Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

In den letzten Jahren hat die Mikroskopie enorme Fortschritte gemacht. Moderne Mikroskope können Moleküle dreidimensional abbilden, kleinste Strukturen bis hin zu einzelnen Atomen erkennen und vor allem auch unterschiedliche Arten von Atomen sicher voneinander unterscheiden. Die "Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie" ist eine besondere Technik der Rasterkraft-Mikroskopie, wobei die ihr zugrunde liegende Methode auf Lord Kelvin zurück geht. Sie kam 1991 auf den Markt. Mit dem Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskop wurde eine wissenschaftliche Erklärung mitgeliefert, wie die Aufnahmen zu interpretieren seien. Daran rüttelt nun die Physikerin Christine Baumgart, die in der "Nanospintronik-Gruppe" am Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) promoviert.

Heavily p-type doped Ge layers were fabricated by 100 keV Ga implantation and subsequent flash lamp annealing for 3 ms in the temperature range between 700°C and 900°C. For comparison some samples were annealed in a rapid thermal processor for 60 s. Ga fluences of 2x10¹⁵cm^-2, 6x10¹⁵cm^-2 and 2x10¹⁶cm^-2 were chosen in order to achieve Ga peak concentrations ranging from values slightly below the equilibrium solid solubility limit of 4.9x10²⁰ cm^-3 up to 3.5x10²¹ cm^-3 which corresponds to a maximum Ga content of about 8 at-%. The structure of the doped layer and the Ga distribution were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in combination with ion channelling, cross-sectional electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements were carried out in order to determine the electrical properties of the Ga doped layers. It is shown that by flash lamp annealing Ga diffusion into the bulk can be completely avoided and the Ga loss by outdiffusion from the surface is reduced. The lowest sheet resistances of 36 Ohm/sq. was achieved for the medium Ga concentration annealed at 900°C. The best Ga activation values are 73%, 60% and 24% for the three Ga fluences under investigation. The Ga activation is correlated with the layer regrowth. Incomplete epitaxial regrowth as observed in some samples leads to lower activation.

scaling (optimizing) of conventional techniques
novel techniques: dielectric wall accelerators
new concepts: laser plasma acceleration and
local beam guiding systems

Wenn die Intensität von Laserlicht, das mit Materie wechselwirkt, 1018 W/cm² übersteigt, wird die Bewegung der Elektronen im Laserfeld relativistisch. Dies führt zu einer Vielzahl neuer optischer Effekte, die unter dem Namen „Relativistische Optik“ zusammengefasst werden. Der vielleicht wichtigste und zurzeit am meisten diskutierte neue Effekt, der in diesem Zusammenhang auftritt, ist die effiziente Laserbeschleunigung von Elektronen und Ionen. Mit Hochintensitätslasern kann man heute monochromatische Elektronenstrahlen mit Energien bis zu 1 GeV erzeugen. Kürzlich wurden auch monoenergetische Ionenstrahlen im MeV-Bereich durch Hochintensitätslaser erzeugt. In dem Vortrag werden die Mechanismen der Laser Teilchenbeschleunigung im Zusammenhang mit nun möglich erscheinenden Anwendungen dieser Teilchenstrahlen in der Medizin diskutiert.

This work represents the detailed comparison of the analytical solutions for the space and time dependent diffusion and Telegrapher’s equations to the experimental results, obtained for the YALINA-Booster subcritical facility during the experimental campaign in 2008. The derivation of analytical solution for the Telegrapher’s equation with a special temporal shape of the external source (switch on followed by a switch off after a finite time period) is described. The Green’s function method was applied. Qualitative results of the obtained solutions and the experimental results are analyzed.
The special configuration of the YALINA-Booster facility is discussed.

The local modification of magnetic properties by ion irradiation opens the possibility to create pinning sites for domain walls in magnetic nanowires without geometric constrictions. Implantation of chromium ions into Ni80Fe20 nanowires is used to cause a local reduction of the saturation magnetization Ms and thus a decrease of the exchange energy associated with the domain wall. Field-driven pinning and depinning of a domain wall at the here so-called magnetic soft spots is directly observed using magnetic transmission soft X-ray microscopy. The pinning rate and the depinning field considerably depend on the wire width and the chromium fluence.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Auswirkung von Uran speziell auf Chlorophyll a und Chlorophyll b untersucht. Die Messungen erfolgten mittels HPLC-Analytik, mit photometrischen Messungen und Dünnschichtchromatographie. Es wurden die Absorptionsmaxima sowie die Retentionszeiten der Pigmente bestimmt. Den Untersuchungen lag die Frage zugrunde, ob ein Austausch des zentralen Magnesiums aus dem Chlorophyll-Molekül durch Uran möglich ist. Für die Messungen standen Proben von Löwenzahn und Arabidopsis zur Verfügung. Neben den hydroponisch herangezogenen Arabidopsis-Kulturen (mit und ohne Uranylnitrat in der Nährlösung) wurden auch Pflanzen einer unsanierten Uranerzhalde in Johanngeorgenstadt untersucht.
Die Messung von bioverfügbarem Uran in den Bodenproben aus Johanngeorgenstadt und die Akkumulation von 5 μg Uran pro g Frischgewicht in den Pflanzenblättern stellt die Voraussetzung eines Austausches von Magnesium gegen Uran im Chlorophyll-Molekül dar. Anhand der Chromatogramme und der Absorptionsspektren ließen sich jedoch keine Anzeichen für eine Modifikation des Chlorophylls identifizieren.

We present a method to determine the saturation magnetization of samples for which the magnetic volume is unknown and thus cannot be calculated from the magnetic moment. This can happen, e.g., in multilayers, where the spacer material is likely to cause intermixing or whenever ion irradiation is used to modify the magnetic properties of samples on purpose. In both cases the active magnetic volume is altered from its nominal value in unknown manner. Therefore magnetometry like supraconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) or vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) fail, because they detect the magnetic moment but do not provide information on the respective magnetic volume. In this article we have used thin films of Permalloy (Py) and Py/Ta multilayers. Some of the Py/Ta samples were irradiated with Ne ions in order to modify the interfacial mixing. The saturation magnetization is determined by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR).

A mode-locking mechanism by active gain modulation is studied numerically and experimentally. The parameter window for the emission of stable pulse trains was found. Pulses as short as 3ps (~0.5pJ) were characterized by second-order autocorrelation.

We present experimental and numerical results obtained at LULI (Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers intenses) on propagation and energy deposition of laser-generated fast electrons into conical targets. The experimental measurements were performed by means of several diagnostics in order to assess the predicted benefit of conical targets over standard planar ones. Various configurations have been tried, regarding the laser parameters with the aim of optimizing the laser-to-target coupling. Our best results have been obtained when the laser was frequency-doubled at 0.53 μm, corresponding to interaction conditions without laser pedestal due to the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Our data pinpoint the detrimental influence of the pre-plasma generated by the laser pedestal at 1.057 μm, whose confinement is enhanced in conical geometry as evidenced by shadowgraphic measurements which is also confirmed by 2D Cu-Ka transverse images obtained from Cu cones. The consequence is the filling of the cone, preventing the laser beam from efficiently reaching the cone tip. These experimental results are compared to 2D PIC simulations modeling of the laser-cone interaction.

Deutschlands bis dahin größte Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) wurde von 2007 bis 2008 in der Nähe von Leipzig errichtet und schrittweise in Betrieb genommen. Sie befindet sich auf einer militärischen Konversionsfläche. Die PVA ist auf einer Fläche von ca. 120 Hektar mit insgesamt 589000 rahmenlosen CdTe-Modulen von First Solar (Leistung zwischen 65 und 75 W) ausgerüstet, die gesamte Modulfläche liegt bei etwa 40 Hektar. Jeweils 45 Module sind auf einen Tisch montiert und elektrisch zu 5 Strings verschaltet. Die 12440 Tische bestehen aus Aluminium-Profilen mit eingerammten Pfosten.
Betriebsergebnisse der PVA Waldpolenz wurden für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 ausgewertet. Der saisonale Verlauf der Erträge folgt den jeweiligen Einstrahlungen. Die Jahreserträge entsprechen den Erträgen von ertragstarken benachbarten PVA mit kristallinen Modulen. Auffallend sind die hohen PR-Werte der PVA (Jahr 2008: 90 %).

Die Arbeit beschreibt den Stand und die Perspektiven der Wasserkraftnutzung an der Saale in Thüringen und Sachsen-Anhalt. Das Arbeitsvermögen der derzeit bestehenden 33 Wasserkraftanlagen beträgt 120 GWh/a, dazu kommen 110 GWh/a regenerative Stromerzeugung aus den Pumpspeicherwerken Bleiloch und Hohenwarthe. Unter den derzeitigen Rahmenbedingungen ist ein Zubau um etwa 22 GWh/a möglich.

The wavelength-dependence of ion-sputtering induced growth of repetitive nanostructures, such as ripples has been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in Si. The early stage of the ion erosion driven development of ripples has been simulated on prepatterned Si stripes with a wavy surface. The time evolution of the height function and amplitude of the sinusoidal surface profile has been followed by simulated ion-sputtering. According to Bradley-Harper (BH) theory, we expect correlation between the wavelength of ripples and the stability of them. However, we find that in the small ripple wavelength regime BH theory fails to reproduce the results obtained by molecular dynamics. We find that at short wavelengths < 35 nm the adatom yield drops hence no surface diffusion takes place which is sufficient for ripple growth. The MD simulations predict that the growth of ripples with wavelengths > 35 nm are stabilized in accordance with the available experimental results. According to the simulations, few hundreds of ion impacts in wavelength-long and few nm wide Si ripples are sufficient for reaching saturation in surface growth for wavelengths > 35 nm ripples. In another words, ripples in the long wavelength limit seems to be stable against ion-sputtering. A qualitative comparison of our simulation results with recent experimental data on nanopatterning under irradiation is attempted.

Monte Carlo simulations code of ion channeling in crystals containing extended defects has been developed. Bent channel model of lattice distortions produced by dislocations have been used for defect analysis in ion implanted GaN. To test the code energy dependence of dechanneling parameter has been calculated for crystals containing randomly displaced atoms and bent channels. It follows the 1/E and E1/2 dependence, respectively.

Two-phase Computational Fluid Dynamics (2-phase CFD) is now increasingly applied to some Nuclear Reactor thermalhydraulic investigations. The main purpose of this paper is to give some guidance to two-phase CFD potential users, based on previous experience of these tools. This experience comes first from a Writing Group (WG3) of the OECD-CSNI-GAMA on the “extension of CFD to two-phase safety issues” which has identified a list of Nuclear Reactor Safety issues for which the use of 2-phase CFD can bring a real benefit and which proposed a general multi-step methodology. Then experience was gained with the NEPTUNE-CFD code which is being developed by EDF and CEA and sponsored by IRSN and AREVA-NP for nuclear application. Also the NURESIM Integrated Project of the European Commission 6th Framework Program has been using 2-phase CFD for Direct Contact Condensation, Pressurized Thermal Shock, boiling flow, DNB and Dry-Out investigations. Although some progress has been made on all these applications, several difficulties are encountered and are here identified. Based on this experience, this paper intends to update the state of the art, to review the main modeling difficulties and to make recommendations for future developments, validation and application of two-phase CFD. The choice of a basic model, of space and time resolution, the deterministic or statistical treatment of interfaces, the characterization of the interfacial structure, and the automatic recognition of the local flow structure are discussed. Transport of interfacial area, modeling of polydispersion and some closure problems for turbulent, wall, and interfacial transfers are also reviewed.

The flash-lamp annealing technique was applied to a GaN epilayer implanted with Fe in order to investigate the recovery of the crystal structure and the process of secondary phase formation. In the as-implanted state a spinodal decomposition occurs due to the oversaturation of Fe in GaN and a behavior similar to a spin-glass is observed. The precipitation occurs even after annealing for the shortest annealing time of 3 ms. Iron nitrides as well as bcc-Fe are formed upon annealing for 20 ms and are responsible for the ferromagnetic response. No indication of the formation of a diluted magnetic semiconductor is observed. The connection between the structure, magnetism and Fe-charge state was determined by x-ray diffraction, magnetometry and Mößbauer spectroscopy measurements.

