Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

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41421 Publications

Unconventional Magnetostructural Transition in CoCr2O4 at High Magnetic Fields

Tsurkan, V.; Zherlitsyn, S.; Yasin, S.; Felea, V.; Skourski, Y.; Deisenhofer, J.; Krug Von Nidda, H.-A.; Wosnitza, J.; Loidl, A.

The magnetic-field and temperature dependencies of the ultrasound propagation and magnetization of single-crystalline CoCr2O4 have been studied in static and pulsed magnetic fields up to 14 and 62 T, respectively. Distinct anomalies with significant changes in the sound velocity and attenuation are found in this spinel compound at the onset of long-range incommensurate-spiral-spin order at Ts = 27 K and at the transition from the incommensurate to the commensurate states at Tl = 14 K, evidencing strong spinlattice coupling. While the magnetization evolves gradually with the field, steplike increments in the ultrasound clearly signal a transition into a new magnetostructural state between 6.2 and 16.5 K and at high magnetic fields.We argue that this is a high-symmetry phase with only the longitudinal component of the magnetization being ordered, while the transverse helical component remains disordered. This phase is metastable in an extended H - T phase space.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18596
Publ.-Id: 18596


High-Field Transitions in ErFe11Ti and HoFe11Ti Single Crystals

Skourski, Y.; Bartolomé, J.; Kuzmin, M. D.; Skokov, K. P.; Bonilla, M.; Gutfleisch, O.; Wosnitza, J.

The magnetization of ErFe11Ti and HoFe11Ti single crystals was measured in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. A number of field-induced phase transitions were observed. The inter-sublattice molecular fields were found to be 60 T in ErFe11Ti and 73 T in HoFe11Ti.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18595
Publ.-Id: 18595


Magnet-Technology Development at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory

Zherlitsyn, S.; Wustmann, B.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Wosnitza, J.

The Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) is a user facility which provides scientists with the possibility to perform a broad range of experiments in pulsed magnetic fields. Recent progress in the magnet-technology development at the HLD has led to significant advances in achieving non-destructive pulsed magnetic fields close to the megagauss mark. Using 9.5 MJ dual-coil magnets with 16 mm bore, in 2011 a world-record field of 91.4 T has been achieved. Later 94.2 T have been reached.We report on the magnet design and performance of these magnets as well as on the design for the next generation of dual-coil magnets characterized by interchangeable inner sub-coils and improved control of the axial preload.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18594
Publ.-Id: 18594


Field-Induced Gap in the Spin-1/2 Heisenberg Chain Compound Cu-Pyrimidine Dinitrate: ESR Studies in Magnetic Fields up to 63 T

Ozerov, M.; Wosnitza, J.; Cižmár, E.; Feyerherm, R.; Manmana, S. R.; Mila, F.; Zvyagin, S. A.

Results of electron spin resonance studies of copper pyrimidine dinitrate (Cu-PM, [PM-Cu(NO3)2(H2O)2]n, PM= pyrimidine), a spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chain material with alternating g-tensor and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, in pulsed magnetic fields up to 63 T are reported. The field-induced gap shows a nonmonotonic behavior with a minimum in the vicinity of the saturation field Hsat = 48.5 T. This is associated with a transition from the sine-Gordon region to a spinpolarized state with magnon excitations. By comparing the entire set of experimental data with results of density matrix renormalization group calculations for Cu-PM, the validity of the used theoretical approach is proven.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18593
Publ.-Id: 18593


Investigations of the sorption of U(VI) onto SiO2 in the presence of phosphate: In search of a ternary surface complex

Comarmond, M. J.; Foerstendorf, H.; Steudtner, R.; Chong, E.; Heim, K.; Müller, K.; Gückel, K.; Brendler, V.; Payne, T. E.

The adsorption of U(VI) in the environment is known to be influenced by the presence of both inorganic and organic ligands in the aqueous phase [1]. In the present study, the ternary system containing U(VI), phosphate and SiO2 is investigated using a batch sorption technique, in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Whilst SiO2 is a predominant component of soils and host rock and the speciation of uranium with phosphate is complex [2], limited studies of the U(VI)/PO4/SiO2 ternary system [3] exist. Nevertheless, such studies have significant relevance in understanding radionuclide migration in geological systems.

[1] Payne, T.E., Lumpkin, G.R. and Waite, T.D. (1998). ‘UraniumVI adsorption on model minerals” in Adsorption of Metals by Geomedia, Chapter 2, p. 75-97, Jenne, E.A., Ed.; Academic Press, San Diego, U.S.A.
[2] Sandino, A. and Bruno, J. (1992). “The solubility of (UO2)3(PO4)2.4H2O(s) and the formation of U(VI) phosphate complexes: Their influence in uranium speciation of natural waters.” Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 4135-4145.
[3] Zhang, H. and Tao, Z. (2002). “Sorption of uranyl ions on silica: Effects of contact time, pH, ionic strength, concentration and phosphate.” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 254(1), 103-107.

Keywords: ATR FT-IR; TRLFS; Uranium; Speciation

  • Poster
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18592
Publ.-Id: 18592


On the impact of potential processing technology developments on rare earth mining economics

Klossek, P.; van den Boogaart, K. G.

It is estimated that China accounts for 94% of the world supply of rare earths (Roskill, 2011). This fact, together with the impact of China’s export policy, poses a substantial risk to the security of the rare earth supply as well as a rare earth price risk. This situation has motivated an increase in the number of rare earth projects under development, i.e., there are currently more than 440 worldwide (Technology Metals Research, 2012). However, economically and environmentally acceptable processing technology to produce tradable products from rare earths (e.g., separated rare earth oxides) is not freely available on the market at the moment. In this respect, a lot of research and development has been initiated on this topic, in academia as well as in industry. Using a proprietary model and scenario-based analysis, we studied the impact that the development of rare earth processing technologies would have on the rare earth market and the economic feasibility of rare earth projects mentioned before. The analysis showed that this impact varies depending on the technology type (e.g., technology can affect project production volume, cost structure or both) and the legal context of the invention (e.g., free or limited by patenting availability of a new technology). The effect of a technology which influences project production volume is not the same as of a technology which changes project cost structure. The impact of a patented processing technology differs from the impact of a processing technology which is freely available on the market. In the case of a new technology which is limited by patenting, its impact depends on the market position (“producing”, “next-coming”, or “not producing” project) of the patent holder. The paper contributes to existing research by studying the dependence of the expected micro- and macroeconomic impact of rare earth processing technology developments on the properties of a new technology (e.g., costs, legal framework etc.). By this means, the paper adds to existing knowledge and attempts to make the rare earths market more transparent and predictable from a perspective outside China.

Keywords: Processing Technology; Mining Economics; Rare Earths

  • Contribution to proceedings
    23rd World Mining Congress, 11.-15.08.2013, Montreal, Canada
    Proceedings of the 23rd World Mining Congress
  • Lecture (Conference)
    23rd World Mining Congress, 11.-15.08.2013, Montreal, Canada

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18591
Publ.-Id: 18591


Economic evaluation as a critical part of the mine development process: The case of rare earths

Klossek, P.; van den Boogaart, K. G.

Mine development cannot progress without observing positive results of economic evaluation, which is the potential profitability of a future mine. According to the discounted cash flow (DCF) method, i.e., the most widely used method in mining, net present value is generally calculated as an indicator of project profitability. However, in the case of critical metals, e.g., rare earth elements (REE), the required for the economic calculations data is problematic to be generated. This is due to the specific features of these metals which also complicate economic evaluation of corresponding projects. Using the recent example of REE the paper explains how exactly their specific features complicate economic evaluation. We suggest possible solutions which include the extension of the DCF method, e.g., by the additional application of game theory, as well as the use of alternative methods, e.g., real options. Finally, we discuss the need for an integrated approach to economic evaluation of REE projects.

Keywords: Mine development; economic evaluation; rare earths

  • Contribution to proceedings
    4th International Conference Mineral Resources and Mine Development - AIMS 2013, 22.-23.05.2013, Aachen, Germany
    Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Mineral Resources and Mine Development, Essen: Verlag Glückauf GmbH, 978-3-86797-154-6, 249-256
  • Lecture (Conference)
    4th International Conference Mineral Resources and Mine Development - AIMS 2013, 22.-23.05.2013, Aachen, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18590
Publ.-Id: 18590


Radiolabeled COX-2 inhibitors for non-invasive visualization of COX-2 expression and activity - a critical update

Laube, M.; Kniess, T.; Pietzsch, J.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key player in inflammation. Its overexpression is directly associated with various inflammatory diseases and, additionally, with several processes of carcinogenesis. The development of new selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) for use in cancer treatment is in the focus of the medicinal chemistry research field. For this purpose, a set of methods is available to determine COX-2 expression and activity in vitro and ex vivo but it is still a problem to functionally characterize COX-2 in vivo. This review focusses on imaging agents targeting COX-2 which have been developed for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) since 2005. The literature reveals that different radiochemical methods are available to synthesize COXIBs radiolabeled with fluorine-18, carbon-11, and isotopes of radioiodine. Unfortunately, most of the compounds tested did not show sufficient stability in vivo due to de[18F]fluorination or de[11C]methylation or they failed to bind specifically in the target region. So, suitable stability in vivo, matching lipophilicity for the target compartment and both high affinity and selectivity for COX-2 were identified as prominent criteria for radiotracer development. Up to now, it is not clear what approach and which model is the most suited to evaluate COX-2 targeting imaging agents in vivo. However, for proof of principle it has been shown that some radiolabeled compounds can bind specifically in COX-2 overexpressing tissues which gives hope for future work in this field.

Keywords: cyclooxygenase; inhibitor; imaging; visualization; radionuclide; fluorine-18; carbon-11; radioiodine; COXIB; NSAID

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18589
Publ.-Id: 18589


3D Analysis of fluid flow in fissured salt rock

Wolf, M.; Enzmann, F.; Kulenkampff, J.; Lippmann-Pipke, J.

The processes of dissolution and destabilization during and right after the flooding of a salt mine are in principle well understood but in detail still enigmatic. In our attempt to visualize these mechanisms, a combination of structural imaging as well as computer simulations were performed at the pore scale. High resolution positron emission tomography in situ imaging of fluid flow processes in heterogeneously structured drilling cores were matched with high resolution x-ray computer tomography imaging of effective hydraulic microstructures [1]. The microstructures were used as input for lattice Boltzmann based particle tracking simulations [2]. The space and time resolved combined imaging of hydraulic effective structures and fluid flow processes (Figure 1) allows an estimation of the effective volume within the network of pores and fissures and an estimation of the reactive surface area of rock material. Flow path topology concerning, e.g., fingering phenomena, dispersion and molecular diffusion effects can be quantified, and velocity distribution can be observed in 3D [3].

With PET, we observed the propagation of brine labelled with a PET-tracer (124I or 18F) through a mechanically damaged rock salt drill core, which was structurally characterized with CT. The experiments show, that two heterogeneous effects have to be considered with respect to dissolution and destabilization of the material. The first one is a strong localization of fluid paths dominated by fingering phenomena especially along fissures but also in parts in homogeneous porous areas. As a consequence, fluid in motion uses only a small part of the available pathway even under saturated conditions. The fraction of the internal surface of a rock sample which is exposed to the propagating fluid – the effective reactive surface area – decreases with increasing localization of actual transport paths. Therefore, this effect considerably narrows the part of the pore space, where dissolution or other interactions are likely to occur. This effective pore volume and surface area can be quantified experimentally with PET process observation and with CT-based flow field simulations. The second mechanism is a high variability in the streaming velocity patterns along distinct parts of the fractures. Locally enhanced flow velocities increase local dissolution and cause widening of fracture cross sections. This may lead to a self-enhancing effect of increasing flow velocities and flow rates in saline rock. These results may contribute to the understanding of destabilization and dissolution processes and ultimately pylon collapse upon flooding of a salt mine.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Migration conference 2013 - 14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18588
Publ.-Id: 18588


Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

Beinik, I.; Kratzer, M.; Wachauer, A.; Wang, L.; Piryatinski, Y. P.; Brauer, G.; Chen, X. Y.; Hsu, Y. F.; Djurisic, A.; Teichert, C.

ZnO nanostructures are promising candidates for the development of novel electronic devices due to their unique electrical and optical properties. Here, photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) has been applied to investigate transient photoconductivity and photocurrent spectra of upright-standing ZnO nanorods (NRs). With a view to evaluate the electronic properties of the NRs and to get information on recombination kinetics, we have also performed time-resolved photoluminescence measurements macroscopically.

Keywords: ZnO nanorods; photoconductive atomic force microscopy; transient photoconductivity and photocurrent spectra

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18587
Publ.-Id: 18587


Investigation of dynamic liquid distribution and hold-up in structured packings using ultrafast electron beam X-ray tomography

Janzen, A.; Schubert, M.; Barthel, F.; Hampel, U.; Kenig, E. Y.

Dynamic cross-sectional liquid distribution and hold-up in a DN80 separation column filled with structured packings was studied using an ultrafast electron-beam X-ray tomograph with high temporal resolution of 2000 images per second. The modality allows visualisation and characterisation of the counter-current flow before and at the flooding point representing the upper operation limit. Two packings of the same type (Montz B1-MN) with different specific surface area were used to investigate the influence of the packing geometry on the spatial liquid distribution. The system studied was water/air at different gas and liquid loads. The results of the tomographic imaging and corresponding post-processing routines were validated by comparison with conventional draining measurements.

Keywords: Structured packing; Separation column; Dynamic liquid distribution; Ultrafast X-ray tomography; Liquid hold-up; Flooding conditions

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18586
Publ.-Id: 18586


Modeling of transition phenomena for bubbles columns and validating with CFD

Ziegenhein, T.; Krepper, E.; Rzehak, R.; Lucas, D.

Coalescence and break-up are complex (local) effects which depend on turbulence, shear rate, bubble sizes/polydispersity, local void fraction, bubble shape and material properties
- Complete modeling of all effects that influence these parameters is necessary
- Goal: Defining a general baseline model which covers the effects of bubbly flow

Keywords: Bubble column; CFD Simulation; Multiphase flow; Coalescence

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der Fachgruppen Extraktion und Mehrphasenströmungen, 19.-20.03.2013, Baden-Baden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18585
Publ.-Id: 18585


Closure relations for CFD simulation of bubble columns

Ziegenhein, T.; Lucas, D.; Rzehak, R.; Krepper, E.

This paper describes the modelling of bubbly flow in a bubble column considering non-drag forces, polydispersity and bubble induced turbulence using the Eulerian two-fluid approach. The set of used closure models describing the momentum exchange between the phases was chosen on basis of broad experiences in modelling bubbly flows at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. Polydispersity is modeled using the inhomogeneous multiple size group (iMUSIG) model, which was developed by ANSYS/CFX and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. Through the importance of a comprehensive turbulence modeling for coalescence and break-up models, bubble induced turbulence models are investigated. A baseline has been used which was chosen on the basis of our previous work without any adjustments. Several variants taken from the literature are shown for comparison. Transient CFD simulations are compared with the experimental measurements and Large Eddy Simulations of Akbar et al. (2012).

Keywords: Bubble column; two-fluid model; bubble forces; bubble induced turbulence

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference on Multiphase Flow 2013, 26.-31.05.2013, Jeju, Korea
  • Lecture (Conference)
    International Conference on Multiphase Flow 2013, 26.-31.05.2013, Jeju, Korea

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18584
Publ.-Id: 18584


Numerical simulation of polydispersed flow in bubble columns with the inhomogeneous Multi-Size-Group (iMUSIG) model

Ziegenhein, T.; Rzehak, R.; Krepper, E.; Lucas, D.

The present paper shows the influence of considering polydispersity of bubbly flow, simulating bubble columns with a three-dimensional Eulerian two-fluid model. A complete set of interfacial closure models regarding drag force, lift force, wall force, turbulent dispersion force and bubble induced turbulence is considered. A round bubble column of 0.288 m diameter and 2.5 m height is simulated up to a superficial gas velocity of 1 cm/s and compared with experimental data. It is shown that considering the polydispersity including the non-drag forces, important flow properties of bubble columns are reproduced. Possible influences of swarm effects on the non-drag forces are discussed and needs for further investigations are given.

Keywords: bubble column hydrodynamics; homogeneous flow regime; dispersed multiphase flow; Eulerian two fluid; CFD simulation; model validation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18583
Publ.-Id: 18583


Laser-driven particle accelerators for radiotherapy

Metzkes, J.; Baumann, M.; Beyreuther, E.; Burris-Mog, T.; Bussmann, M.; Cowan, T. E.; Enghardt, W.; Karsch, L.; Kluge, T.; Kraft, S. D.; Kroll, F.; Laschinsky, L.; Masood, U.; Oppelt, M.; Pawelke, J.; Richter, C.; Sauerbrey, R.; Schramm, U.; Schürer, M.; Siebold, M.; Zeil, K.

