glaciation at 24 ka. We expect ⁴¹Ca measurements soon, which will help to further pin down the terrestrial age of the Twannberg meteorite and bring the fall into context of glacial events, as suggested by geological indicators [1].
References: [1] Hofmann B. et al. 2009. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 44:187-199. [2] Ammon K. et al. 2008. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 43:685-699. [3] Ammon K. et al. 2011. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 46:785-792. [4] Akhmadaliev S. et al. 2013. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physic B 294:5-10. [5] Merchel S. and Herpers U. 1999. Radiochimica Acta 84:215-219. [6] Lavielle B. et al. 1999. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 170:93-104. [7] Eugster O. 2003. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry 63:3-30.
Acknowledgments: This work is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation. We thank all the ion beam center members in Dresden for their precious help. This study is heavily based on a close cooperation with enthusiastic meteorite hunters.

Objectives: The α₇nAChR is involved in cognition and a potential drug target for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. ¹⁸F-DBT-10 is a candidate radioligand for α₇nAChR imaging (Kranz et al. J Nucl Med 2014; 55 (Suppl. 1):1143). We performed PET experiments in rhesus monkeys to assess its kinetic and imaging characteristics.

Methods: ¹⁸F-DBT-10 was prepared from its nitrophenyl precursor by nucleophilic substitution. The affinity of DBT-10 on human nAChRs was determined by radioligand binding studies. Dynamic PET imaging of two monkeys (each control and blockade) was performed using a Focus-220 scanner. Brain and plasma metabolites were analysed by HPLC. Regional volumes of distribution (V_T) were estimated from brain and plasma time-activity data.

Results: DBT-10 has high binding affinity to α₇nAChR (K_i = 0.60 nM) and excellent selectivity over other nicotinic receptor subtypes. ¹⁸F-DBT-10 was prepared in 14.5±4.6% radiochemical yield and >99% radiochemical purity (n=5). Free plasma fraction of ¹⁸F-DBT-10 was 18±2 % (n=4). Plasma metabolism varied considerable between the two animals. Brain uptake was high and tissue kinetics fairly fast, with peak uptake at 10-50 min (Figure 1). No radioactive metabolites were found in brain tissue (thalamus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum) taken from one monkey at 120 min p.i. Time-activity curves were fitted well with the 2-tissue kinetic model. Mean V_T values were 58.0, 57.5, 54.9, 54.5, 52.0, 48.4, 39.9, and 34.8 cm³/mL, respectively, for the thalamus, insular, frontal and cingulate cortices, striatum, temporal cortex, hippocampus, occipital cortex, and cerebellum (n=2). Pre-treatment with the selective α₇ ligand ASEM (0.69 & 1.24 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced binding of ¹⁸F-DBT-10 in all regions by 30% and 64%, respectively.

Conclusions: ¹⁸F-DBT-10 is a novel PET radiotracer with high affinity and selectivity for the α₇nAChR. In rhesus monkeys it displays high uptake, appropriate kinetics and high specific binding in brain and thus is a promising agent for PET imaging of α₇nAChR in humans.

Figure 1. MR and PET VT images (left) and tissue TACs (right) from a baseline scan with 18F-DBT-10.

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High-energy short-pulse lasers are pushing the limits of plasma-based particle acceleration, x-ray generation, and high-harmonic generation by creating strong electromagnetic fields at the laser focus where electrons are being accelerated to relativistic velocities. Understanding the relativistic electron dynamics is key for an accurate interpretation of measurements. We present a unified and self-consistent modeling approach in quantitative agreement with measurements and differing trends across multiple target types acquired from two separate laser systems, which differ only in their nano-second to picosecond-scale rising edge. Insights from high-fidelity modeling of laser-plasma interaction demonstrate that the ps-scale, orders of magnitude weaker rising edge of the main pulse measurably alters target evolution and relativistic electron generation compared to idealized pulse shapes. This can lead for instance to the experimentally observed difference between 45MeV and 75MeV maximum energy protons for two nominally identical laser shots, due to ps-scale prepulse variations. Our results show that the realistic inclusion of temporal laser pulse profiles in modeling efforts is required if predictive capability and extrapolation are sought for future target and laser designs or for other relativistic laser ion acceleration schemes.

After the Fukushima accident the spent fuel pool has got a stronger focus in nuclear safety research. The objective of the German national joint project SINABEL (Safety of wet storage facilities for spent fuel) is the experimental investigation and modelling of the thermal hydraulics of fuel elements (10 fuel rods in square, D = 10 mm, P/D = 1.24) in the pool dry-out phase. Key parameters for validation of the models are the steam temperatures and velocities in the subchannels. Due to the complex geometry and the thermal insulation of the test facility there is a strong limitation in the optical and mechanical accessibility for measurements. As a result there is a need of novel measurement techniques to provide spatially resolved gas phase temperatures and velocities.
Our approach is a modified wire-mesh sensor that is usually used for phase discrimination in two-phase flows via the measurement of conductivity or capacity in the crossing points of the wires. In the new sensor concept we integrate special miniaturized converters, which are resistance thermometers for the temperature and velocity measurement. The advantage of this technique is the possibility to overheat the sensor by increasing the current through the sensor. By controlling the sensor temperature the use of the thermal anemometry principle becomes possible.
The challenges in the development of this combining measurement system are the boundary conditions. The range of the steam velocity is down to 0.01 m/s. The temperature range is from the water boiling temperature of 100 °C up to 500 °C overheated steam. As a result of this there are high requirements in temperature compensation and the mechanical resistivity of the measurement setup.
In the contribution we will describe both the new sensor technology as well as its application in thermal hydraulic experiments for advanced analysis of safety issues for the spent fuel pool.

For quantification of the thermal hydraulics in a heated rod bundle assembly the gas phase temperature and velocity in the subchannels has to be measured. The accessibility for sensors is strongly restricted due to the test facility design. In this paper the selection process for a suitable measurement device is presented. The approach is the modification of a wire-mesh sensor by implementation of special converters into the crossing points of the grid. Using a sensor material with a high thermal coefficient of resistance, both the resistance thermometer principle and the thermal anemometry principle, can be applicate by modulation of the sensor current.

Al doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) and Al–N co-doped ZnO (ZnO:Al–N) films were synthesized based on plasma assisted reactive deposition of ZnO matrix and in-situ doping of Al or co-doping of Al and N. Similar with undoped ZnO, the synthesized ZnO:Al and ZnO:Al–N films are hexagonal wurtzite in structure and exhibit high optical transparency in a wide spectral region. Al doping and Al–N co-doping in ZnO result in a significant variation of the optical properties in the ultraviolet (UV) region and an UV extension of the transparent range. Compared with undoped ZnO, the doped films show blue-shifted absorption edge of 320 nm and widened band gap of 3.69 eV after annealing in H2/N2 mixed gas because of the incorporation of dopants and the improvement in the crystal structure. The ZnO:Al film exhibits declined transparency in the near infrared (IR) region, while the ZnO film co-doped with Al and N preserves high transparency from near UV to medium IR in addition to the UV extension of the transparent range. The annealed ZnO:Al and ZnO:Al–N films show better electrical properties than those of the undoped ZnO film and the as-deposited doped ZnO films.

Despite high uranium concentrations (up to 14 mg L-1) and low pH (2.5 - 3.0) a high biodiversity was detected by culture independent methods in the flooding water of the former uranium mine Königstein (Saxony, Germany). In this study culture dependent methods were used for the isolation of eukaryotic microorganisms from the flooding water. It was possible to isolate different eukaryotic fungi with a glucose riche medium. The results of uranium immobilization tests showed high immobilization rates of about 120 to 160 mg uranium per 1 g dry mass. Flow cytometry experiments with KS5 and DSM 10134 were performed in liquid medium to quantitatively determine the uranium tolerance. In comparison, the isolate KS5 showed a higher uranium tolerance than the reference culture of DSM 10134 on solid as well as in liquid medium. In conclusion, this study indicates that eukaryotic microorganisms within a uranium-contaminated environment could potentially play an important role in the bioremediation of uranium.

X-ray absorption contrast techniques are an effective tool for investigating solidification processes in opaque metallic alloys. This work is devoted to the in situ visualization of the dendritic growth during the bottom-up solidification of a Ga-25wt%In alloy under natural and forced convections. Many effects of melt flow on the mushy zone structure were observed by standard X-ray radiography with a spatial resolution of 5-10 microns [1, 2]. The flow-induced variations of the local solute concentration result in an unsteady development of the primary dendrites and trigger or inhibit the development of secondary and tertiary arms. Variations of the vertical and lateral temperature gradients induce modifications of the melt flow pattern, which lead to different segregation structures and dendrite morphology.
A more detailed analysis of the particular processes (a detachment of side branches and growth of a dendrite tip) were carried out using synchrotron X-ray radiography with a spatial resolution of less than 1 µm. The synchrotron experiments were performed at the ROBL beam line (BM20, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble) at an energy of 28.5 keV. The combination of synchrotron X-ray radiography and synchrotron X-ray diffraction shows a big potential for orientation analysis of the growing grains and a lattice parameter determination of the solid phase.

X-ray radioscopic methods enable the in-situ real-time observation of solidification processes in metal alloys with a spatial resolution of a few microns. Visualization of bottom up directional solidification of a Ga-25wt%In binary metal alloy contained in a capillary slit container was conducted. The solidification is obviously affected by natural thermo-solutal melt flow patterns. Externally forced melt convection was superimposed by means of a magnetic stirrer in form of a rotating wheel equipped with permanent magnets. The electromagnetic flow provokes a considerable redistribution of the solutal boundary layers around the solidifying dendrites, and influences therewith the formation of the microstructure.
The X-ray radioscopy delivers a two-dimensional projection of the local density in the slit container corresponding to the distribution of the relative brightness P in the acquired images. The relative brightness P allows for an assessment of the local constitution inside the liquid phase. Our analysis of the flow field in the present article follows the Optical Flow approach proposed by Horn and Schunck. [1] The applied algorithm to determine the optical flow from the X-ray images delivers reliable information concerning the velocity field in regions where sufficiently large brightness gradients occurs. The solidification process creates differences of the local composition within the melt leading to characteristic pattern of transmitted light intensity. The analysis of the flow field relies on the monitoring of the temporal variations of characteristic brightness patterns in the liquid phase.
Our results show that melt flow induces various effects on the grain morphology primarily caused by the convective transport of solute. Our observations show a facilitation of the growth of primary trunks or lateral branches, suppression of side branching, dendrite remelting and fragmentation. The manifestation of all phenomena depends on the dendrite orientation, local direction and intensity of the flow. The forced flow eliminates the solutal plumes and damps the local fluctuations of solute concentration. It provokes a preferential growth of the secondary arms at the upstream side of the primary dendrite arms, whereas the high solute concentration at the downstream side of the dendrites can inhibit the formation of secondary branches completely. Moreover, the flow changes the inclination angle of the dendrites and the angle between primary trunks and secondary arms.

In this paper, we present mobility investigations of strained nMOS and pMOS short-channel transistors with dimensions down to 30-nm gate length. Using the geometrical magnetoresistance (MR) effect, carrier mobility of electrons and holes in the inversion channel of a recent state-of-the-art CMOS technology is presented from linear to saturation operation conditions. The MR effect allows for a more direct access to the carrier mobility compared with the conventional current/voltage and capacitance/voltage mobility derivation methods, in which series resistance, inversion charge density, and effective channel length are necessary to extract the mobility values of the short-channel devices. In another way, the MR effect can help to disentangle the performance gain of the strained state-of-the art devices to changes in channel mobility or device connection, e.g., series resistance effects.

The directional solidification of Ga–25wt%In alloys within a Hele-Shaw cell was visualized by X-ray radioscopy. The investigations are focused on the impact of melt convection on the dendritic growth. Natural convection occurs during a bottom up solidification because lighter solute is rejected during crystallization. Forced convection was produced by a specific electromagnetic pump. The direction of forced melt flow is almost horizontal at the solidification front. Melt flow induces various effects on grain morphology primarily caused by convective transport of solute, such as a facilitation of the growth of primary trunks or lateral branches, dendrite remelting, fragmentation or freckle formation depending on the dendrite orientation, the flow direction and intensity. Forced flow eliminates solutal plumes and damps local fluctuations of solute. A preferential growth of the secondary arms occurs at the upstream side of the dendrites, whereas high solute concentration at the downstream side inhibits the formation of secondary branches.

The quality of continuous cast steel is significantly affected by the flow pattern in the mould and submerged entry nozzle (SEN). The flow in continuous casting machines is often a two-phase one because argon is injected to avoid clogging inside the casting nozzle. Moreover, the argon bubbles are supposed to drag alumina particles and transport them towards the slag layer at the free surface. On the other hand, the gas injection leads to highly turbulent and complex two-phase flows, which are difficult to predict by numerical simulations. The injected bubbles have a distinct influence on the flow pattern and may trigger instabilities in the mold, for instance, observations made on real casters showed correlations between gas pressure variations in the SEN and mould meniscus perturbations.