Although the first transistor was made on germanium, most integrated circuits are fabricated using silicon substrates. The main reasons for the change from Ge to Si are the excellent physical properties of the SiO2/Si interface. Today SiO2 is more and more replaced by high-k dielectrics. This fact and the advantage of the higher carrier mobility in Ge compared to Si have led to a renewed interest in Ge as material in future CMOS applications. Previous investigations on the formation of ultra shallow junctions by ion beam processing have shown that p+-doping using B implantation yields junctions that meet the requirements for the 22 nm technology node, whereas the formation of n+-junctions by P or As is complicated by the high diffusivity and the low solubility of the dopants.
The present work deals with the application of millisecond flash lamp annealing (FLA) to samples containing an implanted surface layer of about 100 nm thickness. The layers were formed using P ions with an energy of 30 keV and a fluence of 3x1015 cm-2. The investigations are focused on solid phase recrystallization, dopant redistribution and dopant activation. The dependence of these effects on the heat transfer to the sample during FLA as well as on pre-amorphization and pre-annealing treatment is discussed. The results are compared to typical data achievable by conventional rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with durations of some seconds. Different characterization methods are employed. Channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) are used to monitor the recrystallization of the amorphous layers formed during implantation. The depth distributions of P are measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. In order to determine the sheet resistance variable probe spacing and micro four point probe measurements are utilized. Selected samples are studied by XTEM to search for precipitates and end-of-range defects. While in RTA the concentration dependent dopant diffusion hinders the formation of shallow n+ layers, FLA does not cause any diffusion but leads to dopant activation up to about 5x1019 cm-3.

Shallow n+ layers in Ge are formed by phosphorus implantation and subsequent millisecond flash lamp annealing. Present investigations are focused on the dependence of P redistribution, diffusion and electrical activation on heat input into the sample and flash duration. Furthermore, the influence of pre-amorphization implantation and pre-annealing is studied. In contrast to conventional annealing procedures an activation up to 6.5×1019 cm-3 is achieved without any dopant redistribution and noticeable diffusion. Present results suggest that independently of pre-treatment the maximum activation should be obtained at a flash energy that corresponds to the onset of P diffusion. The deactivation of P is explained qualitatively by mass action analysis which takes into account the formation of phosphorus-vacancy clusters.

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Since the discovery of the first organic superconductor, about 30 years ago, these materials revealed many fascinating properties and allowed to study fundamental low-dimensional physics. Besides superconductivity, the organic metals show a wealth of different ground states such as antiferromagnetic, spin-Peierls, spin-density-wave, and charge-density-wave phases. These ground states are accessible by tuning the structure, counter anion, magnetic field, temperature, and pressure. The study of these fertile phase diagrams has led to new theoretical concepts; however, a solid understanding of some of these states still remains a challenge. Even the normal metallic phase of these electronically low-dimensional metals reveals unusual properties sometimes not in line with conventional Fermi-liquid theory. Here, a review on selected normal-state and superconducting properties of the layered quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductors will be given. Thereby, the focus will be laid on the charge-transfer salts based on bisethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene, or ET for short, the building block of most of the to-date known organic superconductors. Some basic features of the crystallographic structure, the highly anisotropic electronic band structure for some materials, as well as unusual electronic-transport properties will be highlighted. A brief overview on the superconducting properties including the recently reported evidence for the existence of a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state will be presented.

We report on the direct probing of the Fermi surface in the bulk of the electron-doped superconductor Nd_2-xCe_xCuO₄ at different doping levels by means of magnetoresistance quantum oscillations. Our data reveal a sharp qualitative change in the Fermi surface topology, due to translational symmetry breaking in the electronic system which occurs at a critical doping level significantly exceeding the optimal doping. This result implies that the (π/a, π/a) ordering, known to exist at low doping levels, survives up to the overdoped superconducting regime.

The aerobic groundwater bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456) isolated from the aquifers at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden secretes siderophores of the pyoverdin-type. Besides iron(III), these unique bioligands are also able to form strong complexes with actinides (e.g., U(VI), Np(V), and Cm(III)) [1-3]. For U(VI) and Np(V) we could show that mainly the catecholate and to less extend the hydroxamate functionalities of the pyoverdin molecule are involved in the actinide coordination [1, 2]. For Cm(III) it is still not clear which functional group of the pyoverdin molecule causes the great stability constants. In general, Cm(III) interactions with pyoverdin-model compounds and especially with chromophore-models are poorly understood. To address this lack, we thus present findings regarding the speciation of Cm(III) with 2,3­dihydroxynaphthalene in aqueous solution by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) at trace Cm(III) concentrations (0.3 µM) over a wide pH range. TRLFS is a well established direct speciation technique for investigating the complexes formed by actinides in both geochemical and biochemical environments. Four Cm(III)- dihydroxynaphthalene species of the type MxLyHz could be identified from the spectroscopic measurements. The stability constants of these strong Cm(III)- bioligand complexes and their individual spectroscopic properties (excitation and emission spectra, lifetimes) are reported. TRLFS shows that Cm(III)- dihydroxynaphthalene species cause a strong red shift of the characteristic Cm(III) (aq) emission band at 593.8 to 614.4 nm. The findings of our Cm(III) speciation study in comparison with the literature indicate a stronger affinity of Cm(III) to the catechol functionality of the pyoverdin molecules as found for U(VI) and Np(V).

[1] H. Moll, M. Glorius, G. Bernhard, A. Johnsson, K. Pedersen, M. Schäfer, H. Budzikiewicz, Geomicrobiol. J. 25, 157-166 (2008).
[2] H. Moll, M. Glorius, A. Johnsson, M. Schäfer, H. Budzikiewicz, K. Pedersen, G. Bernhard, Radiochim. Acta, submitted (2009).
[3] H. Moll, A. Johnsson, M. Schäfer, K. Pedersen, H. Budzikiewicz, G. Bernhard, BioMetals 21, 219-228 (2008).

The heavy neutron deficient p-nuclei are produced in explosive stellar environments via photodisintegration reactions like (g ,n), (g ,p) and (g ,alpha) on r- or s- seed nuclei. The reaction rates of p-nuclei are mostly based on theoretical parameterizations using statistical model calculations. We study experimentally the photodisintegration rates of heavy nuclei at the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of FZ Dresden-Rossendorf. Photoactivation measurements on the astrophysically relevant p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed with bremsstrahlung end-point energies from 10.0 to 16.5 MeV. The activation yields are compared with calculations using cross sections from recent Hauser-Feshbach models. The sensitivity of the statistical models to the input ingredients like photon strength function, optical potentials are tested against the experimental activation yield.

At the beginning the lecture I will briefly give an overview about the organization of the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf with different Institutes and research topics. In the Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research the application of ion beams in advanced materials science is manifold: for example, they are used to generate new or improved functional surfaces, and they are ideally suited to produce micro- and nanostructures in semiconductors. For these purposes in the Institute a couple of modern ion beam instruments for the fabrication and analysis of nanostructures is available. Among them there are a mass separated focused ion beam (FIB) and a crossbeam system, consisting of a high resolution Ga-FIB and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which will be discussed more in detail. During the last decades, focused ion beams became a very useful and versatile tool in microelectronics industry, as well as in the field of basic and applied research and became an indispensable tool in nanotechnology. For special purposes like ion milling, ion beam writing for doping or patterning on μm- and nm-scale without any lithographic steps Ga+ and increasingly other ion species are of great interest. An introduction in design and operation of mass separated FIB systems (e.g. CANION31Mplus), equipped with metal alloy liquid ion sources as well as the development and characterization of them will be given. The combination of a focused electron beam with a high resolution FIB column in a crossbeam arrangement (NVision40) enables the in-situ inspection and analysis of FIB fabricated nanostructures with a resolution down to one nm without surface damaging. An included gas injection system allows the MO-CVD of nanostructures of different materials using either the focused ion or the electron beam. The fabrication possibilities of nanostructures, like nanowires, nanobridges and nanocantilevers by ion beam synthesis using different kinds of focused ion beams will be demonstrated and possible applications will be mentioned. Some examples, like ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 nano-structures, the generation of fluorescent colour centres, sputtering investigations and applications, the formation of ripples under FIB irradiation or the fabrication of NEMS structures on SOI substrates will be shown to demonstrate the manifold utilization of the microbeam technology. Furthermore, the possibility of varying the flux in the FIB by changing the pixel dwell-time in a wide range gives the opportunity to investigate radiation damage and dynamic annealing effects in Si, Ge, SiC and other materials at elevated implantation temperatures using different projectile ion species. Finally, the state-of art of FIB applications for TEM lamella preparation, FIB lithography of thin films and ion beam microscopy will be presented and shortly discussed.

Gas-liquid flows are central to oil and gas production and because of the very flexible nature of the interface between the fluids, the flows can be very complex exhibiting a wide variety of three dimensional structures. In the field the steel pipes in which these two-phase mixture flow make it difficult to observe them. Even in the laboratory where pipes can be made of transparent plastic, we can still normally only see what is occurring near the pipe wall as bubbles clustering near the wall, or wavy films of liquid flowing along the walls, obscure what is occurring at the middle of the pipe. One way in which these visual limitations can be overcome is to employ electrical tomography methods. In research at the University of Nottingham we are working with Forschungzentrum Rossendorf-Dresden from Germany and Tomoflow Limited to use electrical tomography to 'see' into the pipe.

Simulating strongly coupled plasmas is a demanding computational task. When a plasma is strongly coupled, the mutual Coulomb energy between the plasma particles is much stronger than their kinetic energy. Such a system can undergo a phase transition into a state in which long-range ordering of the plasma constituents can be observed. In a realistic simulation of the plasma dynamics one has to compute the total mutual interaction of each particle with each other particle for particle numbers up to hundred thousand particles. To study the microscopic and macroscopic dynamics of the plasma on a long time scale one thus has to rely on the computational power which is only available at supercomputing centers such as the Leibniz Rechenzentrum.

Accelerating Plasma Simulations using novel computing hardware is a promising way towards a cost-efficient decrease of the runtime of realistic plasma simulations. We present a new particle-in-cell algorithm for simulating laser plasma acceleration of particles which has been developed to run on a NVIDIA GPU system. Using a sliding-window technique we are able to run large-scale 2D simulations of laser wakefield acceleration. We present the algorithm in detail and show that it is easy to extend to 3D geometries. We will conclude by discussing both obstacles and promises encountered when porting the algorithm to a standard CPU-based Linux cluster in which each node is equipped with one or more GPUs.

Introduction of high-energy class diode-pumped solid-state lasers (HEC-DPSSLs) worldwide, efficiency limitations and energy extraction issues of high-energy laser based on Yb-doped materials, room-temperature vs. cryogenically cooled lasers, simulation and experimental results obtained with multi-pass pumping - a technique for efficiency enhancement.

Erzeugung hoher Lichtintensitäten mittels Ultrakurzpulslaser, Laser-Teilchenbeschleunigung, diodengepumpte Festkörperlaser, neue Ytterbium-dotierte Lasermaterialien für Kurzpulslaserverstärker

We present a terawatt diode-pumped chirped pulse amplifier using single-crystalline Yb:CaF2 as the gain medium. A maximum pulse energy of 420 mJ and a repetition rate of 1 Hz was obtained. After recompression, a pulse energy of 197 mJ and a pulse duration of 192 fs were achieved, corresponding to a peak power of 1TW.

The formation of secondary phases in Fe implanted GaN upon annealing in low pressure N2-atmosphere was detected by means of in-situ x-ray diffraction and confirmed by magnetization measurements. A repeatable phase change from Fe2N at room temperature and Fe(3-x)N at 1023 K was observed in-situ. The phase transformation is explained by the change of lattice site and concentration of nitrogen within nitrides. The diffusion of Fe towards sample surface and oxidation with increasing annealing cycles limits the availability of secondary phase and hence the repeatability. At high temperature GaN dissolves and Ga as well as Fe oxidize due to presence of residual oxygen in the process gas. The ferromagnetism in the samples is related to nanometer sized interacting Fe(3-x)N crystallites.