  • Poster
    Evaluation of the Helmholtz Program Cancer Research 2013, 18.-20.03.2013, Heidelberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18582
Publ.-Id: 18582


Inclusive pion and eta production in p+Nb collisions at 3.5 GeV beam energy

Agakishiev, G.; Balanda, A.; Belver, D.; Belyaev, A.; Berger-Chen, J. C.; Blanco, A.; Böhmer, M.; Boyard, J. L.; Cabanelas, P.; Chernenko, S.; Dybczak, A.; Epple, E.; Fabbietti, L.; Fateev, O.; Finocchiaro, P.; Fonte, P.; Friese, J.; Fr¨Ohlich, I.; Galatyuk, T.; Garz´On, J. A.; Gernhäuser, R.; Göbel, K.; Golubeva, M.; Gonzalez-Diaz, D.; Guber, F.; Gumberidze, M.; Heinz, T.; Hennino, T.; Holzmann, R.; Ierusalimov, A.; Iori, I.; Ivashkin, A.; Jurkovic, M.; Kämpfer, B.; Karavicheva, T.; Koenig, I.; Koenig, W.; Kolb, B. W.; Kornakov, G.; Kotte, R.; Krasa, A.; Krizek, F.; Krücken, R.; Kuc, H.; Kühn, W.; Kugler, A.; Kurepin, A.; Ladygin, V.; Lalik, R.; Lang, S.; Lapidus, K.; Lebedev, A.; Liu, T.; Lopes, L.; Lorenz, M.; Maier, L.; Mangiarotti, A.; Markert, J.; Metag, V.; Michalska, B.; Michel, J.; Müntz, C.; Naumann, L.; Pachmayer, Y. C.; Palka, M.; Parpottas, Y.; Pechenov, V.; Pechenova, O.; Pietraszko, J.; Przygoda, W.; Ramstein, B.; Reshetin, A.; Rustamov, A.; Sadovsky, A.; Salabura, P.; Schmah, A.; Schwab, E.; Siebenson, J.; Sobolev, Y. G.; Spataro, S.; Spruck, B.; Ströbele, H.; Stroth, J.; Sturm, C.; Tarantola, A.; Teilab, K.; Tlusty, P.; Traxler, M.; Trebacz, R.; Tsertos, H.; Vasiliev, T.; Wagner, V.; Weber, M.; Wendisch, C.; Wüstenfeld, J.; Yurevich, S.; Zanevsky, Y.

Data on inclusive pion and eta production measured with the dielectron spectrometer HADES in the reaction p+93Nb at a kinetic beam energy of 3.5 GeV are presented. Our results, obtained with the photon conversion method, supplement the rather sparse information on neutral meson production in proton-nucleus reactions existing for this bombarding energy regime. The reconstructed e+e−e+e− transverse-momentum and rapidity distributions are confronted with transport model calculations which account well for pi0 but deviate for eta.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18581
Publ.-Id: 18581


Phase-Resolved X-ray Ferromagnetic Resonance Measurements of Spin Pumping in Spin Valve Structures

Marcham, M. K.; Shelford, L. R.; Cavill, S. A.; Keatley, P. S.; Yu, W.; Shafer, P.; Neudert, A.; Childress, J. R.; Katine, J. A.; Arenholz, E.; Telling, N. D.; van der Laan, G.; Hicken, R. J.

Element-specific phase-resolved x-ray ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) was used to study spin pumping within Co50Fe50(3)/ Cu(6)/ Ni80Fe20(5) (thicknesses in nm) spin valve structures with large areas, so that edge effects typical of nanopillars used in standard magnetotransport experiments could be neglected. The phase of precession of the Co50Fe50 fixed layer was recorded as FMR was induced in the Ni80Fe20 free layer. The field dependence of the fixed layer phase contains a clear signature of spin transfer torque (STT) coupling due to spin pumping. Fitting the phase delay yields the spin mixing conductance, the quantity that controls all spin transfer phenomena. The STT coupling is destroyed by insertion of Ta into the middle of the Cu layer.

Keywords: XMCD; FMR; XFMR

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18580
Publ.-Id: 18580


Sorption of selenium oxyanions onto hematite

Jordan, N.; Domaschke, S.; Foerstendorf, H.; Scheinost, A. C.; Weiß, S.; Heim, K.

The 79Se isotope, which is a long-lived (t1/2 ~ 3.27 × 105 years[1]) and radiotoxic fission product found in spent nuclear fuels, is of high importance in the context of geological disposal facilities. Safety calculations assessments have shown it to be one of the most contributing isotopes to the total radioactivity that could be potentially released to the biosphere. Selenium has a quite complex speciation, with four main oxidation states, depending on both the pH and the redox potential of the surrounding environment. The concentration, the bioavailability, the mobility, the distribution and the oxidation state of selenium in the environment are greatly influenced by the pH, nature of mineral sorbent as well as potential redox reactions at mineral surfaces. Among the mechanisms which enable selenium retardation and reduces its migration, adsorption processes onto solid surfaces (iron, alumina, titanium oxides) has been extensively investigated at room temperature [2-4].
Our study focuses on selenium(VI) and selenium(IV) sorption onto hematite (α-Fe2O3), which was so far not thoroughly characterized yet. By means of EXAFS and ATR FT-IR spectroscopic studies, it was observed that selenium(VI) forms purely monodentate inner-sphere complexes onto hematite, but the study was only performed at pD 3.5 [5]. To our knowledge, the only spectroscopic characterization of the binary selenium(IV)/hematite system concluded the formation of bidentate bridging inner-sphere complexes onto single hematite crystal using x-ray standing wave (XSW), but the measurements were only performed at pH 4.0 [6]. Hematite was chosen because it is a ubiquitous iron oxide mineral present in the environment. In addition, it is an iron phase often found in rocks and soils in the vicinity of underground repositories [7]).
At the macroscopic level, the effect of pH and ionic strength was studied by means of batch experiments. Sorption of both oxyanions was found to decrease with increasing pH. An increase of the ionic strength (from 0.01 M to 0.1 M) impacted the sorption of selenium(VI), while the selenium(IV) uptake was found to be not significantly affected. Electrophoretic mobility measurements revealed that selenium(IV) sorption shifted the isoelectric point (pHIEP) of hematite to lower pH values, while the pHIEP was not significantly modified upon selenium(VI) sorption. At the molecular level, in situ ATR FT-IR measurements revealed the formation of inner-sphere complexes during selenium(IV) sorption onto hematite, while the sorption of selenium(VI) proceeded via the formation of outer-sphere complexes. Complementary information about the Se reactivity at the hematite surface is provided by EXAFS spectroscopy.
High level and long-lived radioactive wastes are well-known to increase the temperature at the vicinity of the waste disposal site. Such a thermal effect raises the question how the retention of selenium is influenced at elevated temperatures. By means of batch sorption experiments, electrophoretic mobility measurements and in situ ATR FT-IR spectroscopic studies, information and insights about mechanisms involved at higher temperatures (from 25 °C to 60 °C) are provided.

[1] G. Jörg, R. Buhnemann, S. Hollas, N. Kivel, K. Kossert, S. Van Winckel, C.L.V. Gostomski, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 68 (2010) 2339.
[2] E.J. Elzinga, Y.Z. Tang, J. McDonald, S. DeSisto, R.J. Reeder, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 340 (2009) 153.
[3] N. Jordan, A. Ritter, H. Foerstendorf, A.C. Scheinost, S. Weiss, K. Heim, J. Grenzer, A. Mucklich, H. Reuther, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 103 (2013) 63.
[4] A.C. Scheinost, L. Charlet, Environmental Science & Technology 42 (2008) 1984.
[5] D. Peak, D.L. Sparks, Environ. Sci. Technol. 36 (2002) 1460.
[6] J.G. Catalano, Z. Zhang, P. Fenter, M.J. Bedzyk, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 297 (2006) 665.
[7] F. Claret, B.A. Sakharov, V.A. Drits, B. Velde, A. Meunier, L. Griffault, B. Lanson, Clay Clay Min. 52 (2004) 515.

Keywords: selenium; sorption; hematite; ATR FT-IR; EXAFS; temperature

Related publications

  • Contribution to proceedings
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom
    Proceedings of the Migration Conference 2013

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18579
Publ.-Id: 18579


Study of Europium and Nickel interaction with calcite - batch experiments and spectroscopic characterization

Sabău, A.; Jordan, N.; Lomenech, C.; Marmier, N.; Brendler, V.; Barkleit, A.; Surblé, S.; Toulhoat, N.; Pipon, Y.; Moncoffre, N.; Giffaut, E.

Interactions between cations and natural or synthetic calcite may include incorporation processes, resulting in the irreversibility of some sorption reactions. Calcite is present in soil and sediment materials, and in particular in the Callovo-Oxfordian clay samples from of the French underground laboratory of Bure (France), studied in the context of an underground repository for radioactive waste. Europium has been chosen to be investigated by TRLFS due to its fluorescent properties and because it can serve as an analogue for trivalent actinides. Nickel is toxic as a heavy metal as well as in its radioactive form. Few experimental studies have been made to define its interaction with soil and sediment minerals in general and only a handful of articles report investigations of Ni interaction with calcite. To investigate these irreversible processes, we have chosen to work on the Eu-CO2-NaCl-CaCO3 and Ni-CO2-NaCl-CaCO3 systems at pH 8.4, buffered by calcite under atmospheric conditions.
Our study combines macroscopic batch experiments with spectroscopic investigations (Time Resolved Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy - TRLFS and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry - RBS) to comprehensively characterize these systems.

First, appropriate material for sorption experiments were selected based on characterization studies. Eventually, a calcite powder from SOLVAY (SOCAL U1-R) with a particle size of 0.2 μm for TRLFS investigations was chosen, mainly due to its large BET specific surface area (i.e. 18.4 m2/g). In addition, a calcite powder from OMYA (BL 200), with a bigger particle size (56 μm) and a lower specific surface area (0.7 m2/g) was used for Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) measurements, due to the specific requirements of this technique.
For both powders, Diffuse Reflectance Infra-Red Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFT), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elementary analysis confirmed the absence of polymorphic CaCO3 compounds (i.e. vaterite and aragonite).
In order to get a better understanding of incorporation of cations in the structure of calcite, we compared our results obtained on powders with studies on millimetric calcite single crystals from Alfa Aesar, performed under the same experimental conditions as for powders.
The sample preparation consists in open reactor experiments under atmospheric conditions (pCO2 = 10-3.5 atm) in 0.1 M NaCl media. The studied concentrations range from 10-6 to 10-3 M. The experiments were carried out for contact times ranging from 4 hours to 6 months for europium and from 4 hours up to 3 months for nickel. For europium, ICP-AES/ICP-MS analysis of the supernatants showed a strong retention by calcite whatever the initial concentration, contrary to nickel where the retention is depending on the initial concentration.

The second step of the work involved efforts to better understand the time-dependence of Eu and Ni sorption and respective mechanisms.
For each concentration of europium investigated by TRLFS, two species are identified and their fluorescence lifetime increases as the initial concentration decreases and time goes on, corresponding to a gradual loss of water molecules surrounding the europium. For higher concentrations, the species identified appear to correspond to a (co-) surface precipitate and possibly an inner-sphere surface complex with two water molecules retained in the hydration sphere. For lower concentrations, the longer lifetimes observed for one of the two species suggest the incorporation of europium in calcite [1,2].
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) experiments have been carried out using an alpha particle millibeam at the 4MV Van de Graaff accelerator of IPNL and also on nuclear microprobe of CEA-Saclay. This technique is well adapted to discriminate sorption processes such as: (i) adsorption or co precipitation at the mineral surfaces or (ii) incorporation into the mineral structure (through diffusion for instance). The interpretation of the results shows different sorption behaviors for Ni and Eu. Ni accumulates at the calcite surface whereas Eu is also incorporated at a greater depth. Eu seems therefore to be incorporated into two different states in calcite: (i) heterogeneous surface accumulation, which confirms the hypothesis of the surface precipitate, and (ii) incorporation up to depths greater than 160 nm after 1 month of sorption. Complementary Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of the mineral surfaces at low voltage have also been carried out, which confirmed the heterogeneities detected by RBS measurements.

[1] Fernandes, M. M.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.; Walther, C.; Bosbach, D.; Klenze, R.; Fanghänel, Th., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (2008), 321(2), 323-331.
[2] Piriou, B; Fedoroff, M.; Jeanjean, J.; Bercis, L., Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (1997), 194, 440-447.

Keywords: Europium; Nickel; calcite; incorporation; diffusion; TRLFS; RBS

  • Poster
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18578
Publ.-Id: 18578


On the geological availability of germanium

Frenzel, M.; Ketris, M. P.; Gutzmer, J.

Based on a detailed statistical analysis of chemical data published in the scientific literature, estimates were made of the minimum amounts of recoverable Ge contained within sulphidic zinc ores and coals, given current processing technologies. It is expected that at least 119 kt (∼7 kt in zinc ores and ∼112 kt in coal) of recoverable germanium exist within proven reserves (at present stage of knowledge) at grades in excess of 100 ppm in sphalerite and 200 ppm in coal, while at least 440 kt (∼50 kt in zinc ores and ∼390 kt in coal) should become recoverable in the future, being associated to coal reserves at 8–200 ppm Ge and zinc resources containing in excess of 100 ppm Ge in sphalerite. Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits are expected to be the most important hosts of germanium-rich sphalerite, while both brown and hard coals are expected to be equally important as hosts of germanium. The approach taken in this publication shows that reliable minimum estimates for the availability of by-product metals lacking suitable reserve/resource data may be attained by using robust statistical methods and geochemical data published in the scientific literature.

Keywords: critical metals; resources; reserves; sphalerite; coal

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18577
Publ.-Id: 18577


Analyse von aquatischen und sorbierten Actinidspezies mittels Abgeschwächte Totalreflexion (ATR) FT-IR Spektroskopie

Gückel, K.; Foerstendorf, H.; Kruse, C.; Müller, K.

1. Motivation
Die Ausbreitung der Actinide in der Umwelt ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten verstärkt in den Fokus der Wissenschaft gerückt, da diese aufgrund ihrer Gewinnung und Wiederaufarbeitung im Zusammenhang mit der zivilen Nutzung der Kernkraft aber auch durch in der Vergangenheit durchgeführten Atomwaffentest sowie durch nukleare Unfälle zu weit verbreiteten Schadstoffen geworden sind.
Das Migrationsverhalten dieser Schwermetalle in Grundwassersystemen wird hauptsächlich von der aquatischen Speziation und von Sorptionsprozessen an der Mineral-Wasser-Grenzfläche bestimmt. Daher ist die Untersuchung der aquatischen Spezies sowie der Wechselwirkungen von Actiniden mit Metalloxiden, die als Modellsyteme für komplexe, natürliche Minerale in wässrigen Lösungen dienen, für die Sicherheitsbewertung von nuklearen Endlagern essentiell. Neben verschiedenen festen Phasen, wie Fe(OOH)x, TiO2, oder SiO2, sind Aluminiumoxide und –hydroxide von besonderem Interesse, da sie Hauptbestandteile von Ton und Tonmineralen sind, die als Wirtsgestein für nukleare Endlager in Frage kommen.

2. Aufgabe
Abgeschwächte Totalreflexion (ATR) FT-IR-Spektroskopie ist eine leistungsfähige Technik zur in-situ und zeitaufgelösten Untersuchung der Speziation und von Sorptionprozessen an der Mineral-Wasser-Grenzflächen bei geringen (µM) Actinylionenkonzentrationen. Die ATR FT IR ermöglicht die Untersu-chung von stark IR-absorbierenden oder optisch dichten Medien und gestattet somit die Analyse von wässrigen Proben.
In dieser Arbeit wird die Wechselwirkung von Uran und Neptunium mit mineralen Modellsystemen, die relevant für das Nah- und Fernfeld von Endlagern sind, in wässrigen Lösungen vorgestellt. Vorrangig konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf den Einfluss von ausgesuchten Anionen auf die Sorptionsprozesse von U und Np. Außerdem wurde die aquatische Speziation von Uran bei erhöhten Temperaturen bestimmt. Die ternären Systeme und der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Speziation und Sorption wurden untersucht, um strukturelle Informa-tionen über die während der Sorption gebildeten Oberflächenkomplexe zu erhalten.

  • Poster
    7. Workshop RCA; Hürden und Fallstricke bei der Charakterisierung von Abfall-Gebinden, 10.-11.06.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18576
Publ.-Id: 18576


Uranium(VI) sorption on montmorillonite in high ionic strength media

Fritsch, K.; Schmeide, K.

Of the three main choices for radioactive waste repository host rock—salt dome, argillaceous rock and crystalline rock—Germany has deposits of two eligible rock types. Salt dome, present in Northern Germany, has long been investigated as host rock and in recent years argillaceous rock has come to attention. There are two areas in Germany with sizable clay deposits: In the more populated south of Germany there is a deposit of the already well-researched Opalinus clay (OPA) and in the north of Germany there are clay deposits whose pore waters have a salt concentration of up to 4 mol L-1, ten times that of OPA. The aim of this work is to determine the sorption and diffusion properties of uranium(VI) on/in model clays and OPA at increased salinities in NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The basis for this work is formed by sorption experiments with Wyoming montmorillonite (SWy-2) in several strong electrolyte solutions. This also includes leaching experiments.

Keywords: nuclear waste repositories; uranium sorption; argillaceous rock; clay; uranium; montmorillonite; high ionic strength

  • Lecture (Conference)
    ABC-Salt Workshop III, 15.-17.04.2013, Santa Fe, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18575
Publ.-Id: 18575


Investigation of the mobility of uranium(VI) in argillaceous rock at higher salinity

Fritsch, K.; Schmeide, K.; Bernhard, G.