Despite of the considerable number of previous studies mainly performed as numerical simulations and water models the understanding of liquid metal two phase flows remains fragmentary. Many open questions require further investigations, as concerns the formation process of gas bubbles, their distribution and flow regime in the SEN, the size of bubbles entering the mould, the flotation of the gas in the mould, the gas entrapment in the solidifying strand, etc. This situation motivated us to construct a specific model experiment where liquid metal two-phase flows can be investigated under flow conditions which are similar to those in the real continuous casting process.

We present an experimental study in a mockup of the continuous casting process. The two-phase flows in the mould and the SEN were visualized by means of X-ray radioscopy. The argon gas is injected through the tip of the stopper rod into the liquid metal flow. The system operates continuously with the low melting, eutectic alloy GaInSn under isothermal conditions. Experimental results will be presented and discussed accompanied by statistical analysis.

During the directional solidification of Ga-In25%wt., density variations in the liquid cause plumes of solute to be ejected from the interface through natural convection. This can lead to the formation of chimneys during solidification and ultimately freckles. The application of external magnetic fields can be used to suppress these plumes. Two magnetic systems are considered. The first is a rotating magnetic wheel, which provides conditions analogous to forced convection at the solidification interface. The forced convection causes preferential growth of secondary branches and the plumes to be transported downstream and back into the bulk. The second is the application of a static magnetic field, which interacts with inherent thermoelectric currents, generating a Lorentz force that drives fluid flow within the inter-dendritic region. However, in the bulk, where there are no thermoelectric currents electromagnetic damping dominates and plumes are stunted.

Using a fully coupled transient numerical model a quantitative analysis of each of these systems has been investigated. Figure 1 shows numerical results of the velocity profiles and dendritic morphology for each of these cases. Comparisons to experiments are given for the cases of natural and forced convection. The experimental setup uses a Hele-Shaw cell with an electric heater and Peltier cooler allowing for control over the thermal gradient and cooling rate.

This paper focuses on generating accurate 1-g cross section values that are necessary for evaluation of nuclide densities as a function of burnup for coupled Monte Carlo codes. The proposed method is an alternative to the conventional direct reaction rate tally approach, which requires extensive computational efforts. The method presented here is based on the multi-group (MG) approach, in which pre-generated MG sets are collapsed with MC calculated flux. In our previous studies we showed that generating accurate 1-g cross sections requires their tabulation against the background cross-section (σ0) to account for the self-shielding effect. However, in previous studies, the model that was used to calculate σ0 was simplified by fixing Bell and Dancoff factors. This work demonstrates that 1-g values calculated under the previous simplified model may not agree with the tallied values. Therefore, the original background cross section model was extended by implicitly accounting for the Dancoff and Bell factors. The method developed here reconstructs the correct value of σ0 by utilizing statistical data generated within the MC transport calculation by default. The method does not carry any additional computational burden and it is universally applicable to the analysis of thermal as well as fast reactor systems.

Using a fully coupled transient 3-dimensional numerical model, the effects of convection on the microstructural evolution of a thin sample of Ga-In25%wt. was predicted. The effects of natural convection, forced convection and thermoelectric magnetohydrodynamics were investigated numerically. A comparison of the numerical results is made to experimental results for natural convection and forced convection. In the case of natural convection, density variations within the liquid cause plumes of solute to be ejected into the bulk. When forced convection is applied observed effects include the suppression of solute plumes, preferential secondary arm growth and an increase in primary arm spacing. These effects were observed both numerically and experimentally. By applying an external magnetic field inter-dendritic flow is generated by thermoelectrically induced Lorentz forces, while bulk flow experiences an electromagnetic damping force. The former causes preferential secondary growth, while the latter slows the formation of solute plumes. This work highlights that the application of external forces can be a valuable tool for tailoring the microstructure and ultimately the macroscopic material properties.

Simultaneous study of solidification phenomena on different length scales (e.g. µm-sized dendrite morphology and mm-sized flow structures) raises a serious problem. Since several years X-ray radioscopy has been proposed and successfully used as an effective tool for in situ real time observations of the dendrite growth, concentration field and flow patterns. The upward directional solidification of Ga-25wt%In alloy within a Hele-Shaw cell was studied by in situ X-ray radioscopy. This work is focused on the investigation of the influence of natural convection on the concentration profiles, dendrite morphology, growth velocities, freckle formation and fragmentation. Additionally, we use the Optical Flow approach proposed by Boden et al. [1] for the estimation of the melt flow ahead of the solidification front.
The ascending plumes and the downward flow of In-rich melt lead to an inhomogeneous horizontal concentration profile along the solidification front. Variations of the vertical and lateral temperature gradients induce modifications of the melt flow pattern, which lead to different segregation structures and dendrite morphology. The dendrite growth velocity is mainly determined by the dynamics of the solute plumes which cause significant fluctuations of solute concentration. Our in situ experiments provide quantitative data on concentration, flow fields, tip velocity, etc. for the verification of actual models of freckle formation [2].
The second part of the study is devoted to the visualization of the fragmentation process in the mushy zone. Numerous events of detachment of secondary arms from the primary trunks occur in the deeper mushy zone. These fragments remain within the inter-dendritic regions. Fragments originating in the upper mushy zone can ascend by convective transport in the plumes and arrive in undercooled regions ahead of the dendritic front. Future work is in progress in order to classify our experimental data with respect to the known fragmentation mechanisms.

The directional solidification of Ga–25wt%In alloys within a Hele-Shaw cell has been studied by X-ray radioscopy. The investigations have focused on the influence of melt convection on the dendritic growth. Natural convection occurs during a bottom up solidification because a lighter solute is rejected during crystallization. Forced convection has been produced by a specific electromagnetic pump. The direction of forced melt flow is almost horizontal at the solidification front. Melt flow induces various effects on grain morphology caused primarily by convective transport of solute, such as facilitation of the growth of primary trunks or lateral branches, dendrite remelting, fragmentation or freckle formation depending on the dendrite orientation, the flow direction and intensity. Forced flow eliminates solutal plumes and damps local fluctuations of solute. A preferential growth of the secondary arms occurs at the upstream side of the dendrites, whereas high solute concentration at the downstream side inhibits the formation of secondary branches.

Investigating the complex interaction of conductive fluids and magnetic fields is relevant for a variety of applications from basic research in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to modeling industrial processes involving metal melts, such as the crystal growth process in the photovoltaic industry. This enables targeted optimizations of the melt flow and allows to significantly increase the yield and energy effciency of industrial processes. However, experimental studies in this field are often limited by the performance of flow instrumentation for opaque liquids. We present an ultrasound array Doppler velocimeter (UADV) for flow mapping in opaque liquids at room temperature. It is modular and flexible regarding its measurement configuration, for instance it allows capturing two velocity components in two planes (2d - 2c). It uses up to 9 linear arrays with a total element count of 225, driven in a parallelized time division multiplex (TDM) scheme. A FPGA-based signal pre-processing allows to handle the massive data bandwidth of typ. 1.2 GB/s and enables a continuous and near-realtime operation of the measurement system. The capabilities of the UADV system are demonstrated in a basic MHD research experiment with a metal melt (GaInSn) in a cubic container of (67 mm)³. The flow induced by a rotating magnetic field is captured with a temporal resolution of 250 ms for the horizontal and vertical central cross-section of the cube.

Optical free-electron lasers (OFELs) from the EUV to X-ray range can be realized in Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS)[1,2] by utilizing pulse-front tilted high-power laser pulses as optical undulators.
The interaction distances required to induce microbunching to the electron beam for coherent radiation emission are realized in TWTS with a combination of side-scattering and a tilt of the laser pulse-front, as depicted in fig. 1. In the side-scattering geometry the electron beam and laser pulse directions of motion enclose the interaction angle. The tilt of the laser pulse-front by half of the interaction angle then ensures continuous overlap of electrons and laser while both are propagating in different directions. In this way, the interaction distances realized in TWTS are only limited by the transverse size of the laser and thus by the available laser power and size of available optics.
Our fully analytic theory of TWTS OFELs provides scaling laws for the electron and laser pulse quality requirements for OFEL operation. We show that TWTS OFELs can be realized with state-of-the-art technology in electron accelerators and laser systems if the presented scheme for dispersion control is applied. Thereby the variability of TWTS with respect to the interaction angle is used to control the electron and laser beam quality requirements. Especially the sub-μm transv. emittance beams from laser wakefield accelerators with energy spreads in the percent level can be used for the realization of all-optical FELs with acceleration and interaction distances in the centimeter range. An outlook on 3D simulations of TWTS OFELs using the particle in cell code PIConGPU is given.

Optical free-electron lasers (OFELs) from the ultra violet to x-ray range can be realized with Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS). This becomes possible in TWTS by increasing the photon scattering efficiency of standard Thomson scattering geometries more than one order of magnitude by changing the interaction geometry. In TWTS a side-scattering geometry is used where the laser and electron propagation directions enclose the interaction angle $\phi$. Together with a tilt of the laser pulse front the interaction distance is increased in TWTS beyond the limits of head-on Thomson scattering. TWTS implements dispersion control of the laser pulse to compensate for variations of the optical undulator period originating from the pulse-front tilt. Altogether, the combination of side-scattering, pulse-front tilt and dispersion control in TWTS allows for meter-scale interaction distances in which the electron beam becomes microbunched and OFEL operation is achieved. These TWTS OFELs provide transverse coherence as well as brilliances an order of magnitude enhanced over standard head-on Thomson scattering geometries.
We present the scaling laws of TWTS OFELs derived from a fully analytic theory of the electron laser interaction in TWTS scattering geometries. TWTS OFELs can be realized in an all-optical setup with a meter-scale footprint using laser wakefield accelerated electrons featuring both ultralow transverse emittances and large energy spreads.

In Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS) a high-power laser pulse is scattered off a relativistic electron pulse to realize optical free-electron lasers (OFELs) with a wavelength range from ultraviolet to Angstrom. TWTS employs a side-scattering geometry where laser and electron beam propagation direction enclose an interaction angle to become independent of the Rayleigh length limit for the maximum interaction distance inherent to standard head-on Thomson scattering geometries. For optimum spatial overlap between electrons and laser pulse in TWTS geometries the laser pulse features a pulse-front tilt. In this way, the electrons interact with all parts of the laser pulse and the brilliance of a TWTS light source become by orders of magnitude larger than in standard head-on geometries where spatial overlap between electrons and laser pulse is lost due to defocusing of the laser pulse. OFELs can be operated with TWTS using multi-hundred to petawatt class laser systems with beam diameters in the centimeter range since the interaction distance in TWTS can be controlled with the laser beam diameter in the interaction plane.
We show that interaction distances achieved in TWTS are long enough for microbunching of the electron beam and coherent amplification of the radiation from our 1.5D FEL theory for the interaction of electrons with laser fields in side-scattering geometries.
We give the scaling laws for the design of TWTS OFELs derived from this 1.5D theory and present possible experimental setups for TWTS OFELs using electrons from conventional and laser wakefield accelerators. We put emphasize on how the ultra-low emittance of a laser wakefield accelerator can be exploited to compensate for the one percent level energy spread and how laser pulse dispersion introduced with the pulse-front tilt in TWTS setups can be compensated with an additional pair of gratings in the laser pulse path before the interaction.

Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering (TWTS) realizes optical free-electron lasers (OFEL) from the extreme ultraviolet to the X-ray range with existing electron accelerators and high-power laser systems. In TWTS ultrashort laser pulses and relativistic electron bunches are utilized in a side-scattering geometry where laser pulse and electron bunch direction of motion enclose an interaction angle. The laser electric field thereby is the undulator field in which the electrons oscillate and emit radiation during the interaction. When the electrons traverse the laser beam cross-section, TWTS provides continuous overlap of electron bunch and laser pulse by employing a laser pulse-front tilt which compensates the spatial separation of electrons and laser at the beginning and end of the interaction originating from their different propagation directions. The combination of laser pulse-front tilt and side-scattering in TWTS enables interaction lengths long enough to induce microbunching of the electron beam leading to coherent amplification of the emitted radiation and the realization of TWTS OFELs.
We present the scaling laws for the electron beam and laser pulse requirements to operate TWTS OFELs and show with example scenarios that TWTS OFELs can be realized with existing radio-frequency accelerated electrons such as ELBE at HZDR as well as laser-wakefield accelerated electrons. We detail the necessary equipment in a TWTS OFEL experiment and discuss how current experimental limitations affect the design of TWTS OFEL setups.