We report on Xe+ induced ripple formation at medium-energy on single crystalline silicon surfaces of different orientation using substrates with an intentional miscut from the [001] direction and a [111] oriented wafer. The ion beam incidence angle in respect to the surface normal was kept fixed at 65° and the ion beam projection was parallel or perpendicular to the [110] direction. By a combination of atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy we found that the features of surface and the subsurface rippled structures such as ripple wavelength and amplitude and the degree of order do not depend on the surface orientation as assumed in recent models of pattern formation for semiconductor surfaces.

Unter Verwendung des Rechenprogramms ATHLET wurde das Ausdampfverhalten des Reaktorkerns bei Ausfall der Nachkühlung untersucht. Dafür wurde der Primärkreislauf des Reaktors vom Austritt aus dem Pumpenbogen bis zum Eintritt in den Dampferzeuger modelliert. Bei einer fest vorgegebenen Nachzerfallsleistung von 22 MW wurde das axiale Profil variiert. Neben einem symmetrischen kosinusähnlichen Profil wurden jeweils ein Profil für den Beginn und das Ende eines Brennstoffzyklus eines typischen Druckwasserreaktorkerns verwendet.

The application of quadrupole devices with high field gradients and small apertures requires precise control over higher order multipole field components. We present a new scheme for performance control and tuning; which allows the illumination of most of the quadrupole device aperture because of the reduction of higher order field components. Consequently, the size of the aperture can be minimized to match the beam size achieving field gradients of up to 500 T m -1 at good imaging quality. The characterization method based on a Hall probe measurement and a Fourier analysis was confirmed using the high quality electron beam at the Mainz Microtron MAMI.

In-beam PET has given valuable feedback on treatment quality over the 11 years of operation time between 1997 and 2008 of the heavy ion treatment facility at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt. Based on this technical expertise a next generation of in-beam PET scanners will be developed. An experiment addressing the question whether the detectors and electronic components used in state-of-the-art PET-systems can be also utilized to configure a future in-beam PET scanner was performed at the medical beam line of GSI. The equipment for a new in-beam PET scanner should be tested whether it will resist the fluence of secondaries arising from the patient treatment of about 5 years. A ^12C beam of an energy of E=430.10AMeV was stopped in a PMMA phantom. The primary particle fluence of this irradiation was equivalent to about 5300 patient fractions (3 GyE per fraction). The detectors were placed at several angles to simulate a higher secondary particle fluence, i.e. a longer time of usage. They have been exposed to a secondary particle fluence equivalent up to 13 years of usage in an in-beam PET scanner. The equipment was provided by CPS and tested before and after the experiment. No damage was found applying the standard test procedure. analyzing the detectors after the experiment.

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Soluble arsenic−sulfur compounds play important roles in the biogeochemistry of arsenic in sulfidic waters but conflicting analytical evidence identifies them as either thioarsenates (= AsV−sulfur species) or thioarsenites (= AsIII−sulfur species). Here, we present the first characterization of thioarsenates (mono-, di-, and tetrathioarsenate) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and demonstrate that their spectra are distinctly different from those of AsIII−sulfur species, as well as from arsenite and arsenate. The absorption near edge energy decreases in the order arsenate > thioarsenates > arsenite > AsIII−sulfur species, and individual thioarsenates differ by 1 eV per sulfur atom. Fitted AsV−S and AsV−O bond distances in thioarsenates (2.13−2.18 Å and 1.70 Å, respectively) are significantly shorter than the corresponding AsIII−S and AsIII−O bond distances in AsIII−S species (2.24−2.34 Å and 1.78 Å, respectively). Finally, we demonstrate that thioarsenates can be identified by principal component analysis in mixtures containing AsIII−sulfur species. This capability is used to study the spontaneous reduction of tetrathioarsenate to AsIII−sulfur species (possibly trithioarsenite) upon acidification from pH 9.5 to 2.8.

At present, positron emission tomography (PET) is the only available technique for an in-vivo, non-invasive monitoring of the dose delivery precision in highly conformal ion beam therapy. The successful exploitation of in-beam PET at the Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany during the last decade and a rising number of built or planned proton and heavier ion therapy facilities worldwide makes the development of a particle therapy PET (PT-PET) system of the next generation reasonable. The in-beam PET installation at GSI is a double-head positron scanner with a very limited solid angle which results in severe artifacts in the reconstructed images and in a low counting statistics. Thus, it is highly desirable to have larger solid angle coverage for PT-PET scanners of the next generation. However, increasing the effective area of a scanner might be limited by several requirements for the equipment of a radiotherapy treatment unit. Possible solutions for a prospective PT-PET system as well as a methodology for the evaluation of concurrent designs of the scanner taking into account the requirements of a therapy facility are discussed in this paper.

At small net baryon densities ab initio lattice QCD provides valuable information on the finite-temperature equation of state of strongly interacting matter. Our phenomenological quasiparticle model provides a means to map such lattice results to regions relevant for future heavy-ion experiments at large baryon density; even the cool equation of state can be inferred to address the issue of quark stars. We report on (i) the side conditions (charge neutrality, beta equilibrium) in mapping latest lattice QCD results to large baryon density and (ii) scaling properties of emerging strange quark stars.

Problem:

The goal of this study is to prepare novel chelators suitable for conjugation to vector molecules which can be labeled by yttrium or copper in order to achieve high specific activities and to improve pharmacokinetics. In this context, new water soluble bifunctional DOTA- and bis(2-pyridylmethyl)triazacyclocyclononane (DMPTACN)-based chelators have been synthesized and conjugated to the monoclonal antibody Cetuximab which binds to HER2 of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) family which is over-expressed by various tumors.

Material and Method:

Both chelators have been conjugated to Cetuximab via thiourea-bridging. Radiolabeling of DOTA derivatives has been performed in aqueous ammonium acetate solution at r.t. using ⁸⁶YCl₃ or ⁹⁰YCl₃. Radiolabeling of DMPTACN conjugates with ⁶⁴Cu was achieved in MES buffer solution at 50°C using ⁶⁴CuCl₂. The affinity of the bioconjugates towards EGFR was determined by ELISA.

Results:

The ELISA test showed that the affinity of the bioconjugates has decreased compared to native Cetuximab. A chelator/antibody molar ratio of 4 was achieved as determined by MALDI-TOF-MS for the DOTA-Cetuximab conjugate. Radiolabeling of DOTA-conjugates with ⁸⁶Y and ⁹⁰Y at 37°C requires optimization to improve radiochemical yield. DMPTACN-Cetuximab conjugates can be rapidly labeled with ⁶⁴Cu under mild conditions in almost quantitative yield.

Conclusions:

DMPTACN- and DOTA-ligands are attractive bifunctional chelating agents which can be conjugated to vector molecules for PET-imaging and radiotherapy. In the near future, the work with the ligands investigated will be extended using the pre-labeling approach.

Aim:

Radiometal‐labeled peptide derivatives of bombesin are very interesting targeting vectors for certain types of cancer. Bombesin derivatives have shown very high selectivity and affinity to
G‐protein‐coupled gastrin‐releasing‐peptide‐receptor (GRPR), which is over‐expressed in a variety of tumors including breast‐, prostate‐ and pancreatic‐tumors. Consequently, the
application of radiolabeled bombesin‐analogs for both the diagnosis and therapy of such tumors is being intensively investigated. However, the development of chemically and radiolytically
stable compounds which can be easily radiolabeled presents significant challenges. We recently showed that bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)triazacyclocyclononane (DMPTACN) was a promising candidate
for radiocopper‐labeling. In this study we examine structure‐activity relationships for new [64Cu]DMPTACN bombesin derivatives including their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in
prostate cancer (PC3) xenografted tumor mice.

Methods:

Stabilized bombesin derivatives β‐Ala‐β‐Ala‐[Cha13,Nle14]BBN(7‐14) and β‐homo‐Glu‐β‐Ala‐β‐Ala‐[Cha13, Nle14]BBN(7‐14) were conjugated to the N‐terminus with DMPTACN ligands containing either a carboxylate or phenylisothiocyanate pendant arm via amide coupling and thiourea‐bridging, respectively. Radiolabeling of DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives with 64Cu was performed in aqueous ammonium acetate solution (pH=6) at 50°C using [64Cu]CuCl2. The affinity of DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives for the GRPR was determined using a competitive displacement/binding assay in human prostate (PC3) cancer cells. Internalization data for the [64Cu]Cu‐DMPTACN bombesin derivatives were obtained in the same cell line. Partition coefficients of the radiocopper‐labeled complexes of the DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives were determined in a 1‐octanol/buffer system. Biodistribution studies were performed on Wistar rats and NMRI nu/nu mice bearing the human prostate tumor PC‐3. Tumor accumulation was evaluated with small animal PET.

Results:

Radiolabeling of DMPTACNBBN‐bioconjugates was achieved in 30 min, yielding >99% radiochemical purity and specific activity up to 30 GBq/μmol after HPLC. DMPTACN‐NCS derivatives could be rapidly labeled with 64Cu under mild conditions in almost quantitative yield. The DMPTACN‐BBN conjugates showed high affinity to the GRPR and high uptake in PC‐3 cells. PET studies on tumor‐bearing PC‐3 mice revealed an accumulation in the GRPR‐positive tissue. Clear visualization of the tumor tissue and noticeable delineation from healthy tissue was achieved.

Conclusion:

DMPTACN ligands are attractive chelates for the development of radiocopper pharmaceuticals featuring very high chemical and radiolytical stability. They can be effectively coupled to target‐oriented peptides, such as bombesin. However, many issues need to be resolved, including the metabolic stabilization of the peptides and the direct fixation of radiometalated conjugates in the tumor tissue. DMPTACN‐isothiocyanate was found to be rapidly and efficiently labeled with 64Cu. These features make it a promising candidate as a pre‐labeling building block for antibody and synthetic polymers.

Aim:

SU11248 is a novel inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plated‐derived growth factor (PDGF) [1]. Due to the fact that RTKs are overexpressed in some tumour entities, they might be a suitable target for cancer imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). A tyrosine kinase inhibitor labelled with a positron emitting isotope could represent a useful tool for monitoring levels of RTKs in tumour tissue by giving valuable information for anti‐angiogenic therapy. For this purpose we synthesized a methoxy substituted derivative of SU11248 and performed the radiosynthesis with the PET radionuclide carbon‐11 to the corresponding ¹¹C‐labelled radiotracer. First investigations on the in vivo metabolic stability of the new ¹¹C‐labelled SU11248 derivative are reported.

Materials and methods:

The radiolabelling was performed via ¹¹C‐methylation reaction of the corresponding desmethyl precursor with [¹¹C]MeI in a TRACERLab FX_C gas phase synthesizer (GE). After purification by semi‐preparative HPLC and solid phase extraction the radiotracer was dispensed with E153 electrolyte solution and injected intravenously into male Wistar rats. For metabolite analysis blood samples were taken from the arteria femoralis at 1.5; 3; 5; 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes past injection. After centrifuging blood samples 5 min 13.000 rpm at 4°C plasma was analyzed by radio HPLC.

Results:

The synthesis of the non‐radioactive methoxy‐substituted SU11248 as well as the desmethyl precursor was accomplished by reacting 5‐methoxy‐ and 5‐hydroxyl‐oxindole with 5‐formyl‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylic‐acid‐(2‐diethylaminoethyl)‐amide. Radiolabelling was achieved by reaction of the 5‐hydroxy‐substituted SU11248 derivative with [¹¹C]CH₃I in DMF/aqueous NaOH at 80°C. After semi‐preparative HPLC purification the ¹¹C‐labelled radiotracer was obtained in 14‐17% decay corrected radiochemical yield at a specific activity of 162‐198 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis in 94‐99% radiochemical purity. Metabolism analysis in rat plasma showed 96% of intact compound 3 min and 73% 60 min p.i., together with three more polar metabolites.