Argillaceous rock is considered as one of the possible host rock types for radioactive waste repositories. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the retention behaviour of argillaceous rock towards long-lived radionuclides, such as uranium. In this study, the 2:1 clay montmorillonite, consisting of an octahedral alumina sheet sandwiched by two tetrahedral silicate sheets, is used. The sorption of uranium(VI) onto montmorillonite is studied in NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2.

Keywords: nuclear waste repositories; uranium sorption; argillaceous rock; clay; uranium; montmorillonite; high ionic strength

  • Poster
    Migration 2013, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18574
Publ.-Id: 18574


Investigations of Byzantine glass bracelets from Nufaru, Romania using external PIXE-PIGE methods

Bugoi, R.; Poll, I.; Manucu-Adamesteanu, G.; Neelmeijer, C.; Eder, F.

The chemical composition of 20 glass bracelet fragments found in Nufaru, a Byzantine site from 10th - 13th centuries A.D., nowadays located on Romania's territory, has been determined using Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Particle Induced Gamma-ray Emission (PIGE) in external beam mode. Most of the Byzantine bracelet fragments were identified as "mixed natron-plant ash" soda-lime-silica glasses. The obtained chemical compositions indicated that the manufacturing of these finery items was performed using similar raw materials and techniques, in most of the cases involving colored glass recycling. PIXE-PIGE results highlighted the glass chromophores (cobalt, manganese, copper and iron ions) and provided hints about the mineral pigments used to paint the external surface of some bracelets.

Keywords: Byzantine glass; glass bracelets; Chemical analysis; PIXE; PIGE; Pigments

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18573
Publ.-Id: 18573


14N(p,γ)15O-Wirkungsquerschnitte für 1-2 MeV Strahlenergie

Wagner, L.; Bemmerer, D.; Anders, M.; Marta, M.; Junghans, A.; Elekes, Z.; Reinhardt, T.; Reinicke, S.; Schmidt, K.; Schwengner, R.; Wagner, A.; Zuber, K.

Die 14N(p,γ)15O-Reaktion bestimmt als langsamste Kernreaktion die Rate des Bethe-Weizsäcker-Zyklus. Für eine präzise Extrapolation des Wirkungsquerschnitts zu niedrigen Energien ist die genaue Kenntnis der Anregungsfunktion über einen weiten Energiebereich notwendig. Am 3 MV Tandetron des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden-Rossendorf wurde der nichtresonante Wirkungsquerschnitt der 14N(p,γ)15O-Reaktion im Bereich von 1-2 MeV Strahlenergie neu untersucht. In dem Vortrag werden vorbereitende Simulationen, erste experimentelle Daten sowie ein Ausblick präsentiert.

Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics; solar fusion; CNO cycle; 3MV Tandetron; non resonant cross sections; 14N(p; γ)15O

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung, Fachgruppe Hadronen und Kerne, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18572
Publ.-Id: 18572


Untersuchung der 40Ca(𝛼,𝛾)44Ti-Reaktion mittels Aktivierungsmessung im Felsenkeller Dresden

Schmidt, K.; Akhmadaliev, C.; Anders, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Boretzky, K.; Caciolli, A.; Dietz, M.; Elekes, Z.; Fülöp, Z.; Gyürky, G.; Hannaske, R.; Junghans, A. R.; Marta, M.; Menzel, M.-L.; Schwengner, R.; Szücs, T.; Wagner, A.; Wagner, L.; Yakorev, D.; Zuber, K.

Modelle einer Kernkollaps-Supernova sagen vorher, dass Titan-44 (Halbwertszeit = 58,9 a) produziert wird. Dementsprechend werden mehrere Titan-44-Gammastrahlungsquellen in unserer Galaxie erwartet. Jedoch konnte Titan-44 bisher nur in den Supernovaüberresten Cassiopeia A und SN 1987A nachgewiesen werden. 40Ca(𝛼,𝛾)44Ti ist die wichtigste Reaktion, die Titan-44 erzeugt. Ihre Reaktionsrate wird durch mehrere Resonanzen dominiert. Am 3.3 MV Tandetron des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden-Rossendorf werden die Verzweigungsverhältnisse mittels in-beam 𝛾-Spektrometrie untersucht und anschließend die Resonanzstärken durch eine Aktivierungsmessung im Niederniveaumesslabor Felsenkeller bestimmt.

Keywords: core collapse supernova; Titanium-44; gammaray; supernova remnant; Cassiopeia A; SN 1987A; 40Ca(𝛼; 𝛾)44Ti; reaction rate; resonance strength; 3.3 MV Tandetron; activation measurement; ultra-low-background facility Felsenkeller Dresden

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung Dresden 2013, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18571
Publ.-Id: 18571


Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the results of the 2H(α,γ)6Li experiment at LUNA

Anders, M.; for the LUNA collaboration

Observations of the 6Li abundance in very metal-poor stars, if confirmed, show a level of 6Li that is several orders of magnitude larger than the production of this nuclide in standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The 2H(α,γ)6Li nuclear reaction is believed to dominate 6Li production in the Big Bang, but there are no directly measured data at relevant energies yet. The reaction has been studied at the LUNA 0.4 MV accelerator, deep underground in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy, using an intensive He+ beam and a windowless deuterium gas target. The conclusions from the final data analysis of the experiment will be presented. – Supported in part by DFG (BE 4100/2-1).

Keywords: Big-Bang nucleosynthesis; LUNA; Nuclear Astrophysics; Gran Sasso; Gas Target

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18570
Publ.-Id: 18570


Structural characterization of the aqueous dimeric uranium(VI) species: (UO2)2CO3(OH)3−

Gückel, K.; Tsushima, S.; Foerstendorf, H.

A combined theoretical and spectroscopic approach was used to refine structural data of the aqueous dimeric U(VI) species, (UO2)2CO3(OH)3−. Several isomer structures of this complex were already derived from previous X-ray absorption and NMR experiments (Szabó, Z. et al. J. Chem. Soc.-Dalton Trans., 2000, 3158-3161) but due to unequivocal results a distinct structure could not be determined and uncertainties remain. In this work, the Gibbs energies and U–U distances obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict two isomers, one with a carbonate ligand and one with two hydroxo groups as bridiging groups, as most likely structures. The experimental IR spectrum indicates a bidentate coordination of the carbonate ion and the presence of two spectroscopically specifiable uranyl moieties as it also is predicted by the spectra computed on the base of DFT. Taken together theoretical and experimental results the isomer with a carbonate ligand bridging the two uranyl units appears most likely to represent the predominat structure. Contributions to a small extent of an isomer with a non-bridging carbonate anion can not be completely ruled out.

Keywords: Speciation; ATR FT-IR; DFT calculations

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18569
Publ.-Id: 18569


Isotopenaustausch-Studien zur Reversibilität der Metall-Huminstoff-Komplexbildung

Lippold, H.

Kein Abstract zur Veranstaltung. Inhaltliche Zusammenfassung:

Die Wechselwirkung mehrwertiger Metalle mit natürlichem organischem Material kann kinetischen Stabilisierungseffekten unterliegen, was zu Unsicherheiten im Hinblick auf die Anwendbarkeit thermodynamischer Konstanten in Transportmodellierungen führt. Die Reversibilität des Prozesses wurde deshalb in Isotopenaustausch-Studien erstmals direkt und über einen längeren Zeitraum untersucht. Hierzu wurden Bindungsisothermen für [160Tb]Tb(III) an Huminstoff-Flockulaten aufgenommen, wobei 160Tb als Radiotracer simultan oder nachträglich (nach verschiedenen Alterungszeiten des Komplexes von 1 bis 90 Tagen) eingeführt wurde. In allen Fällen wurde im Sättigungszustand ein ungehindertes dynamisches Austausch-Gleichgewicht festgestellt. Langzeitprozesse zulasten der Reversibilität treten also offenbar nicht generell auf.

  • Lecture (others)
    4. Workshop zum Verbundprojekt "Rückhaltung endlagerrelevanter Radionuklide im natürlichen Tongestein und in salinaren Systemen", 11.-12.04.2013, Karlsruhe, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18567
Publ.-Id: 18567


Studies on interactions and reactive transport of higher-valent metals in clay, considering organic carriers and high ionic strengths

Poetsch, M.; Lippold, H.; Kulenkampff, J.; Lippmann-Pipke, J.

Colloid-borne transport of radiotoxic metals in the subsurface hydrosphere is a topic of major interest in view of long-term risk assessments for nuclear waste repositories. In particular, interaction with natural organic complexants such as humic substances can be decisive for the mobility of higher-valent metals. Depending on geochemical parameters, migration can be both enhanced and reduced. The respective conditions need to be identified, and models must be able to describe such complex systems by few parameters.

According to the Linear Additive Model, total metal adsorption in the presence of humic matter can be calculated by linking parameters for adsorption of both components and for their interaction with each other. The basics of this approach are also implicit in reactive transport models where humic carriers are considered. The applicability is, however, not unanimously accepted, and modelling results are in part not satisfactory.

Clay rock is being discussed as a potential host formation for a final repository, mainly because of its high adsorption capacity. This barrier function may, however, be subverted by charge screening or competition effects due to the high salt contents of pore waters. Complexation of radionuclides with humic-like clay organics could cause an additional mobilisation. So far, the effect of high ionic strengths on interactions of such organic carriers is unknown.

Within the framework of the planned PhD thesis, these processes will be investigated in detail, using radioactive tracers for interaction studies at high salt contents and for 3D imaging of transport processes by means of Positron Emission Tomography. The Linear Additive Model will be tested for static and dynamic systems, aiming at a specification of criteria for its applicability. To describe the effects of high salinities on a molecular level, mechanistic models for metal-humic interaction and surface complexation will be employed as well. An outline of this topic shall be presented at the meeting.

  • Lecture (others)
    2nd Meeting of the PhD Initiative "Reactive Transport Modelling", 26.03.2013, Leipzig, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18566
Publ.-Id: 18566


The dp-elastic cross section measurement at the deuteron kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV

Kurilkin, P.; Agakishiev, G.; Behnke, C.; Belver, D.; Belyaev, A.; Berger-Chen, J. C.; Blanco, A.; Blume, C.; Böhmer, M.; Cabanelas, P.; Chernenko, S.; Dritsa, C.; Dybczak, A.; Epple, E.; Fabbietti, L.; Fateev, O.; Fonte, P.; Friese, J.; Fröhlich, I.; Galatyuk, T.; Garzón, J. A.; Gill, K.; Golubeva, M.; González-Díaz, D.; Guber, F.; Gumberidze, M.; Harabasz, S.; Hennino, T.; Holzmann, R.; Huck, P.; Höhne, C.; Ierusalimov, A.; Ivashkin, A.; Jurkovic, M.; Kämpfer, B.; Karavicheva, T.; Koenig, I.; Koenig, W.; Kolb, B. W.; Korcyl, G.; Kornakov, G.; Kotte, R.; Krása, A.; Krebs, E.; Krizek, F.; Kuc, H.; Kugler, A.; Kurepin, A.; Kurilkin, A.; Ladygin, V.; Lalik, R.; Lang, S.; Lapidus, K.; Lebedev, A.; Lopes, L.; Lorenz, M.; Maier, L.; Mangiarotti, A.; Markert, J.; Metag, V.; Michel, J.; Müntz, C.; Münzer, R.; Naumann, L.; Palka, M.; Parpottas, Y.; Pechenov, V.; Pechenova, O.; Pietraszko, J.; Przygoda, W.; Ramstein, B.; Rehnisch, L.; Reshetin, A.; Rustamov, A.; Sadovsky, A.; Salabura, P.; Scheib, T.; Schuldes, H.; Siebenson, J.; Sobolev, Y. G.; Spataro, S.; Ströbele, H.; Stroth, J.; Strzempek, P.; Sturm, C.; Svoboda, O.; Tarantola, A.; Teilab, K.; Tlusty, P.; Traxler, M.; Tsertos, H.; Vasiliev, T.; Wagner, V.; Weber, M.; Wendisch, C.; Wüstenfeld, J.; Yurevich, S.; Zanevsky, Y.

New results on the differential cross section in deuteron-proton elastic scattering are obtained at the deuteron kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV with the HADES spectrometer. The angular range of 69° – 125° in the center of mass system is covered. The obtained results are compared with the relativistic multiple scattering model calculation using the CD-Bonn deuteron wave function. The data at fixed scattering angles in the c.m. are in qualitative agreement with the constituent counting rules prediction.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18565
Publ.-Id: 18565


Preparation of Equiatomic FeRh Thin Films by MBE

Heidarian, A.; Potzger, K.; Lindner, J.; Heller, R.; Wilhelm, R.; Grenzer, J.; Reuther, H.; Bali, R.

Equiatomic FeRh thin films with varying thickness have been prepared on MgO (100) substrates via molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The optimization of the stoichiometry was monitored using XRD, RBS and AES while the magnetic properties were probed using SQUID magnetometry. XRD results evidence a well ordered CsCl-type crystal structure. By increasing the annealing temperature of the films, the structural quality of the films also increases. Moreover, the known first order phase transition at ~350 K from an antiferromagnetic (AF) to a ferromagnetic (FM) state slightly shifts towards higher temperatures. M-H loops of films annealed at 800 ∘C or 850 ∘C recorded at 300 K show an opening, which is likely related to the magnetic field-induced AFM-FM phase transition. Residual low-temperature ferromagnetic moments are of unknown origin, but likely related to strain or diffusion effects at the surface or interface.

Keywords: FeRh thin films; Magnetic properties; Lattice structure; SQUID

Related publications

  • Poster
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 10.-15.03.2013, Regensburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18564
Publ.-Id: 18564


Magnetic and defect-properties of Co implanted TiO2

Yildirim, O.; Cornelius, S.; Vinnichenko, M.; Butterling, M.; Wagner, A.; Smekhova, A.; Potzger, K.

The magnetic and structrual properties of the potential diluted magnetic oxide (DMO), i.e. Co implanted TiO2 thin films have been investigated. These films have been grown by magnetron sputtering on SrTiO3 single crystals. Avoidence of possible magnetic contamination has been verified by magnetometry measurements after substrate preparation and deposition. For magnetic doping, implantations of Co+ ions have been performed at atomic concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5% and 3% respectively. The dependencies between the fluence implanted, defect creation and ferromagnetic properties have been investigated using magnetometry, positron annihilation spectroscopy and structural characterisation.
This work is supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association, Helmholtz-Russia Joint Research Group HRJRG−314, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR #12 − 02 − 91321 − 𝑆𝐼𝐺 − 𝑎

Keywords: Magnetic Semiconductors; Diluted Magnetic Oxides

Related publications

  • Poster
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 10.-15.03.2013, Regensburg, Deutschland
  • Poster
    International Conference on Nanoscale Magnetism, 02.-06.09.2013, Istanbul, Turkey

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18563
Publ.-Id: 18563


Spin Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance in MgO-based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Aleksandrov, Y.; Deac, A. M.; Bernert, K.; Fowley, C.; Sluka, V.; Kowalska, E.; Lindner, J.; Fassbender, J.

Spin polarized currents can exert a torque on a ferromagnetic layer‘s magnetic moment leading to switching or steady-state precession. Spintorque driven ferromagnetic resonance (ST-FMR) is a unique method to measure the magnetic anisotropy, saturation magnetization and damping in a nanoscale structure. ST-FMR can also be used to determine the bias dependence of spin-transfer torques in magnetic tunnel junctions [1- 3]. For different values of applied RF power and DC bias, we swept the RF frequency from 1 to 15 GHz and measured the resulting mixing voltage across our MgO-based tunnel junctions. Not only the low-frequency fundamental mode was observed, but also a higher order mode. We find that the mixing voltage peak shifts with applied DC-field and increases with RF power. Finally, we separate the fieldlike torque contribution from that of the in-plane spin-transfer torque and determine their bias dependence.

Keywords: Spin Excitations; Spin Torque

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 10.-15.03.2013, Regensburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18562
Publ.-Id: 18562


Electrical detection of inverse spin Hall effect induced by spin pumping

Aleksandrov, Y.; Lindner, J.; Farle, M.; Rod, I.; Zähres, H.

Spin pumping driven by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) injects a spin current through a simple ferromagnetic (FM)/paramagnetic (PM) interface into a PM layer [1]. Due to the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE), arising from the spin-orbit coupling in the PM layer, the spin current is converted into a charge current. As a result transverse electromotive force perpendicular to the applied magnetic field and to the microwave field is produced [2]. Here we present direct measurements of the ISHE induced by spin pumping in Py/Pt bilayer. We observe a 4mT FMR linewidth broadening for the samples with Pt capping layers due to spin pumping. We also find that the electromotive force varies systematically with changing microwave power and frequency, magnetic-field angle, or temperature. This is consistent with the predictions based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation combined with the models of the ISHE and spin pumping.

