Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

The carbonate complex of uranium is one of the most fundamental chemical species for the migration study on the geological disposal of radioactive wastes or the remediation study of closed uranium mining. In this study, the carbonate complexes of uranyl(VI)- and uranyl(V) ions were investigated in aqueous solution by using electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry and electrolysis) and spectroscopic (UV-visible and XAFS) techniques.
From the electrochemical study, it was found that the UVO2+-carbonate complex was stable only in the limited concentration range of 0.8 M < [Na2CO3] < 1.4 M. Therefore, the UVO2+ samples for XAFS measurements were prepared in 1.4 M-Na2CO3 solution by using a Pt-mesh working electrode. The results of XAFS measurement indicated that both uranyl(V) and uranyl(VI) ions form the tricarbonate complex, [UO2(CO3)3]n- (n = 5 for uranyl(V) and 4 for uranyl(VI)). The coordination occurs in a bidentate manner and, in general, all bond lengths for the uranyl(V) complex were longer than those for the uranyl(VI) complex. These results are in good agreement with the DFT calculations at least for the uranyl(VI) complex. Additionally, a chemical shift was also observed in the U LI- and LIII-XANES spectra, which can be interpreted as the combination of electronic transitions and multiple scattering features.

Layers of TiO2 nanotubes have been fabricated by electrochemical anodization of Ti. After annealing the tubes to an anatase structure Cr doping was carried out by ion implantation at an energy of 60 keV and at two nominal fluences, 5x1015 cm-2 and 5x1016 cm-2. XRD measurements reveal that the anatase structure shows a certain degree of amorphization after ion implantation. However, this effect can be reversed by subsequent thermal annealing. Photoelectrochemical measurements show a visible photoresponse for the Cr+ implanted tubes. Reannealing the tubes, leads to an increase in the photoresponce magnitude in the visible range of the solar spectrum.

This paper presents a novel technique to study the two-phase flow field around an asymmetric diaphragm in a vertical pipe with a nominal diameter of DN200. Main feature of the experiments is a translocation of the diaphragm to scan the 3D void field with a stationary wire-mesh sensor that supplies data with a spatial resolution of 3 mm over the cross-section and a frequency of 2.5 kHz in axial direction. Besides the measurement of time-averaged void fraction fields, novel data evaluation methods were developed to extract estimated liquid velocity profiles as well as lateral components of bubble velocities from the wire-mesh sensor data. The combination of void fraction fields and velocity profiles offer the possibility to analyse the complex flow around an obstacle in order to learn more about similar flow situations in components of power and chemical plant equipment. Selected plots reveal the behaviour of the flow, e.g. at sharp edges and within recirculation areas.
This paper based on air-water and steam-water (6.5 MPa) test runs which were performed with liquid superficial velocities (JW) between 0.1 and 1.6 m/s. The JG was changed in the range of 0.04 to 0.84 m/s.
A detailed uncertainty analyse of the velocity assessments finishes the presented paper. Among others, it includes remarks about a comparison with a second method for calculating radial gas velocity profiles – the cross-correlation.

The reaction pp to pp eta to pp gamma e^+ e^- is discussed within a covariant effective meson-nucleon theory.
The model is adjusted to data of the subreaction pp to pp eta.
Our focus is on di-electrons from Dalitz decays of eta mesons, eta to gamma gamma^* to gamma e^+e^-, and the role of the corresponding transition form factor F_{eta gamma gamma^*}.
Numerical results are presented for the intermediate energy kinematics of HADES experiments.

This work is an attempt to model the fundamental processes that occur when 6H-SiC is implanted at elevated substrate temperatures with high doses of N+ and Al+ ions to synthesise thin buried layers of (SiC)1-x(AlN)x.

No abstract available.

Intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum wells (QW) are crucial for mid-infrared lasers, detectors, and modulators. New compound materials such as lattice matched InGaAs/AlAsSb and strain compensated InGaAs/AlAs, both grown on InP, feature large conduction band discontinuities (>1eV) and allow the extension of the available wavelength range into the near infrared. Such short wavelengths require narrow QWs (<3 nm) where the first excited state inside the QW may be raised above indirect (X or L) valleys within the Brillouin zone.
We have studied intersubband relaxation dynamics in In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 multiple QWs with thicknesses between 2 and 4.6 nm (corresponding to absorption wavelengths of 1.9 to 3.2 µm) by femtosecond pump-probe experiments. The high repetition rate (78 MHz) of our 280 fs pulses in combination with a rapid-scanning technique results in a detectable transmission change as low as 10^-5. At early delay times, all samples show an exponential decay of the transient transmission occurring with time constants of 1 to 1.5 ps. The relaxation dynamics at later delay times strongly depends on the QW thickness and doping. For very narrow QWs the observed bi-exponential decay indicates several competing relaxation channels. Here transfer of electrons to X- and L-states in the wells or in the barriers is energetically possible. States localized in the barrier exist due to strong band bending resulting from the n-type modulation doping. Finally, we will also show rate-equation simulations to study possible relaxation scenarios within a three level system.

The FZD/IRC contributions within the microbe project as part of the international co-operation of the Äspö HRL (Sweden) with the BMWi (Germany) are concentrated in a project addressing the indirect interaction mechanism of a mobilization of actinides by released bioligands in the aquifer system from relevant Äspö bacteria. The ongoing study is focused on: (i) isolation and characterization of microbial ligands produced from a subsurface strain of Pseudomonas fluorescence isolated at Äspö, (ii) interaction of U(VI), Np(V), and Cm(III) with the microbial ligands including compounds simulating the functionality of the microbial ligands and the surface of the bacteria and (iii) spectroscopic characterization of the formed actinide complexes/compounds. The formation constants determined will be used directly in speciation and transport models. This project should help to identify the dominating process of the interaction between actinides and microbes (direct or indirect ones). The research performed in our project improves the understanding of the behavior of colloids and microbes and their respective interaction with radionuclides.

The activities in 2006 were concentrated on a) the isolation and characterization of bioligands secreted by a subsurface strain of P. fluorescence found at Äspö HRL and b) complexation studies of actinides with relevant model compounds to explain the interactions of actinides in biologically systems on a molecular level. Main results of these subjects will be reported here.

Die Wechselwirkung von Radionukliden an der Schnittstelle Wasser Gestein ist bei Fragen der Endlagerung oder bei der Umweltüberwachung von Interesse. Ein Ver-gleich von Einzelmineralien und Mineralgemischen wird für die mögliche Vorhersa-ge der Sorption an nicht untersuchten Mineralgemischen benötigt. Die Abschät-zung der Sorption beruht auf dem Oberflächenkomplexierungsmodell DDL (Diffuse Double Layer).
Das System natürlicher Sandstein – synthetischer Sandstein wurde mittels Batch Versuchen und potentiometrischer Titration untersucht. Der natürliche Sandstein besteht hauptsächlich aus Quarz mit Anteilen von Muskowit. Der künstliche Sand-stein besteht aus Quarz, Muskowit und Hämatit. Der natürliche Sandstein zeigt eine höhere Aufnahmekapazität für Uran (VI) als der synthetische Sandstein. Ur-sache dafür kann die höhere spezifische Oberfläche (damit mehr Bindungsstellen) des natürlichen Sandsteins oder zusätzliche aufnahmefähige Bestandteile sein, z. B. geringe Anteile durch XRD nicht quantifizierbare Fe- und Ca-haltige Minerale. Auf Grund der linearen Sorptionsisotherme wird nur ein Bindungstyp vermutet. Aus den Sorptionsdaten wurden mit FITEQL die allgemeiner anzuwendenden Protoly-sekonstanten und Komplexbildungskonstanten errechnet und mit Literaturdaten von Einzelmineralien [1] verglichen, die mehrere Bindungstypen für Uran an den Einzelmineralien angeben.