No abstract needed

Defect-induced magnetism is attracting intensive research interest. It not only challenges the traditional opinions about magnetism, but also has some potential applications in spin-electronics. SiC is a new candidate for the investigation of defect-induced ferromagnetism after graphitic materials and oxides due to its high material purity and crystalline quality [1, 2]. In this contribution, we made a comprehensive investigation on the structural and magnetic properties of ion implanted and neutron irradiated SiC sample. In combination with X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we try to understand the mechanism in a microscopic picture.
For neon or xenon ion implanted SiC, we identify a multi-magnetic-phase nature [3]. The magnetization of SiC can be decomposed into paramagnetic, superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic contributions. The ferromagnetic contribution persists well above room temperature and exhibits a pronounced magnetic anisotropy. By combining X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and first-principles calculations, we clarify that p-electrons of the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms around divacancies are mainly responsible for the long-range ferromagnetic coupling [4]. Thus, we provide a correlation between the collective magnetic phenomena and the specific electrons/orbitals.
With the aim to verify if a sample containing defects through its bulk volume can persist ferromagnetic coupling, we applied neutron irradiation to introduce defects into SiC [5]. Besides a weak ferromagnetic contribution, we observe a strong paramagnetism, scaling up with the neutron fluence. The ferromagnetic contribution only occurs in a narrow fluence window or after annealing. We speculate that defect-induced ferromagnetism rather locally appears in particular regions, like surface/interface/grain boundaries.
[1] L. Li, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 222508 (2011). [2] Y. Wang, et al., Phys. Rev. B 90, 214435 (2014). [3] Y. Wang,et al., Phys. Rev. B 89, 014417 (2014). [4] Y. Wang, et al., Sci. Reports 5, 8999 (2015). [5] Y. Wang, et al., Phys. Rev. B, submitted (2015).

Ge-based diluted magnetic semiconductors have drawn extensive attention over the past decades due to their potential to be applied in spintronic devices and to be integrated with the mainstream Si microelectronics as well. The hole-mediated effect in diluted magnetic semiconductors provides the possibility to realize the control of magnetic properties by the electrical control of free carriers. In this contribution, we will present the magnetic properties and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of Mn implanted Ge annealed by flashlamp.

Ternary AlxGa1−xN films with different Al compositions were synthesized on sapphire and Si substrates by pulsed laser co-ablation of a polycrystalline GaAs target and a metallic Al target in nitrogen plasma generated by electron cyclotron resonance discharge of N2 gas. Spectroscopy was used to characterize the synthesis process for the mechanisms responsible for AlxGa1−xN synthesis and film deposition. The synthesized AlxGa1−xN films were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical transmission measurements. The AlxGa1−xN films have hexagonal wurtzite structure, which degenerates as the Al composition increases, and show high optical transparency with the absorption edge blue shifted and the bandgap widened with the increasing Al composition. A comparison of the synthesized AlxGa1−xN films with the binary GaN and AlN films synthesized by a similar method reveals their similarity in the structure and the optical properties.

The integration of III-V compound semiconductors into existing semiconductor technology is a milestone in future development of micro- and opto-electronics. III-V compound semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) were fabricated in Ge and Si substrates by high-fluence ion implantation and short-time flash lamp annealing (FLA). The III-V NC formation takes place after amorphization due to implantation, followed by recrystallization via millisecond liquid phase epitaxy. Using this approach, GaAs and InAs NCs were fabricated. Whereas this formation process was recently investigated for Si, the case of Ge has not been reported yet but shows remarkable differences. In order to get III-V/Ge and III-V/Si heterojunctions in the form of free-standing III-V NCs on Ge and Si nanocolumns an additional selective etching of Ge and Si was performed using H2O2 and KOH solution, respectively.
Raman spectroscopy measurements confirmed the formation of III-V NCs within the particular, recrystallized matrices. The microstructural properties of the III-V NCs and the distribution of implanted species were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). SEM and TEM images show distinct, crystalline NCs. Conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) was performed to investigate the electrical behavior of the fabricated heterojunctions.

In the talk, the most important results obtained in the project for the system radionuclide/clay organics/clay rock are presented. The influence of salinity and temperature on complexation, sorption as well as diffusion/transport of radionuclides is discussed.

Pipe organs with their unique sound and beautiful housing are important objects of the cultural heritage. The instrument consists of a number of pipes (flute and reed), which are prone to heavy corrosion attack, resulting in a loss of voice. The atmospheric corrosion of reed (CuZn alloys) and flute pipes (PbSn alloys) is strongly enhanced by traces of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the alloy’s instability.
Experiments have been undertaken to explore the improvement of an aqueous corrosion with the high acetic acid concentration (2–5 v/v%) of CuZn and PbSn alloys, by deposition of protective films (Al2O3 and Al) in nano scale using Pulsed laser deposition and Magnetron sputtering. Afterwards, the samples were implanted with N+ ions using plasma immersion ion implantation. Such coating is then able to withstand stresses and vibrations due to sound generation in organ pipes, and it produces a barrier to VOCs and water vapor. Furthermore, for the treatments of new or slightly corroded flute pipes, solution of 4% Paraloid B-72 in toluene has been applied as corrosion inhibitor. The complete and overall application of the PB-72 improved significantly the corrosion resistance of flute pipes. The laboratory corrosion tests were combined with field studies at affected church organs.

The alpha–particle light response of liquid scintillators based on linear alkylbenzene (LAB) has been measured with three different experimental approaches. In the first approach, alpha–particles were produced in the scintillator via 12C(n,alpha)9Be reactions. In the second approach, the scintillator was loaded with 2% of natSm providing an alpha–emitter, 147Sm, as an internal source. In the third approach, a scintillator flask was deployed into the water–filled SNO+ detector and the radioactive contaminants 222Rn, 218Po and 214Po provided the alpha–particle signal. The behavior of the observed alpha–particle light outputs are in agreement with each case successfully described by Birks’ law. The resulting Birks parameter kB ranges from (0.0066 +- 0.0014) cm/MeV to (0.0076+-0.0003) cm/MeV. In the first approach, the alpha–particle light response was measured simultaneously with the light response of recoil protons produced via neutron–proton elastic scattering. This enabled a first time a direct comparison of kB describing the proton and the alpha–particle response of LAB based scintillator. The observed kB values describing the two light response functions deviate by more than 5 sigma. The presented results are valuable for all current and future detectors, using LAB based scintillator as target, since they depend on an accurate knowledge of the scintillator
response to different particles.

Structural or chemical defects in materials can have a tremendeous effect on their functunality, e.g. in magnetic data storage or sustainable energy materials. Ion beam techniques are ideal methods for a controlled induction of defects, e.g. in thin films since the defect production rate can be controlled by the ion flux whereas the depth of generated defects can be controlled by means of the ion energy. The analysis of the defects generated, on the other hand, can be performed by means of positron annihaltion spectroscopy, where the positrons are implanted either from a radioactive source or from a free electron laser induced nuclear reaction.
In this tutorial, basic concepts of ion implantation as well as positron annihilation spectroscopy at HZDR will be presented. In addition, the effect of ion irradiation, i.e. defect generation, on the magnetic properties of metal alloys will be explained. We will focus on the potential of ion beams for writing magnetic nano- and microstructures. Moreover, magnetic , defect and structural properties of materials for hydrogen processing will be presented.

A major weakness of ion beam therapy is the absence of applicable tools for verifying the particle range in clinical routine. The application of the Compton camera concept for the imaging of prompt gamma rays, a by-product of the irradiation correlated to the dose distribution, is a promising approach for range assessment and even two-dimensional in vivo dosimetry. Multiple position sensitive gamma ray detectors arranged in scatter and absorber planes, together with an imaging algorithm, are required to reconstruct the prompt gamma emission density map. Conventional block detectors deployed in Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which are based on Lu2SiO5:Ce (LSO) and Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) scintillators, are suitable candidates for the Absorber of a Compton camera due to their high density and absorption efficiency even for the prompt Gamma energy range (several MeV). We compare experimentally LSO and BGO block detectors in clinical-like radiation fields in Terms of energy, spatial and time resolution. The high energy range compensates for the low light yield of the BGO material and boosts significantly its performance compared to the PET scenario. Notwithstanding the overall superiority of LSO, BGO catches up in the field of prompt gamma Imaging and can be considered as a competitive alternative to LSO for the absorber plane due to its lower price and the lack of intrinsic radioactivity.

Scanning electron microscope-based automated mineralogy such as the Mineral Liberation Analyser (MLA) allows several automated procedures based on backscattered electron (BSE) image acquisition and the collection of energy-dispersive X-ray spectra of particles with a specified contrast in the BSE image. The collected spectra are classified with a standard mineral spectra list which has been collected and specified for the samples. Samples should be solid with a polished surface. Different measurement modes are available on the MLA which can deliver extensive sets of information as modal mineralogy, particle- and grain size/shape distribution, liberation, mineral association or intergrowth. SEM-based automated mineralogy is a well-established tool in applied mineralogy and mineral- and metallurgic processing. The features of this method can also be applied in wide areas of research fields including material sciences, geology or environmental sciences.

The dynamics of liquid drainage in inclined packed beds was studied experimentally using electrical capacitance tomography. The evolution of textural flow regimes and liquid saturation profiles were monitored as a function of bed tilt angle and bed height. Film and droplet textural regimes were discriminated during bed drainage tests. They consisted of a rapid step discharging, virtually at constant flow rate, ca. 80% of the poral dynamic liquid followed by a slower step of partially-saturated pores discharging the remaining 20%. The drainage time was markedly reduced upon tilting the column resulting ultimately in virtually bed-length independent drainage times. Bed inclination reduced the droplet paths to the vessel wall, stimulating migration and coalescence of liquid droplets towards the lowermost area of the column cross-section. This ensured sufficient hydraulic pressure nearby the high-porosity wall area to maintain enhanced liquid outflows. As a prospective process intensification artifice, inclining packed beds way exhibit superior advantage in stimulating drainage of tall vessels especially if emergency circumstances arise.

We show how the non-collinear magnetic arrangement of ferromagnetic Janus particles enables the construction of a rich phase diagram via static self-assembly in two dimensions.
Branched clusters of staggered chains, compact clusters, linear chains and single particles can be formed and interconverted via constant and low-frequency external magnetic fields. The magnetic anisotropy of the presented particles fundamentally adds new possibilities to controlled self-assembly

For quick screening of material properties, it is important to provide simple experimental test techniques to address specific aspects of material properties. Within work package 2 of the Euratom FP7-MATTER project, a small punch test collective exercise was conducted to critically evaluate the potential of this technique for the characterisation of irradiation hardening and embrittlement. The ferritic-martensitic 9%Cr-steel T91 was used. Several data sets were produced for two major specimen geometries by different European laboratories. The reproducibility and scatter of results expressed by coefficient of variation for the total and plastic energy, the elastic-plastic transition load, the maximum load and the displacement at maximum load was analysed. The largest scatter was observed for the elastic-plastic transition load and for the plastic energy. Correlations for the estimation of tensile properties were shown to be device dependent.The estimations of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures are in a good agreement in cases of identical main geometrical parameters. The SP tests of neutron irradiated T91 (dose between 2.3 and 4 dpa) showed that the equivalent Charpy transition temperature shifts obtained from SP tests are in very good agreement with KLST based values. Thus the small punch test is an appropriate tool for the screening of the neutron irradiation induced embrittlement. We also observed a significant effect of irradiation on the recalculated yield stress and ultimate tensile strength. In comparison with tensile data, the irradiation induced hardening was underestimated. The small punch test is less appropriate for the screening of hardening (yield stress increase) than it is for embrittlement.

This paper summarizes long-term operation conditions in European nuclear power plants. Recommendations for monitoring the radiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessels during life extension periods (to 60 or 80 years) are presented. The guidelines were developed in the EURATOM FP7 project LONGLIFE. The work performed responds to the need for guidance to treat long term irradiation effects within the ageing management of NPPs, since the standard RPV surveillance programmes were designed for a time period of 40 years. In particular the following issues are addressed: re-use of tested surveillance speciems, transferability of material test reactor results to reactor operation conditions, extension of reactor pressure vessel surveillance programmes, withdrawal schemes for lon-term operation surveillance programmes.

Interest in the long-lived radioisotope 236U (t1/2 = 23.4 million years) has significantly increased recently, due to the emergence of environmental and earth science applications. Presently, only a few (AMS) accelerator mass spectrometry instruments are suited for this measurement. One major limitation is the relatively low total detection efficiency (on the order of 10^4), which is partly caused by a low stripping yield of the positive ion charge state selected after the tandem accelerator. It has been shown that high yield can be achieved using helium as stripper gas for uranium ion energies below 0.35 MeV. Here we investigate the potential of He stripping of U at the 3-MV tandem accelerator VERA. Phenomenological charge state distributions for U and Th are presented for terminal voltages from 1.0 to 1.7 MV. These terminal voltages provide better background rejection than possible below 1 MeV, and are suited to the widely used 1–3 MV workhorses of many accelerator mass spectrometry laboratories. The methods can be applied to other actinides also.

Skepsis und die daraus resultierende Frage, ob ein Kunstobjekt vielleicht ergänzt, restauriert oder gar gefälscht ist, sind berechtigt und stellen sich nicht nur dem Kunsthistoriker aus Museen, Sammlern oder interessierten Laien. Die Protonenstrahl-Analyse unterstützt bei der Suche nach der richtigen Antwort. Im Visier: eine Meißener Vase und ihr Deckel. Sowohl die chemischen Zusammensetzungen von Porzellanmassen und Glasuren als auch die Analysen von Pigmenten der Dekore auf Vasenkörper und Deckel beweisen, dass der Deckel nicht original, sondern eine spätere Ergänzung ist.