Keywords: Spin-dependent Transport Phenomena

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Frühjahrstagung der SKM der DPG, 10.-15.03.2013, Regensburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18561
Publ.-Id: 18561


Influence of a Dy overlayer on the precessional dynamics of a ferromagnetic thin film

Marcham, M. K.; Yu, W.; Keatley, P. S.; Shelford, L. R.; Shafer, P.; Cavill, S. A.; Qing, H.; Neudert, A.; Childress, J. R.; Katine, J. A.; Arenholz, E.; Telling, N. D.; van der Laan, G.; Hicken, R. J.

Precessional dynamics of a Co50Fe50(0.7)/Ni90Fe10(5)/Dy(1)/Ru(3) (thicknesses in nm) thin film have been explored by low temperature time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect and phase-resolved x-ray ferromagnetic resonance measurements. As the temperature was decreased from 300 to 140 K, the magnetic damping was found to increase rapidly while the resonance field was strongly reduced. Static x-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements revealed increasing ferromagnetic order of the Dy moment antiparallel to that of Co50Fe50/Ni90Fe10. Increased coupling of the Dy orbital moment to the precessing spin magnetization leads to significantly increased damping and gyromagnetic ratio of the film while leaving its magnetic anisotropy effectively unchanged.

Keywords: magnetization dynamics; XMCD-FMR; TR-MOKE

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18560
Publ.-Id: 18560


Two-magnon scattering in Permalloy thin films due to rippled substrates

Körner, M.; Lenz, K.; Gallardo, R. A.; Fritzsche, M.; Mücklich, A.; Facsko, S.; Lindner, J.; Landeros, P.; Fassbender, J.

We report on the influence of correlated substrate roughness on the two-magnon scattering in 30 nm Ni81Fe19 thin films. Using ion beam erosion periodically modulated substrates (ripple) were produced with wavelengths between 20 nm and 432 nm. This surface corrugation is adopted by magnetic layers grown on top yielding dipolar stray fields if magnetization and ripple ridges are aligned perpendicular. In case of λ ≥ 222 nm the evolving periodic field pattern trigger two-magnon scattering, which depends strongly on the direction of magnetization with respect to the ripple pattern. In-plane broadband ferromagnetic resonance reveals prominent peaks in the frequency dependent linewidth measured perpendicular to the ripple ridges. These peaks can be switched off if the magnetization is aligned along the ripple ridges.

Keywords: magnetic relaxation; ferromagnetic resonance; two-magnon scattering; periodic nanostructures; magnetization dynamics

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18559
Publ.-Id: 18559


Interaction of Polyatomic Bi Ions with Ge and Si

Liedke, B.; Böttger, R.; Heinig, K.-H.; Bischoff, L.; Hübner, R.; Pilz, W.

Si and Ge surfaces were irradiated with polyatomic Bi ions at normal incidence with energies between 10 and 20 keV per atom. For comparison, irradiation with monatomic ions was performed. The resulting surface morphologies were studied by SEM, XTEM and AFM. A variety of surface patterns were revealed, which are based on different formation mechanisms. Irradiation of Ge with Bi3 , Bi3 and Bi2 at RT results in a surface morphology of hexagonally ordered dots. They have an aspect ratio close to one, which has not been reported for elemental semiconductors so far [1]. For comparison, Ge irradiated with monatomic Bi ions at RT leads to well-known sponge-like surface layers, whereas with increasing substrate temperature similar dot patterns appear [2]. On Si irradiated at RT with monatomic or polyatomic Bi ions, no dot patterns have been found, which holds for Bi even for T>RT. On Si dot patterns appear only after polyatomic Bi irradiation well above RT.
The surface patterns will be explained by models based on vacancy kinetics and the liquid-solid phase transition. The sponge formation, as suggested in literature, results from vacancy kinetics, and will be demonstrated by kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations. The dot patterns are consistently modeled by ion-induced transient local melt pools, using TRIM simulations and heat conduction calculations.

Keywords: FIB; polyatomic irradiation; KMC; TRIM; Bi ions; Ge; Si; surface patterning

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    E-MRS 2013 Spring Meeting, 27.-31.05.2013, Strasbourg, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18558
Publ.-Id: 18558


Stabilizing and destabilizing perturbations of PT-symmetric indefinitely damped systems

Kirillov, O.

Eigenvalues of a potential dynamical system with damping forces that are described by an indefinite real symmetric matrix can behave as those of a Hamiltonian system when gain and loss are in a perfect balance. This happens when the indefinitely damped system obeys parity–time (PT ) symmetry. How do pure imaginary eigenvalues of a stable PT -symmetric indefinitely damped system behave when variation in the damping and potential forces destroys the symmetry? We establish that it is essentially the tangent cone to the stability domain at the exceptional point corresponding to the Whitney umbrella singularity on the stability boundary that manages transfer of instability between modes.

Keywords: indefinite damping; PT -symmetry; Krein; signature; dissipation-induced instabilities; exceptional point; modulational instability

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18557
Publ.-Id: 18557


Exchange of oxygen in uranyl(VI) and water: two binuclear scenarios in acid and in base

Tsushima, S.; Rossberg, A.; Moll, H.

The mechanism of exchange between oxygen in UO2 2+ and that in solvent water has been disputed over last 50 years. It is well–known that the rate of “yl”–oxygen exchange depends heavily on pH, and that there is virtually no exchange at low pH. With increase of pH (pH > 2) the exchange becomes appreciable, and under highly alkaline solution there is a rapid oxygen exchange. These observations led to an idea that there are at least two different exchange mechanisms; one dominating under weakly acidic to neutral pH and another mechanism at very high pH. Szabó and Grenthe [1, 2] used NMR spectroscopy to identify the species involved in “yl”–oxygen exchange and they suggested two binuclear complexes as key species; (UO2)2(OH)2 2+ at low pH and [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO2(OH)5 3-)] at high pH. How the oxygen exchange takes place in these complexes in atomic scale, however, remains unidentified because the lifetimes of the intermediate species and the transition states of the oxygen exchange are too short to be detected spectroscopically. That is to say, we know they (dimer complexes) did it but we do not know how they managed to do it. Our attempt here is to identify the “yl”–oxygen exchange pathways in these complexes using quantum chemical method thereby proving that oxygen exchange through these complexes are indeed possible – thereby bringing end to the long–disputed arguments over the “yl”–oxygen exchange mechanisms.
First, we studied the “yl”–oxygen exchange pathway via (UO2)2(OH)2 2+ [3]. We used hybrid density functional theory (DFT) with Becke’s three–parameter hybrid functional and Lee–Yang–Parr’s gradient–corrected correlation functional (B3LYP) employing conductor–like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) using Gaussian 09 program (Gaussian Inc.). The small core effective core potential and corresponding basis set was used on uranium and oxygen. Direct proton transfer from the hydroxo bridge or from the coordinating water to the “yl”–oxygen in (UO2)2(OH)2 2+ can be ruled out because we found exceedingly high activation barrier (~170 kJ mol–1) through these mechanisms. The exchange mechanism in (UO2)2(OH)2 2+ can be described by a multi–step proton transfer pathway that involves the formation of an oxo bridge between the two uranyl(VI) centres (U–Oyl–U bridge). The activation enthalpy of the reaction obtained at the B3LYP level is 94.7 kJ mol–1 and is somewhat larger than the experimental value of 80 ± 14 kJ mol–1. However, the discrepancy is at the acceptable level.
Second, we tried to identify the oxygen exchange pathway through [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO2(OH)5 3-)]. For this attempt, we first studied the speciation of uranyl(VI) in highly alkaline solution by quantum chemical calculations as well as X–ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Although various previous studies assumed that hydrolysis of UO2(OH)4 2– produces UO2(OH)5 3–, our B3LYP calculations together with previous theory work by others [4,5] suggest that hydrolysis of UO2(OH)4 2– yields UO3(OH)3 3–. We studied this point further using XAS at the Rossendorf Beamline (ROBL) in ESRF, Grenoble, France, and we found evidence of the existence of new species UO3(OH)3 3– in XANES spectra. The sample which contained further hydrolyzed species showed clear shift of the uranium LIII absorption edge compared to the sample containing only UO2(OH)4 2–.Similar energy shift was observed in Pa(V) when speciation changed from spherical Pa5+ to mono–oxo PaO3+ [6]. Therefore the species beyond UO2(OH)4 2– is better assigned to UO3(OH)3 3– rather than UO2(OH)5 3–. Likewise, the complex described as [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO2(OH)5 3-)] by Szabó and Grenthe should better be written as [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO3(OH)3 3-)]. We then studied the “yl”–oxygen pathway within [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO3(OH)3 3-)] by DFT, and found a realistic pathway which has the activation Gibbs energy of 56.3 kJ mol–1 at the B3LYP level, which is again in good agreement with the experimental value of 60.8 ± 2.4 kJ mol–1 obtained by Szabó and Grenthe [2].
Our calculations confirm the “yl”–oxygen exchange mechanisms through (UO2)2(OH)2 2+ and [(UO2(OH)4 2-)(UO3(OH)3 3-)], and underscores the role of binuclear species. The formation of U–Oyl–U bridge seems to play a key role in facilitating intramolecular proton shuttling among the oxygen atoms thereby contributing to faster “yl”–oxygen exchange.

[1] Szabó, Z. and Grenthe, I., Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 9372–9378.
[2] Szabó, Z. and Grenthe, I., Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 4928–4933.
[3] Tsushima, S., Inorg. Chem. 2012, 51, 1434–1439.
[4] Shamov, G. A. and Schreckenbach, G., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13735–13744.
[5] Bühl, M. and Schreckenbach, G., Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 3821–3827.
[6] Le Naour, C. et al., Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 9542–9546.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere (Migration 2013), 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18556
Publ.-Id: 18556


WKB instability thresholds of the magnetized cylindrical Couette-Taylor flow in helical magnetic fields

Kirillov, O.; Stefani, F.; Fukumoto, Y.

We consider a cylindrical Couette-Taylor (CT) flow of an electrically conducting viscous and resistive fluid in an external helical magnetic field. Local stability of the flow is studied with respect to three-dimensional perturbations within a short-wavelength approximation. Maximization of the critical Rossby number at the instability threshold is performed with respect to the non-dimensional parameters of the problem characterizing hydrodynamic and magnetic effects. Quite surprisingly, it is found that the critical Rossby number at the threshold of magnetorotational instability in the case of infinitesimally small magnetic Prandtl number is universally bounded from above by a quantity 2 − 2√2 known as the Liu limit, which is below that of Keplerian rotation (−3/4).

Keywords: Magnetorotational instability; Tayler instability; short-wavelength approximation; Keplerian flow

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IUTAM Symposium on Vortex Dynamics: Formation, Structure and Function, 10.-14.03.2013, Fukuoka, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18555
Publ.-Id: 18555


Temperature dependent emission and absorption cross section of Yb3+ doped yttrium lanthanum oxide (YLO) ceramic and its application in diode pumped amplifier

Banerjee, S.; Koerner, J.; Siebold, M.; Yang, Q.; Ertel, K.; Mason, P.; Phillips, J.; Loeser, M.; Zhang, H.; Lu, S.; Hein, J.; Schramm, U.; Kaluza, M.; Collier, J.

Temperature dependent absorption and emission cross-sections of 5at% Yb3+ doped yttrium lanthanum oxide (Yb:YLO) ceramic between 80K and 300K are presented. In addition, we report on the first demonstration of ns pulse amplification in Yb:YLO ceramic. A pulse energy of 102mJ was extracted from a multi-pass amplifier setup. The amplification bandwidth at room temperature confirms the potential of Yb:YLO ceramic for broad bandwidth amplification at cryogenic temperatures.

Keywords: laser amplifiers; Lasers; ytterbium

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18554
Publ.-Id: 18554


Numerical analysis of the dynamics in gas-solid fluidized beds and experimental validation using ultra-fast X-ray tomography

Verma, V.; Deen, N. G.; Padding, J. T.; Kuipers, J. A. M.; Bieberle, M.; Barthel, F.; Wagner, M.; Hampel, U.

Bubble characteristics in a cylindrical gas-solid fluidized bed have been studied with a two-fluid model (TFM) based on Kinetic theory of granular flow and validated with experiments performed with X-ray computed tomography (XRT). It is shown that the equivalent bubble diameter increases with height from the gas distributor plate. Experimental and TFM results are in good agreement for glass particles. Darton et al. (1) and Werther (2) correlation slightly over-predict bubble size. XRT and simulations results show similar trend for LLDP and glass particles. KTGF theory performs better for glass particles, and is in good agreement with XRT results.

Keywords: gas solid fluidized bed; numerical analysis; ultra fast x-ray CT

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Fluidization XIV, 26.-31.05.2013, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Fluidization XIV, 26.-31.05.2013, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18553
Publ.-Id: 18553


Aspects of the core shielding assessment for the FASTEF-MYRRHA design

Ferrari, A.; Di Maria, S.; Fernandez, R.; Konheiser, J.; Ottolini, M.; Sarotto, M.; Stankovskiy, A.

In the frame of the FP7 European project Central Design Team (CDT), an extensive simulation study has been done to assess the main shielding problems in view of the construction of the MYRRHA accelerator-driven system at SCK•CEN in Mol (Belgium). A method based on the combined use of the two Monte Carlo codes MCNPX and FLUKA has been developed, with the goal to characterize realistic neutron fields around the core barrel and build complex source terms, to be used in detailed analyses of the radiation fields due to the system in operation, and of the coupled residual radiation. The results evidenced a powerful way to analyze the shielding and activation problems, with direct and clear implications on the design solutions.

Keywords: Accelerator Driven Systems; Shielding; Monte Carlo

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios, 04.-07.03.2013, Paris, France
    Proceedings of FR13, Wien: IAEA Publishing
  • Poster
    Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios, 04.-07.03.2013, Paris, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18552
Publ.-Id: 18552


Aspects of the core shielding assessment for the design of FASTEF-MYRRHA

Ferrari, A.

To support the construction of the MYRRHA accelerator driven system at SCKCEN in Mol (Belgium), in the years 2009-2012 the FP7 European project Central Design Team (CDT) worked at the design of the Fast Spectrum Transmutation Experimental Facility (FASTEF), to demonstrate efficient transmutation of high level waste and associated technology. The heart of the system is a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled reactor, working both in critical and subcritical mode. The neutrons needed to sustain fission in the sub-critical mode are produced via spallation processes by a 600 MeV,  4 mA proton beam, which hits a LBE spallation target located inside the reactor core. Between the many challenges of the design, radiation shielding and minimization of induced activation are key points. To assess the shielding of the reactor core, both critical and sub-critical operation modes have been studied. Since in FASTEF the reactor is foreseen to operate at 100 MW core power in the critical mode and at 94 MW in the subcritical one, the critical mode exhibits the highest lateral neutron fluence at the fuel level, and can be reasonably considered the conservative case for the lateral radiation containment. At the contrary, because of the backscattered radiation from the spallation target and due to the presence of the beam pipe channel, the subcritical operation drives the vertical design. Starting from the MCNPX Monte Carlo models of the core defined in CDT in both the operation modes, neutron spectra have been fully characterized on suitable surfaces and used as input of a second row of FLUKA simulations, where complex source terms have been used. FLUKA has the unique possibility to compute, in the same simulation, the transport of the radiation due to the system in operation and the coupled residual fields, due to the activated materials. The FLUKA/MCNPX comparison of the neutron fluence rates inside the external vessel at different radial and vertical distances from the core barrel shows a very good agreement - at the percent level - and has been used to validate the FLUKA analysis. Dose distributions have been then evaluated from the core barrel to the external containment and the shielding walls in the horizontal direction, up to the last magnet of the proton beam-line and the final roof in the vertical one. Moreover, the activation of key materials has been characterized for typical irradiation patterns. This simulation addressed the optimization of key elements of the design, from the cover plate to the local shielding structure above the last magnet.

Keywords: ADS; shielding; Monte Carlo

  • Poster
    Nuclear Physics Data for the Transmutation of Nuclear Waste/ 525. WE-Heräus-Seminar, 25.-27.02.2013, Bad Honnef, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18551
Publ.-Id: 18551


Röntgentomographische Studien zu Zweiphasenströmungen in einem vertikalen Rohr

Banowski, M.; Hoppe, D.; Lucas, D.; Hampel, U.

Gas-Flüssigkeits-Zweiphasenströmungen in Rohrleitungen sind für die Entwicklung und Validierung zweiphasiger CFD-Codes ein geeigneter generischer Untersuchungsgegenstand. Der Grad an strömungsmorphologischer Komplexität ist relativ hoch, was sich insbesondere in der Ausprägung charakteristischer Strömungsregime mit ihren jeweils spezifischen Impulstransferbeziehungen an der Phasengrenze in Abhängigkeit von Leerrohrgeschwindigkeiten und Stoffwerten äußert. An der TOPFLOW-Versuchsanlage des HZDR werden gegenwärtig umfangreiche experimentelle Studien zu Zweiphasenströmungen in senkrechten Testsektionen für Wasser/Luft- und Wasser/Dampf-Strömungen bis 65 bar Druck durchgeführt. Diese Experimente dienen vordergründig der Erhebung von Messdaten für die CFD-Codeentwicklung. Bei aktuellen Studien an einer DN50 Testsektion kommt die ultraschnelle Röntgentomographie als Messverfahren zum Einsatz. Diese ermöglicht es, den Strömungsquerschnitt mit Bildraten von 2500 Bildern/Sekunde und einer räumlichen Auflösung von etwa 1 mm in zwei jeweils 10 mm entfernten Abbildungsebenen zu visualisieren. Verschiedene Strömungsregime werden durch Wahl der Leerohrgeschwindigkeiten für die Gas- und die Flüssigphase am Versuchsstand eingestellt. Neben der Aufklärung des Strömungsregimes und der Erfassung interessanter Detailstrukturen der Strömung, wie Flüssigkeitslamellen zwischen Gasblasen, Wandfilmstrukturen und Kleinblasenverteilungen im Großblasennachlauf, können radiale Gasgehaltsprofile ebenso wie Gasphasengeschwindigkeiten durch automatisierte Auswerteroutinen extrahiert werden. Fernerhin wird derzeit an Auswertealgorithmen zur Vermessung von Einzelblasen, zur Bestimmung der Phasengrenzflächendichte sowie zur Ermittlung lokaler Flüssigphasengeschwindigkeiten gearbeitet. Im Beitrag werden Ergebnisse ausgewählter Studien zu aufwärtsgerichteten Gleichströmungen sowie Gegenströmungen der Gas- und Flüssigphase vorgestellt.