Literatur
[1] V. Brendler, et al., J. Contam. Hydrol. 2003. 61, 281-291. [2]

Förderung: BMBF und BMWA 02C1144

Photon-scattering and photoactivation experiments at the electron
accelerator ELBE

Photon-scattering and photoactivation experiments at the electron
accelerator ELBE

Dipole-strength distributions up to the particle-separation energies
and photodissociation of Mo isotopes

Unmittelbar nach dem Urknall, noch vor der Bildung der ersten Sterne, wurden die leichten chemischen Elemente bis ⁷Li erzeugt. Die ³He(α,γ)⁷Be-Reaktion war dabei für die ⁷Li-Produktion mit verantwortlich. Weiterhin spielt sie auch heute noch eine wichtige Rolle, und zwar in unserer Sonne: Der Fluss von solaren ⁷Be- und ⁸B-Neutrinos hängt direkt vom ³He(α,γ)⁷Be-Wirkungsquerschnitt ab. Tief unter Tage im Gran-Sasso-Labor (Italien) wurde dieser Wirkungsquerschnitt mit bisher unerreichter Präzision gemessen. Diese neuen Daten und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Kosmologie und unser Verständnis der Sonne werden in dem Vortrag vorgestellt.

An analysis of experimental yields concerning isotopically resolved spallation products from 1 GeV-proton nucleus interactions with targets from Fe to Cs is presented. It was found that the yield ratios of isotopes classified by the difference of the neutron numbers are compatible with relations derived in the grand-canonical approach. The independence of isotope temperatures from the target mass was demonstrated for spallation products. The spallation residues exhibit isoscaling behaviour. The high sensitivity of the isoscaling parameters to the nucleonic composition (N/Z) of the disassembling nuclei is analysed. A unified isoscaling for a common description of similar reactions is discussed.

Experiments with real photons for nuclear astrophysics

The wave function of a planar channeled relativistic particle (electron, positron) in a single crystal excited by longitudinal hypersonic vibrations (HVs) is determined. The obtained expression is valid for periodic (not necessarily harmonic) HV of desired profile and single crystals with an arbitrary periodic continuous potential. A revised formula for the wave number of HV that exerts resonance influence on the state of a channeled particle was deduced to allow for non-linear effects due to the influence of HV.-

Numerical solutions of classical equations of motion and of total radiant energy from a relativistic electron/positron in planar channeling in a single crystal excited by longitudinal standing hypersonic (HS) wave are given. The limit on the radiant energy increase from the channeled particle at parametric resonance is determined by nonlinear effects and the amplitude of HS vibrations. The relative increase of radiant energy due to the transverse oscillations near the minima of potential energy of particle may reach ~100% if HS vibrations are in phase with the instants of particle incidence on the crystal. For particles with energies E < 100 MeV the achieved fit is only qualitative, because for description of channeling in this case the application of the methods of quantum theory is needed.

The dipole response of the magic N=50 nucleus ^{88}Sr was studied in photon-scattering experiments at the electron linear accelerator ELBE with bremsstrahlung produced at kinetic electron energies of 9.0, 13.2, and 16.0 MeV. 160 levels were identified up to an excitation energy of 12 MeV.
By using polarized photons linear polarizations of about 50 gamma transitions were measured that enabled parity assignments to the corresponding states. In the energy range of 6 -- 12 MeV we identified only one M1 transition while all other transitions have E1 character. Thus, E1 character was proven for 63\% of the total dipole strength found for the observed levels in the given energy range. Statistical methods were applied in order to filter out inelastic transitions and to correct the intensities of the ground-state transitions for their branching ratios. In this way we obtained the photoabsorption cross section up to the neutron-separation energy. This cross section matches well the photoabsorption cross section obtained from (gamma,n) data and thus provides information about the extension of the dipole-strength distribution towards energies below the neutron-separation energy. An enhancement of E1 strength at 6 -- 11 MeV may be considered as an indication for a Pygmy Dipole Resonance.

It will be shown how the magnetization dynamics can be modified and tailored by means of either ion implantation or ion beam milling. Integral measurement techniques like pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry are used. In addition element specific time-resolved imaging is performed by means of photoemission electron microscopy or transmission x-ray microscopy making use of the magnetic x-ray dichroism effect.

Bremsstrahlung photons produced at the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE at the FZ Dresden-Rossendorf will be used for the production of neutron-rich nuclei by photon-induced fission. The properties of such exotic nuclei will be studied by decay spectroscopy. The mass and the charge identifications will be based on a double time-of-flight (TOF) method for both fission fragments. Currently, an experimental TOF spectrometer consisting of two micro-channel plate (MCP) detectors with two-dimensional position-sensitive delay-line anodes has achieved a position resolution of 1.8 (0.3) mm (FWHM) and a time resolution of 240 ps (FWHM) with a foil thickness of 163 mug/cm^2. The spectrometer will also be applied to track beams of exotic nuclei for experiments at the heavy ion synchrotron at GSI, Darmstadt.