Secondary raw materials (SRM) are becoming increasingly more important in ensuring the stability of critical metal supply. Like for natural raw materials, processing and metallurgical treatment demands a detailed and meticulous geometallurgical characterisation. Unlike municipal solid waste and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), ashes, slags, dusts and other industrial residues are "produced" centrally in large quantities. In light of these circumstances, the logistics of supply is simpler. This makes these types of SRM ideal candidates for the extraction of critical metals.
Precise and accurate chemical and mineralogical data, knowledge of distribution of valuable and deleterious elements in the single phases as well as information about homogeneity and grain size distribution of the minerals are crucial for the development of new extraction technologies. Gaining these essential information can be achieved by using SEM-based automated mineralogical analysis. However, the large particle size range, the dominance of very small grain sizes (< 5 µm) and the diversity of phases are challenging for the analysis. Furthermore, in contrast to natural materials the analysis of secondary materials faces the challenge of developing new methods for non-natural extreme combinations of elements and phases. To overcome these challenges we used complementary analytical methods, like XRD and optical microscopy. Two of them, High-Speed PIXE and the “MEGA” instrument are still in the stage of development. Both instruments deliver additional information about trace element distribution.
Nevertheless, in contrast to natural materials the analysis of secondary materials faces the challenge of developing new methods for non-natural extreme combinations of elements and phases. We present initial results of ash and slag samples, like residues of pyrometallurgical recycling of spent lead batteries.

Along the value chain (exploration, mining, processing, recycling) generally solid samples of complex matrix and non-stoichiometric composition need to be analysed. Besides spatially-resolved analytics applied to technology development, bulk analytics is mainly used for characterisation of value components.
In the search of the best-suited method, there are important questions to answer at first:
1. What is already known about the sample (matrix, stability, solubility, interferences)?
2. What data are needed (quantitative, semi-quantitative or qualitative)?
3. Are the concentrations of the elements of interest at a major, minor or trace level?
4. How urgently are the data needed and what are the financial restraints?
Here, two different projects are selected to demonstrate a typical search for fit-for-purpose analytics spanning from commonly available Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to more rarely applied Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). These are two examples of primary and secondary raw materials (intermediate goods and waste), which would open possibilities for side products of critical metals, e.g. REE, PGE, Re, Ga.
The first project deals with a natural mineral sample of molybdenite (MoS2) taken from an open pit mine in Kačaran (Armenia) in use for Mo and by-product Re mining. Rhenium is important for catalytic and petrochemical industry, metallurgy, and aviation, e.g. it is used for steel reinforcement in turbine blades for aircrafts [1,2].
The second project focus on secondary raw materials from the non-bauxitic production of aluminium and alumina in Siberia. The analysed materials were taken from different stages of the production process: The final product alumina (Al2O3), waste products like red mud (mainly calcium carbonate and SiO2), sodium salts (e.g. Na2SO4) and anode slag (carbon, Cu-Al alloy, Al) and by-products like wollastonite ceramics (CaSiO3) and soda-potash (K2CO3/Na2CO3).
Of course, there are pros and cons of every analytical method (Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF), ICP-MS, INAA) for different samples yielding to clear conclusions about the best-suited method for future analytical tasks. For example in the case of Re, INAA is identified as method of choice for such kind of analysis due to high sample throughput, an easy and quick sample preparation and a low detection limit (0.26 μg/g).

References:

[1] A. Brumby, M. Verhelst, D. Cheret, Catalysis today. 2005, 106, 166-169.
[2] C. Zhan-Fang, Z. Hong, Q. Zhao-hui, Hydrometallurgy. 2009, 97, 153-157.

Die Abteilung „Reaktiver Transport“ der Forschungsstelle Leipzig beschäftigt sich mit dem Migrations-/Sorptionsverhalten von (Schad)stoffen in geologischen Formationen. In aktuellen Projekten werden partikuläre, kolloidale, gelöste und komplexierte, toxische und radiotoxische Stoffe in Batch- und Säulenstudien sowie Extraktionsverfahren für seltene Metalle untersucht. Bei der eingesetzten Radiotracertechnik kommen kurzlebige, nicht kommerziell erhältliche Radionuklide zum Einsatz. Am Leipziger Zyklotron Cyclone^® 18/9 neu implementiert ist die ⁸⁸Y-Herstellung (T_1/2 = 106,6 d) durch Protonenbeschuss von Strontium mit natürlicher Isotopenzusammensetzung via ⁸⁸Sr(p,n)⁸⁸Y^[1-3]. Das Target wird durch Verpressen von ca. 30 mg Strontiumcarbonat in eine Aluminiumhalterung hergestellt. Die Bestrahlung erfolgt bei einem Protonenstrom von 3 µA, einer Strahlzeit von 2 Stunden und einer Projektilenergie von ca. 12 MeV. Die chemische Aufarbeitung des bestrahlten Strontiumcarbonats erfolgte erstmals durch Ionenchromatographie mit LN-Resin-A (TrisKem Int.) aus salpetersaurer Lösung^[4-5]. N.c.a. (no-carrier-added) ⁸⁸Y wird mit einer radiochemischen Ausbeute von 95 % ± 4 % erhalten. Der entwickelte Trennungsgang dient zur Vorbereitung für die Produktion und Aufarbeitung des kurzlebigen Radionuklids ⁸⁶Y (T_1/2 = 14,7 h; I_β+ = 31,9 %) für die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) durch Bestrahlung von isotopenangereichertem ⁸⁶Sr.

Literatur:

[1] S. A. Kandil, B. Scholten, K. F. Hassan, H. A. Hanafi, S. M. Qaim, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2009, 279, 823. [2] K. Kettern, K.-H. Linse, S. Spellerberg, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Radiochim. Acta 2002, 90, 845. [3] N. P. van der Meulen, T. N. van der Walt, G. F. Steyn, F. Szelecsenyi, Z. Kovacs, C. M. Perrang, H. M. Raubenheimer, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2009, 67, 1320. [4] E. P. Horwitz, C. A. A. Bloomquist, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1975, 37, 425. [5] C. Pin, J. F. S. Zalduegui, Anal. Chim. Acta 1997, 339, 79.

With growing importance of nano-patterned surfaces and nano-composite materials in many applications from energy technologies to nano-electronics, a thorough understanding of the self-organized evolution of nano-structures needs to be established. Modelling and simulations of such processes can help in this endeavor and provide predictions for the turnout of manufacturing processes.

In this talk GPGPU-enabled implementations of two stochastic lattice models will be discussed, shedding light on the complications which arise when simulations of stochastic processes are to make efficient use of massively parallel GPU architectures.
A single-GPU implementation of the (2+1)-dimensional Roof-Top-model allows very precise large-scale studies of surface growth processes in the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class.[1] Furthermore a multi-GPU enabled version of the 3d kinetic Metropolis lattice Monte-Carlo method[2] provides the capability to study the evolution of nano-structures both towards and out-of-equilibrium at spatio-temporal scales of experiments using only small to medium-sized GPU clusters.

[1] J. Kelling, G. Ódor Extremely large-scale simulation of a Kardar-Parisi-Zhang model using graphics cards, Physical Review E 84, 061150 (2011)
[1] J. Kelling, G. Ódor, F. Nagy, H. Schulz, K. Heinig Comparison of different parallel implementations of the 2+1-dimensional KPZ model and the 3-dimensional KMC model, The European Physical Journal - Special Topics 210, 175-187 (2012)

The solidification microstructures and physical properties of Al-Cu-Co ternary eutectic alloy were studied in a rotating magnetic field (RMF). The RMF-driven flow was the key factor causing grain refinement and uniformity of solidification microstructures. The temperature distributions during solidification were recorded under the conditions with and without RMF. The dependence of the eutectic spacing (λ) the microhardness (HV), tensile strength (σt) and compressive strength (σc) on the RMF were investigated. Electrical resistivity (ρ) measurements of the studied alloy were also performed by using the four-point probe method and the dependence of the resistivity on temperature and RMF were determined. Besides, the enthalpy (ΔH) and the specific heat (Cp) values were determined by the DSC analysis. Important changes were found in the microstructure, microhardness, tensile strength, compressive strength and electrical resistivity of the studied alloy with increasing RMF.

We study the interaction between polarized terahertz (THz) radiation and micro-structured large-area graphene in transmission geometry. In order to efficiently couple the radiation into the two-dimensional material, a lateral periodic patterning of a closed graphene sheet by intercalation doping into stripes is chosen. We observe unequal transmittance of the radiation polarized parallel and perpendicular to the stripes. The relative contrast, partly enhanced by Fabry-Perot oscillations reaches 20 %. The effect even increases up to 50% when removing graphene stripes in analogy to a wire grid polarizer. The polarization dependence is analyzed in a large frequency range from <80 GHz to 3 THz, including the plasmon-polariton resonance. The results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations based on the electronic energy spectrum of graphene and the electrodynamics of the patterned structure.

The recombination times of photo-excited free charge carriers in heavily doped and highly compensated germanium are studied by a time-resolved pump-probe experiment at a frequency of 3THz. The dominant dopant in the germanium samples is either antimony (n-Ge:Ga:Sb) or gallium (p-Ge:Sb:Ga) with compensating doping levels close to 100%. The recombination time of the free charge carriers measured by our pump-probe technique varies between 30 and 300 ps. It decreases with increasing pump pulse energy and increasing compensation due to high concentrations of Coulomb recombination centers. The recombination times at low pump powers are up to ten times shorter than those previously obtained for low-compensated n-Ge:Sb and p-Ge:Ga. The photoconductive detector made from this material shows the response time is in the order of its recombination time.

During slicing silicon block casts to wafers, about 50 % of the valuable material is lost into saw dust. The objective of the EU project SIKELOR is to process such silicon waste in an industrially viable and resource-friendly manner. To be competitive to virgin feedstock, maximum cumulative recycling costs of 10 $/kg are imposed as the economic goal.

Much attention is paid to magnetic nanostructures due to their intrigiung properties and different applications. Appearance of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) when a magnetic layer thickness is decreased and a giant magneto-resistance effect are the most interesting effects. Tuning the magnetic domain sizes in a broad range (several orders of magnitude) by changing PMA, the geometrical parameters of the nanostructure, as well as by an applied external magnetic field is observed, see the review [1]. Patterned nanostructures with PMA are prospective for e.g.: mass memories together with magnetic ratchet memories, magnetic field sensors, spin wave applications.
A decrease of PMA as a result of the ion irradiation of the metallic ultrathin films, has been usually reported [2]. However we have recently shown that, Ga+ ion irradiation drives creation of the out-of-plane magnetization states, dependent on the ion fluence [3,4]. Irradiation with Ga+, Ar+, He+ ions results in an increase of magnetooptical effects and changes the coercivity field. We have also found that femtosecond light pulses induce: (i) reversible PMA changes which can be used to trigger magnetization oscillations [4] and (ii) irreversible PMA modifications [5] due to creation of out-of-plane magnetization states for low and high light power densities, respectively. Ion/light irradiation affecting magnetic and magnetooptical properties of nanostructures is a promising approach for new patterning purposes. Such desired modifications can be realized with fluence/energy densities lower than that reqired for the nanostructure surface etching. Moreover, using e.g. focused ion beam technique, lateral patterning can be performed with a nanometer precision. New metamaterials such as magnonic and magnetophotonic crystals or controllable transport of magnetic beads can be created in this way.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by: National Science Center in Poland under the project HARMONIA Nr 2012/06/M/ST3/00475 and Foundation for Polish Science under the SYMPHONY project (Polish Science Team Programme, European Regional Development Fund, OPIE 2007–2013.

References
[1] A. Maziewski, et al., Phys. Status Solidi A, 211, 1005 (2014).
[2] H. Bernas (Ed.), Materials Science with Ion Beams, Vol. 116 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Berlin, 2010).
[3] A. Maziewski, et al., Phys. Rev. B 85, 054427 (2012).
[4] M. Sakamaki et al., Phys. Rev. B 86, 024418 (2012).
[4] J. Kisielewski, et al., Phys. Rev. B 85 (2012) 184429.
[5] J. Kisielewski, et al., Journal of Applied Physics 115, 053906 (2014).