Keywords: X-ray tomography; bubbles; two-phase flow; TOPFLOW

  • Poster
    DECHEMA ProcessNet Jahrestreffen Extraktion und Mehrphasenströmungen, 19.-20.03.2013, Baden-Baden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18550
Publ.-Id: 18550


Enhanced Laser Ion Acceleration from Solids

Kluge, T.

This thesis presents results on the theoretical description of ion acceleration using ultra-short ultra-intense laser pulses. It consists of two parts. One deals with the very general and underlying description and theoretic modeling of the laser interaction with the plasma, the other part presents three approaches of optimizing the ion acceleration by target geometry improvements using the results of the first part. In the first part, a novel approach of modeling the electron average energy of an over-critical plasma that is irradiated by a few tens of femtoseconds laser pulse with relativistic intensity is introduced.
The first step is the derivation of a general expression of the distribution of accelerated electrons in the laboratory time frame. As is shown, the distribution is homogeneous in the proper time of the accelerated electrons, provided they are at rest and distributed uniformly initially. The average hot electron energy can then be derived in a second step from a weighted average of the single electron energy evolution. This result is applied exemplary for the two important cases of infinite laser contrast and square laser temporal profile, and the case of an experimentally more realistic case of a laser pulse with a temporal profile sufficient to produce a preplasma profile with a scale length of a few hundred nanometers prior to the laser pulse peak. The thus derived electron temperatures are in excellent agreement with recent measurements and simulations, and in particular provide an analytic explanation for the reduced temperatures seen both in experiments and simulations compared to the widely used ponderomotive energy scaling.
The implications of this new electron temperature scaling on the ion acceleration, i.e. the maximum proton energy, are then briefly studied in the frame of an isothermal 1D expansion model. Based on this model, two distinct regions of laser pulse duration are identified with respect to the maximum energy scaling. For short laser pulses, compared to a reference time, the maximum ion energy is found to scale linearly with the laser intensity for a simple flat foil, and the most important other parameter is the laser absorption efficiency. In particular the electron temperature is of minor importance. For long laser pulse durations the maximum ion energy scales only proportional to the square root of the laser peak intensity and the electron temperature has a large impact. Consequently, improvements of the ion acceleration beyond the simple flat foil target maximum energies should focus on the increase of the laser absorption in the first case and the increase of the hot electron temperature in the latter case.
In the second part, exemplary geometric designs are studied by means of simulations and analytic discussions with respect to their capability for an improvement of the laser absorption efficiency and temperature increase. First, a stack of several foils spaced by a few hundred nanometers is proposed and it is shown that the laser energy absorption for short pulses and therefore the maximum proton energy can be significantly increased. Secondly, mass limited targets, i.e. thin foils with a finite lateral extension, are studied with respect to the increase of the hot electron temperature. An analytical model is provided predicting this temperature based on the lateral foil width. Finally, the important case of bent foils with attached flat top is analyzed. This target geometry resembles hollow cone targets with flat top attached to the tip, as were used in a recent experiment producing world record proton energies. The presented analysis explains the observed increase in proton energy with a new electron acceleration mechanism, the direct acceleration of surface confined electrons by the laser light. This mechanism occurs when the laser is aligned tangentially to the curved cone wall and the laser phase co-moves with the energetic electrons. The resulting electron average energy can exceed the energies from normal or oblique laser incidence by several times. Proton energies are therefore also greatly increased and show a theoretical scaling proportional to the laser intensity, even for long laser pulses.

  • Doctoral thesis
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2012
    203 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18549
Publ.-Id: 18549


Die wundersame Wandlung des Elements Administratium – was hat HWM im Wissenschaftssystem schon bewirkt und was ist für die Professionalisierung weiter zu tun?

Joehnk, P.

Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsmanagement

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    10. Osnabrücker Kolloquium zum Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsmanagement, 21.02.2013, Osnabrück, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18548
Publ.-Id: 18548


Ökologie und Ökonomie vereinbaren -Beispielhafte Übersetzung von Nachhaltigkeit während der Sanierung eines Forschungsstandortes

Joehnk, P.

Nachhaltigkeit und deren Umsetzung in Wissenschaftscampi unter dem Begriff Green Campus ist ein allgegenwärtiges Thema. Beides - Nachhaltigkeit und Green Campus - sind keine Erfindungen der letzten Jahre, bis heute aber konnten die Begriffe nicht eindeutig definiert werden. Während das Thema "Green Campus" wohl eher unter Marketinggesichtspunkten beim Wettstreit um die besten Köpfe in den USA erfunden und nach Europa übergeschwappt ist, dürfte als erster verbriefter Beschreiber der Nachhaltigkeit ein Sachse sein. Der Begriff Nachhaltigkeit wurde durch den sächsischen Oberberghauptmann Carl von Carlowitz in seinem Werk "Sylvicultura oeconomica" (1713) erstmalig erwähnt.

Keywords: sustainability; masterplan; Green Campus

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftsmanagement 6(2012), 14-15

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18547
Publ.-Id: 18547


Decision Support System for the Alumni Management

Iskhakova, L.; Yusupova, N.; Hilbert, A.; Joehnk, P.; Hoffmann, S.

Workshop on computer science and information technologies

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    7th International Scientific and Technical Conference "Computer Sciences and Informations Technologies" (CSIT’2012), 20.-24.11.2012, Lviv, Ukraine

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18546
Publ.-Id: 18546


Großes für Kleines – wie der Betrieb von wissenschaftlichen Großgeräten die Arbeitsbedingungen in Forschungseinrichtungen verändert

Joehnk, P.

Wissenschaft im Dialog – Kooperative Forschungsstelle Technikstress (KFT) – Arbeit und Technik im Wandel

  • Book chapter
    Annette Hoppe: Arbeit und Technik im Wandel, Aachen: Shaker, 2012, 978-3-8440-1410-5, 46-55

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18545
Publ.-Id: 18545


Comparative simulations of free surface flows using VOF-methods and a new approach for multi-scale interfacial structures

Hänsch, S.; Lucas, D.; Höhne, T.; Krepper, E.; Montoya, G.

This paper presents free surface flow simulations using different VOF-like interface capturing methods. Both the interFoam solver available in OpenFOAM and the Free Surface Model implemented in ANSYS CFX are applied for the collapse of a water column hitting an obstacle. The computational results of these established methods are compared to a new multi-field concept which is developed for flow situations with multi-scale interfacial structures. The new concept extends the inhomogeneous MUltiple SIze Group (MUSIG)-Model for polydispersed flows by adding a large-scale continuous gas phase. It represents the largest gas structures whose filtered gas-liquid interfaces are captured within the computational domain. Adequate interfacial transfer formulations are introduced for area density and drag and allow the use of different closure models depending on the local morphology. By including appropriate models for the mass transfer, transitions between dispersed and continuous gas morphologies can be described. Thus not only gas-liquid interfaces for large gas structures are detected, but also small scale bubbles that are entrained under the free surface can be described properly taking into account coalescence- and breakup processes. The concept further improves free surface simulations by including sub-grid information about small waves and instabilities at the free surface. Therefore a new treatment of turbulent kinetic energy is applied via source terms at the free surface.
The application of this concept to the dambreak-case with an obstacle demonstrates the breakup of a continuous gas phase and the appearance of polydispersed gas. The collapse of the water column is accompanied by trapping of gas which breaks up to smaller structures. The quality of interface detection during the simulation is compared to the above mentioned VOF-methods. Furthermore the formation of a bubble size distribution underneath the surface serves as a demonstration of the possible benefit using such an averaged multi-field approach.

Keywords: multi-scale; interface capturing; free surface; CFX; OpenFOAM

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM2013), 07.-11.07.2013, Incline Village, USA
    Proceedings of the ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting Vol. 1C
  • Lecture (Conference)
    ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM2013), 07.-11.07.2013, Incline Village, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18544
Publ.-Id: 18544


Application of a multi-field concept to the dam-break case with an obstacle

Hänsch, S.; Lucas, D.; Höhne, T.; Krepper, E.; Montoya, G.

This paper presents new results for a generalized approach developed for the simulation of two-phase flow problems with multi-scale interfacial structures. The inhomogeneous Multiple Size Group (MUSIG)-model (Krepper et al., 2008) is extended by a large-scale continuous gas phase whose filtered gas-liquid interface is captured within the Eulerian approach. In the framework of the coalescence- and breakup processes desribed by the MUSIG-model, mass transfers between the continuous gas phase and the bubble size groups have to be modelled additionally. The new concept enables transitions between dispersed and continuous gas morphologies, including the evanescence and appearance of a particular phase. Adequate interfacial transfer formulations, which are consistent with such an approach, are introduced for area density and drag. Following the free surface drag-formulation proposed by Höhne and Vallée (2010) shear stresses are considered within the free surface area.
The application of the concept to the dambreak-case demonstrates the breakup of continuous gas into a polydispersed phase consisting of different bubble sizes due to the collapse of a water column. Both resolved free surface structures as well as the entrainment of bubbles and their coalescence and breakup underneath the surface can be described. The computational results will be compared with experiments of Koshizuka et al. (1995). Simulations have been performed with the CFD-code CFX 14.0.
The paper will further investigate the possible improvement of such free surface simulations by including sub-grid information about small waves and instabilities at the free surface. Therefore a new treatment of turbulent kinetic energy at the free surface via source terms will be applied according to the proposal of Brocchini and Peregrine (2001). A comparison of the results will be used for a discussion of possible new mass transfer models between filtered free surface areas and dispersed bubble size groups as part of the future work.

Keywords: multi-scale; MUSIG; free surface; air entrainment; sub-grid turbulence

  • Contribution to proceedings
    NURETH-15 - 15th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermalhydraulics, 12.-17.05.2013, Pisa, Italy
    Proceedings of the 15th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermalhydraulics
  • Lecture (Conference)
    NURETH-15 - 15th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermalhydraulics, 12.-17.05.2013, Pisa, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18543
Publ.-Id: 18543


Demonstration of a multi-field approach for different scales of interfacial structures

Hänsch, S.

A new concept for generalized two-phase flows (GENTOP) is presented which combines the idea of the inhomogeneous MUSIG-model and the AIAD-approach. It is used for the simulation of transitions between multi-scale interfacial structures. It is demonstrated using three different exemplary cases: the impinging jet with air entrainment, a bubble column and the dambreak case with an obstacle. Main principles are introduced and recent developments on this concept are presented, including a new source term for sub-grid wave turbulence.

Keywords: multi-scale; MUSIG; AIAD; gas-liquid interface; turbulence

  • Lecture (Conference)
    CFD-Verbundtreffen, 06.-07.03.2013, Garching, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18542
Publ.-Id: 18542


Investigations to the System Ln(III)/An(III)-B(OH)3-Organics

Schott, J.; Acker, M.; Kretzschmar, J.; Barkleit, A.; Taut, S.; Brendler, V.; Bernhard, G.

Boric acid (B(OH)3) and (poly)borates are of great interest regarding the mobilization of trivalent actinides in nuclear waste repositories, particularly in salt deposits.
This work describes approaches to determine the stability constant in the Eu(III)-borate system. The stability constant between Eu(III) and borates is in the order of magnitude of 1...2, and with it the borate complexation is very weak.
Furthermore, in presence of polyborates at pH 6 the formation of a solid Eu borate species is observed. The formation rate of the solid Eu borate species depends on the polyborate concentration and salt concentration/type (NaClO4/NaCl). Some structural information of the solid Eu borate were provided from IR spectroscopy, solid-state NMR (11B) and solid-state TRLFS.

Keywords: europium; boric acid; borates; polyborates

  • Contribution to proceedings
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom
  • Lecture (Conference)
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18540
Publ.-Id: 18540


Linear excitation of short propagating spin waves in a pair of layered vortices with opposite circulation

Wintz, S.; Weigand, M.; Tyberkevych, V. S.; Slobodianiuk, D. V.; Stoll, H.; Raabe, J.; Erbe, A.; Lindner, J.; Slavin, A. N.; Fassbender, J.

The investigation of spin wave excitations in nano-magnetic systems is one of the key topics in modern magnetism. Typically, to excite short spin waves it is necessary either to use transducers of the size of a wavelength (micro-striplines or point-contacts) or to excite waves parametrically by a double-frequency spatially uniform microwave signal. Here we demonstrate that the efficient linear excitation of short propagating spin waves is possible in a tri-layer in which the magnetic layers form a vortex pair with opposite circulations.

Keywords: magnetism; spin waves; vortex

  • Lecture (Conference)
    International Symposium on Spin Waves 2013, 09.-15.06.2013, St. Petersburg, Russland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18539
Publ.-Id: 18539


Radiotracer exchange studies on the reversibility of interaction processes related to humic-bound metal transport

Lippold, H.; Lippmann-Pipke, J.

The mobility of actinides or other contaminants in the subsurface hydrosphere is considerably influenced by their interaction with natural colloids. Besides inorganic particles, aquatic humic substances are ubiquitous in natural waters, and their complexing ability can dominate the speciation of toxic or radioactive metals [1, 2]. Since humic carriers are subject to a solid-liquid distribution depending on geochemical parameters, an adequate assessment of migration processes needs thorough consideration of all interactions within the ternary system metal – humic substance – solid surface, including adsorption / retardation of humic colloids. Reactive transport models have been developed, taking all these processes into account [3-5]. As a prerequisite, reversibility is commonly assumed.

There is, however, a lack of clarity as to whether full reversibility is actually given for the whole ternary system, especially concerning interactions of humic matter with mineral surfaces and metals. For adsorption of humic substances, strong hysteresis has been observed (hardly any desorption upon dilution) [6-8], and recoveries in column experiments have been found to be far from complete [9, 10]. Regarding metal-humic interaction, it has been reported that complexation of higher-valent metals is accompanied by slow processes leading to an increase in complex inertness, i.e., a growing resistance towards dissociation in the presence of competing ligands or metals [11-13].

In view of these uncertainties, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the reversible / irreversible character of processes controlling humic-bound transport. For this purpose, the principle of tracer exchange was employed to gain insight into the dynamics of equilibria within the ternary system. In case of reversibility, a dynamic equilibrium exists, i.e., a permanent run of adsorption and desorption (or complex formation and dissociation) at equal rates. Such an exchange can be detected by introducing a radiotracer into pre-equilibrated systems where all binding sites are occupied.

The chosen model system for these experiments consisted of terbium(III) (as an analogue of trivalent actinides), humic acid (Aldrich) or fulvic acid (isolated from bog water), and kaolinite (KGa-1b standard material). 160Tb as a radioisotope was produced by neutron activation of 159Tb at the TRIGA Mark II reactor of the University of Mainz. Humic and fulvic acids were radiolabelled by an azo coupling reaction with [14C]aniline [14].

To investigate the dynamics of adsorption equilibria, kaolinite suspensions were first contacted with non-radioactive Tb(III) or humic / fulvic acid at a range of concentrations, covering an adsorption isotherm including the plateau region. Subsequent to a pre-equilibration phase, a small amount of the radiotracer (160Tb(III) or 14C-labelled humic / fulvic acid, respectively) was added. After admitting different time periods for equilibration, tracer exchange was evaluated from the concentration decrease in the supernatant. In additional batch experiments, desorption of humic and fulvic acid upon dilution was examined within a comparable time frame.

Reversibility of Tb(III)-humate complexation was investigated in a similar way. Since humic acid precipitates completely on loading with Tb(III), adsorption systems were generated. Here, times for tracer exchange were kept constant, and pre-equilibration times were varied instead.

As expected, adsorption of Tb(III) onto kaolinite was found to be a fast dynamic equilibrium process. Identical adsorption isotherms were obtained regardless of whether the radiotracer was introduced instantaneously together with the non-radioactive metal or subsequently after 2 days of pre-equilibration. For humic and fulvic acid, such dynamic exchange was proven to exist as well, but at considerably lower rates. In case of subsequent tracer addition, the plateau sections of the isotherms were significantly lowered (notably, not to zero). When equilibration times were increased (from 6 hours to 4 weeks), the plateaus approached the respective isotherm for instantaneous tracer addition. Finally, both isotherms coincided, i.e., the dynamic equilibrium was quantitatively represented by the tracer.