The formation of colloids containing U(IV) or U(VI) was studied by experiments simulating colloid formation under unoxic and oxic conditions. It is concluded that both transport-facilitating effects of colloids on “immobile” radiotoxic contaminants such as U(IV) and transport-impeding effects on “mobile” radiotoxic contaminants such as U(VI) can play a part in the surroundings of nuclear waste repositories and abandoned uranium mines. The differences between the two geochemical settings are discussed.

Microbes secrete chelating agents in the surrounding aquifer system. These bioligands, in the case of the ubiquitous fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. pyoverdin-type siderophores, possess a high potential to bind besides Fe(III) also other metals like actinides [1]. The unknown interaction of actinides (U(VI), Cm(III)) with pyoverdin-type bioligands released from the aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456 A) isolated from the aquifers at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden is the subject of this study. The cells synthesized a bioligand mixture which consists of ferribactin (biogenetic precursors of the pyoverdin) and pyoverdin here in a ratio of 2:1.
The complexation studies were performed at pyoverdin concentrations below 0.1 mM and at an ionic strength of 0.1 M by applying different spectroscopic techniques. Differences in the complexation behavior depending on the nature of the actinide element will be discussed on the basis of the determined complex formation constants.
Two UO22+ -P. fluorescens (CCUG 32456 A) pyoverdin species could be identified due to their individual absorption spectra and molar extinction coefficients.
The Cm(III)-borne pyoverdin species were investigated by fluorescence emission at different excitation wavelengths (360 and 395 nm), i.e. directly at the absorption maxima of Cm(III) or indirectly by energy transfer from the pyoverdin molecule. A strong red shift of the emission signal of app. 7 nm compared to the Cm(III) aquo ion was already observed at low pyoverdin concentrations of 3x10-7 M and at pH 4. Three different Cm- P. fluorescens (CCUG 32456 A) pyoverdin species could be distinguished on the basis of their individual fluorescence emission spectra and lifetimes.
This study helps to improve the understanding of the actinide coordination chemistry with natural pyoverdin-type siderophores in aqueous solution. Such investigations with selected bioligands are essential to explain the overall interaction process of actinides with microbes on a molecular level.

[1] M. Bouby, I. Billard, H.J. Maccordick, Czechoslovak J. Phys. 49, 147-150 (1999).

This work was funded by the BMWi under contract number: 02E9985.

In many cases x-ray absorption spectra measured in transmission mode are degraded by an inhomogeneity in thickness of the samples. As a result, the EXAFS amplitude is decreased and information about the coordination numbers is distorted. To avoid this influence, it is necessary to prepare a homogeneous sample. But, for powder samples, thick inhomogeneous foils, and sputtered films this is not possible. Absorption spectra on these samples should be corrected for the thickness inhomogeneity effect.To correct an absorption spectrum it is necessary to know the sample thickness distribution function. We propose a method of solving an integral equation for a distribution function as an inverse problem. We use and compare the experimental pre-edge absorption behaviour with the theoretical Victoreen function. We apply the Tikhonov regularization algorithm to determine the distribution function. Model calculations are carried out to check the reproducibility of the calculations. This method is applied to preliminary procession of x-ray absorption spectra for high quality foils of crystalline Cu, crystalline Cu powder samples, and an inhomogeneous foil of ordered Ni50Mn50 alloy. We estimate the thickness inhomogeneity effect on the coordination numbers in the cases before and after correcting the spectra.

The radiation source ELBE is based on a superconducting linear accelerator that can be operated in high average power mode (quasi continous wave mode, cw). Electrons are preaccelerated in a 250 keV-thermionic DC electron-gun and prebunched in a two stage RF-buncher section. Main acceleration is accompished in two 20 MeV-superconducting linear accelerator modules operating at 1,3 GHz which are cooled with liquid helium. The RF-power comes from 10 kW clystrons controled by the low level RF-system.