When decreasing ultrathin film thickness d, an increase of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) occurs, resulting in the magnetization reorientation phase transition (RPT) from the in-plane to out-of-plane magnetization state below the critical thickness dRPT. The results of combined experimental, analytical, and micromagnetic simulations studies on the evolution of magnetization states and processes in ultrathin films and multilayered systems [1] will be presented. Possibilities of tuning the magnetic domain sizes in a broad range (of several orders of magnitude) by changing the geometrical parameters of the nanostructure, as well as by an applied external magnetic field will be discussed. Transitions between two- and three-dimensional magnetization distributions will be shown.
As a result of the ion irradiation of the metallic ultrathin films, a decrease of PMA was usually reported [2]. Contrariwise, Ga+ ion irradiation driven creation of the out-of-plane magnetization states, dependent on ion fluence, have been found [3]. Similarly, femtosecond light pulses of high energy density may also induce irreversible enhancement of PMA [4], while low energy density pulses can be used to trigger the magnetization oscillations, via reversible thermal changes of the magnetic anisotropy [5].
1. A. Maziewski, J. Fassbender, J. Kisielewski, M. Kisielewski, Z. Kurant, P. Mazalski, F. Stobiecki, A. Stupakiewicz, I.Sveklo, M.Tekielak, A.Wawro, and V. Zablotskii, Magnetization states and magnetization processes in nanostructures: From a single layer to multilayers, Phys. Status Solidi A, 211, 1005 (2014).
2. H. Bernas (Ed.), Materials Science with Ion Beams, Vol. 116 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Berlin, 2010).
3. A. Maziewski, P. Mazalski, Z. Kurant, M. O. Liedke, J. McCord, J. Fassbender, J. Ferré, A. Mougin, A. Wawro, L. T. Baczewski, A. Rogalev, F. Wilhelm, and T. Gemming, Tailoring of magnetism in Pt/Co/Pt ultrathin films by ion irradiation, Phys. Rev. B 85, 054427 (2012).
4. J. Kisielewski, W. Dobrogowski, Z. Kurant, A. Stupakiewicz, M. Tekielak, A. Kirilyuk, A. Kimel, Th. Rasing, L. T.Baczewski, A. Wawro, K. Balin, J. Szade, and A. Maziewski, Irreversible modification of magnetic properties of Pt/Co/Pt ultrathin films by femtosecond laser pulses, Journal of Applied Physics 115, 053906 (2014),
5. J. Kisielewski, A. Kirilyuk, A. Stupakiewicz, A. Maziewski, A. Kimel, Th. Rasing, L. T. Baczewski, and A. Wawro, Laser-induced manipulation of magnetic anisotropy and magnetization precession in an ultrathin cobalt wedge, Phys. Rev. B 85 (2012) 184429.

Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen werden mit Veränderungen der Expressionsdichte α7 nikotinischer Acetylcholinrezeptoren in Verbindung gebracht. Dieser Rezeptor ist folglich ein interessantes Target für die molekulare Bildgebung mit Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET). In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Synthese sowie eine Evaluierung von [¹⁸F]NS14490, ([¹⁸F]2-(1,4-Diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonan-4-yl)-5-(1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-indol-6-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol) als neuer, potentieller Radioligand vorgestellt. Für die Radiosynthese wurden zwei Strategien verfolgt: Zum einen wurde Ethylenglykolditosylat mit [¹⁸F]Fluorethyltosylat umgesetzt und anschließend mit NS14540, einem am Indolstickstoffatom unsubstituierten Derivat zu [¹⁸F]NS14490 umgesetzt. Gleichzeitig wurden synthetisierte Präkursoren für eine direkte Radiofluorierung eingesetzt. Nach umfangreichen Arbeiten zur Isolierung und Reinigung des Radioliganden mit semipräparativer HPLC und Festphasenextraktion sowie der Formulierung folgten Untersuchungen zur Stabiltität des Radioliganden in Puffersystemem bei pH = 7 und in Schweineplasma, die Bestimmung der Lipophilie und erste Versuche zur Extraktion aus Schweineplasma.
Die In-vivo-Evaluierung des Radioliganden setzt sich aus der Bestimmung der Anreicherung des Radioliganden im Gehirn von Mäusen und Schweinen sowie der Metabolitenanalyse von Plasmaproben und Hirnhomogenaten (Maus) und in der Metabolitenanalyse von Plasmaproben (Schwein) während dynamischer PET-Aufnahmen zusammen. Der Radioligand hatte im Plasma in Mäusen eine höhere Stabilität als in Schweinen und lag im Mäusehirn nahezu unmetabolisiert vor.
Der 2. Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Aufbereitung von bestrahltem [¹⁸O]H₂O zur Wiederverwendung bei der Produktion von [¹⁸F]F⁻. 1 Liter bestrahltes [¹⁸O]H₂O wurde durch Oxidation organischer Lösungsmittel mit KMnO₄ und NaOH bei 50 °C oder durch Bestrahlung mit 254 nm sowie anschließender Tieftemperatur-Vakuumdestillation zur Abtrennung von Rückständen aufbereitet. Die Charakterisierung des [¹⁸O]Wassers zeigte nur geringe Restkontaminationen durch Ionen (unterer mg-l⁻¹-Bereich) und eine nahezu abreicherungsfreie Aufbereitung. Die Durchführung von Modellexperimenten mit künstlich kontaminierten [¹⁶O]H₂O gab Hinweise auf eine fast quantitative Rückgewinnung des Wassers.
Die Bestrahlung von aufbereitetem [¹⁸O]H₂O und der Vergleich der Produktionsaktivitäten mit (verdünntem) [¹⁸O]Originalwasser sowie der unproblematische Einsatz des [¹⁸F]F⁻ in radiochemischen Synthesen unterstreichen die Qualität des Aufbereitungsprozesses.

An experimental study to assess the accuracy of wire-mesh sensors in dependence of bubble sizes and flow rates has been performed in a 50 mm x 50 mm transparent rectangular channel. The liquid superficial velocities were ranging from 0 m/s up to 0.62 m/s with the obtained bubble size ranging from 3 mm to 7 mm. A single wire-mesh sensor with 16 x 16 electrode wires was used with a temporal and spatial resolution of 10 kHz and 3.1 mm (lateral distance between two wires), respectively. Single bubbles with known bubble size, subsequently called reference bubble size, was injected into the test section via bubble injector approx. 25 cm upstream of the wire-mesh sensor. The bubble size measurement by using wire-mesh sensor cannot be obtained directly since it requires the information of bubble velocity which is not available only by installing a single sensor. Therefore, a stereoscopic observation was conducted to obtain the bubble velocity by tracking the successive frames as well as to study the intrusiveness of the sensor. This configuration gave an advantage that the registered bubble will be assigned with its real approach velocity and a better agreement is expected. As the result, a direct comparison of all individual bubbles with the reference bubble size showed an agreement within ±10%. However, a deceleration effect was found for low superficial and observed to disappear as the liquid superficial velocity increased then vanish at observed JL = 0.62 m/s.

RFe₅Al₇ (R – Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Tm) single crystals have been studied by measurements of magnetization, sound propagation (in static and pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T) and specific heat. Fundamental magnetic properties have been determined and compared for all these materials. RFe₅Al₇ are highly anisotropic ferrimagnets. Spontaneous and field-induced magnetic phase transitions of anisotropic and exchange nature have been observed in RFe₅Al₇. Strong magnetoelastic interactions are manifested by pronounced acoustic anomalies at the phase transformations. The detected magnetization jumps provide important information on the R–Fe inter-sublattice exchange interactions.

The present pulsed high-magnetic-field study on Ni₅₀Mn₃₅In₁₅ gives an extra insight into the thermodynamics of the martensitic transformation in Heusler shape-memory alloys. The transformation-entropy change, ΔS, was estimated from field-dependent magnetization experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields and by heat-capacity measurements in static fields. We found a decrease of ΔS with decreasing temperature. This behavior can be understood by considering the different signs of the lattice and magnetic contributions to the total entropy. Our results further imply that the magnetocaloric effect will decrease with decreasing temperature and, furthermore, the martensitic transition is not induced anymore by changing the temperature in high magnetic fields.

Wire mesh sensors (WMS) are state of the art devices that allow high resolution (in space and time) measurement of 2D void fraction distribution in any two-phase flow regime. Data using WMS have been recorded at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) (Lucas et al., 2010; Beyer et al., 2008; Prasser et al., 2003) for a wide combination of superficial gas and liquid velocities, providing an excellent database for advances in two-phase flow modeling.
In two-phase flow, the interfacial area plays an integral role in coupling the mass, momentum and energy transport equations of the liquid and gas phase. While current models used in best-estimate thermal-hydraulic codes (e.g. RELAP5, TRACE, TRACG, etc.) are still based on algebraic correlations for the estimation of the interfacial area in different flow regimes, interfacial area transport equations (IATE) have been proposed to predict the dynamic propagation in space and time of interfacial area (Ishii 2010). IATE models are still under development and the HZDR WMS experimental data provide an excellent basis for the validation and further advance of these models. The current paper is focused on the uncertainty analysis of algorithms used to reconstruct interfacial area densities from the void-fraction voxel data measured using WMS and their application towards validation efforts of two-group IATE models.
In previous research efforts, a surface triangularization algorithm has been developed in order to estimate the surface area of individual bubbles recorded with the WMS, and estimate the interfacial area in the given flow condition. In the present paper, synthetically generated bubbles are used to assess the algorithm’s accuracy. As the interfacial area of the synthetic bubbles are defined by user inputs, the error introduced by the algorithm can be quantitatively obtained. The accuracy of interfacial area measurements is characterized for different bubbles sizes and shapes, and for different WMS acquisition frequencies. It is found that while convex shapes are successfully analyzed by the reconstruction algorithm, some difficulties are faced with bubbles presenting internal cavities.
Utilizing the experimental HZDR database, the performance of the current two-group IATE model is evaluated. While the qualitative propagation of interfacial area is predicted sufficiently well, there is a discrepancy in magnitude between the model’s prediction and the experimental results. Overall, the study suggests that differences exist in the incidence of interaction mechanisms between small and large diameter pipes and further efforts are needed in order to extend the range of validity of current IATE models.

An enhanced probability for low-energy -emission (upbend, E < 3 MeV) at high excitation energies has been observed for several light and medium-mass nuclei close to the valley of stability. Also the M1 scissors mode seen in deformed nuclei increases the γ-decay probability for low-energy γ-rays (E < 2­ - 3 MeV). These phenomena, if present in neutron-rich nuclei, have the potential to increase radiative neutron-capture rates relevant for the r-process. The experimental and theoretical status of the upbend is discussed, and preliminary calculations of (n,γ) reaction rates for neutron-rich, mid-mass nuclei including the scissors mode are shown.

Various flow measurement and visualization techniques are based on optical and laser-based methods. However, in many multiphase flow situations, e.g. at higher interfacial density or in flows with internals, the optical access is no longer given. Radiation based methods are in principle able to penetrate most of these systems, but are normally too slow to capture the dynamics of the flow. With ultrafast X-ray tomography a flow visualization and measurement technique has been developed, which is able to recover the dynamic phase distributions in various multiphase flow scenarios. The high imaging rate is achieved by deflecting an electron beam along a circular target, where a moving X-ray spot is generated. Tomographic projections are gathered simultaneously by a static detector ring with fast read-out. Thus, no components of the X-ray tomography system have to be rotated mechanically. The reconstructed tomography slices represent the non-superimposed phase distribution within a cross-section as a function of time. Up to 8,000 fps can be achieved in single plane mode. For velocity measurements, a second set of X-ray target and detector ring arranged at a small axial distance can be included to form the so-called dual plane mode. Although the alternating scanning of both planes reduces the frame rate by a factor of two, the benefit of combining the information from both planes to retrieve velocity information arises directly. There are different ways to extract velocity information from the two stacks of slice image data. Cross-correlation techniques offer the opportunity to retrieve time averaged as well as time resolved local or global velocities of the disperse phase. Some systems also allow the determination of single bubble or particle velocities, provided that they can be identified as the same object in both planes.

The Strange Lake pluton is situated on the northern border between Québec and Labrador in northeastern Canada. The ore-body, located within a complex peralkaline granite-hosted system of pegmatites and aplites, contains elevated concentrations of both LREE and the highly coveted HREE, as well as other HFSE (high field strength elements, such as Zr, Nb, Y, Ti, and Th). The REE mineralization, however, is extremely complex and the elements of interest are variably distributed between various “exotic” minerals from different mineral classes that may also contain considerable amounts of unwanted impurities such as thorium, uranium and beryllium. Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) like Th may be concentrated during beneficiation, thus constituting a serious hazard to the workers and the environment. In order to limit transportation and storage of hazardous material during production, it is of the company’s interest to separate these deleterious constituents early in or at best in advance to the extraction process. This study focuses on the characterization of the mineral phases that primarily host thorium for early recognition. Combined chemical and structural analyses indicate that there is one particular mineral phase in which Th is present in highly elevated concentrations. This mineral is best described as a metamict Th-silicate occurring in isolated, rounded grains enclosed in quartz. Further studies are required to indicate if this mineral can be separated early during minerals processing from the ore without considerable loss of valuable REE.

The efficacy of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is dose dependent, but the dose that can be applied to solid tumour lesions is limited by the sensitivity of the surrounding tissue. The combination of EBRT with systemically applied radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising approach to increase efficacy of radiotherapy. Toxicities of both treatment modalities of this combination of internal and external radiotherapy (CIERT) are not additive, as different organs at risk are in target. However, advantages of both single treatments are combined, for example, precise high dose delivery to the bulk tumour via standard EBRT, which can be increased by addition of RIT, and potential targeting of micrometastases by RIT. Eventually, theragnostic radionuclide pairs can be used to predict uptake of the radiotherapeutic drug prior to and during therapy and find individual patients who may benefit from this treatment. This review aims to highlight the outcome of pre-clinical studies on CIERT and resultant questions for translation into the clinic. Few clinical data are available until now and reasons as well as challenges for clinical implementation are discussed.