In desorption experiments with humic or fulvic acid, initiated by diluting the supernatant after an adsorption phase, no release was observed in the course of 4 weeks, which seems to be contradictory to the above results. One may conclude that the absence of desorption upon dilution is not necessarily indicative of a static equilibrium without any exchange. Thus, models for humic-bound transport are certainly applicable under appropriate conditions. Nonetheless, when comparing the kinetics of exchange to the kinetics of adsorption for humic / fulvic acid, rate constants differ by one order of magnitude [15]. This discrepancy must be taken into account when conditions of a steady local equilibrium are assigned to a maximum flow velocity.

For complexation of Tb(III) with humic acid, we did not find any indications of stabilisation processes affecting the reversibility. Increasing complex inertness has been observed for a variety of metals such as Al(III), Eu(III), Am(III), Th(IV) or U(VI), on time scales ranging from 2 days up to several months (see [13] for a review). In our tracer exchange experiments, Tb(III)-humate complexes were pre-equilibrated for 1 to 90 days before 160Tb(III) was added and a subsequent equilibration period of 1 day was admitted. In all cases, the binding isotherms were indistinguishable from the binding isotherm obtained for instantaneous tracer addition, i.e., an unresisted dynamic exchange was indicated by the tracer, even after long contact times prior to its introduction. Obviously, increasing complex inertness is not a general phenomenon occurring across all higher-valent metals.

[1] J. P. L. Dearlove et al., Radiochim. Acta 52/53, 83 (1991).
[2] J. I. Kim et al., Radiochim. Acta 58/59, 147 (1992).
[3] L. Lührmann et al., Water Resour. Res. 34, 421 (1998).
[4] N. D. Bryan et al., J. Environ. Monit. 7, 196 (2005).
[5] M. Kim and S. B. Kim, Environ. Technol. 28, 205 (2007).
[6] E. M. Murphy et al., Sci. Total Environ. 117/118, 413 (1992).
[7] B. Gu et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 38 (1994).
[8] M. J. Avena and L. K. Koopal, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2572 (1998).
[9] F. M. Dunnivant et al., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56, 437 (1992).
[10] H. Weigand and K. U. Totsche, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62, 1268 (1998).
[11] R. Artinger et al., J. Contam. Hydrol. 35, 261 (1998).
[12] H. Geckeis et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 2946 (2002).
[13] H. Lippold et al., Appl. Geochem. 27, 250 (2012).
[14] A. Mansel and H. Kupsch, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 65, 793 (2007).
[15] H. Lippold et al., in preparation (2013).

  • Poster
    14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere (MIGRATION 2013), 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18538
Publ.-Id: 18538


Design and calibration of ultra-short, broadband (200nm-12µm), single-shot spectrometer for ultrashort electron bunch durations diagnostics

Zarini, O.; Debus, A.; Bussmann, M.; Couperus, J. P.; Irman, A.; Seidel, W.; Schramm, U.

The properties of electron bunch based on the Laser-Wakefield accelerators (LWFA) vary from shot to shot due to changes in the environment, such as gas jet profile or laser pointing. In order to understand the properties of these ultrashort electron bunches like bunch duration and bunch substructure in the range of 0.7 to 40 fs we are building a broadband-spectrometer for measuring coherent and incoherent transition radiation (TR).
Our TR-spectrometer is able to measure the TR-spectrum from a thin Al-foil in a single shot experiment from UV (200 nm) to mid-IR (12µm) by means of a CCD detector for the UV to VIS range and two array detectors for the NIR and MIR range. In this poster we present our design and calibration results of the detectors.

Keywords: Laser-wakefield accelerator; UV; VIS; NIR; mid-IR; spectrometer; coherent transition radiation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung 2013, Dresden, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18537
Publ.-Id: 18537


The TRAKULA joint research project

Hannaske, R.; Trakula-Kollaboration

TRAKULA is a BMBF joint research project in the framework “Energie 2020+” that aims for precise measurements of nuclear data relevant for nuclear transmutation technologies. The collaboration consists of the University of Cologne, the Technical University Dresden, the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, the Technical University Munich, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig, and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The topics covered are the production and experimental use of fast neutrons to study nuclear reactions, the spectroscopy with photon beams in the MeV range, the development of a high resolution Compton camera, the measurement of low radioactivities including accelerator mass spectroscopy, and the production of homogeneous thin actinide targets for neutron-induced fission measurements. Graduate seminars have been organized to maintain competencies in the field of nuclear safety and radiation research. All topics are connected to each other by their application to nuclear transmutation and nuclear waste management. The progress of the various topics will be explained and results will be presented. Experiments at the neutron-time-of-flight facility nELBE and measurements of fast neutron induced reactions will be discussed in detail. TRAKULA is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Contract 02NUK13A).

Keywords: Transmutation; TRAKULA

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18536
Publ.-Id: 18536


Simulation des Neutronenspektrums beim Deuteronen-Photodissoziations-Experiment an ELBE

Ferrari, A.; Hannaske, R.; Junghans, A. R.

Die für die primordiale Nukleosynthese wichtige Reaktion 𝑑(𝛾, 𝑛)𝑝 wurde am supraleitenden Elektronen-Linearbeschleuniger ELBE mit Bremsstrahlung bei einer Endpunktenergie von 5,0 MeV untersucht [1]. Neutronen mit einer kinetischen Energie von 20 − 1400 keV wurden mit Hilfe der Flugzeit-Detektoren RoLAND (Rossendorf Low-Amplitude- Neutron Detector) nachgewiesen. Wechselwirkungen der emittierten Neutronen mit dem Targetmaterial (23 Schichten aus Aluminium und deuteriertem Polyethylen) und anderen Teilen des Expermientaufbaus (HPGe- und BGO-Detektoren, Bleiabschirmungen, Strahlfänger, Betonwände) haben einen nicht zu vernachlässigenden Einfluss und wurden daher mit FLUKA [2] simuliert. Zusammen mit der experimentell bestimmten Detektoreffektivität erhält man einen Flugzeit-abhängigen Korrekturfaktor für das gemessene Neutronenspektrum. Der Aufbau und die Ergebnisse der Simulation sowie die Bestimmung des Korrekturfaktors und dessen Einfluss auf den ermittelten 𝑑(𝛾, 𝑛)𝑝 Wirkungsquerschnitt werden präsentiert.
[1] R. Hannaske et al., PoS(NIC XI)090 (2010). [2] www.fluka.org
Gefördert durch die DFG (JU 2705/1-1).

Keywords: Big Bang nucleosynthesis; bremsstrahlung; neutron time-of-flight; nuclear astrophysics; neutron detector; efficiency

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18535
Publ.-Id: 18535


NeuLAND time of flight detector for 0.2-1.0 GeV neutrons: status 2013

Bemmerer, D.

The status of the NeuLAND time of flight detector for 0.2-1.0 GeV neutrons for FAIR is reviewed.

Keywords: Time of flight; neutron detection; SiPM; scintillator; single electron beam; ELBE; detector test

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Kick-off meeting of the NEutron DEtector developments for Nuclear Structure, Astrophysics and Applications (NEDENSAA), 20.-22.02.2013, Acireale, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18534
Publ.-Id: 18534


Status und Programm für den 5 MV Pelletron-Beschleuniger im Dresdner Felsenkeller

Bemmerer, D.; Zuber, K.

Die Modellierung astrophysikalischer Szenarien benötigt Eingabepara- meter, deren Präzision besser als die Genauigkeit der entsprechenden astronomischen Beobachtungen ist. Da für einige solche Szenarien wie die Urknall-Nukleosynthese, die Sonne, rote Riesensterne und Superno- vae in unserer Milchstraße inzwischen eine Vielzahl von Beobachtun- gen vorliegen, wird es notwendig, die Raten der dort stattfindenden Kernreaktionen im Labor neu und präzise zu vermessen. Ein probates Mittel für leichte Kerne sind beschleunigergestützte Experimente bei den astrophysikalisch relevanten Energien, die wegen der beobachteten sehr geringen Zählraten allerdings nur dann Aussicht auf Erfolg haben, wenn die Experimente in von der Höhenstrahlung geschützte unterir- dische Labors verlegt werden. Zur Zeit gibt es nur einen Untertage- Ionenbeschleuniger weltweit, die LUNA 0.4MV Maschine am Gran Sasso (Italien).
Im Sommer 2012 wurde ein gebrauchtes 5 MV Hochstrom-Pelletron gekauft und nach Dresden transportiert. Es soll 2013 im Dresdner Untertagelabor Felsenkeller installiert werden und wird durch seinen Energiebereich einzigartig sein. Der Felsenkeller ist durch eine 47m dicke Felsdecke von der Atmosphäre getrennt. In dem Vortrag werden das wissenschaftliche Programm und der Status des Projekts zusam- mengefasst. – Unterstützt von NAVI.

Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics; Underground experiments; Felsenkeller; LUNA; Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; solar fusion; helium burning; carbon burning; supernovae

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18533
Publ.-Id: 18533


Rezisztívlap-kamra, mint gyorsneutron-detektor

Elekes, Z.

Related publications

  • Open Access Logo Fizikai Szemle 63(2013)2, 42-46
    ISSN: 1588-0540

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18532
Publ.-Id: 18532


Nuclear reactions for astrophysics studied at LUNA and in the Dresden Felsenkeller

Bemmerer, D.

Nuclear reactions power our Sun, and they create the chemical ele- ments that are necessary for human life. In order to correctly under- stand what happens in stars, one needs astronomical observations, but also nuclear physics data. For a number of astrophysical scenarios such as the Big Bang and our Sun, precise astronomical data are now avail-able. This calls for new nuclear reaction data of similar precision.
The nuclear reactions that are important for hydrogen burning in the Sun and for Big Bang nucleosynthesis have to be studied by low- energy experiments with intensive beams of stable ions. Due to the low cross sections involved, the experiments are usually performed in a low-background environment, such as an underground laboratory. The results obtained in the last decade at the pioneering LUNA 0.4 MV accelerator deep underground in the Gran Sasso laboratory, Italy, will be summarized, as well as related studies at surface-based ion accelerators.
New, higher-energy underground accelerators are necessary to ex- tend the energy range of the solar fusion data, and to address stellar helium and carbon burning. Relevant projects are underway both at LUNA and at the Dresden Felsenkeller.

Keywords: LUNA; Felsenkeller; Nuclear Astrophysics; underground experiments; Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; solar fusion

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18531
Publ.-Id: 18531


Nuclear Physics in the Big Bang

Bemmerer, D.

The nuclear physics processes taking place in the first three minutes of the universe are reviewed, from an experimental perspective

Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics; Big Bang Nucleosynthesis; LUNA; Felsenkeller; cosmic lithium problem

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    HGS-HIRe Lecture Week on Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics, 23.-25.01.2013, Manigod, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18530
Publ.-Id: 18530


The nuclear physics of our Sun

Bemmerer, D.

The nuclear fusion processes in the center of our Sun are reviewed

Keywords: LUNA; Felsenkeller; Nuclear Astrophysics; solar fusion; solar neutrinos

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    HGS-HIRe Lecture Week on Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics, 23.-25.01.2013, Manigod, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18529
Publ.-Id: 18529


micro-Raman spectroscopic imaging of copper ores

Kostudis, S.; Hof, M.; Kutschke, S.; Pollmann, K.

The large deposits of Kupferschiefer in Middle Europe involve the northeastern part of Saxony, the Upper Lusatia. The regional copper shale raised again interest of both industry and science because it’s copper content constitutes the most important natural copper resource in this region. Due to the complex composition of the shale including copper and sulfide rich ores, carbonates and organic compounds, there is no efficient biotechnological approach applied yet. Bioleaching, which means the use of microorganisms and their metabolites to extract metals from their ores, reduces costs of high energy input and avoids the usage of toxic chemicals thus benefitting environment (Narayan 2009) and employees.
Raman spectroscopy enables a fast and specific chemical identification of minerals and ores (Hope 2001) as well as changes e.g. caused by oxidation (García-Meza 2012). Also Raman spectroscopic imaging of biotic components such as biofilms has already been performed (Virdis 2012).
We aim to use Raman spectroscopy to investigate the interactions of microorganisms and ore surface: Different polished sections of bornite, chalcopyrite (both from Henderson Mine, Namagualand, South Africa), chalcosite (Japan) and copper shale (Polkovice, Poland) were analysed by polarising microscopy to ensure correct spectra assignment (Fig. 1/2). Subsequently identic areas were analysed by Raman imaging using 2D scanning function (Fig. 3 - 5). After incubation with microorganisms the sections will be investigated again in order to evaluate chemical changes of the ore surfaces, biofilm formation and to monitor bioleaching processes.

  • Poster
    Conference on Raman and Luminescence Spectroscopy in the Earth Sciences, 03.-06.07.2013, Wien, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18528
Publ.-Id: 18528


Nuclear reactions, solar neutrinos, and the importance of the CNO cycle

Bemmerer, D.

The state of the art of nuclear physics for solar neutrinos is reviewed.

Keywords: LUNA; Felsenkeller; solar fusion; nuclear astrophysics; solar neutrinos; underground experiments

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    522. Wilhelm und Else Heraeus Seminar: Exploring the neutrino sky and fundamental particle physics on the Megaton scale, 21.-23.01.2013, Bad Honnef, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18527
Publ.-Id: 18527


Kluge Köpfe. Die Zukunft unserer Welt

Joehnk, P.; Toepfer, K.

  • Innovation 1(2012)20

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18526
Publ.-Id: 18526


The Importance of Unified Financal Control to Preserve a Financal Situation of a Holding

Hoduliková, P.; Joehnk, P.; Šnircová, J.

Workshop - eingeladener Vortrag

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Workshop “Innovation Information Technologies: Theory and Practice”, 01.04.2011, Ufa, Russland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18525
Publ.-Id: 18525


The Importance of the Unified Financal Control in the Mechanical Engineering Management-Holding

Hoduliková, P.; Drozdova, A.; Joehnk, P.; Šnircová, J.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    EBES 2012 Conference - Antalya, 13.-14.01.2012, Antalya, Turkey

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18524
Publ.-Id: 18524


Alumni Management System: Methods and Models of the Information Processing

Joehnk, P.; Iskhakova, L.; Smetanin, Y. G.; Smetanina, O.

Veröffentlichung

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Workshop on computer science and information technologies CSIT`2011, 27.09.-02.10.2011, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18523
Publ.-Id: 18523


Leistungs- und Schnittstellenstufung: Objektmanagement – am Praxisbeispiel der Restrukturierung eines Forschungsstandortes

Joehnk, P.

Vortrag im Rahmen des FM – Nutzerkongresses, Düsseldorf

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    FM – Nutzerkongress 2012, 24.-25.04.2012, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18522
Publ.-Id: 18522


Die perfekte Sekretärin

Joehnk, P.

  • Lecture (others)
    Sekretärinnen-Seminar UFZ, 02.05.2011, Leipzig, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18521
Publ.-Id: 18521


Bacterial diversity in Mont Terri Opalinus Clay and the influence of the bacterial Sporomusa sp. isolate on plutonium speciation

Moll, H.; Lütke, L.; Bachvarova, V.; Geissler, A.; Selenska-Pobell, S.; Bernhard, G.

The concept of geological disposal of nuclear waste comprises a detailed knowledge concerning potential host rock formations. One of such formations is the Opalinus Clay geologic layer of the Mont Terri Underground Rock Laboratory (Switzerland). Dominant bacterial strains from sites destined for future nuclear waste deposition have to be identified and investigated regarding their interaction mechanisms with soluble actinide ions.
For the first time microbial total DNA (tDNA) was isolated from 50 g unperturbed Mont Terri Opalinus Clay. Analysis of the tDNA revealed that the bacterial community of the unperturbed Opalinus Clay is dominated by representatives of Firmicutes, Betaproteobacteria, and Bacteriodetes. Representatives of Firmicutes completely overgrow the other members of the community after treatment of the clay with R2A medium. Bacteria isolated from Mont Terri Opalinus Clay on R2A medium were affiliated with different Sporomusa spp., Paenibacillus spp., and Clostridium spp..
After isolation, characterization, and cultivation, we studied the unknown interaction between plutonium in mixed oxidation states and cell-suspensions of one of the Sporomusa sp. MT-2 isolates. Accumulation experiments were performed in order to obtain information about the amount of Pu bound by the bacteria in dependence on the contact time and the initial plutonium concentration. The 242-Pu present in blank (no cells added), supernatant, and washed biomass suspension at pH 0 was analyzed using UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, solvent extraction, and liquid scintillation counting (LSC). In addition experiments were performed by adding an electron donor (Na-pyruvate) in two concentrations 0.1 mM and 10 mM.
The amount of Pu sorbed by Sporomusa sp. cells increased with time. Steady state conditions were reached after approximately 200 h. The data could be successfully fitted to a bi-exponential law. The amount of Pu associated with Sporomusa sp. cells depends on the initial 242-Pu concentration. In the first step, a fast binding of the Pu(VI) and Pu(IV)-polymers onto the biomass occurred. Solvent extractions showed that 92 % of the initially present Pu(VI) is reduced to Pu(V) due to the activity of the cells within the first 48 h of contact time (no electron donor added). The corresponding redox potential in the cell suspensions dropped down to 300 mV compared to 780 mV measured in the blanks. Most of the formed Pu(V) dissolves from the cell envelope back to the aqueous solution due to the weak complexing properties of Pu(V). Good binding properties of Pu(IV)-polymers on functional groups of the Sporomusa sp. cell envelope were found (immobilization). In contrast to earlier measurements with Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456A) cells clear indications for increased amounts of Pu(IV) and Pu(III) on the Sporomusa biomass were observed. The Pu oxidation state distributions as a function of time will be discussed in detail and the results of the system without addition of electron donors will be compared with the electron donor supplemented systems. Here differences in the Pu interaction mechanism were found.