Aim:

The preparation and stability of a new ¹⁸⁸Re-S₄-complex (S₄ = (1-aza-18-crown-6)(O)C-C(SH)-C(SH)-C(O)NH-(CH₂)₃–NH-(CH₂)₃–NHC(O)-C(SH)-C(SH)-C(O)(1-aza-18-crown-6) was studied at therapeutic relevant radioactive concentrations. The results were compared with ¹⁸⁸Re-MAG₃ (MAG₃ = mercaptoacetyltriglycine) and ¹⁸⁸Re-DMSA preparations (DMSA = dimercaptosuccinic acid) performed with the same highly concentrated [¹⁸⁸Re]perrhenate solution (12-15 GBq/ml).

Methods:

The ¹⁸⁸Re complexes were prepared by direct reduction of perrhenate (¹⁸⁸Re-S₄-complex) as well as via the ¹⁸⁸Re-EDTA precursor complex (¹⁸⁸Re-MAG₃, ¹⁸⁸Re-DMSA). The preparations were stabilised with 15 mg of ascorbic acid and analysed after 1, 2, and 24 hours by TLC and HPLC. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo stability studies were performed with the purified complexes. Results: After stabilisation with 15 mg of ascorbic acid, all of the complexes were nearly stable under nitrogen for hours, and only 2-8 % of perrhenate was observed after 24 h. In contrast, only the ¹⁸⁸Re-S₄ complex was completely stable in vitro and in all investigated in vivo samples after separation of ligand excess and reducing agent by HPLC.

Conclusion:

The bridging amine group or free carboxylic groups of the S₄-ligand framework make available reactive positions for coupling biomolecules to the chelate. Thus it appears that the new ¹⁸⁸Re-S₄ complexes offer the possibility of stable and high specific activity labelling of biomolecules for therapeutic application.

We introduce a new wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance (permittivity) measurements. The sensor can be used to measure transient phase fraction distributions in a flow cross-section, such as in a pipe or other vessel, and is able to discriminate fluids having different relative permittivity (dielectric constant) values in a multiphase flow. We designed and manufactured a prototype sensor which comprises two planes of 16 wires each. The wires are evenly distributed across the measuring cross-section, and measurement is performed at the wire crossings. Time resolution of the prototype sensor is 625 frames per second. Sensor and measuring electronics were evaluated showing good stability and accuracy in the capacitance measurement. The wire-mesh sensor was tested in a silicone oil/water two-phase bubbly flow.

Already in the first publications about channeling radiation (CR), it has been declared as a unique quasi-monochromatic photon source. Numerous investigations devoted to the fundamental properties of CR have been carried out up to now at research centers all around the world. New perspectives for the application of CR as a non-conventional intense tunable X-ray source opened with the construction of brilliant superconducting cw electron sources.
At the Radiation source ELBE, systematic measurements of planar electron CR have been performed on diamond crystals. A water-cooled radiation production target has been constructed. The crystal alignment with respect to the beam axis is performed by means of an inventive remotely controlled goniometer.
Intense CR from 14.6 MeV electrons channeled along the (110) plane of a 150 micrometer thick diamond crystal has for the first time been produced at average beam currents of up to 100 microA. On-line monitoring the of CR X-rays at primary counting rates of the order of 10^11 photons per second and per 10% band width was realised by the use of a Compton spectrometer. Applying X-ray diffraction on a HOPG crystal, monochromatisation of CR and bremsstrahlung-background reduction has been investigated.

Die in diesem Bericht dokumentierten Ergebnisse sind vertraulich.

Four-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) prototypes with silicate glass electrodes (bulk resistivity ~10^8-10^9Ohm cm) were studied for suitability in time-of-flight applications at high rates. These studies were performed using a continuous electron beam of 34 MeV at the FZ Dresden-Rossendorf electron linac ELBE. Time resolutions of about 100 ps and efficiencies larger than 95% were obtained for rate densities up to 20 kHz/cm².

The computer code DYN3D is integrated into the SALOME platform within the NURSIM project. The first phase of implementation were presented. This phase contains the pre processing of a DYN3D calculation by using of SALOME platform.

A nodal expansion method of the multigroup diffusion equation was implemented in the computer code DYN3D. The results were compared with reference results for steady states of international benchmarks. Hexagonal and rectangular geometry of fuel assemblies was considered. The results show a good agreeement with the references.