Conclusion:

The new ¹¹C‐labelled derivative of SU11248 can be synthesized in good radiochemical yield, sufficient purity and high specific activity. The found metabolic stability in rat plasma showing 73% of intact radiotracer 60 min p.i. suggests that the ¹¹C‐methoxy labelling group is preserved under in vivo conditions. These findings are encouraging for further investigation with this radiotracer on RTK expressing cells and tumour tissue to answer the question if this radiotracer would be a useful tool for monitoring angiogenic processes by PET. [1] Sun L., Liang C. et al., J. Med. Chem., 46, (2003), 1116

It is well-known that microorganisms play an important role in bioremediation. Because of the high retention capability of heavy metal ions, they significantly influence mobilization and immobilization of cations in soils. The prediction of the radionuclide transport in the environment and the improvement of technical bioremediation strategies require a detailed understanding of the binding mechanisms on a molecular level.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, sticks out of the cell wall and is in direct contact with the (aqueous) environment. With its high content of negatively charged functional groups (mainly carboxyl and phosphoryl groups) it plays a key role in protection of contaminants.
We investigated the uranyl LPS interactions to gain detailed information about the coordination sphere in the molecular environment of the uranyl ion. We focused on the identification of the coordinating functional groups over a wide pH range (from 2.5 to 7) and under different stoichiometric conditions. In particular, the discrimination between carboxyl and phosphoryl groups and their binding behaviours was elucidated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the U LIII-edge and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. With respect to environmental conditions, samples with an excess of LPS were investigated by EXAFS. Furthermore, samples with equimolar ratios of uranyl and functional groups of LPS according to a slight deficit of phosphoryl groups were determined with FT-IR.
EXAFS spectra show great similarities to the uranyl mineral phase meta-autunite. A four-fold complexation of the uranium was derived from very short U Oeq distances of 2.28 Å and U P distances of 3.58 Å indicating unidentate coordinated phosphoryl groups. Furthermore, U U interactions can be observed at 5.2 Å and 6.9 Å.
FT-IR spectra show spectral evidence for both, carboxyl and phosphoryl coordination. A downshift of the antisymmetric stretching mode of the carboxylate group from 1576 (uncomplexed LPS) to 1530 cm−1 and an upshift of the symmetric stretching mode from 1404 (uncomplexed LPS) to 1455 cm−1 upon complexation provides evidence for a bidentate complexation to carboxylate groups. The antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of the complexing phosphoryl groups are observed at 1105 and 1060 cm−1.
In summary, we determined at high LPS excess preferential phosphoryl coordination, whereas with an increasing relative amount of uranyl ions, corresponding to a decreasing number of functional groups of LPS, additional carboxylate coordination becomes important. This complexation behaviour remains within a broad pH range from slight acidic to neutral values. Under the investigated experimental conditions, the coordination of uranyl ions to the LPS molecule is obviously controlled by the U/LPS concentration ratio irrespective from prevailing pH.

The test field “Gessenwiese” was installed on a leaching heap at the former uranium mining area Ronneburg (western Thuringia) for investigations in acid mining drainage and in heavy metals retention, especially uranium (Grawunder A. et al. 2009). The uranium speciation in seepage water of the Gessenwiese was determined by TRLFS. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) posses some superior features, above all a very high sensitivity for fluorescent heavy metal ions. The predominance of TRLFS compared to other spectroscopic techniques, e.g. XRD and IR was showed in Baumann N. et al. (2008) in analyzing the speciation of U(VI) in a thin layer of an alteration product formed on depleted uranium. TRLFS analyses in seepage water of the Gessenwiese were carried out to compare it in a later stage with the uranium speciation in plants, which grow on that grassland and may take up uranium contaminated water.
Grawunder A. et al. Chem Erde-Geochem. 69 5-19 (2009)
Baumann N. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 8266-8269 (2008)

This work presents results about the formation of thorium(IV) colloids and precipitates in the presence of silicic acid. Three methods were used for the preparation of the thorium compounds:

• Experiment A: Silicic acid concentrations and ionic strengths were adjusted in the presence of preformed stable ThO2 colloids at neutral pH (0.4 mM Th; 0 3 mM Si; I = 0.05 M NaClO4)
• Experiment B: Precipitation of ThO2 colloids in the presence of silicic acid by neutralization from the acidic side of the pH scale (1 mM Th; 0-4.2 mM Si; I = 0.1 M NaClO4)
• Experiment C: Precipitation of Th(IV) colloids in the presence of silicic acid by neutralisation of a Th(IV) carbonate solution from the alkaline side of the pH scale (1 mM Th; 0-3 mM Si; I = 0.1 M NaClO4)

Samples of a precursor for an aluminum oxide ceramics reinforced with zirconium oxide were synthesized by hydrolysis of various aluminum salts in the presence of a ZrO2 sol under conditions of urea decomposition at 90 degrees C and pH < 4 maintained, with hydrolysis products deposited onto the surface of ZrO2 sol particles. It was found that the nature of a salt anion affects the interaction of hydrolysis products of the aluminum cation with the surface of ZrO2 sol particles. The structure of products formed in thermal treatment of samples of a precursor for Al2O3-ZrO2 (T = 1250 degrees C) was characterized by X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The phase transition temperatures of the oxides Al2O3 and ZrO2 contained in the precursor were estimated using the results of thermal analysis of the samples in the temperature range 20-1300 degrees C.

Improvement of Satellite Imaging Câmera Components Made of SS304 by Nitrogen PIII Treatments

Enhancement of Surface Properties of SAE 1070 by Chromium Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition

Modificação da Superfície da Liga Ni-Ti Pela Implantação Iônica por Imersão em Plasma

Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitrided in a Hybrid Glow Discharge Plasma

Self-ion irradiation in combination with nanoindentation offers the possibility to characterize irradiation damage in a broad range of irradiation temperature and fluence. Nanoindentation results are reported for Fe-Cr alloys containing 2.5 to 12.5 at% Cr irradiated at ambient and elevated temperatures. The investigation also comprises dual-beam ion irradiations. The effects of indentation load, Cr content, fluence and irradiation temperature are discussed. We have found cases of both broad consistence with and deviations from reported trends. Hardening features are characterized by means of TEM. The results are compared with TEM, SANS and hardness data reported for neutron-irradiated conditions of the same alloys.

In view of the increasing age of the European NPPs and envisaged life time extensions up to an EOL of 80 years, there is a need for an improved understanding of RPV irradiation embrittlement effects specific to long term operation (LTO). The project aims at: 1) improved knowledge on LTO phenomena relevant for European reactors; 2) assessment of prediction tools, codes, standards and surveillance guidelines. The scope of work comprises the analysis of LTO boundary conditions, microstructural investigations (e.g. LBP) and supplementary mechanical tests (e.g. RPV steels from decommissioned plants), training activities and elaboration of recommendations for RPV materials assessment and embrittlement surveillance under LTO conditions. The duration of the collaborative project will be 36 months with 15 partners participating.

The investigation is focussed on three low-Cu RPV steels, JPB, JPC and JFL, irradiated at 255°C up to several levels of neutron fluence. The SANS data obtained will be discussed as a function of fluence and correlated with measured values of the yield stress increase. There is strong evidence for a late-blooming effect from both SANS and hardening. The results will be compared with those from similar investigations for RPV steels and model alloys irradiated at higher temperatures and higher flux.

Ferritic-martensitic chromium steels are candidate materials for future applications in both Gen-IV fission and fusion technology. Experimental investigation of neutron-irradiated Fe-Cr model alloys is important in order to gain a better understanding of the interplay of chromium content and irradiation behaviour. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is particularly well suited to unfold the size distribution of non-planar irradiation-induced nanoscale features such as defect-solute clusters, nanovoids and ’-particles. This size distribution represents a statistically reliable average over a macroscopic volume. Assumptions on the dominant type of features can be checked against the ratio of magnetic and nuclear scattering.
The materials investigated in this work are commercial-purity Fe-Cr alloys of nominal compositions Fe-2.5Cr, Fe-5Cr, Fe-9Cr and Fe-12.5Cr (at%). Neutron irradiation was performed in the reactor BR2 at Mol (Belgium) at a temperature of 300°C and neutron flux of 9 x 1013 cm-2 s-1 (E > 1 MeV) [Matijasevic, JNM 377 (2008) 147]. The neutron exposures expressed in units of displacements per atom correspond to 0.6 and 1.5 dpa. A wavelength of 0.58 nm and three detector-sample distances of 1, 4 and 16 m were used in the SANS experiments carried out at the SANS-2 facility of GKSS Geesthacht (Germany). The samples were placed in a saturation magnetic field in order to separate magnetic and nuclear contributions. The scattering curves obtained for the unirradiated conditions of the four Fe-Cr alloys were taken as reference.

Ferritic/martensitic Cr-steels are candidate structural materials for future nuclear applications. Fe-Cr alloys serve as model alloys for the investigation of the effect of Cr on microstructure, properties and irradiation behaviour. Industrial purity Fe-Cr alloys of Cr levels of 2.5, 5, 9 and 12 at% were produced at SCK•CEN Mol within the MIRE project and characterized with respect to composition, microstructure, dislocation arrangement and tensile properties [M. Matijasevic et al., JNM 377 (2008) 147]. The present contribution is devoted to the complementary characterization of the same set of materials by means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS), depth-sensing nanoindentation and sound velocity measurements.
SANS experiments were performed in the wide range of scattering vectors from 0.03 to 3 nm 1 using three different sample-detector distances. Incoherent and coherent scattering were identified and discussed as a function of Cr content. Depth-sensing nanoindentation was performed at maximum loads ranging from 1 to 500 mN and supplemented with Vickers hardness. Interestingly, some of the curves representing the load dependence of nanohardness for different Cr contents cross one another indicating an effect of Cr on the indentation-size effect. The velocity of both longitudinal and shear waves was measured using the ultrasound pulse-echo technique. The polycrystalline averages of the elastic constants were estimated as a function of Cr. First results on the effect of both ion and neutron irradiation will also be presented.

The effect of the size dependence of production rate of point defect clusters is taken into account in the cluster dynamics modeling of the simultaneous formation of vacancy clusters and self-interstitial atom clusters in neutron irradiated pure iron. The calibration of material parameters has been carried out. The correspondence between small angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy and cluster dynamics data is studied.

As-doped ZnO films were grown by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method As the substrate temperature during growth was raised above ~400°C, the films changed from n-type to p-type. Hole concentration and mobility of ~6x10^17 cm^-3 and ~6 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1were achieved. The ZnO films were studied by secondary mass spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low temperature photoluminescence (PL), and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The results were consistent with the As/Zn-2V/Zn shallow acceptor model proposed by Limpijumnong et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 155504 (2004)]. The results of the XPS, PL, PAS, and thermal studies lead us to suggest a comprehensive picture of As-related shallow acceptor formation.

Kenntnisse über die Gas/Flüssig-Strömungen in chemischen Reaktoren und Kolonnen sind von elementarer Bedeutung für die Auslegung und den effizienten Betrieb. Besonders bei der Durchströmung von Schüttungen und Packungen könnten Fehlverteilungen auftreten und damit Druckverlust und Ausbeute nachteilig beeinflussen. Die am Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf entwickelten Gittersensoren stellen eine hybride Messtechnik dar, die die Vorteiler lokalen Sonden und tomographischer Verfahren kombiniert. In porösen Packungen können Flüssigkeitsanteile und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeiten mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung im Durchströmungsquerschnitt verteilt ermittelt werden.
Der Vortrag gibt eine Übersicht zu Anwendung und Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten von Gas/Flüssig-Strömungen in Packungen mit den Schwerpunkten Strömungsvisualisierung, Holdupverteilung und Geschwindigkeitsmessung. Exemplarisch wird die Anwendung der Gittersensoren für größere Reaktordurchmesser demonstriert.

The flow pattern in trickle bed reactors is of an inhomogeneous nature due to a random packing structure. Thus, the local values for liquid phase ratio and velocity are spread over the whole cross-section and a global determination of these values ignores the fact that local phenomena dominate mass and heat transfer and eventually the reactor efficiency. Only if both parameters can be locally quantified, can a realistic picture of the flow fields be drawn.
A new wire-mesh sensor (WMS) setup based on the measurement of electrical permittivity of fluids was used, which can be applied to the packings of porous catalyst particles. A calibration method is proposed to get access to the liquid saturation. Axial velocity distributions are measured via a method based on the spatial tracer pulse time-of-flight between sensing points of two WMSs installed at a distance of few millimeters. The effects of gas and liquid flow rates on local liquid velocities were analyzed.
The proposed technique was validated against liquid collector data, which showed very good agreement. For this purpose, distributions of the volumetric flow rate were calculated by applying the continuity equation to the saturation and velocity data obtained from WMS.