Keywords: plutonium; bacteria; Sporomusa; speciation; absorption spectroscopy; solvent extraction

  • Contribution to proceedings
    MIGRATION 2013 - 14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom
    Proceedings of MIGRATION 2013
  • Poster
    MIGRATION 2013 - 14th International Conference on the Chemistry and Migration Behaviour of Actinides and Fission Products in the Geosphere, 08.-13.09.2013, Brighton, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18520
Publ.-Id: 18520


Spectral methods for measuring ultrashort electron bunch durations from Laser-wakefield accelerators

Debus, A.; Zarini, O.; Bussmann, M.; Couperus, J. P.; Irman, A.; Seidel, W.; Schramm, U.

Laser-wakefield accelerators (LWFA) feature electron bunch durations ranging from several fs to tens of fs. Knowledge and control of the electron bunch duration is vital to the design of future table-top, X-ray
light-sources for laser-synchronized pump-probe experiments, ranging from betatron radiation, Thomson scattering to FELs. Due to the nonlinear nature of the laser-wakefield electron injection and small changes in initial experimental conditions the electron bunch properties are often subject to large shot-to-shot variations, which requires diagnostics working not only at ultrashort time-scales but also at single-shot.
We aim for measurements of the LWFA electron bunch duration and bunch substructure at single-shot by analysing the coherent and incoherent transition radiation spectrum. Our ultra-broadband spectrometer ranges from the UV (200 nm) to the mid-IR (12 µm), which allows to resolve time-scales from 0.7 to 40 fs. The prims and grating-based spectrometer divides and maps the spectrum onto three detector systems (UV/VIS;NIR;MIR) of staggered, increasing resolution towards lower wavelengths. Here we present the experimental approach, scope and current status of our spectrometer project.

Keywords: Laser-wakefield acceleration; UV; VIS; NIR; mid-IR; spectrometer; coherent transition radiation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung, Dresden 2013, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18519
Publ.-Id: 18519


Human resource development – challenges and opportunities for universities and research institutes

Joehnk, P.; Runow, A.; Gilge, B.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    ISTU Izhevsk, 19.-22.04.2010, Izhevsk, Russland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18518
Publ.-Id: 18518


Incorporation of Europium and Nickel in calcite studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry

Toulhoat, N.; Pipon, Y.; Moncoffre, N.; Sabau, A.; Lomenech, C.; Jordan, N.; Barkleit, A.; Marmier, N.; Brendler, V.; Surblé, S.; Giffaut, E.

This study aims at elucidating the mechanisms leading to the incorporation of cations (Eu and Ni) into carbonates (CaCO3). These minerals are present in the French Callovo Oxfordian shales where the radioactive waste should be disposed of. Europium is a long lived fission product that can also be used as analogue of trivalent actinides. Nickel is a long lived activation product. Therefore, for safety reasons, the evaluation of the retention capabilities of calcite with respect to these radionuclides has to be checked. Calcite powders or calcite single crystals (some mm sized) have been put into contact with inactive Europium or Nickel enriched solutions. The concentrations ranged from 10-3 to 10-5 mol/L for Eu and 10-3 mol/L for Ni and the sorption durations ranged from one week to one month. In order to elucidate the incorporation mechanisms of these elements on calcite, Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) experiments have been carried out using an alpha particle millibeam at the 4 MV Van de Graaff accelerator of IPNL. This technique is well adapted to discriminate incorporation processes such as: (i) adsorption or co precipitation at the mineral surfaces or, (ii) incorporation into the mineral structure (through diffusion for instance). For the single crystals, complementary Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations of the mineral surfaces at low voltage have also been carried out. Moreover, for Europium incorporation, using its fluorescence properties, the results have been compared to those obtained by Time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Results on single crystals show different sorption behavior for Ni and Eu. Ni accumulates at the calcite surface whereas Eu is also incorporated at a greater depth. Eu seems therefore to be incorporated into two different states in calcite: (i) heterogeneous surface accumulation and (ii) incorporation at depth greater than 160 nm after 1 month of sorption.

Keywords: incorporation; RBS; Eu; Ni; calcite

  • Poster
    21st International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis, 23.-28.06.2013, Seattle, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18517
Publ.-Id: 18517


Simultaneous measurement of AMR and observation of magnetic domains

Osten, J.; Langer, M.; Lenz, K.; Linder, J.; Fassbender, J.

Anisotropic magneto resistance (AMR) sensors are widely used in daily life. Nevertheless, the influence of magnetic domains on the AMR is still not fully understood. AMR depends on the angle between applied current and the direction of the internal magnetization, which is equal to the sum of all magnetic domains. For the understanding of the AMR it is important to know the domain structure.
In this experiment Kerr microscopy is used for the observation of the magnetic domains while at the same time the AMR is measured. The investigated permalloy films are stripe patterned by Cr+ implantation. Amongst other effects the implantation leads to a lower saturation magnetization in the implanted stripes compared to the non-implanted ones.
Our measurements show a clear correlation between AMR and the magnetic domain structure. It is also possible to correlate stripe parameters to different domain types.
This work is supported by DFG grant FA316/3-2.

Keywords: AMR; Kerr microscopy

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 10.-15.03.2013, Regensburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18516
Publ.-Id: 18516


Design of two-phase inductor circuit for the floating-zone crystal growth

Priede, J.; Gerbeth, G.; Hermann, R.

The present work is concerned with the growth of small-diameter single intermetallic compound crystals by the floating-zone method using a radio frequency RF induction heating. In order to maintain a convex solidification interface, which is required for the growth of single crystals, we have developed a novel two-phase inductor comprising a secondary coil, which is short-circuited through capacitor and resistor. The former is adjusted to have resonance in the secondary circuit, which results in a 90 degrees phase lag of the secondary current relative to the primary one. However, it is not always possible to tune the secondary circuit into the resonance as it turns out to be incompatible with the operation of contemporary self-tuning RF-generators. We show that the resonance frequency is unstable unless the resistance of the secondary circuit is made high enough. Analytical results are confirmed by both numerical simulation of the circuit system using the Simulink and measurements on the floating-zone crystal growth facility equipped with a two-phase inductor.

  • Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 19(2012)Suppl., 700-704

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18515
Publ.-Id: 18515


Influence of Rippled Substrate Morphology on the Interlayer Exchange Coupling in Fe/Cr/Fe Thin Films

Körner, M.; Lenz, K.; Liedke, M. O.; Strache, T.; Mücklich, A.; Keller, A.; Facsko, S.; Fassbender, J.

We have investigated the interlayer exchange coupling in Fe (4nm)/Cr (x nm)/Fe (4nm) thin film trilayers (x=0–5 nm) deposited on rippled amorphous silicon substrates. The substrate surface was periodically modulated (periods of 22 nm and 37 nm) by Ar+ ion erosion. The influence of the resulting surface and interface structure on the magnetic properties has been investigated by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). We found an orange peel type coupling, predicted by N´eel’s theory and, due to the morphology of the magnetic layers, a strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in the system.
This work is supported by DFG grant FA 314/6-1.

Related publications

  • Poster
    The Nanoscale Modification of Surfaces and Thin Films workshop, 30.08.-03.09.2009, Rathen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18514
Publ.-Id: 18514


Effects of the TiO2 buffer thickness on SrTiO3 (111) epitaxial films grown on GaN (0002)

Luo, W.; Zhu, J.; Shuai, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, S.; Gemming, S.; Schmidt, H.

SrTiO3 (STO) films have been grown on TiO2-buffered GaN(0002) substrates. The deposition process was in-situ monitored by reflective high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The deposition rate and in-plane lattice parameter of TiO2 were calculated from the oscillation curve and RHEED patterns, respectively. It was found that the TiO2 lattice parameter changed as the thickness increased, which indicated a strain relaxation process of TiO2 buffer layers during the deposition. We show that the thickness of TiO2 can significantly influence the STO growth mode, surface morphology and crystalline quality. As the TiO2 thickness increased, the STO growth mode is changed from 3D island to 2D growth mode and finally to S.K mode as revealed by RHEED. The growth mode evolution shows close relation with the surface morphology and crystalline quality of STO. STO films deposited on 2nm thick TiO2 film show 2D growth mode and have smoothest surface and smallest full width at half magnitude of the STO rocking curve. Our investigation hints towards to a general approach to optimize the crystalline quality of STO can be optimized by adjusting the strain state of TiO2 buffer layer.

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18513
Publ.-Id: 18513


Does electron dynamics in Traveling-Wave Thomson-Scattering allow for an optical FEL?

Steiniger, K.; Pausch, R.; Widera, R.; Debus, A.; Bussmann, M.; Sauerbrey, R.

In the Travelling-wave Thomson-scattering (TWTS) scheme ultrashort and narrow-band light pulses in the X-Ray region of the spectrum are created by scattering high intensity laser pulses from relativistic electron bunches. TWTS uses lasers with a pulse front tilt in a side-scattering geometry to scale the interaction length into the centimeter to meter range. This is crucial for allowing the scattered radiation to act back on the electrons which eventually can lead to coherent amplification of the radiation as in a free electron laser (FEL). We study the electron dynamics in the laser field including back reaction effects and discuss the applicability of TWTS as a SASE-FEL.

Keywords: traveling wave; thomson scattering; free electron laser; laser pulse; x-ray

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung Dresden 2013, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18512
Publ.-Id: 18512


Höchstsensitiver Nachweis von Radionukliden mit der Dresdner AMS (DREAMS)

Rugel, G.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Merchel, S.; Pavetich, S.; Renno, A.; Ziegenrücker, R.

Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie (AMS, accelerator mass spectrometry) ist eine höchstsensitive Methode, um langlebige Radionuklide mit einer Halbwertszeit von 100 Jahren und länger zu messen. Der Aufbau der AMS-Anlage DREAMS (DREsden AMS), die seit August 2011 in Betrieb ist, ist in Abbildung 1 dargestellt.
Aus der zu analysierenden – bereits chemisch aufbereiteten – Probe werden in einer Cäsium-Sputterionenquelle negative Ionen (Moleküle oder Elemente) extrahiert. Diese einfach negativ geladenen Ionen werden in einem Niederenergie-Massenspektrometer nach ihrer Energie und Masse analysiert und gelangen nachfolgend in den Tandem-Beschleuniger, wo sie durch eine positive Hochspannung (im Bereich von MV) beschleunigt werden. Beim Durchgang durch Argon-Gas werden den Ionen Elektronen abgestreift, dadurch Moleküle zerstört, und die nun positiven Ionen ein zweites Mal beschleunigt. Im Hochenergie-Massenspektrometer werden die Radionuklide dann mit einem geeigneten Detektionssystem identifiziert. Mit diesem Aufbau lassen sich Isobare effizient, sowie molekularer Untergrund vollständig unterdrücken.
Momentan werden an DREAMS Routinemessungen der Nuklide 10Be, 26Al und 41Ca durchgeführt [1]. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt im Bereich von 10-15 – 10-16 Radionuklid zu stabilem Nuklid, was Aktivitäten im Bereich von nBq entspricht. Zu Messungen volatiler Elemente wie Chlor (36Cl) siehe [2].
DREAMS wird um eine Flugzeitstrecke (time-of-flight (TOF)) erweitert, um schwere Nuklide wie Aktinide messen zu können. Neben der vollständigen Molekülunterdrückung und dem geringeren Präparationsaufwand von Proben liegt der Vorteil der AMS darin, Isotope wie 239Pu und 240Pu unterscheiden zu können, was mittels Alphaspektrometrie nicht möglich ist.
Durch den Anbau einer kommerziellen SIMS (SIMS = Secondary ion mass spectrometry) Anlage an den Beschleuniger wird DREAMS zu einer Super-SIMS erweitert. Damit sollen Verhältnisse stabiler Elemente im Bereich von 10-9-10-12 unter Beibehaltung der Ortsauflösung einer SIMS-Anlage gemessen werden.
[1] S. Akhmadaliev et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 294 (2013) 5.
[2] S. Pavetich, Poster, 7. Workshop RCA.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    7. Workshop RCA, 10.-11.06.2013, Dresden, Rossendorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18511
Publ.-Id: 18511


Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy at a Superconducting Electron Accelerator

Wagner, A.

High-power superconducting linear electron accelerators allow producing a variety of secondary beams. At the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf a 40 MeV superconducting electron accelerator is operated at beam currents up to 1.6 mA in continous-wave mode delivering neutrons from photo-production off lead, tunable coherent laser light from free-electron lasers, intense Bremsstrahlung for nuclear (astro-) physics, and positrons from pair production. New developments now enable for the first time positron annihilation lifetime experiments in bulk materials, fluids, gases and organic tissue. A 3-D tomographic annihilation lifetime imaging systems has been developped for new classes of experiments for quantitative and qualitative crystal-defect characterizations, chemsitry of positronium in insulators and porous materials. Some recent applications will be presented.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18510
Publ.-Id: 18510


How to excite oscillating modes in the kinematic mean-field α2-dynamo: A Krein space-related perturbation approach

Kirillov, O.; Stefani, F.; Günther, U.

We consider equations of the kinematic mean-field alpha^2-dynamo with the spherically-symmetric alpha-profile that depends only on the radial coordinate. We study spectrum of the non-self-adjoint boundary eigenvalue problem for the corresponding operator matrix with the boundary conditions associated either with a perfect electrically conducting surrounding or with an insulating one. In the first case we demonstrate that the operator is self-adjoint in a Hilbert space with the indefinite metric (i.e. in the Krein space). Moreover, if, additionally, the alpha-profile is constant (the problem A), the eigenvalues are real-valued linear functions of alpha; hence, only non-oscillatory instability is possible. However, with non-constant alpha-profiles and insulating boundary conditions, oscillatory dynamo regimes can become dominant (the problem B). With the use of the perturbation theory of multiple eigenvalues we explicitly demonstrate how from the real spectrum of the problem A one can get the complex eigenvalues of the problem B due to variation of alpha-profile and interpolation between the two types of boundary conditions.

Keywords: MHD; dynamo; boundary eigenvalue problem; Krein signature; instability

  • Poster
    Les Houches Winter school "Waves and Instabilities in Geophysical and Astrophysical Flows", 03.-08.02.2013, Les Houches, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18509
Publ.-Id: 18509


WKB thresholds of standard, helical, and azimuthal magnetorotational instability

Kirillov O.; Stefani, F.

We consider rotating flows of an electrically conducting, viscous and resistive fluid in an external magnetic field with arbitrary combinations of axial and azimuthal components. Within the short-wavelength approximation, the local stability of the flow is studied with respect to perturbations of arbitrary azimuthal wavenumbers. In the limit of vanishing magnetic Prandtl number (Pm) we find that the maximum critical Rossby number (Ro) for the occurrence of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is universally governed by the Liu limit which is below the value for Keplerian rotation.

Keywords: Magnetorotational instability; WKB approximation; accretion disks

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18508
Publ.-Id: 18508


Schnelle Röntgentomographie zur zeitlich aufgelösten Messung von Geschwindigkeiten in Strömungen

Hoppe, D.

Ein gegebener schneller Röntgentomograph mit zwei parallelen Messebenen dient zur örtlich aufgelösten Messung von Geschwindigkeiten. Seine Aufgabe soll ohne technischen Zusatzaufwand auf zeitlich aufgelöste Messungen ausgedehnt werden. Der Ebenenabstand ist dafür aber zu groß. Deshalb wird zusätzlich eine indirekte Messebene definiert, indem diejenige Strahlung ausgenutzt wird, die sich im Tomographen zwischen den regulären Ebenen ausbreitet. Die neue Messebene hat zu einer der regulären Ebenen einen genügend kleinen Abstand. Wie damit gemessen werden kann, verdeutlicht ein praktisches Beispiel.

A given fast X-ray tomograph with two parallel measuring planes is used for spatially resolved measurements of flow velocities by design. Now it is to be extended to time-resolved measurements avoiding any additional technical effort. But the spacing between the planes is too big. Thus, an additional indirect measuring plane is defined utilizing radiation which propagates between the regular planes during the tomographic scan. This indirect plane is close enough to one of the regular planes. A practical example illustrates the mode of measurement using the new method.

Keywords: Short time cross correlation; measuring planes; bubble flow; Rofex

  • Technisches Messen 80(2013)9, 261

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18507
Publ.-Id: 18507


The reactor dynamics code DYN3D and its trigonal-geometry nodal diffusion model

Duerigen, S.; Rohde, U.; Bilodid, Y.; Mittag, S.