A fascinating property of micromagnetism comes from the possibility to control the domain and vortex configuration through the sample shape and size. For instance, in a rectangular platelet a configuration containing a stable combination of vortices and an antivortex can be created. Such a single cross-tie wall can be understood as being a coupled micromagnetic system with three static solitons. Here we report on its magnetization dynamics including the vortex-antivortex interactions. The spectrum of eigenmodes is investigated as well as the effect of different vortex core orientations. We show that the vortex dynamics can be used to identify the core configuration which is not directly accessible to x-ray microscopy because of its limited spatial resolution.

Grignard reactions possess considerable hazard potentials due to the spontaneous heat release during the initiation of these strongly exothermic reactions and the high reactivity of the Grignard compounds. To establish an industrially applicable method for an objective real-time detection of the reaction start-up and for the accumulation of the organic halide during the process, a heat/ mass balance-based real-time monitoring approach was developed and tested by miniplant experiments. Additionally to the concentration profiles provided by the approach, the real-time estimation of the safety-relevant parameters, like adiabatic temperature rises and corresponding pressures, enables application of advanced control strategies up to the point of a safety-oriented fully automated control of Grignard reactions. In the same time, such systems can contribute to improve process efficiency by increasing the space-time yield as well as to enhance the inherent process safety.

An overview on benchmarking activities for reactor physics codes for VVER type reactors within the European code platform NURESIM is given. Different levels of benchmarks were calculated - mathematical benchmarks for diffusion codes with given cross section data and with neutron transport reference solutions as well as benchmarks based on experimental data. Benchmarking is performed at different levels - fuel rod lattice and reactor core, static and kinetics calculations. Validation calculations are performed using the codes APOLLO, CRONOS and DYN3D.

We employed high resolution gamma ray tomography to measure radial and axial phase distributions in a laboratory type chemical reactor with a gas inducing turbine stirrer. Therefore, we used a recently developed gamma ray CT system which is operated with a Cs-137 source and a detector that achieves approximately 2 mm spatial resolution. The measured data has been compared to computational fluid dynamics predictions obtained with CFX 10.0.

Conventional annealing processes such as furnace annealing (FA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) are compared to the more advanced technique of flash lamp annealing (FLA) regarding the electroluminescence (EL) efficiency, electrical stability, defect formation, and rare-earth nanocluster (RE-nc) creation in metal-oxide-silicon-based light-emitting diodes with Gd implanted SiO2 layers. We observed strong correlation between the electroluminescence efficiency, the nanocluster size, and the annealing technique for Gd implanted oxides. The increase of the annealing temperature and time leads to an increase of the RE-nc size and decreases the EL efficiency. Therefore, short-pulse high-temperature annealing (FLA) has a large advantage over the different annealing techniques (FA and RTA) from the point of view of stable and efficient metal oxide semiconductor light emitters.

This volume contains the proceedings of Symposium U “Si-based Materials for Advanced Microelectronic Devices: Synthesis, Defects and Diffusion” that was held in Nice (France) from the 29th of May to the 2nd of June 2006 during the E-MRS IUMRS ICEM 2006 Spring Meeting. The Symposium was organized by Enrico Napolitani (MATIS – CNR-INFM, Padova, Italy), Andrej Kuznetsov (University of Oslo, Norway), Wolfgang Skorupa (Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany), and Majeed Foad (Applied Materials, Sunnyvale CA, USA).
As classical scaling of CMOS devices is slowing down, being progressively replaced by ‘performance engineering’, new approaches are becoming object of more and more intense research, such as strain engineering, new materials, and advanced annealing methods. Topics of the Symposium were new materials such as strained Si, Si1−xGex, concerning issues on defects, diffusion, ion implantation and on their synthesis. But also, and mainly, research on ultra shallow junctions for future Si CMOS devices, spanning from the investigation of new methods for their formation to the fundamental understanding of dopants and defects. 113 contributions were selected from about 30 countries around the world (including Europe, Americas, Africa and Asia). The presentations were organized in 10 oral technical sessions and two poster sessions, including 14 invited speakers, 37 oral presentations and 62 posters.
The organizers of Symposium U would like to thank all participants for their valuable contribution and their active participation, which made the Symposium a very stimulating and lively forum for academic and industrial researchers. Special thanks are due to all the invited speakers for the excellent reviews of their recent work and the state-of-the-art of the actual research activities, and for their brilliant chairing of the sessions. We acknowledge also the significant sponsorship of Applied Materials, which make us capable to provide financial support to some participants and grants to the award winners.