The effect of inclination angle of a packed bed on its corresponding gas-liquid flow segregation and liquid saturation spatial distribution was measured in co-current descending gas-liquid flows for varying inclinations and fluid velocities, and simulated using a two-phase Eulerian computational fluid dynamics framework (CFD) adapted from trickle-bed vertical configuration and based on the porous media concept. The model predictions were validated with our own experimental data obtained using electrical capacitance tomography. This preliminary attempt to forecast the hydrodynamics in inclined packed bed geometries recommends for the formulation of appropriate drag force closures which should be integrated in the CFD model for improved quantitative estimation.

A packed bed operated with descending gas-liquid co-current flows in slanted configuration to force trickle flow pattern to segregate due to gravity was studied, in addition to dependences to inclination angle of liquid saturation and pressure drop. Inception of pulse flow regime could take place regardless of inclination angle and the transition from segregated/trickle regime to pulse flow regime was experimentally determined. The Grosser et al.1 flow regime transition model was modified by considering only axial components of the gas and liquid superficial velocities to predict the slant-dependent shifts in transition from segregated/trickle to pulse flow and was found to agree with experimental data. Pulse flow regime at different inclinations was characterized with respect to frequency, velocity and shape of pulses. Bed obliquity was unveiled as a new artifice to pulse flow modulation with possible prospects for catalytic reactions requiring antagonistically high-interaction regime mass transfer coefficients and partial catalyst wetting.

Es handelt sich um einen vertraulichen Bericht, kein Abstract.

We report on the dynamic properties of mesoscopic magnetic objects. Such objects have dimensions somewhat larger than the magnetic exchange length ξ. This leads to relatively simple and stable patterns of the magnetization which can be excited using magnetic field pulses. The subsequent dynamics can be studied using x-ray based magnetic microscopy. We show examples of high symmetry structures where the dynamics is relatively simple and can be analyzed quantitatively in terms of amplitude, frequency, damping and symmetry. Intentional defects allow modifying specific modes. When using high amplitude excitations the magnetization in such structures can be switched.

We investigated the as-implanted profiles, electrical activation, diffusion, and recrystallization of gallium implanted in germanium samples through the combination of secondary-ion mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, and sheet resistance measurement. Because of their high activation level (4.4 x 1020 cm−3) without preamorphization, low activation temperature (400°C), and absence of diffusion (up to 700°C), Ga junctions in crystalline Ge are very promising candidates for implementation in germanium technology. In the amorphous Ge phase, an increased diffusivity of Ga was observed at temperatures above 400°C.

In the past the lack of a stable native germanium oxide for surface passivation and gate dielectrics as well as the inability to epitaxially grow sufficiently thick defect-free germanium layers on silicon hindered the integration of germanium into the mainstream Si-based technology. Recent developments, such as high-k dielectrics and germanium-on-insulator substrates have made germanium a promising candidate for future high-mobility and low-power consumption devices. Therefore, electrical doping of germanium by ion implantation and subsequent annealing has drawn a renewed interest. Investigations on the formation of ultra shallow junctions by ion beam processing have shown that p+-doping using B yields junctions that meet the requirements for the 22 nm technology node, whereas the formation of n+-junctions by P or As is complicated by the high diffusivity and the low solubility of the dopants. Recently, the concentration-dependent diffusion of n-dopants like P, As and Sb has been explored, and it has been found that doubly negatively charged vacancies are the mobile species responsible for the migration of the dopant atoms. The application of conventional rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with durations of some seconds and temperatures above about 500 °C leads to the activation of the n-dopants but their fast concentration-dependent diffusion can generally be not prevented. On the other hand it has been shown that both the diffusion and the activation of the dopants does not depend significantly on the implantation damage, i.e. using the defect engineering schemes known from Si technology seems to be not promising. Therefore, in order to control junction depth and dopant activation ultra-short annealing by flash lamps or lasers are currently under investigation.
The present work deals with the application of millisecond flash lamp annealing (FLA) to samples containing an implanted surface layer of about 100 nm thickness. P or As ions were implanted at an energy of 30 or 90 keV, respectively, and a fluence of 3x1015 cm-2. The investigations are focused on solid phase recrystallization, dopant redistribution and dopant activation. The dependence of these effects on the heat transfer to the sample during FLA as well as on pre-amorphization and pre-annealing treatment is discussed. The results are compared to typical data achievable by RTA. Different characterization methods were employed. Channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) were used to monitor the recrystallization of the amorphous layers formed during implantation. The depth distributions of P and As were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. In order to determine the sheet resistance variable probe spacing and micro four point probe measurements were utilized. Selected samples were studied by XTEM to search for precipitates and end-of-range defects. While in RTA the concentration dependent dopant diffusion hinders the formation of ultra-shallow n+ layers, FLA does not cause any diffusion. The maximum activation obtained by FLA is about 4x1019 and 2x1019 cm-3 for P and As, respectively. This is about 3-4 times higher than under typical RTA conditions. However, the activation and the sheet resistance achieved by FLA do not yet fulfill the ITRS requirements for the 22 nm technology node. Possible mechanisms responsible for dopant deactivation are discussed.

Recrystallization of amorphous Si and Ge is an important issue both in the formation of ultra-shallow junctions and in photovoltaics. In the former case the relatively high fluences applied in dopant implantation or the use of pre-amorphization implantation lead to the formation of an amorphous layer. In the first stage of annealing the solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER) of the amorphous layer takes place. SPER leads to redistribution of dopants, and they are incorporated into the crystal either substitutionally or within clusters containing self-interstitials or vacancies. In Si the SPER process leaves beyond the original amorphous-crystalline interface the end-of-range damage which contains an excess of self-interstitials. During further annealing, free self-interstitials are emitted from the end-of-range damage and may cause an enhanced diffusion of the dopants. It is highly desirable to understand the processes occurring during SPER on the atomic level. This work presents results of classical molecular dynamics simulations of SPER in pure Si and Ge. While in the last decade several authors investigated SPER in Si, the regrowth of amorphous Ge layers has not been considered yet.

First of all a realistic atomic system with two amorphous-crystalline interfaces which are nearly parallel to a {100} plane is prepared and characterized. The structural properties of the amorphous and crystalline parts are in very good agreement with experimental data from literature. After preparation at 300 K the system is heated to a given temperature and the regrowth of the amorphous layer is monitored by different methods including visualization and statistical analysis. Two stages are found: The initial stage (0 - 3 ns) corresponds to the SPER process. Here, the amorphous part is contiguous and its thickness is large enough so that the two interfaces do not influence each other. In the final stage (4 - 5 ns) the amorphous region becomes thinner, and finally isolated amorphous regions may exist and recrystallize independently of each other. This may lead to the generation of stacking faults and defects. For a wide temperature range regrowth velocities are calculated for the SPER process and the results are drawn in an Arrhenius plot. From this presentation the effective activation energy of SPER and the corresponding pre-exponential factor are determined. The results are compared to experimental data from literature. Furthermore, the evolution of the roughness and the morphology of the amorphous-crystalline interface are investigated.

Diffusion experiments with indium (In) in germanium (Ge) were performed in the temperature range between 550 and 900 °C. Intrinsic and extrinsic doping levels were achieved by utilizing various implantation doses. Indium concentration profiles were recorded by means of secondary ion mass spectrometry and spreading resistance profiling. The observed concentration independent diffusion profiles are accurately described based on the vacancy mechanism with a singly negatively charged mobile In-vacancy complex. In accord with the experiment, the diffusion model predicts an effective In diffusion coefficient under extrinsic conditions that is a factor of 2 higher than under intrinsic conditions. The temperature dependence of intrinsic In diffusion yields an activation enthalpy of 3.51 eV and confirms earlier results of Dorner et al. [Z. Metallk. 73, 325 (1982)]. The value clearly exceeds the activation enthalpy of Ge self-diffusion and indicates that the attractive interaction between In and a vacancy does not extend to third nearest neighbor sites which confirms recent theoretical calculations. At low temperatures and high doping levels, the In profiles show an extended tail that could reflect an enhanced diffusion at the beginning of the annealing.

The RF-system of the superconducting electron linac ELBE (40 MeV, 1 mA CW) is in permanent operation since 2001, but it is not completely free of RF-trips. Experience gained within eight years of operation shows that the better the RF-components were conditioned the better is their electrical stability during long time operation. To be prepared for the planned ELBE upgrade with 16 kW of RF-power per cavity several test benches have been built to study the performance of RF-couplers and waveguide windows. In cooperation with Bruker BioSpin / France and CPI / USA the prototype of a 30 kW RF-amplifier based on an IOT had been tested with beam at ELBE. This paper gives an overview about tests of RF-components with increased RF-power at ELBE.

Objectives: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is effectively treated by Imatinib (IM) via inhibition of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. However, also related tyrosine kinases like abl, c-Kit, PDGF-R, and c-FMS are blocked by IM. As shown in adult humans and mice, abl-controlled protein folding as part of the endoplasmatic stress response in heart myoblasts as well as bone "remodeling" depending on PDGF-R and c-FMS is impaired under imatinib exposure (Dewar AL et al 2005, Kerkelä R et al 2006, Fitter S et al 2008). The influence of IM on the growing heart and skeleton of immature animals has not been studied so far. With respect to treatment of pediatric CML we report alterations in these organs of juvenile mice chronically exposed to IM during the growth period.
Methods: From the age of 4–14 weeks (w) [development milestones of mice: weaning 3 w; puberty 7 w; epiphysial lines closure 18 w] C3H/Neu male and female wild-type mice were chronically exposed to IM via the drinking water at concentrations of 500 mg/l (group A), 750 mg/l (group B), and 1000mg/l (group C). Femur length and overall skeletal development was analysed by whole body X-ray analysis using a mammography device. Bone metabolic activity was assessed by total body Na18F PET and CT after 5w and 10w of exposure using dedicated small animal tomographs. Bone mineral density and microstructure of tibiae were analysed by pQCT and microCT (resolution 12.5µ m) while the number of osteoclasts and resorption lacunae in femora and vertebrae was assessed by histomorphometry. Plasma concentration of IM, osteocalcin, and activity of the tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP5b) was also determined. The heart was examined histologically and ultrastructurally by electron microscopy.
Results: IM was tolerated well and mean uptake of 80 mg/kg/d
A. 110 mg/kg/d
B. and 150 mg/kg/d
C. resulted in serum levels of 60–674 ng/ml, 36–242 ng/ml and 51–534 ng/ml, respectively.
Body weight gain was delayed in groups B and C until the age of 8 w while no change in overall growth, development and behaviour was observed at 14 w. At higher doses of IM and at younger age there was a non-significant trend to a reduction in femur length. Heart morphological examination exhibited an increased number (p<0.05) of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes (toxic damage) paralleled by ultrastructural alterations in mitochondria, myofibrils, and nucleus. In the skeleton, no significant differences compared to controls concerning 18F-kinetics and uptake in vertebrae and femura could be demonstrated. However, IM dose-dependently reduced the number of osteoclasts and resorption lacunae (p<0.05); these effects were less pronounced in female mice. Tibia cortical thickness was increased significantly in males by 6.1% (B) and 11.2% (C), respectively, and 7.5% in females (C). By microCT cancellous bone exhibited a significant increase in trabecular bone mass density and volume and number resulting in an increase in trabecular connectivity in males by 63% (B) and 64% (C), respectively, and in females by 22% (B) and 38% (C), respectively. Bone biomarkers indicated a significant reduction of TRAP5b activity while osteocalcin levels remained unchanged.
Conclusion: In juvenile mice, a chronic exposure of IM resulted in toxic damage of the cardiomyocytes at higher dose rates. However, these alterations do not necessarily imply also a functional impairment which can only be studied in vivo. In the skeleton, IM reduced the number of osteoclasts and resorption lacunae in long bones but not in vertebrae. IM showed an antiresorptive effect in cancellous bone and increased cortical thickness and trabecular number by inhibiting the expansion of the marrow cavity. The effects were more pronounced in male mice and at younger age.

Three new CF3-substituted bicyclic Salicylate derivatives were synthesized by the TiCl4-mediated cyclization Of trifluoromethyl-containing ketones with 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) and characterized by NMR and IR, spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of the bicyclic derivatives have been determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. All structures exhibit hydrogen bonding.