The production of non-commercially available ¹³⁵La by proton irradiation of an isotopically enriched [¹³⁵Ba]BaCO₃ target at a cyclotron is described. The purification of the radionuclide was performed by a La-selective resin. ¹³⁵La was separated in no-carrier-added (n.c.a) form in a nitric acid solution with a radiochemical yield of 83% ± 5% and a total activity per batch of 43 MBq ± 3 MBq. The enriched [¹³⁵Ba]Ba was recycled to the carbonate form with a recovery of 90% ± 3%. On the basis of a detection limit of 1 Bq/ml, solutions of n.c.a. ¹³⁵La could be measured down to the 10^-15 mol/l concentration range.

Spintronics appears to be a new and exciting field of technology, but there is still a lag of suitable materials. In principle magnetic semiconductors (DMS) would be an excellent choice, but even their highest reached Curie temperature (Tc) in GaMnAs is still too low for practical usage. Ferromagnetism in DMS is suggested to be holes according to the Zener-Model. Therefore, it is expected to increase Tc by adding additional holes, e.g. co-doping. But there is a high risk to induce more defects, especially interstitial Mn atoms. Indeed, previous investigation revealed a lower Tc in carbon codoped GaMnAs [1]. Ion Implantation followed by laser annealing might overcome this problem. We choose ferromagnetic GaMnP since it shows insulating behavior [2]. Co-doping with shallow acceptors may lead to a more pronounced change in the conductivity of GaMnP. The samples were investigated with SQUID-VSM and Hall-Effect measurement. First results do not show an increase in Tc. Structural analysis is in progress to check if more defects appear upon carbon codoping.
[1] G. M. Schott, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 4678 (2004).
[2] M. A. Scarpulla, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 207204 (2005).

Defect induced ferromagnetism has been reported in wide-bandgap semiconductors as well as in carbon-based materials, when defects are introduced in an appropriate way. It is desirable to establish a direct relation between such ferromagnetism and defects. Here, we succeed to reveal the origin of defect-induced ferromagnetism using SiC by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). In addition, the theoretical model is calculated by first-principles theory. We show that the long-range ferromagnetic coupling is due to the p electrons of the nearest-neighbor carbon atoms around VSiVC divacancies. Thus, the ferromagnetism is traced down to its microscopic, electronic origin.

The first cluster of the constructed PARIS calorimeter was assembled and tested at the ELBE facility at HZDR, Dresden, Germany. The experiment was aimed at the evaluation of the performance of each detector separately as well as the whole PARIS cluster with discrete gamma-ray energies seen by the PARIS ranging up to 8.9 MeV. As the detectors use phoswich configuration, with 2'' x 2'' x 2'' LaBr3 (Ce) crystal coupled to 2'' x 2'' x 6'' NaI(Tl) one, great care must be taken during the data analysis process to obtain the best possible values for energy resolution. Two algorithms for data transformation from matrices created with slow vs fast pulse shaping to energy spectra were tested from which one was chosen for further analysis. An algorithm for adding back energies of -rays scattered inside the cluster was prepared, as well. Energy resolution for gamma-rays in 2­8 MeV range was estimated and is presented in this paper.

Sorption of uranium(VI) onto orthoclase and muscovite, representing feldspars and micas as important components of the earth crust, was investigated in presence and absence of calcium under aerobic conditions. Batch experiments accompanied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) were performed. A reduction of the U(VI) sorption by calcium at pH ≥ 8 due to the formation of the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex was observed. An evaluation of the spectroscopic results by PARAFAC indicates the formation of three surface species ≡SiO2UO20, ≡SiO2UO2OH– and ≡SiO2UO2OHCO33–. The results improve the basis for a mechanistic modeling of the sorption onto orthoclase and muscovite, which is important for long-term safety analysis of waste repositories.

Dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS) is a biocompatible, bioactive polymer which exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and thus represents a promising candidate for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. To investigate the in vivo pharmacokinetics in detail, dPGS with a molecular weight of ca. 10 kDa was radiolabeled with ³H and ⁶⁴Cu, and evaluated by performing biodistribution studies and small animal positron emission tomography (PET). ³H-labeling was accomplished by an oxidation-reduction process with sodium periodate and [³H]-borohydride. ⁶⁴Cu-labeling was achieved by conjugation of isothiocyanate- or maleimide-functionalized copper(II)-chelating ligands based on 1,4-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (DMPTACN) to an amino functionalized dPGS scaffold, followed by reaction with an aqueous solution containing ⁶⁴CuCl₂. Independent biodistribution by radioimaging and PET imaging studies with healthy mice and rats showed that the neutral dPG was quantitatively renally eliminated, whereas the polysulfated analogs accumulated mainly in the liver and spleen. Small amounts of the dPGS derivatives were slowly excreted via the kidneys. The degree of uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) was similar for dPGS with 40% or 85% sulfation, and surface modification of the scaffold with the DMPTACN chelator did not appear to significantly affect the biodistribution profile. On the basis of our data, the applicability of bioactive dPGS as a therapeutic agent might be limited due to organ accumulation even after 3 weeks. The inert characteristics and clearance of the neutral polymer, however, underlines the potential of dPG as a multifunctional scaffold for various nanomedical applications.

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Results on the K*(892)⁺ production in proton-proton collisions at a beam energy of E = 3.5 GeV, which is hitherto the lowest energy at which this mesonic resonance has been observed in nucleon-nucleon reactions, are presented. The data are interpreted with a two-channel model that includes the 3-body production of K*(892)⁺ associated with the Λ- or Σ-hyperon. The relative contributions of both channels are estimated. Besides the total cross section σ(p + p -> K*(892)⁺ + X) = 9.5 +- 0.9 ^+1.1 _-0.9 +- 0.7 μb, that adds a new data point to the excitation function of the K*(892)⁺ production in the region of the low excess energy, transverse momenta and angular spectra are extracted and compared with the predictions of the two-channel model. The spin characteristics of K*(892)⁺ are discussed as well in terms of the spin-alignment.

The inclined rotating tubular fixed bed reactor has been introduced recently as a novel reactor concept for multiphase processes, especially for heterogeneously catalyzed gas–liquid reactions with a mass transfer limitation of the gas phase (Härting et al., 2015; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.02.008). It is based on the adjustment of a beneficial gas–liquid distribution in the cross section of the fixed bed that allows for complete utilization of the fixed bed accompanied by periodic wetting and draining of the catalyst.
The hydrodynamics in gas–liquid co-current downflow are studied by applying a compact gamma-ray computed tomography system for different organic liquids and gas phase properties as well as various fixed bed packing materials. Four different flow regimes with stratified, sickle, annular and dispersed flow patterns are identified. Pressure drop and liquid saturation are presented as a function of reactor inclination and rotation.
Inclination of the reactor is applied to force phase separation and the superimposed rotation of the clamped fixed bed results in a favorable wetting intermittency via periodic catalyst immersion. A significant rate enhancement of the hydrogenation of alpha-methylstyrene to cumene under severe limitations of the mass transfer of the gas phase is observed in the novel reactor concept at separated flow conditions. In addition, the potential for an efficient quenching of hotspots for exothermic reactions is demonstrated.

In the framework of the project DRESDYN (DREsden Sodium facility for DYNamo and thermohydraulic studies) a next generation dynamo experiment is under construction at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. In this experiment a fluid flow of liquid sodium in a cylindrical container, solely driven by precession, is considered as a possible source for magnetic field generation.

Precession has long been discussed as a complementary energy source for driving the geodynamo, and dynamo action generated by precession driven flows has been found in various numerical simulations in a sphere, ellipsoid, cube and cylinder. In the current study we perform hydrodynamic simulations of the three-dimensional non-linear Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical geometry including weakly precessional forcing. The main focus is put on the development of the non-axisymmetric time-dependent instabilities that could be responsible for dynamo action like triadic resonances.

Our simulations reveal clear triads at aspect ratios and frequencies close to predictions from the linear inviscid theory with an amplitude below the forced m=1 mode so that most of the flow energy remains in the fundamental forced mode. Next step will be kinematic simulations in order to test the ability of the triades to provide for dynamo action.

We demonstrate that a low-remanent sample magnetization M_R is crucial for all-optical magnetic switching (AOS) in ferrimagnets and ferrimagnet heterostructures. M_R may be devised by the composition of the material. However, it can also be controlled in situ by changing the sample temperature because it affects MR. We show that increasing the lattice temperature by laser pulses or a simple heating resistor enables AOS in a ferrimagnetic Tb-Fe film, which does not exhibit AOS at room temperature. We reconcile earlier contradicting results for AOS in heated and cooled magnetic films by applying the low-remanence criterion. It also applies to other existing rare-earth transition-metal (RE-TM) alloys, such as GdFeCo or Tb-Co, to ferrimagnet heterostructures, and to RE-free synthetic ferrimagnets.

Domain wall (DW) imprinting in spatially varying magnetic property thin films is a novel method to obtain thin films with new effective magnetic characteristics ranging from static to dynamic applications. In order to generate such effective material systems, light ion irradiation is an advantageous method allowing for, e. g. laterally modified exchange bias (EB) directions, making the imprinting of artificial magnetic DW patterns possible. The magnetically hybrid structures with different unidirectional anisotropy directions are unique as, e.g. a domain pattern and domain walls can be imprinted directly into the magnetic material. A reproducible nucleation and positioning of magnetic domain walls in a high density arrangement is achieved. In dependence of the applied magnetic field amplitude, the system allows for an additional defined adjustment of the magnetic configuration with varying effective magnetic anisotropy.
Extended Ni19Fe81(50nm)/Ir23Mn77(7nm) thin films with an initial unidirectional anisotropy are patterned by local He-ion irradiation in the presence of a magnetic field, which is aligned perpendicular to the initial unidirectional anisotropy, and by which hybrid magnetization patterns with two different types of modulated directions of EB are obtained. The stripe width of the patterned thin films is varied down to 500 nm by one order of magnitude, being well below the distance of the magnetic Néel wall tails. The influence of the overlapping DW structures on the effective static and dynamic magnetization properties of the thin films are investigated by complementary inductive static and dynamic methods, magneto-resistive measurement techniques, by magneto-optical microscopy, and are as well supported by matching micromagnetic simulations. By this, a complete picture of spatial and temporal evolution of magnetization is derived.
In a zig-zag or head-to-tail configuration a folded magnetization forms (Fig.1), in which the magnetization is modulated along the magnetic net direction perpendicular to the stripes. In an alternating head-to-head/tail-to-tail configuration charged DWs form, favoring a modulated magnetization with low angle head-to-head and tail-to-tail configurations. In all cases the remanent magnetization along the net-magnetization of the films increases with decreasing feature size. The fixed position of the artificial DWs leads to pronounced two staged quasi-static magnetization reversal and, accordingly, different dynamic magneto-static modes are excited in the magnetic meta-material (Fig. 2).
We show that precessional frequencies of magnetic thin films can be directly influenced by means of high density DW imprinting (up to 104 DWs/sample). The static and dynamic magnetic response is tuned by imprinting periodic DW patterns with overlapping DW structures through selective ion irradiation. Mode coupling via dynamic magnetic charges in the periodically modulated magnetization patterns is directly provoked by adjusting the micromagnetic interface density. At the transition from the saturated magnetic phase to the domain wall phase the permeability spectra exhibit a pronounced discontinuous jump in the dynamic response, making an abrupt switch between two different dynamic states achievable. We show that the controlled introduction of micromagnetic DW objects is a unique way to tailor the effective magnetic properties of magnetic thin films. Dependencies of magnetic field angle, stripe-width and orientation of EB will be discussed.

Funding from the German Science Foundation DFG through (MC9/7-2; FA314/3-2) and the Heisenberg programme of the DFG (MC9/9-1) is highly acknowledged.