Neben dem Eintrag des Urans durch seine Gewinnung und die Anwendung von Uranmunition, ist auch der Eintrag in die Biosphäre über Industrieprodukte wie Zement, Dünger und Trinkwässer zu berücksichtigen. Durch den erhöhten Umwelteintrag ist eine mögliche Akkumulation des Urans in den Biosystemen in Betracht zu ziehen. Bisher war es nicht möglich, in den notwendigen niedrigen Konzentrationsbereichen, die unterschiedlichen Bindungsformen des Urans zu bestimmen und damit Aussagen über die Abhängigkeit der Toxizität von der Bindungsform abzuleiten. Vor der Problematik des Urangehaltes des Wassers der Nürtinger Heinrichs-Quelle, wird aktuell über erste Ergebnisse der Unterschiede der Bindungsform des Urans im aufgenommenen Wasser und im entsprechenden metabolischen Urin berichtet.

Spektroskopische Methoden erlauben grundsätzlich die Bestimmung der Bindungsform von Schwermetallen, ohne einen chemischen Eingriff in das System selbst vornehmen zu müssen. Je niedriger die Konzentration des Schwermetalls ist, desto komplizierter und spezifischer werden die angewandten Methoden. Im Fall des Urans hilft die besondere Eigenschaft der Lumineszenz, um zu niedrigsten Konzentrationen vorzudringen. Durch die Anregung dieser Lumineszenz mit sehr intensiven Lichtquellen, wie z. B. Lasern, wird eine weitere Empfindlichkeitssteigerung erzielt. An ausgewählten uranhaltigen Wässern werden die heute vorhandenen Möglichkeiten der Bestimmung der Bindungsformen des Urans bis hin zum Spurenbereich erläutert.

There is increasing interest in targeting peptide receptors and their ligands for tumor diagnostics and therapy since there is evidence that various of these receptors are overexpressed in tumors compared to their expression in normal tissues. Among these receptors playing a key role in tumor progression is the neurotensin receptor (NTR) family. The present study investigated the expression of NTR in HT29 cells (human colon adenocarcinoma), in FaDu cells (human squamous cell carcinoma), and in the corresponding HT-29 and FaDu xenografts in nude mice as a well characterized animal tumor model. Quantitative RT-PCR with specific primers for the three NTR subtypes was done to study mRNA expression. Receptor protein expression was analysed by in vitro autoradiography using [³H]neurotensin(8-13) and by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies against the three neurotensin receptors NTR1, NTR2, and NTR3. Analysis of receptor mRNA revealed a strong expression of NTR3 and a weaker expression of NTR1 and NTR2. Looking at protein levels, strong signals for NTR1 and NTR2 (NTR1 > NTR2) were detected immunohistochemically both in tumor cells and the corresponding xenografts. In contrast, expression of NTR3 revealed only a very weak immunopositive staining in tumors. Because it is the receptor protein that is targeted in vivo, the enhanced expression of NTR1 and NTR2 in these tumor entities could be a useful target for diagnostics, e.g., with radioligands suitable for single photon or positron emission tomography.

Depressive symptoms are common in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Imaging studies suggest that a
disruption of frontal–subcortical pathways may underlie depression associated with basal ganglia disease. This pilot study tested the hypothesis that frontal dysfunction contributes to depression associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Depressed patients with MSA (n = 11), PSA (n = 9), and age-matched controls (n = 25) underwent measures of cerebral glucose metabolism applying positron emission tomography with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Regional metabolism in the patient groups was compared
to the normal subjects using the voxel-based statistical parametric mapping. Depressive symptom severity (Hamilton Depression Rating) and degree of locomotor disability (Hoehn & Yahr) were assessed in the patient groups. The association between prefrontal metabolism and the occurrence of depressive symptoms and the degree of locomotor disability was investigated. When compared to controls, MSA patients revealed
significant metabolic decreases in bilateral frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortex and in the left putamen. In PSP
patients, significant hypometabolism was demonstrated in bilateral frontal cortex, right thalamus, and midbrain. Depression severity but not the patients’ functional condition was significantly associated with dorsolateral prefrontal glucose metabolism in both patient groups. The findings of this pilot study support the hypothesis that depressive symptoms in MSA and PSP are associated with prefrontal dysfunction.