For the first time, the interaction of uranium(VI) with citric acid and oxalic acid in aqueous solution was investigated using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) between pH 2 and 4. The complex species UO2cit− and (UO2)2(cit)22− formed in citrate medium as well as UO2ox and UO2(ox)22- formed in oxalate medium show no luminescence emissions at room temperature. However, by coupling the fluorescence measurement technique with a low temperature system (-120 °C, cryo-TRLFS), emission signals of the various complex species could be detected. The emission signals are bathochromic shifted in comparison to the emission maxima of the uncomplexed uranyl(VI) cation. Using the spectroscopic data, the corresponding complex formation constants were calculated, which corroborate literature data.

Tool: QCD sum rules, Goal: D mesons → CBM / FAIR, Outlook: charm near Tc

Die erfolgreiche klinische Anwendung von radioaktiv markierten Somatostatin-Peptid-Analogen für die Bildgebung von rezeptorexprimierenden Tumoren hat die Modifizierung anderer Regulatorpeptide wie Neurotensin, RGD-Peptide oder Bombesin als mögliche Tumordiagnostika und –therapeutika vorangetrieben.[1] Auf dem Weg zu diesen neuen radioaktiven Arzneimitteln sind eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Aufgaben zu lösen. Das betrifft insbesondere die Entwicklung von chemisch und radiolytisch stabilen Verbindungen, die eine unkomplizierte Markierung der Peptide mit geeigneten Radionukliden erlauben. ^99mTc-, ⁶⁴Cu- und ⁶⁸Ga-markierte Peptide eignen sich dabei prinzipiell zur Tumordiagnostik. Analoge Verbindungen mit den Partikelstrahlern ⁶⁷Cu und ¹⁸⁸Re weisen ein großes Potenzial zur Therapie von Tumoren auf. Zur stabilen Fixierung von radioaktiven Kupfernukliden sind beispielsweise Pyridin-haltige makrocyclische Amine I und Bispidin-Liganden II entwickelt worden, die gleichzeitig eine Konjugation von Peptiden erlauben. Auf der Basis stabilisierter Bombesinderivate konnten durch Anwendung geeigneter Peptidkupplungsreaktionen entsprechende Biokonjugate hergestellt werden. Diese Verbindungen bilden unter physiologischen Bedingungen mit schneller Kinetik sehr stabile Radiokupferkomplexe. Ligandenaustauschexperimente und radiopharmakologische in-vitro- und in-vivo-Untersuchungen belegen eine sehr hohe Komplexstabilität. Studien zur Bioverteilung eines Bombesinkonjugates mit I ergaben eine hohe Anreicherung im Pankreas, dem Zielorgan mit der höchsten Dichte am Gastrin Releasing Peptidrezeptor.[2] PET-Studien an PC3-Tumor-Mäusen unter Einsatz des ⁶⁴Cu markierten Bispidin-Bombesin-Derivates belegen eine gute Tumoranreicherung dieser Verbindung sowie eine klare Visualisierung des Tumors.[3]

Aim
The quantitative distribution of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals in trabecular bone, cortical bone and in skeletal metastases is required for calculation of radiation-absorbed dose in radionuclide therapy. An animal model of intraosseous tumor cell administration was developed to simulate osteoblastic metastases for autoradiographic study of radionuclide localization.
Methods In 45 Copenhagen rats R3327-MATLyLu syngeneic prostate cancer cells were given intraosseously in both the femori. Rhenium-188-hydroxyethylidine diphosphonate (HEDP) was administered intravenously 17 +/- 1 days after cells instillation and these animals were euthanized at 4, 24 and 48 h after injection of the radiopharmaceutical. The uptake of radiopharmaceutical was estimated in normal skeleton and the bone metastases by means of region of interest analysis using autoradiography. The tumor to nontumor ratio and the fractional uptake in cortical bone and trabecular bone were quantified.

Results
The uptake of rhenium-188-HEDP in cortical bone was 33.5% and in trabecular bones was 66.5% after 4 h, 34.6 and 65.4% after 24 h, and 35.9 and 64.1% after 48 h, respectively. Assuming a theoretic cortical-trabecular distribution of 50-50%, (MIRDOSE) calculation, radiation-absorbed dose to bone marrow was underestimated by 26%. In bone metastases, an inhomogeneous distribution with a minimal and maximal tumor to nontumor ratio of 3:1 and 14:1 after 4 h, 5: 1 and 14: 1 after 24 h, and 5:1 and 16:1 after 48 h was observed.

Conclusion
The MIRDOSE model underestimates the radiation-absorbed dose to the bone marrow because of demonstrable differences in the uptake of rhenium-188-HEDP in cortical and trabecular bone and inhomogeneous uptake in skeletal metastases.

Hintergrund:

Präklinische und klinische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass das Ausmaß der prätherapeutischen Tumorhypoxie das Ergebnis einer Strahlentherapie solider Tumoren beeinflusst. Derzeit werden strahlentherapeutische Interventionen wie z. B. Dosis-Eskalation partieller hypoxischer Subvolumina untersucht. In dieser Studie wurde in einer einzelnen, in Nacktmäusen transplantierten humanen Tumorzelllinie untersucht, ob das prätherapeutische [¹⁸F]FMISO hypoxische Tumorvolumen (HV) oder die Intensität des Tracer-uptakes (maximaler Standard uptake
value SUV_max) mit der lokalen Tumorkontrolle nach Einzeldosisbestrahlung korreliert.

Methoden:

Die hSCC Zelllinie FaDu wurde subkutan auf das rechte Hinterbein von NMRI Nacktmäusen transplantiert. 70 Tiere wurden bei einem Tumorvolumen von 165-343 mm³ in das Experiment aufgenommen. Jedes Tier erhielt am Tag 0 eine PET-Untersuchung (MicroPET® P4, CTI Molecular Imaging Inc) mit dem Hypoxie-Marker ¹⁸F]FMISO ([¹⁸F]Fluormisonidazol) unter Anästhesie. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels 3D-regions of interest über dem Tumor (ROVER software, ABX GmbH, Radeberg, Germany). Bestimmt wurde das [¹⁸F]FMISO hypoxische Volumen (HV) und der SUV_max. Anschließend wurden die Tumoren entsprechend des medianen hypoxischen Volumens für Einzeldosisbestrahlungen mit 25 Gy oder 35 Gy unter normalem Blutfluss randomisiert. Die Einzeldosisbestrahlungen erfolgten mit 200 kV Röntgenstrahlen (0.5 mm Cu, ~ 1 Gy min^-1). Der experimentelle Endpunkt war die lokale Tumorkontrolle am Tag 120 nach Bestrahlung.

Ergebnisse:

Die lokalen Tumorkontrollraten nach Bestrahlung mit 25 Gy waren niedriger als nach Bestrahlung mit 35 Gy (22% vs. 69%, Logrank-Test p< 0.0001). Die Spanne der HV reichte von 38-353 mm³, der Median HV betrug 112 mm³ (95%CI: 92; 128 mm³). Für Tumoren < Median HV betrug die lokale Kontrollrate 33% nach 25 Gy vs. 82% nach 35 Gy (p=0.001). In Tumoren > Median HV betrug die lokale Kontrollrate 15% nach 25 Gy vs. 53% nach 35 Gy (p=0.0005). In der multivariaten Cox-Analyse konnte nach Korrektur für Dosis und Tumorvolumeneffekte ein signifikanter Effekt des HV als kontinuierliche Variable (p=0.009) oder dichotome Variable (Stratifikation entsprechend des Median HV) (p=0.039) nachgewiesen werden. Der SUV_max war bezüglich der Prognose der Heilungswahrscheinlichkeit nicht relevant.

Schlussfolgerungen:

Das [¹⁸F]FMISO hypoxische Tumorvolumen ist ein signifikanter unabhängiger Prädiktor für das Ergebnis einer Bestrahlung mit hohen Einzeldosen in FaDu hSCC. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen die Hypothese, dass ein prätherapeutisches [¹⁸F]FMISO-PET wichtige Informationen für die Verschreibung einer heterogenen Bestrahlungsdosis in
hypoxischen Subvolumina individueller Tumoren liefern kann. Weitere Experimente mit anderen Tumormodellen und fraktionierter Bestrahlung sind notwendig.

Gefördert im Rahmen des EU-Projektes „BioCare“ Molecular Imaging for Biologically Optimized Cancer Therapy proposal# 505785 und DFG Projekt Ba 1433.

Gallium and indium complexes derived from salicylaldimines of 1,1,1-tris(aminomethyl)ethane (TAME) with pendantxylose, glucose and galactose units have been synthesised as model compounds for potential application as radiotracers. The formed neutral complexes have been characterised by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and, in the case of the galactose-bearing In^III complex, by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. Octahedral coordination was observed with the appearance of an equilibrium of - and -isomers at the metal centre. The glucose-appended ligand was radiolabelled with ⁶⁸Ga^III ions in up to 98 % yield depending on the prevailing pH value. The in vitro stability of the radioactive complex was examined by challenge experiments against apo-transferrin and blood plasma. Very high stability was observed; even after a period of 2 h, 90 % of the complex could still be detected.

S100A12 is a member of the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins. Besides calcium binding S100A12 also shows high affinity for zinc and copper ions. Extracellular S100A12 is predominantly secreted by granulocytes and monocytes and is part of the innate immune response.
S100A12 is markedly overexpressed in inflammatory compartments, and elevated serum levels of S100A12 are found in patients suffering from various inflammatory and metabolic disorders. In this regard, binding of copper by S100A12 is assumed to play a pathogenic role. In vitro experiments show that copper-bound S100A12 can function as a pro-oxidant agent by supporting both copper reduction and copper redox-cycling, respectively. As a consequence, copper-bound S100A12 enhances and accelerates oxidation of human low density lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins, respectively. Furthermore, copper-bound S100A12 stimulates proinflammatory activation of endothelial cells, granulocytes, and monocytes. These processes were substantially suppressed in the presence of redox-inert copper-chelating or radical-scavenging agents. Clinical examinations show significantly elevated plasma S100A12 levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, newly-diagnosed diabetes mellitus Type 2, and acute rheumatoid arthritis (1.5 to 3-fold higher than in control subjects). In the patient groups, plasma S100A12 is strongly associated with plasma markers of both LDL oxidation and inflammation, and, additionally, with ultrasonically measured carotid atherosclerosis. It is suggested that oxidation processes mediated by copper-bound S100A12 are involved in accelerated atherogenesis in proinflammatory states.
Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Pi 304/1-1)

The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders including inflammatory processes and cancerogenesis. However, data concerning the functional expression of RAGE in inflammatory compartments and other pathologies in vivo are scarce. We report a multi-radiotracer approach using radiolabeling of various RAGE ligands, including glycated low-density lipoproteins (glycLDL), glycated albumin (glycBSA), and S100 proteins (S100B and S100A12) with the positron emitter fluorine-18 (18F) and the application of 18F-labeled RAGE ligands in dynamic small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Radiolabeling of proteins was performed by conjugation with N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) causing no adverse alterations of the biological functionality of the proteins in vitro. Biodistribution and metabolite studies in rodent normal, inflammatory, and tumor models revealed high stability for the 18F-RAGE ligands in vivo. The in vivo kinetics of 18F-RAGE ligands, with or without presence of specific ligands or inhibitors of RAGE and, additionally, various scavenger receptors, in rodent models was quantified by PET, and correlated well with the anatomical localization of RAGE, e.g., in lung, endothelium, inflammatory lesions, and tumors.
18F-radiolabeling of glycLDL, glycBSA, and S100 proteins and the use of small animal PET provide a potential approach to measure the functional expression of RAGE under normal and pathophysiological conditions in vivo.
Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Pi 304/1-1)