Im Hinblick auf die in Deutschland beschlossene Energiewende ist die effiziente Energiespeicherung für die Netzstabilität enorm wichtig. Insbesondere für die Langzeitspeicherung gibt es zur Nutzung chemischer Energieträger, vor allem von Wasserstoff und Methanol auf Wasserstoffbasis, kaum Alternativen. Die notwendigen Prozessketten sind jedoch beim Strom-zu-Strom-Wirkungsgrad alternativen Speichertechniken deutlich unterlegen. Bei der Wasserstoffelektrolyse entstehen Wasserstoff- und Sauerstoffblasen. Diese verringern die Leitfähigkeit des Elektrolyten sowie die effektive Elektrodenoberfläche, was die Effizienz limitiert. Eine signifikante Effizienzsteigerung der Wasserstoffelektrolyse wird daher durch gezielt beschleunigtes Abtragen der Wasserstoffblasen von den Elektrodenoberflächen erwartet. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde in der jüngsten Vergangenheit die Beeinflussung der wandnahen Konvektionsströmung durch elektromagnetische Volumenkräfte, d.h. Lorentzkräfte, untersucht. Dazu stand bisher der makroskopische Einfluss der Lorentzkraft auf die Gesamtströmung im Vordergrund der Arbeit. Für eine genaue Analyse der durch die Volumenkräfte hervorgerufenen Effekte muss das Geschwindigkeitsfeld in der flüssigen Phase – insbesondere um die Gasblase – vermessen werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden nominell parallele elektrische und magnetische Felder betrachtet. Da die Gasblasen nicht elektrisch leitend sind, werden die elektrischen Feldlinien abgelenkt und durch das Kreuzprodukt aus magnetischer Flussdichte und elektrischer Feldstärke entsteht eine Volumenkraft in unmittelbarer Umgebung der Blase. Da die Strömung um eine reale Einzelblase (d ~ 50 mum) messtechnisch schwer zu erfassen ist, sollen die grundlegenden Phänomene an einem größeren Modell untersucht werden.
Die sich einstellende Drehströmung wurde mittels der 2D2C Particle Image Velocimetry in mehreren Ebenen charakterisiert. Anschließend wurde die dreidimensionale Strömung mittels der 3D3C Astigmatism Particle Tracking Velocimetry zeitaufgelöst vermessen, um Partikeltrajektorien im Volumen zu verfolgen. Im finalen Beitrag wird die sich einstellende Strömung anhand der 2D2C/3D3C Ergebnisse neben der Darstellung der beiden Messverfahren ausführlich diskutiert.

In order to achieve CW electron beam with a high average current up to 1 mA and a very low emittance of 1 um, an improved superconducting photoinjector (SRF Gun II) has been installed and commissioned at HZDR since 2014. This new gun replaces the first 3.5-cell SRF gun at the SC Linac ELBE. The RF performance of the niobium cavity has been evaluated, the transverse and longitudinal beam parameters for low charge bunches have been measured, and the first beam has been guided into the ELBE beam line. The results agree with the simulation very well. The photocathode transfer system has been installed for the first high current beam test planned in 2015. In this contribution the results of the commissioning and the first beam parameters will be presented in detail.

The development of the photo-injector has become a significant technology for the future light sources and the electron-ion collider. There are a lot of opportunities to improve the electron source quality, also for the photocathodes. Especially for the high average power gun producing up to mA level of average current, the searching for the better photocathodes is a principal technical challenge. The photocathodes used in the electron gun require four important aspects: high efficiency, long life time, small transverse emittance and prompt time response. The quantum efficiency (QE) needs to be made more reliable, and the cathode material must be more robust. Thus there is a strong motivation to push the cathode R&D: one hand is to modify the present cathodes; the other hand is to search new materials.
In this presentation, we focus on the photocathode research for high brightness gun, DC or RF/SRF guns. There are several types of cathodes, such as the metallic photocathodes, the semiconductor photocathodes, and the recent superconducting (SC) cathodes and the new plasma-enhanced cathodes. The “conventional” normal conducting (NC) metallic photocathodes, such as Cu or Mg, are most robust for RF guns, but their QEs are pitifully very low, mostly on the level of 10-5. The semiconductor photocathodes, alkali antimonides, III-V GaAs(Cs), Cs2Te, have the best QE up to 1~10% but critical working environment is required. Among them, Cs2Te is relative robust and can be used in most of RF/SRF guns. And Cs2KSb achieves the highest current record 65mA in Cornell DC gun. The SC photocathodes consisting of Nb and Pb have been well investigated but the drive laser requirement is more challenging.

In order to achieve a high average current up to 1 mA with a low emittance of 1 mm
mrad at 77 pC, an improved SRF gun has been installed and commissioned at HZDR since 2014. This new gun replaces the first 3.5-cell SRF gun at the superconducting linear accelerator ELBE which had been in operation since 2007. The new gun has been tested first with a Cu photocathode. The RF performance of the niobium cavity has been evaluated, the transverse and longitudinal beam parameters for low charge bunches have been measured, and the first beam has been guided into the ELBE beamline. The photocathode transfer system is also installed for the first high current beam test in 2015. In this contribution the status of the gun and the results of this first measurement period will be presented in detail.

The Tayler instability is a kink-type, current driven instability that plays an important role in plasma physics but might also be relevant in liquid metal applications with high electrical currents. In the framework of the Tayler-Spruit dynamo model of stellar magnetic field generation, the question of spontaneous helical (chiral) symmetry breaking during the saturation of the Tayler instability has received considerable interest. Focusing on fluids with low magnetic Prandtl numbers, for which the quasistatic approximation can be applied, we utilize an integro-differential equation approach in order to investigate the saturation mechanism of the Tayler instability. Both the exponential growth phase and the saturated phase are analyzed in terms of the action of the α and β effects of mean-field magnetohydrodynamics. In the exponential growth phase we always find a spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking which, however, disappears in the saturated phase. For higher degrees of supercriticality, we observe helicity oscillations in the saturated regime. For Lundquist numbers in the order of one we also obtain chiral symmetry breaking of the saturated magnetic field.

In this paper, the capability of high-resolution gamma-ray computed tomography (HireCT) for quantitative gas-liquid phase distribution measurements in fluid machines is experimentally investigated. The object of interest thereby is an industrial centrifugal pump, which operates under two-phase flow conditions. The HireCT-System comprises a collimated 137Cs isotopic source, a radiation detector arc with a multi-channel signal processing unit, and a rotary unit enabling CT scans of objects with diameters of up to 700 mm. The accuracy of gas holdup measurement was validated on a sophisticated modular test mockup replicating defined gas-liquid distributions, which are expectable in impeller chambers of industrial centrifugal pumps under two-phase operation. Stationary as well as rotation-synchronized CT scanning techniques have been analyzed, which are both used to obtain sharply resolved gas phase distributions in rotating structures as well as non-rotating zones. A measuring accuracy of better than 1% for various distributed static gas holdups in the rotating frame has been verified with the modular test mockup using HireCT.

Actually the former uranium mine Königstein (Saxony, Germany) is in process of controlled flooding. Despite the high uranium concentrations of up to 14 mg/L and the low pH of 3,0 a high biodiversity was detected within this flooding water. Microorganisms are very important for bioremediation of uranium contaminated environments from activities such as uranium mining and extraction or fuel fabrication. Due to their ability to interact with radionuclides and heavy metals microorganisms could help to clean up the contaminated water in Königstein. With a culture dependent method it was possible to isolate different microorganisms from the flooding water. Tolerance tests displayed high resistances to uranium of these natural isolates. Furthermore uranium immobilization experiments show high rates of uranium binding to the cells. Some of the isolates are able to remove nearly 100% of the initial added uranium. TEM analysis showed two different interaction mechanisms, biosorption to the cell membrane and bioaccumulation within the cell.

In this paper, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) downhole logging data are analyzed with a new strategy to study gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the Mackenzie Delta (NW Canada). In NMR logging, T2 distribution curves are usually used to determine single-valued parameters such as apparent total porosity or hydrocarbon saturation. Our approach analyzes the entire T2 distribution curves as quasi-continuous signals to characterize the rock formation. We apply self-organizing maps, a neural network clustering technique, to sub-divide the data set of NMR curves into classes with a similar and distinctive signal shape. The method includes (1) preparation of data vectors, (2) unsupervised learning, (3) cluster definition, and (4) classification and depth mapping of all NMR signals. Each signal class thus represents a specific pore size distribution which can be interpreted in terms of distinct lithologies and reservoir types. A key step in the interpretation strategy is to reconcile the NMR classes with other log data not considered in the clustering analysis, such as gamma ray, hydrate saturation and other logs. Our results defined six main lithologies within the target zone. Gas hydrate layers were recognized by their low signal amplitudes for all relaxation times. Most important, two sub-types of hydrate-bearing shaly sands were identified. They show distinct NMR signals and differ in hydrate saturation and gamma ray values. An inverse linear relationship between hydrate saturation and clay content was concluded. Finally, from the interpretations of the classified NMR signals we infer a non-cementing, pore-filling growth habit for the gas hydrates.

Actually the former uranium mine Königstein (Saxony, Germany) is in process of controlled flooding. Despite the high uranium concentrations of up to 14 mg/L and the low pH of 3,0 a high biodiversity was detected within this flooding water. Microorganisms are very important for bioremediation of uranium contaminated environments from activities such as uranium mining and extraction or fuel fabrication. Due to their ability to interact with radionuclides and heavy metals microorganisms could help to clean up the contaminated water in Königstein. With a culture dependent method it was possible to isolate different microorganisms from the flooding water. Tolerance tests displayed high resistances to uranium of these natural isolates. Furthermore uranium immobilization experiments show high rates of uranium binding to the cells. Some of the isolates are able to remove nearly 100% of the initial added uranium. TEM analysis showed two different interaction mechanisms, biosorption to the cell membrane and bioaccumulation within the cell.

Hydoping Si with chalcogens is one of the effective approaches to form an intermediate band (IB). This IB material is a candidate of infrared photodetectors and intermediate band solar cells. However, the chalcogens have relatively low solid solubility limit in Si. We prepared sulfur doped silicon to above the Mott insulator concentration by ion implantation followed by pulsed laser annealing. The degree of crystalline lattice recovery in implanted layers and the lattice location of sulfur in Si were analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry / Channeling. Our results show that S atoms are occupying substitutional lattice sites in Si. We also observe an insulator-to-metal transition in silicon hyperdoped with sulfur to concentrations well above the maximum solubility limit of about 3×1016 cm-3[1]. Analyzing temperature-dependent conductivity data, we find that a transition from insulating to metallic conduction occurs at a peak sulfur concentration of around 1×1021 cm-3.

Graphite as a naturally occurring crystalline carbon is required for many different applications such as batteries, refractories, electrical products, pencils, etc. Many new graphite deposits are currently being extracted to help meet the growing demand. It is among the list of critical raw materials by the European Union. Graphite ore is mostly beneficiated using flotation separation techniques. The increasing demand for high grade graphite products with up to 99.99% carbon has led to develop various methods to remove impurities even to ppm range. This paper considers separation and purification techniques that are currently employed for graphite mineral beneficiation and identifies areas in need of further research.

Aim
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is well recognized as a key receptor involved in memory formation and cognition which implicates its involvement in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, this receptor subtype is one of the most attractive targets for neuroimaging to monitor the etiology and progression of brain diseases such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, a new PET radioligand selective to α7nAChR was developed in this study. The structure of the developed ligand is based on a novel potent and selective α7nAChR agonist, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl) quinuclidine (QND8) which demonstrated cognitive enhancement in mice [1].
Materials and methods
The structure of the radioligand (¹⁸F-QND) was modified from QND8 by replacing the hydroxyl (OH) group with fluorine. After synthesis of the starting quinuclidine azide and aryl alkyne, F-QND and its precursor were synthesized by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) or click chemistry. Their structures were confirmed by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectrometry (MS). ¹⁸F-QND was radiolabeled by nucleophilic substitution of the nitro precursor. Altered amounts of kryptofix and various conditions (solvent and temperature) were chosen to improve the radiolabeling yield. The radiolabeled compound was separated and purified by chromatography. The radiochemical yield and radiochemical purity were analyzed by radio-thin layer chromatography and radio-high performance liquid chromatography. Non-radioactive references were used to confirm the stereochemistry of the nitro-precursor and F-QND.
Results
The chemical yields of the nitro-precursor (NO₂-QND) and the reference standard (F-QND) were 21% and 11%, respectively, with purity higher than 95%. The radiolabeling yield of ¹⁸F-QND was 7% with radiochemical purity > 98% and specific activity of 65 GBq/µmol. The stereochemistry study approved that both compounds were optically active. Therefore, the developed radiochemical processes can be applied for the radiosynthesis of further ¹⁸F-QND-derivatives.
Conclusion
Radiosynthesis of ¹⁸F-QND was accomplished by nucleophilic substitution of the phenyl-nitro compound. However, at high temperature racemization currently cannot be excluded.
References
1. Chalon S, Guilloteau D, PIN F, Routier S, Suzenet F, Vercouillie J. Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (C.N.R.S). Patent WO2012143526A1, Oct. 6, 2012.