The reactor dynamics code DYN3D is a three-dimensional best-estimate tool for simulating steady states and transients of light-water reactors and innovative reactor designs. An overview of the DYN3D features is provided. This paper further focuses on the recently developed trigonal-geometry diffusion model DYN3D-TRIDIF including a description of the underlying nodal approach and the characteristics of trigonal geometries. Via a mesh refinement study by means of a VVER-1000-type core benchmark using a fine-mesh diffusion reference solution, DYN3D-TRIDIF shows spatial convergence. Furthermore, the performance of DYN3D-TRIDIF is verified by means of a single-assembly problem on pin-cell level. Good agreement between DYN3D-TRIDIF and the detailed-geometry transport reference is achieved with an average deviation in power of less than 1 %.

Keywords: DYN3D; nodal method; diffusion; trigonal; triangular; hexagonal

  • Kerntechnik 78(2013)4, 310-318

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18506
Publ.-Id: 18506


Magnetic semiconductors: created and modified by ion beams

Zhou, S.

In this talk, I will introduce our work on magnetic semiconductors using ion beams. We can (1) prepare ferromagnetic III-V:Mn with different bandgaps and (2) change the hole concentration while keeping Mn concentration constant by ion irradiation. Both possibilities are unique and may lead to a better understanding of magnetic semiconductors.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Seminar at Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Chemnitz, 06.03.2013, Chemnitz, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18505
Publ.-Id: 18505


Ridge waveguide lasers in Nd:YAG crystals produced by combining swift heavy ion irradiation and precise diamond blade dicing

Jia, J.; Rüter, C. E.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Zhou, S.; Chen, F.; Kip, D.

Ridge waveguides have been fabricated in Nd:YAG crystals by using ion irradiation and precise diamond blade dicing. Continuous-wave lasers at ~1064 nm have been realized in the ridge waveguides through optical pumping at 808 nm at room temperature. The ridge guiding structure shows superior lasing performance with respect to the planar counterpart with a slope efficiency of 43% and a maximum output power of 84 mW.

Keywords: Laser materials; Waveguides; channeled; Ion irradiation

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18504
Publ.-Id: 18504


Ga-68- and Cu-64-Labeled NOTA-Albumin Conjugates for PET Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging

Schiller, E.; Bergmann, R.; Wunderlich, G.; Andreeff, M.; Jacob, A.; Pietzsch, H.-J.

Our objective was to develop and evaluate Ga-68- and Cu-64-labeled albumin conjugates for PET imaging of sentinel lymph nodes. Four different albumin conjugates were prepared starting from NOTA-HSA.The lymph node uptake of Ga-68- and Cu-64-labeled albumin conjugates was investigated after subcutaneous injection into the foot pad of Wistar rats. A pig model was utilized for further biological evaluation of the lymph node uptake. For all the four conjugates, radiolabeling with Ga-68 and Cu-64 resulted in >95% radiochemical yield. Denatured and mannosylated Ga-68 NOTA-HSA revealed the highest popliteal lymph node uptake in rats (2.78%±0.38% IDand 6.13%±1.13%ID 10 min and 60 min p.i., resp.).Thepopliteal lymph node reached its maximumactivity after approximately 120 min and remained constant for denatured and mannosylated Cu-64 NOTA-HSA at least up to 240 min p.i. In a pig model, 2% of the injected dose of this compound was found in the sentinel lymph node 60 min after subcutaneous injection. In conclusion, PET imaging of sentinel lymph nodes with Ga-68- and Cu-64-labeled denatured NOTA-Man-HSA could be successfully demonstrated and deserves further investigations.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18503
Publ.-Id: 18503


Simulating electromagnetic radiation from laser-wakefield acceleration plasmas

Pausch, R.; Debus, A.; Steiniger, K.; Widera, R.; Bussmann, M.

Measuring the transient plasma density structures of Laser-wakefield accelerators (LWFA) that are shorter than the drive laser on a µmfs-scale is experimentally challenging, which complicates comparisons of these results with numerical models from 3D-PIC simulations. Radiation spectra from LWFA plasmas on the other hand are straightforward to measure, but hard to calculate in realistic detail because it is computationally expensive (both CPU and memory) to calculate the radiation emitted by a complete PIC simulation. However, it would be very useful to know where to look for "good" radiation signatures that show quantitative details on the electron dynamics at electron injection.
Here we present a highly-scalable, classical radiation code based on Liénard-Wiechert potentials, which runs on high-performance computing clusters using GPUs. The memory and disk-space footprint is reduced by directly integrating into the 3D-PIC code PIConGPU. With this new code, it is possible to calculate logarithmic-scaled spectra from IR to X-ray wavelengths in arbitrary observation directions. In this talk we put the emphasis on the code architecture, the verification of the physics and on some first results.

Keywords: laser-wakefield acceleration; LWFA; radiation spectra; radiation signatures; Liénard-Wiechert potentials; GPU; PIConGPU

  • Lecture (Conference)
    77. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 04.-08.03.2013, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18502
Publ.-Id: 18502


Modern Developments in FIB Application

Bischoff, L.

In the last decade focused ion beams (FIB) became an irrecoverable instrument in research and industry. Sample preparation, local ion implantation and ion analysis are the main application topics. Most of the systems are equipped with a gallium liquid metal ion source (LMIS). But, modern trends in nanotechnology require more extended properties like variable ion species, non-contaminating milling at higher rates or higher lateral resolution in the field of ion microscopy.
In this presentation the assembly and the mode of operation as well as the application of alloy LMIS in mass separated FIB systems are introduced. A brief survey about the history and fabrication technology of LMIS is given. Finally, new developments including sources in the field of FIB applications in the nanotechnology are discussed.

Keywords: focused ion beam; liquid metal ion source; nano pattern; new trends

Related publications

  • Lecture (others)
    Instituts-Seminar, 28.02.2013, Wien, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18501
Publ.-Id: 18501


Microorganisms in metal- and radionuclide-contaminated environments and potential nuclear waste disposals

Geissler, A.; Reitz, T.; Tschikov, J.; Lütke, L.; Moll, H.; Bachvarova, V.; Merroun, M.; Selenska-Pobell, S.

Microorganisms in a soil sample from the uranium mining waste Johanngeorgenstadt, Germany and an Opalinus clay sample from the Mont Terri rock laboratory were investigated by culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. In addition, the interactions of an Arthrobacter sp. from the uranium mining waste and a Sporomusa sp. clay isolate with Uranium(VI) will be shown. The studies demonstrated that different microorganisms are present in these two different environments and in both cases indigenous microorganisms have the potential to interact with heavy metals and uranium.

Keywords: microbial diversity; bacterial isolates; uranium(VI)

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Higrade‐Module Introduction to Research in Environmental Technology, 08.03.2013, Leipzig, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18500
Publ.-Id: 18500


Coupling of side chain hydration and protonation to membrane protein structure: time-resolved FTIR and fluorescence studies of rhodopsin

Fahmy, K.; Reeves, P.; Eichler, S.

Membrane proteins fulfil vital functions in cellular signalling and ion exchange across cell membranes. Their function originates in well defined structural transitions of transmembrane and extramembraneous protein domains. The latter experience aqueous and hydrophobic solvation forces, respectively. We have used time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy coupled to static fluorescence measurements to study how this solvation balance at the membrane water interface affects membrane protein structure. Transmembrane peptides derived from rhodopsin, a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs), exhibit solvent-accessible stretches which couple protonation and hydration to local helical structure: protonation of a conserved cytosolic site in helix 3 (Glu-134) causes side chain partitioning at the water lipid interface [1]. Vice versa, the side chain charge affects structural transitions that are induced by transients (seconds) of interfacial water potential. These local processes depend on the hydrophobic context of the amino acid sequence. Opsin mutants containing amino acid replacements of the same carboxyl side chain also exhibit altered responses of their structure to water potential. The data indicate that the conserved carboxyl in helix 3 of GPCRs is a protonation-controlled hydration site that regulates the partial entry of water at the protein lipid interface, thereby contributing to the free enthalpy difference between active and inactive structures of the receptor.

Keywords: GPCR; FTIR; membrane protein; rhodopsin

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Meeting of the British and German Biophysical Society, 21.-23.03.2013, Hünfeld, Germany
  • Poster
    9th European Biophysics Congress, 13.-17.07.2013, Lissabon, Portugal
  • Open Access Logo Abstract in refereed journal
    European Biophysics Journal 42(2013)1, S149
    DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0917-x
    ISSN: 0175-7571

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18499
Publ.-Id: 18499


Preclinical dose assessment of (S)-(–)-[18F]fluspidine and (R)-(+)-[18F]fluspidine, new PET tracers for imaging of σ1 receptors

Kranz, M.; Sattler, B.; Deuther-Conrad, W.; Fischer, S.; Hiller, A.; Donat, C. K.; Wünsch, B.; Steinbach, J.; Sabri, O.; Brust, P.

  • Poster
    OncoRay-Retreat 2013, 07.-08.03.2013, Rossendorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18498
Publ.-Id: 18498


Silicon Films with Gallium Rich Nanograins - from Superconductor to Insulator

Heera, V.; Fiedler, J.; Hübner, R.; Schmidt, B.; Voelskow, M.; Skorupa, W.; Skrotzki, R.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Wosnitza, J.; Helm, M.

Si films sputter deposited on SiO2 substrates are enriched with Ga by ion implantation through a capping SiO2 layer. The morphology and the electrical transport properties of these films are investigated after rapid thermal annealing. Amorphous, Ga rich nanograins are embedded in a nanocrystalline Si matrix. The nanograins are metallic in the normal state and superconducting below 7 K. They form a random network of junctions to heavily doped Si crystallites. Small modifications of the junction properties, e.g. by annealing or current pulses, can dramatically change the electronic transport in the film. Ga rich Si films show a wealth of low-temperature transport phenomena which have been known until now only from granular metals or high temperature superconductors: superconductor-insulator transition, quasi-reentrant superconductivity and current controlled sheet resistance. The possibility to fabricate and tailor films of Ga rich Si with microelectronics compatible technology make it a promising material for the integration of superconducting circuits into Si devices.

Keywords: Silicon-Gallium-Film; Granular Composite; Superconductor-Insulator Transition; Hopping Conduction; Electric Current Effect

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18497
Publ.-Id: 18497


Radiolabelling of engineered nanoparticles – alternative strategies for Ag0-NP, TiO2-NPs and CNTs

Schymura, S.; Hildebrand, H.; Franke, K.

As nanotechnology increasingly finds its way into everyday applications the risk assessment of a potential nanoparticle (NP) release into the environment becomes mandatory. Though, NPs are notoriously difficult to trace in such complex environments as the geosphere, ground and surface waters or organisms, especially at the predicted low concentrations that nevertheless might be environmentally relevant. Radiolabeling of NPs provides a possibility to overcome this problem. However, radiolabeling itself bears the danger of changing the particle properties, leading to uncertainties in the interpretation of experimental results. We here present radiolabelling strategies for TiO2, Ag0 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that were developed with a minimum of NP property alteration in mind.

TiO2 and Ag0 NPs were radiolabeled using an in-diffusion technique resulting in the incorporation of radionuclides of the respective element in the NPs. Briefly, radionuclide stock solutions containing 45Ti or 110mAg were applied to dry nanoparticle powder followed by a low temperature annealing for diffusive introduction of the radionuclides into the NPs. A stable radiolabeling was achieved with no significant change in particle properties detectable in the range of our experimental conditions.

CNTs were radiolabelled using the one-pot Iodogen reaction for introduction of radioactive iodine 125/131I onto the CNT side wall. The radiolabel proved to be stable in the absence of light and no changes of the particle properties could be measured. The potential employment of 124I opens the possibility for positron emission tomography studies and therefore the localisation of radiolabeled CNTs in complex matrices such as rock materials.

Keywords: Radiolabelling; carbon nanotubes; titanium dioxide; silver; nanoparticles

  • Poster
    2nd QNano Integrating Conference, 27.02.-01.03.2013, Prague, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18496
Publ.-Id: 18496


Radiolabelling of engineered nanoparticles – different strategies for Ag0-NP, TiO2-NP and MWCNTs

Schymura, S.; Hildebrand, H.; Cydzik, I.; Bulgheroni, A.; Simonelli, F.; Holzwarth, U.; Kozempel, J.; Bilz, E.; Freyer, A.; Franke, K.; Gibson, N.

The employment of radiotracers is a versatile tool for the detection of nano-particulate materials in complex systems such as environmental samples or organisms. With the increasing usage of nanoparticles (NPs) in applications outside of research laboratories a careful risk assessment of their release into the environment becomes mandatory. However the monitoring of nanoparticles in such complex natural systems as geological formations or ground water is nearly impossible using conventional methods, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. This obstacle can be overcome by radiolabelling, which may be of crucial value in enabling such research. We present here two different radiolabelling strategies for Ag0-NP, TiO2-NP and MWCNTs.

Both strategies involve proton bombardment using a cyclotron and cause the incorporation of radioactive isotopes inside the NPs. The first option is to directly activate the NPs by proton irradiation, which proved useful for MWCNTs and TiO2-NP. 12C gets activated using a (p,3d) nuclear reaction to 7Be while 48Ti gets activated to 48V by a (p,n) reaction.
The second option, which is generally adoptable for NPs that do not show useful nuclear reactions, is to mix the NP powder with a lithium containing compound like LiH and irradiate it to create 7Be out of 7Li via a (p,n) reaction. The recoil of the 7Be from the nuclear reaction causes the incorporation of the radiotracer into the structure of the NP.
The methods were tested for labelling yield, achievable activity concentration, pH-dependent stability of the labeling and the influence on NP-properties. Data thus obtained enables the selection of a radiolabelling method appropriate for different experimental conditions.
48V labeled TiO2-NPs were successfully employed to study the NP release out of surface coatings not measurable using conventional methods.

Keywords: Radiolabelling; cyclotron; carbon nanotubes; silver; Titanium dioxide; nanoparticles

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2nd QNano Integrating Conference, 27.02.-01.03.2013, Prag, Tschechien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-18495
Publ.-Id: 18495


Pages: [1.] [2.] [3.] [4.] [5.] [6.] [7.] [8.] [9.] [10.] [11.] [12.] [13.] [14.] [15.] [16.] [17.] [18.] [19.] [20.] [21.] [22.] [23.] [24.] [25.] [26.] [27.] [28.] [29.] [30.] [31.] [32.] [33.] [34.] [35.] [36.] [37.] [38.] [39.] [40.] [41.] [42.] [43.] [44.] [45.] [46.] [47.] [48.] [49.] [50.] [51.] [52.] [53.] [54.] [55.] [56.] [57.] [58.] [59.] [60.] [61.] [62.] [63.] [64.] [65.] [66.] [67.] [68.] [69.] [70.] [71.] [72.] [73.] [74.] [75.] [76.] [77.] [78.] [79.] [80.] [81.] [82.] [83.] [84.] [85.] [86.] [87.] [88.] [89.] [90.] [91.] [92.] [93.] [94.] [95.] [96.] [97.] [98.] [99.] [100.] [101.] [102.] [103.] [104.] [105.] [106.] [107.] [108.] [109.] [110.] [111.] [112.] [113.] [114.] [115.] [116.] [117.] [118.] [119.] [120.] [121.] [122.] [123.] [124.] [125.] [126.] [127.] [128.] [129.] [130.] [131.] [132.] [133.] [134.] [135.] [136.] [137.] [138.] [139.] [140.] [141.] [142.] [143.] [144.] [145.] [146.] [147.] [148.] [149.] [150.] [151.] [152.] [153.] [154.] [155.] [156.] [157.] [158.] [159.] [160.] [161.] [162.] [163.] [164.] [165.] [166.] [167.] [168.] [169.] [170.] [171.] [172.] [173.] [174.] [175.] [176.] [177.] [178.] [179.] [180.] [181.] [182.] [183.] [184.] [185.] [186.] [187.] [188.] [189.] [190.] [191.] [192.] [193.] [194.] [195.] [196.] [197.] [198.] [199.] [200.] [201.] [202.] [203.] [204.] [205.] [206.] [207.] [208.] [209.] [210.] [211.] [212.] [213.] [214.] [215.] [216.] [217.] [218.] [219.] [220.] [221.] [222.] [223.] [224.] [225.] [226.] [227.] [228.] [229.] [230.] [231.] [232.] [233.] [234.] [235.] [236.] [237.] [238.] [239.] [240.] [241.] [242.] [243.] [244.] [245.] [246.] [247.] [248.] [249.] [250.] [251.] [252.] [253.] [254.] [255.] [256.] [257.] [258.] [259.] [260.] [261.] [262.] [263.] [264.] [265.] [266.] [267.] [268.] [269.] [270.] [271.] [272.] [273.] [274.] [275.] [276.] [277.] [278.] [279.] [280.] [281.] [282.] [283.] [284.] [285.] [286.] [287.] [288.] [289.] [290.] [291.] [292.] [293.] [294.] [295.] [296.] [297.] [298.] [299.] [300.] [301.] [302.] [303.] [304.] [305.] [306.] [307.] [308.] [309.] [310.] [311.] [312.] [313.] [314.] [315.] [316.] [317.] [318.] [319.] [320.] [321.] [322.] [323.] [324.] [325.] [326.] [327.] [328.] [329.] [330.] [331.] [332.] [333.] [334.] [335.] [336.] [337.] [338.] [339.] [340.] [341.] [342.] [343.] [344.] [345.] [346.] [347.] [348.] [349.]