The interaction of S100/calgranulins, a multigenic family of Ca²⁺-modulated proteins, with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is hypothesized to be of high relevance in the pathogenesis of various diseases including cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory processes, and cancerogenesis. However, data concerning the role of circulating S100 proteins in these pathologies are scarce. Furthermore, it is currently not known whether RAGE is an universal S100 receptor. One reason for this is the shortage of suitable radiolabeling methods for direct assessment of the metabolic fate of circulating S100 proteins in vivo. We report a novel radiotracer approach using radiolabeling of recombinant human S100A1 with the positron emitter-fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) by conjugation with N-succinimidyl-4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB) and the use of [¹⁸F]fluorobenzoylated S100A1 (¹⁸F-S100A1) in dynamic small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rats. Human S100A1 was cloned as a fusion protein in the bacterial expression vector pGEX-6P-1 and expressed in E. coli strain BL21. Radiolabeling of S100A1 with [¹⁸F]SFB at pH 7.4 resulted in ¹⁸F-S100A1 specifically labeled at the N-terminal glycine residue with radiochemical yields of 2-6% (decay-corrected) and effective specific activities of 0.5-1 GBq/µmol, respectively. In vitro experiments, and biodistribution and metabolite studies in rats in vivo revealed high stability for the ¹⁸F-S100A1. The metabolic fate of ¹⁸F-S100A1 in rats in vivo was delineated by dynamic PET studies using a dedicated small animal PET system. The organ-specific in vivo distribution and kinetics of ¹⁸F-S100A1 correlated well with the anatomical localization of RAGE, e.g., in lungs and in the vascular system. In the presence of molar excess of glycated human low density lipoprotein (glycLDL), a well characterized RAGE ligand, the mean plasma residence time of circulating ¹⁸F-S100A1 increased by 40% from 29.6 ± 1.5 min to 41.3 ± 2.1 min and, vice versa, tissue-associated retention of ¹⁸F-S100A1 decreased by approximately 50% in lungs and 32% in large blood vessels, respectively. These findings indicate first circulating S100A1 to be a specific ligand for RAGE in rats in vivo. In conclusion, radiolabeling of S100/calgranulins with ¹⁸F and the use of small animal PET provide novel probes to delineate functional expression of RAGE under normal and pathophysiological conditions in rodent models of disease in vivo.

The utilization of dendrimers in medicine holds great potential in emerging applications of diagnostic imaging, as well as the promise of new capabilities for delivering therapies tailored and targeted for specific diseases. In this perspective, radiolabeled dendritic frameworks are gaining in importance, particularly for the use in tumor imaging and therapy.[1] Pegylation as well as carbohydration of radiolabeled compounds is of considerable interest to improve the pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility, and tumor accumulation.[2,3]
In this context, DOTA-modified glycodendrimers with dense maltose shell (Figure: structure of 4th generation dendrimer) were selected from the point of view to use the highly homogenous dendritic structure for improved tumor imaging and therapy and to enhance the biocompatibility of dendrimers by the decoration with carbohydrates. The outcome of the synthetic effort was the synthesis of 4th and 5th generation glycodendrimers with the variation of chemically attached DOTA chelators (1, 3, 9 DOTA units/4th generation dendrimer; 9 and 18 DOTA units/5th generation dendrimer), which form stable complexes with a large number of radiometals. The multivalent decoration with DOTA on dendrimer surface was also stimulated by the facts that radiolabeling kinetics can be accelerated and to achieve enhanced specific activity.
The labeling conditions of the glycodendrimers synthesized with 64Cu were optimized, and the influence of reaction time, temperature, buffer conditions and the dendrimer amount on the radiochemical yield were studied using Radio-TLC and Radio-SEC. The radiocopper(II) complexes of the DOTA-functionalized glycodendrimers show a high in vitro stability. Preliminary biodistribution studies of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled 4th generation dendrimers with maltose shell in healthy Wistar rats indicate the preferred accumulation in the liver.

T‐cell‐located CD4 antigen represents one of the therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, up to now it has not been possible to visualize this target in vivo. The aim of our study was to assess the safety and tolerability of a Technetium 99 labelled anti‐CD4 antibody fragment (Tc‐99m‐anti‐CD4) in patients with active synovitis due to rheumatoid arthritis and to evaluate its potential as a marker of disease activity. Methods: In the present phase I proof of principle study 5 patients (3 female, 2 male, 58 to 71 years) with RA were examined. Planar whole body scans as well as separate hand and feet scintigraphies were taken 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after application of 585 +/‐ 115 MBq Tc‐99m‐anti‐CD4. The obtained scintigramms were analysed visually and compared with clinical data in 68 joints per patient. Active inflammation was clinically defined by swelling and tenderness in at least one joint (gold standard). Patients were clinically re‐evaluated 7 days p.i. Results: Neither infusion related adverse events nor adverse events during follow up were observed. No increase in HAMA titres was seen. All 5 patients had positive scans in 25 of 37 clinically affected joints. Positive scans were also found in 19 out of 227 joints without evidence of swelling or tenderness yielding a 7% rate of false positive joints and a 32% rate of false negative joints. Conclusion: Scintigraphy with Tc‐99m‐anti‐CD4 is a new promising technique for evaluation of inflammatory activity in patients with RA. Tracer uptake in clinically inconspicuous joints strongly indicates diagnostic potential of 99Tc anti CD4. Based on the few patients investigated, it seems that inflammation is detected with apparently higher specificity than sensitivity. Whether this technique is eligible for prognostic disease evaluation needs to be analysed in further studies as well as the pathophysiological background of clinically affected joints lacking tracer uptake.

Aim: This study was focused on evaluating the applicability of a new labelling procedure to the preparation of Tc(N)‐based target specific compounds. The chemistry is based on the use of the [Tc(N)Cl(R2PS)(PPh3)] species (R2PS = alkyl‐phosphino‐thiolate ligand), which selectively reacts with an appropriate mono‐negative chelate, such as a dithiocarbamate (DTC), to give neutral [Tc(N)(R2PS)(DTC)] compounds. The 2‐methoxyphenylpiperazine (2‐MPP) pharmacophore, which displays a potent and specific affinity for 5HT1A receptors, was selected as functional group and conjugated to the dithiocarbamate unit through different spacers. Method: The synthesis of [99m/99gTc(N)(R2PS)(Ln)] complexes, and their in vitro stability as well as their biological in‐vitro and in‐vivo assays were investigated. Stability studies were performed by considering: i) stability toward transchelation with Cysteine and Glutatione ii) binding to the serum proteins; ii) stability in rat serum, human serum and rat liver homogenates. The in vitro affinity for the 5HT1A receptors of the technetium complexes was assessed by measuring the ability of the compounds to compete with [3H]‐8‐OH‐DPAT binding in isolated membranes from rat cerebral cortex. The biodistribution profile of the best radiolabeled compound and its in vivo stability were evaluated in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Results: [99mTc(N)(R2PS)(Ln)] complexes were prepared in high yield (>90%) using a multi‐step procedure. The chemical identity of 99mTc‐complexes was determined by HPLC comparison with the corresponding 99gTc‐complexes. All complexes were found to be inert toward transchelation with an excess of free Glutathione and Cysteine. No significant in vitro serum protein binding and no notable biotransformation of the native compound into different species by the in vitro action of the serum and liver enzymes were shown. Nanomolar affinities for the 5‐HT1A receptor were obtained for [99mTc(N)(PSiso)L3] (IC50 = 1.5 nM), a reduction of the affinity were observed for the other complexes as a function of the reduction of the alkyl chain length interposed between the DTC group and the bioactive molecule. A negligible brain uptake was displayed from in vivo distribution data of [99mTc(N)(PSiso)L3]. Conclusion This work describes the application of a new labelling procedure for incorporating a bioactive molecule into a stable dissymmetric 99mTc(N)‐complex. Despite the favourable binding properties, the lack of BBB penetration indicates that these particular complexes may not be useful for CNS‐receptor mapping. Further studies should be performed in order to clarify the reason for this behaviour and to evaluate the usefulness in peripheral applications.

Photochemical reduction of uranium(VI) in the presence of organic substances is a well known and well studied process, but its reaction mechanism has not yet been fully verified. One of the difficulties in studying uranium photochemistry is the involvement of photo-excited states which is difficult to assess solely by experiments. Quantum chemical calculation is capable of predicting the properties of excited state uranium(VI), and therefore can provide possible photochemical reaction mechanisms and reaction pathways. Here, we have studied the photochemical reduction of uranium(VI) in the presence of several organic ligands, namely methanol, ethanol, and oxalic acid, by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We were able to reproduce entire reaction pathways which demonstrates the validity of the DFT approach in further exploring uranium(VI) photochemistry.

Bakterielle Hüllproteine (S-Layer) werden als Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Biosensoren für die Detektion von Spurenstoffen in Wässern genutzt. Im April startete dazu ein BMBF-Verbundprojekt im Rahmen der Fördermaßnahme Biona. Dieses Projekt wird vorgestellt.

Derivate des 3,7-Diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonans (Bispidin) bilden insbesondere mit Cu²⁺ sehr stabile Koordinationsverbindungen, wobei die Komplexstabilität im Bereich jener mit makrocyclischen Liganden liegt.[1] Für Bispidin-Derivate ergeben sich drei unterschiedliche Konformationsisomere, wobei die abgeflachte Doppel-Sessel-Form die thermodynamisch stabilste Konformation repräsentiert. Dabei sind die beiden Aminstickstoff-Donoratome (N3- und N7-Position) des Bispidin-Grundgerüstes für die Koordination mit Metallionen optimal vororganisiert.
Die Einführung von weiteren Donoreinheiten, wie Pyridyl- oder Imidazolyl-Substituenten, an den Positionen C2 und C4 kann zu Konfigurations-isomeren mit cis- und trans-Stellung führen. Hexadentate Bispidin-Liganden mit vier Pyridin-Einheiten lassen sich mit hoher Ausbeute in der für die Komplexbildung mit Cu²⁺ gewünschten cis-Isomerie (endo/endo) darstellen. Die entsprechenden ⁶⁴Cu-Komplexe zeigen sehr interessante radiopharmakologische Eigenschaften.[2] Aufgrund der Komplexbildungs- und Löslichkeitseigenschaften erscheinen in diesem Zusammenhang auch Radiokupfer-komplexe von Imidazol-haltigen Bispidin-Derivaten aussichtsreich.
Es wird darüber berichtet, wie sich die Einführung von Imidazolyl-Substituenten auf die Konfigurationsisomerie von Bispidin-Derivaten auswirkt. Dazu werden insbesondere NMR-spektroskopische Daten und Röntgenkristallstrukturen herangezogen.

RAGE has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders including inflammatory processes and cancerogenesis. However, data concerning the functional expression of RAGE in inflammatory lesions and other pathologies in vivo are scarce. We report a novel radiotracer approach using radiolabeling of various RAGE ligands, including S100 proteins (S100B/S100A12), glycated low-density lipoproteins (glycLDL), and glycated albumin (glycBSA) with the positron emitter fluorine-18
(18F) and the application of 18F-labeled RAGE ligands in dynamic small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies. Radiolabeling of proteins was performed by conjugation with no-carrier added N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) causing no adverse alterations of the biological functionality of the proteins in vitro.
Biodistribution and metabolite studies in rodent normal, inflammatory, and tumor models revealed high in vivo-stability for the 18F-RAGE ligands. The in vivo-kinetics of 18F-RAGE ligands, with or without presence of specific ligands/inhibitors of RAGE and various scavenger receptors, in rodent models was quantified by PET, and correlated well with the anatomical localization of RAGE, e.g., in blood vessels, lungs, inflammatory lesions, and tumors. 18F-radiolabeling of S100 proteins, glycLDL and glycBSA and the use of small animal PET provide potential probes to measure functional expression of RAGE under normal and pathophysiological conditions in vivo.

In the present study we propose new coalescence and breakup closures for the inhomogeneous multiple bubble size group (MUSIG) model. The major purpose is to consider bubble coalescence and breakup due to different mechanisms and to develop a general applicable constitutive model for CFD applications. For bubble coalescence the new model includes coalescence due to turbulence, laminar shear, wake entrainment and eddy capture. Bubble breakup mechanisms encompass turbulent fluctuation, laminar shear and interfacial slip velocity. The new models were implemented in ANSYS-CFX and applied to the case of turbulent air-water mixtures in a large vertical pipe (DN 200). Simulation results for the evolution of radial gas volume fraction, bubble size distribution were compared to as default used closure models of Luo & Svendsen and Prince & Blanch [1, 2] as well as TOPFLOW experimental data. Better prediction of bubble size distribution is accomplished.