Question
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in long-term disability, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Neuroinflammation is part of these secondary injury mechanisms, and is therefore regarded as a potential target for treatment and diagnostics employing molecular imaging techniques. TSPO, a protein in the mitochondrial membrane, is robustly upregulated in response to injury and neuroinflammation, making it a marker. We therefore hypothesize that TSPO is time-dependently upregulated after TBI. This was investigated in a rat model of TBI, employing the TSPO-selective and clinically relevant radioligand [¹²³I]CLINDE.
Methods
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four groups (survival time: 6, 24, 72 h and 28 d). Animals were anaesthetized and subjected to either sham injury, craniotomy or mild-to-moderate (2 mm impact depth at 4 m/sec) controlled cortical impact injury (CCI). Drug/surgery-naïve animals were included in the study. Frozen coronal sections were cut and TSPO binding was assessed in the vicinity of the injury (M1 motor cortex, 3.5 mm posterior and +4.0 mm lateral to bregma) with in vitro autoradiography.
Results
Binding of [¹²³I]CLINDE was nearly uniform and displaceable (10 µMol/L PK1195) in the brains of naïve and sham-operated animals.
At 24 h, injured animals exhibited a significant increase in binding in the whole ipsilateral hemisphere (49%) and the ipsilateral M1 cortex (201%). Interestingly, CCI also resulted in an elevated binding in the contralateral M1 cortex (38%). [¹²³I]CLINDE binding was maximally increased at 72 h after CCI in the whole ipsilateral hemisphere (368 %) and M1 cortex (1076%). Again, TBI significantly increased binding in the contralateral whole hemisphere (29%) and M1 cortex (32%).
Craniotomy, without TBI, produced a significant increase in TSPO at 24 h in the ipsilateral M1 cortex (42%) and at 72h in the ipsilateral hemisphere (232%) and M1 cortex (598%). At 6 h and 28 d, [¹²³I]CLINDE binding was not significantly different between the groups.
Conclusions
[¹²³I]CLINDE binding, reflecting TSPO, was significantly increased after experimental TBI, which corresponds to the time-course of the inflammatory response. This makes [¹²³I]CLINDE a suitable radiotracer for the assessment brain injury in TBI and the monitoring of anti-inflammatory (pharmaco)therapies.

A pronounced spike at low energy in the strength function for magnetic radiation (LEMAR) is found by means of Shell Model calculations, which explains the experimentally observed enhancement of the dipole strength. LEMAR originates from statistical low-energy M1-transitions between many excited complex states. Re-coupling of the proton and neutron high-j orbitals generates the strong magnetic radiation. LEMAR is closely related to Magnetic Rotation. LEMAR is predicted for nuclides participating in the r-process of element synthesis and is expected to change the reaction rates. An exponential decrease of the strength function and a power law for the size distribution of the B(M1) values are found, which strongly deviate from the ones of the GOE of random matrices, which is commonly used to represent complex compound states.

The ELBE center for high power radiation sources is the largest user facility in the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The facility is based on a 36 MeV superconducting RF Linac which can be operated up to 1.6 mA in cw mode. The electron beam is used to generate secondary radiation, such as infrared light (Free Electron Lasers), coherent THz radiation, MeV-Bremsstrahlung, fast neutrons and positrons for a wide range of basic research like semiconductor physics, nuclear astrophysics and radio biological investigations. Two high power laser systems (500 TW Ti:Sa laser, 2 PW diode pumped laser) are under construction for laser acceleration experiments and X-ray generation by Thomson scattering. The FELs are in operation since 2004 (mid-IR FEL, 4-22µm) and 2006 (far-IF FEL, 20-250µm). The fundamental features of the ELBE IR FELs, the FEL instrumentation and advanced beam diagnostics for the photon beam are described. During ten years of user operation experiences and statistical data were collected.

AC magnetic fields unlock an enormous potential to realize a variety of flow structures in molten metals, which makes the electromagnetic stirring attractive for controlling the melt flow during solidification. We present an experimental study concerning the solidification of AlSi alloys exposed to a pulsed rotating magnetic field. Isothermal flow measurements were carried out in order to understand the flow structures resulting from the application of time-modulated magnetic fields. These investigations revealed transient flow regimes showing distinct inertial oscillations and coherent vortex structures. An intense melt flow with periodic reversals of the flow direction at the solidification front can be created by a suitable choice of the magnetic field parameters. Such resonant states of the flow pattern have been proven to provide beneficial conditions for solidification processes. Optimized flow conditions realized in a solidifying melt result in a significant grain refinement without provoking the formation of harmful segregation freckles.

The application of electric currents during solidification can cause grain refinement in metallic alloys. However, the knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the decrease in grain size remains fragmentary. This study considers the solidification of Al Si alloys under the influence of electric currents for the configuration of two parallel electrodes at the free surface. Solidification experiments were performed under the influence of both direct currents (DC) and rectangular electric current pulses (ECP). The interaction between the applied current and its own induced magnetic field causes a Lorentz force which produces an electro-vortex flow. Numerical simulations were conducted to calculate the Lorentz force, the Joule heating and the induced melt flow. The numerical predictions were confirmed by isothermal flow measurements in eutectic GaInSn. The results demonstrate that the grain refining effect observed in our experiments can be ascribed solely to the forced melt flow driven by the Lorentz force.

Selenite containing wastewaters can be treated in activated sludge systems, where the total selenium is removed from the wastewater by the formation of elemental selenium nanoparticles, which are trapped in the biomass. No studies have been carried out so far on the characterization of selenium fed activated sludge flocs, which is important for the development of this novel selenium removal process. This study showed that more than 93% of the trapped selenium in activated sludge flocs is in the form of elemental selenium, both as amorphous/ monoclinic selenium nanospheres and trigonal selenium nanorods. The entrapment of the elemental selenium nanoparticles in the selenium fed activated sludge flocs leads to faster settling rates, higher hydrophilicity and poorer dewaterability compared to the control activated sludge (i.e. not fed with selenite). The selenium fed activated sludge showed a less negative surface charge density as compared to control activated sludge. The presence of trapped elemental selenium nanoparticles further affected the spatial distribution of Al and Mg in the activated sludge flocs. This study demonstrated that the formation and subsequent trapping of elemental selenium nanoparticles in the activated sludge flocs affects their physicochemical properties.

The accurate quantification of the chemical composition of eudialyte group minerals with the electron probe microanalyzer is complicated by both mineralogical and X-ray-specific challenges. These include structural and chemical variability, mutual interferences of X-ray lines, in particular of the rare earth elements, diffusive volatility of light anions and cations and instability of eudialyte group minerals under the electron beam.
A novel analytical approach has been developed to overcome these analytical challenges. The effect of diffusive volatility and beam damage is shown to be minimal when a square of 20x20 µm is scanned with a beam diameter of 6 µm at the fastest possible speed, while measuring elements critical to electron beam exposure early in the measurement sequence. Appropriate reference materials are selected for calibration considering their volatile content and composition, and supplementary offline overlap correction is performed using individual calibration factors. Preliminary results indicate good agreement with data from laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrating that a quantitative mineral chemical analysis of eudialyte group minerals by electron probe microanalysis is possible once all the parameters mentioned above are accounted for.

We report on the fabrication of optical ridge waveguides in ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb:YAG) single crystal by applying swift C5+ ion irradiation and the followed femtosecond laser ablation. The planar waveguide layer is first produced by C5+ ion irradiation and the laser ablation is used to microstructure the planar waveguide surface to construct ridge structures. The lowest propagation loss of the ridge waveguide has been determined to be ~2.1 dB/cm. From the confocal micro-fluorescence and micro-Raman spectra obtained from the waveguide regions, the intensities, positions and widths of the emission-line peaks had no obvious changes with respect to those from the bulks, which indicate that C5+ ion irradiation does not affect the bulk-related properties of the Yb:YAG crystal significantly in the waveguide regions. The results obtained in this work suggest potential applications of the Yb:YAG ridge waveguides as integrated laser sources.

Beim kontinuierlichen Stranggießen von Stahl werden elektromagnetische Felder zur Strömungsbeeinflussung eingesetzt. In dieser Arbeit wird die Wirkung eines statischen Magnetfeldes auf die Kokillenströmung in einem Modellexperiment untersucht. Das statische Magnetfeld strukturiert die Strömung um, kann lokal die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten erhöhen und verändert die Ausbildung und Anzahl der für Brammenkokillen typischen großskaligen Wirbel. Es zeigt sich weiterhin, dass die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Kokillenwände einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Wirkung einer elektromagnetischen Bremse hat. Unter isolierenden Wänden werden räumliche Oszillationen des Flüssigmetallstrahles initiiert und es bildet sich zwischen den beiden Kokillenhälften eine asymmetrische Strömung aus. Leitfähige Wände verhindern die Oszillationen und die Kokillenströmung ist symmetrisch. Eine eindeutige bremsende Wirkung der elektromagnetischen Bremse auf den Durchfluss konnte jedoch in beiden Fällen nicht festgestellt werden.

The SQUID magnetic measurements were performed on the GaN films prepared by metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy and implanted by Tb3+, Tm3+, Sm3+, and Ho3+ ions. The sapphire substrate was checked by the electron paramagnetic resonance method which showed a content of Cr3+ and Fe3+ impurities. The samples 5 × 5 mm2 were positioned in the classical straws and within an estimated accuracy of 10−6 emu, no ferromagnetic moment was detected in the temperature region of 2–300 K. The paramagnetic magnetization was studied for parallel and perpendicular orientation. In the case of GaN:Tb sample, at T = 2 K, a pronounced anisotropy with the easy axis perpendicular to the film was observed which can be explained by the lowest quasi-doublet state of the non-Kramers Tb3+ ion. The Weiss temperature deduced from the susceptibility data using the Curie-Weiss (C-W) law was found to depend substantially on the magnetic field.

The inclined rotating tubular fixed bed reactor has been introduced recently as a new concept for the implementation of multiphase processes, in particular for hetero-geneously catalysed gas-liquid reactions. Commonly applied trickle bed reactors (TBR) suffer from liquid maldistribution and low mass and heat transfer rates and have therefore been subject to process intensification: periodic liquid flow rate modulation at the reactor inlet was introduced, which leads to elevated space time yields in comparison to steady-state operation. However, the beneficial effects decay rapidly along the reactor length and maldistribution is not effectively curbed.
To fully utilise the positive effects of such modulation strategy, the new reactor concept is operated inclined against the vertical and rotated permanently. This operation mode ensures a wetting intermittency via periodic immersion of the whole catalyst packing, which is clamped between retaining grids. Furthermore, it allows adjusting different flow regimes, i.e. stratified flow or annular flow.
The new reactor concept enables also tuning the liquid residence time at constant gas and liquid flow rates. The wetting intermittency results in a complete utilization of the catalyst on the reactor scale and in thinner liquid films at the catalyst surface, which enhances the accessibility of the active sites for the gaseous reactants. The latter is proven by an increased space time yield compared to conventional TBR operation for the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene to cumene.
In this presentation, the performance of the new reactor concept will be assessed based on reactive studies. Furthermore, the results will be discussed with respect to the prevailing flow regimes investigated via gamma-ray computed tomography, as well as liquid residence time and axial dispersion obtained by a stimulus-response technique using embedded wire mesh sensors.

One potential source of radionuclides in the environment could be the accidental release from nuclear waste disposal sites. Hence the long-term safety of nuclear waste in a deep geological repository is an important issue in our society. Microorganisms indigenous to potential host rocks are able to influence the speciation and therefore the mobility of radionuclides and their retardation both by direct and indirect pathways. They can as well affect the conditions in a geologic repository (e.g., by gas generation or canister corrosion). The focus of this chapter lies on the influence of indigenous microbes on the speciation of Rn. Therefore, for the safety assessment of such a repository it is necessary to know which microorganisms are present in the potential host rocks (e.g., clay and salt) and if these microorganisms can influence the speciation of released Rn. Hence, dominant bacterial strains from potential host rocks for future nuclear waste deposition have to be investigated regarding their interaction mechanisms with soluble actinide (An) ions. This chapter will cover the following research areas. Gained knowledge concerning the bacterial diversity in e.g., Mont Terri Opalinus Clay by applying direct molecular culture-independent retrievals and cultivation experiments will be presented. Their influence on the geo-chemical behavior of selected An (e.g., uranium, and curium) will be highlighted. These investigations contribute to a better understanding of microbial interactions of An on a molecular level for an improved prediction of the safety of a planned nuclear waste repository.

This book covers the fundamentals of Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM) including the Gas Field Ion Source (GFIS), column and contrast formation. It also provides first hand information on nanofabrication and high resolution imaging. Relevant theoretical models and the existing simulation approaches are discussed in an extra section. The structure of the book allows the novice to get acquainted with the specifics of the technique needed to understand the more applied chapters in the second half of the volume. The expert reader will find a complete reference of the technique covering all important applications in several chapters written by the leading experts in the field. This includes imaging of biological samples, resist and precursor based nanofabrication, applications in semiconductor industry, using Helium as well as Neon and many more. The fundamental part allows the regular HIM user to deepen his understanding of the method. A final chapter by Bill Ward, one of the pioneers of HIM, covering the historical developments leading to the existing tool complements the content.

Speciation constitutes the basis for actinide complexation studies. These systems can be very complex and challenging especially because of the polynuclear species. An advanced combination of theoretical and experimental methods is proposed here. Continuous wave (CW) and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) data of uranyl(VI) hydrolysis were analyzed using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Distribution patterns of five major species were thereby derived under a fixed uranyl concentration (10-5 M) over a wide pH range from 2 to 11. UV (180 nm to 370 nm) excitation spectra were extracted for individual species. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations revealed ligand excitation (water, hydroxo, oxo) in this region and ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) responsible for luminescence. Thus excitation in the UV is extreme ligand sensitive and highly specific. Combining findings from PARAFAC and DFT the aquo complex (1:0) and four hydroxo complexes (1:1, 3:5, 3:7 and 1:3) were identified and characterized.