Bubble coalescence and breakup is an important phenomenon in gas-liquid mixtures. The application of existing models is limited and they are usually not transferable from one case to another. The objective of the work is to develop a generally applicable new model for bubble coalescence and breakup. Based on an extensive literature study, a basis model is proposed which encompasses all important mechanisms. The model is implemented into the Test Solver and CFX code and applied to a case of air-water flow in a vertical pipe. The comparison with the experimental data from TOPFLOW facility shows substantial difference between the results given by Test Solver and CFX. Test Solver with the new model can provide a much better agreement than CFX. This might be caused by the turbulence modeling. The influence of two-phase turbulence parameters will be investigated in future work.

The THEREDA project aims at a consistent and quality assured thermodynamic reference database for modeling geochemical processes in waste disposal sites. It offers evaluated thermodynamic data for all relevant elements, covering both radioactive waste and chemo-toxic substances, and with full bibliographic tracking. Parameters for a variety of models describing interactions in mixed phases are included, too. All host rocks currently discussed as candidates for waste repositories in Germany are considered. THEREDA is freely accessible (www.thereda.de).
The RES³T database (Rossendorf Expert System for Surface and Sorption Thermodynamics) supplies complementary information based on the concept of surface complexation models (SCM). Recently, a portal (www.fzd.de/RES3T) started to provide open public access.
Next steps are the integration of SCM data from RES³T into the THEREDA framework, the provision of data export tools (with speciation-code specific formatting), and the development of a web-based data input and editing interface.

This work presents the development of an analytical approximation solution for a space-time–dependent neutron transport problem in a one-dimensional system consisting of a homogenized medium with a central external source with Green’s functions. The delayed neutron production is implemented in two additional timescales with the multiple-scale expansion method. Qualitative results for a given system are analyzed, and a detailed comparison of the developed analytical approximation solution with results gained by the point-kinetics equation and the time-dependent diffusion equation without separation of space and time is given.

Results are reported to the influence of different humic acid functionalities (nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus containing functionalities) on the uranium(VI) complexation, to the uranium(IV) complexation by small organic model ligands, to the sorption of uranium(VI) onto opalinus clay in the absence and presence of humic acid and to the uranium(VI) diffusion in opalinus clay in the absence and presence of humic acid.

Taking Mn doped Germanium as an example, we evoke the consideration of a two-band-like conduction in diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor (FMS). The main argument for claiming Ge:Mn as a FMS is the occurrence of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE). Usually, the reported AHE (1) is observable at temperatures above 10 K, (2) exhibits no hysteresis, and (3) changes the sign of slope. We observed a similar Hall resistance in Mn implanted Ge with the Mn concentration as low as 0.004%. We show that the puzzling AHE features can be explained by considering a two-band-like conduction in Ge:Mn.

Aim
Dynamic perfusion PET offers a clinical relevant advantage over myocardial perfusion scintigraphy due to its ability to measure myocardial blood flow quantitatively. This leads to an improved detection of multivessel disease and the possibility to assess not only the culprit lesion but lower grade stenoses as well. For appropriate revascularization, perfusion defects must be matched to coronary lesions. It has been shown that image fusion of morphological and functional images is superior to side-by-side analysis. Still, software for quantitative perfusion PET combined with CT angiography is rare. In this paper we present a new software tool for image fusion and visualization of quantitative perfusion PET and coronary morphology derived from CT angiography.

Methods
In our software, a PET uptake image is used for manual co-registration. Co-registration results are then applied to the functional data derived from compartment modelling. To evaluate the reproducibility of the manual co-registration, we calculated the deviation between a series of manual co-registrations performed on nine pairs of unregistered PET and CT datasets by five trained participants. Two dimensional transfer functions were used to highlight the coronary arteries from the CT study in the combined data sets.

Results
The average Euclidian distances for three references points were between 3.7 and 4.1 mm. The maximum distance was 10.6 mm. By the use of the two dimensional transfer functions, coronary anatomy could be easily visualised either by user-interaction or automatically by use of neuronal networks.

Conclusions
With this approach it is possible to combine quantitative perfusion PET with coronary anatomy derived from CT angiography. Our first experiences indicate that manual image fusion with our tool is reproducible and that visualisation of the combined datasets is achieved within short time.

Ziel
Die dynamische Perfusions-PET bietet gegenüber der Myokardszintigraphie den klinisch relevanten Vorteil einer quantitativen Perfusionsmessung. Dies führt zu einer besseren Erkennung von Mehrgefäßerkrankungen sowie dazu, dass nicht nur die führenden, sondern auch niedriggradigere Stenosen bezüglich ihrer Relevanz beurteilt werden können. Revaskularisierende Maßnahmen erfordern die korrekte Zuordnung von Perfusionsdefekt und verursachendem Gefäß. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Bildfusion von morphologischer und funktioneller Information einer getrennten Beurteilung überlegen ist. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir eine neue Software zur Koregistrierung und Visualisierung von quantitativen PET-Perfusionsbildern mit der Koronarmorphologie aus einer CT-Angiographie vor.

Methodik
In unserer Software verwenden wir ein PET-Uptake-Bild für die Koregistrierung mit dem CT-Datensatz. Die Ergebnisse der Koregistrierung werden dann auf die parametrische Oberfläche aus der Kompartmentmodellierung übertragen. Um die Reproduzierbarkeit der manuellen Koregistrierung zu evaluieren, berechneten wir die Abweichung der Ergebnisse von fünf erfahrenen Untersuchern an neun Paaren unregistrierter PET und CT-Datensätze. Wir verwenden zweidimensionale Transferfunktionen, um die Koronarien aus einer CT-Angiographie im kombinierten Datensatz hervorzuheben.

Ergebnisse
Der mittlere Abstand im Raum betrug für drei Referenzpunkte zwischen 3,7 und 4,1 mm, der maximale Abstand 10,6 mm. Durch Einsatz der zweidimensionalen Transferfunktionen konnten die Koronarien problemlos in den kombinierten Datensätzen visualisiert werden.

Schlussfolgerungen
Mit der von uns vorgestellten Methode ist es möglich, eine quantitative Perfusions-PET kombiniert mit der Koronaranatomie aus einer CT-Angiographie darzustellen. Unsere ersten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die manuelle Koregistrierung mit unserem Werkzeug reproduzierbar und eine kombinierte Visualisierung der kombinierten Datensätze in kurzer Zeit möglich ist.

Purpose: This study investigated the uptake of [¹⁸F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) in the human tumour xenograft FaDu at early time points after single dose irradiation with Positron-Emission-Tomography (PET), autoradiography and functional histology. Materials and methods: [¹⁸F]FDG-PET of FaDu hSCC xenografts on nude mice was performed before 25 Gy or 35 Gy single dose irradiation and one, seven or 11 days post irradiation (p.irr.). Before the second PET, mice were injected with pimonidazole (pimo) and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). After the PET tumours were excised, sliced and subjected to autoradiography and functional histology staining (pimo, BrdU, Ki67). [¹⁸F]FDG tumour uptake was quantified in the PET scans by maximal standard uptake value (SUV_max) and in the autoradiography after co-registration to the histology slices. Results: No differences in the overall [¹⁸F]FDG uptake between the two dose groups and time points were found with PET or autoradiography. Comparing!
autoradiography and histology, the [¹⁸F]FDG uptake was constant in tumour necrosis over time, while it decreased in vital tumour areas and particularly in hypoxic regions. No differences in the [¹⁸F]FDG uptake between positive and negative areas of Ki67 and BrdU were found. Conclusions: The decline of [¹⁸F]FDG uptake in vital tumour and in pimopositive areas as seen in autoradiography, was not reflected by evaluation of SUV_max determined by PET. These findings suggest that the SUV_max does not necessarily reflect changes in tumour biology after irradiation.

Aiming at the development of technetium-99m (^99mTc) complexes for early detection and staging of EGFR positive tumors, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor 6-amino-4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazoline was derivatized with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde to generate the imine 6-(pyridine-2-methylimine)-4-[(3-bromophenyl) amino]quinazoline suitable for reacting with the fac-[^99mTc(CO)₃]⁺ core as an N,N bidentate ligand. The labelling was performed in high yield (>90%) by ligand exchange reaction using fac-[^99mTc(OH₂)₃(CO)₃]⁺ as precursor. The ^99mTc complex was characterized by comparative HPLC analysis using the analogous rhenium (Re) complex as reference. The Re complex was prepared by ligand exchange reaction using the fac-[ReBr₃(CO)₃]^2- as precursor and was fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. In vitro studies indicate that both the ligand and its Re complex
inhibit the EGFR autophosphorylation (IC50: 17± 3.7 and 114 ± 23 nM respectively) in intact A431 cells, bind the receptor in a reversible mode, and inhibit A431 cell growth (IC50: 5.2 ± 1.1 and 2.0 ± 0.98 µM respectively). Biodistribution of the ^99mTc complex in healthy animals showed a rather fast blood and soft tissue clearance between 1 and 15 min p.i. with excretion occurring mainly via the hepatobiliary system.

Three new tetrahedral rhenium cluster compounds [Re₄Se₄(PMe₂Ph)₄Br₈]^.1.5CH₂Cl₂ (1), [Re₄Te₄(PMe₂Ph) ₄Br₈]^.CH₂Cl₂ (2), and [Re₄Te₄(PMe₂Ph)₄Cl₈]^.CH₂Cl₂ (3) have been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding precursor chalcohalide complexes [Re₄Q₄(TeX₂)₄X₈] (X = Br, Q = Se (for 1), Te (for 2); X = Cl, Q = Te (for 3)) with dimethylphenylphosphine in CH₂Cl₂. All compounds have been characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and elemental analyses, IR and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. ³¹P NMR spectroscopy indicates the formation of isomers in solution, confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis.

Recent result of a 1 TW directly diode-pumped laser using Yb:Ca₂ as amplifying medium.

Die experimentelle Untersuchung von Mehrphasenströmungen erlangt eine zunehmende Bedeutung in der Optimierung chemischer und verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse sowie bei der Überprüfung thermohydraulischer Modelle für Mehrphasenströmungen. Zur Untersuchung von Flüssigkeitsströmungen mit und ohne Gasanteil wurden am Institut für Sicherheitsforschung des Forschungszentrums Dresden-Rossendorf Gittersensoren entwickelt, die eine schnelle Visualisierung der Phasenzusammensetzung von Stoffgemischen ermöglichen. Die Einsatzbreite von Gittersensoren in der Chemieindustrie reicht von der Überwachung und Prozesskontrolle in chemischen Reaktoren, wie Kolonnen, Säulenreaktoren und Rieselbettreaktoren, über die Mehrphasendurchflussmessung, bildgebende Füllstands- und Separationsmessung bis hin zur Validierung von Rechenmodellen für verfahrenstechnische Prozesse. Der Vortrag gibt einen Einlick in die Technologie sowie potenzielle Anwendungsfelder.

Wire mesh sensors are tools for ultrafast cross-sectional imaging of gas-liquid two-phase flows. They are helpful measurement devices for flow studies in fundamental chemical, nuclear and process engineering research problems, where multiphase flows play a role. A recent development of this technology is the capacitance wire-mesh sensor, which may be used to study phase fraction distributions in electrically non-conducting liquids. This is of particular importance for problems related to mineral oil processing. The presentation gives an overview on the current state-of-the-art in wire mesh sensor technology and discusses its potential for the studiy of complex and transient liquid-liquid-gas three-phase flows.

Yb3+-doped gain media offer favorable properties for diode-pumped laser amplifiers for high-energy ns-pulses. To reach high optical-to-optical conversion efficiencies at room temperature however, very high and often impractical fluences are required both for pumping and extraction. Low temperature operation offers a solution, but the required cryogenic cooling systems add considerable complexity, bulkiness and cost. Multi-passing both pump and extraction beams through the gain medium is an alternative approach to overcome efficiency limitations at room temperature. In this article we present numerical and experimental results to this effect.We demonstrated ns-pulse output from a diode-pumped Yb:YAG amplifier at an energy of 566 mJ and an optical-to-optical efficiency of 20 %, which is almost a doubling of the efficiency achieved with ns-lasers employing Yb3+-doped gain media at this energy level.