The present paper documents the CFD code validation activity carried out at the University of Pisa. In particular, the ANSYS CFX-10.0 code has been used to simulate one of the experiments conducted at the ROCOM mixing test facility (FZD, Germany), that reproduced the injection of a de-borated slug in one cold leg of a pressurized water reactor (simulated by a salt tracer) with all circulation pumps at steady-state operation. The calculations were run on several grids obtained through different meshing strategies and having different sizes. The numerical results, in terms ofnormalized concentration of the transported passive scalar in the downcomer and at the core inlet, were compared against corresponding values obtained through experimental measurements of electrical conductivity in the ROCOM facility. Such comparison resulted in a general good qualitative agreement between simulations and experiments, while some discrepancies were evidenced from a quantitative point of view, mainly due to grid coarseness and low order numerical schemes.

The morphological evolution of surfaces during ion-beam irradiation has attracted significant interest due to possibility of the evelopment and the controlling of self-organization in nanostructures. Pattering and texture on nanometer length scale at metal and semiconductor surfaces has become a topic of intense research. In particular the surface and subsurface ripple formation under 40Ar+ ion-beam irradiation of Si (100) crystal has been studied recently. Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray analysis a dramatic effect of the ripple formation was found at an irradiation energy of 60 keV.
Apart from the crystalline part, the amorphization process is very important for understanding the amorphous-crystalline interface and the ripple formation mechanism. The dose of the ion beam was varied in the range from low 3e16 up to high 7e17 ions/cm^2 at an incident angle of 60° and an energy of 60 keV. Keeping the optimized irradiation parameters constant we have measured the degree of amorphization as a function of Ar+ dose by means of x-ray grazing incidence amorphous scattering (GIAS). For irradiated samples we found two broad peaks indicating a short-range ordering of amorphous material which does what with the penetration depth of probing x-ray. GIAS profiles probed at different azimuthal angles display a strong anisotropy of the amorphous scattering. The strong damage of the crystalline structure takes place along particular crystallographic directions. This is for the directional anisotropy: and strongly reveal for low doses, before it becomes completly amorphous and mostly uniform at high doses of implantation.
Such behavior can be explained taking into account the anisotropy of the crystalline material and orientation of the ion beam with respect crystallographic orientation of the substrate material. This work was supported by the DST-DAAD India-Germany Collaborative Program. We are grateful to ID1 beamline staff for the support at ESRF.

Understanding the coupling between conformational changes in the intramembrane domain and at the membrane-exposed surface of the bovine photoreceptor rhodopsin, a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is crucial for the elucidation of molecular mechanisms in GPCR activation. Here, we have combined FTIR- and fluorescence spectroscopy to address the coupling between conformational changes in the intramembrane region around the retinal and the environment of helix 8, a putative cytosolic surface switch region in class-I GPCRs. Using FTIR / fluorescence cross-correlation we show specifically that surface alterations monitored by emission changes of fluorescein bound to Cys316 in helix 8 of rhodopsin are highly correlated with (i) H-bonding to Asp83 proximal of the retinal Schiff base but not to Glu122 close to the -ionone and (ii) with a MII-specific 1643 cm-1 IR absorption change, indicative of a partial loss of secondary structure in helix 8 upon MII formation. These correlations are disrupted by limited C-terminal proteolysis but are maintained upon binding of a transducin -subunit (Gt -derived peptide, which stabilizes the MII state. Our results suggest that additional C-terminal cytosolic loop contacts monitored by an amide II absorption at 1557 cm-1 play a functionally crucial role in keeping helix 8 in the position in which its environment is strongly coupled to the retinal-binding site near the Schiff base. In the intramembrane region, this coupling is mediated by the H-bonding network that connects Asp83 to the NPxxY(x)F motif preceding helix 8.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of [1-¹¹C]acetate (AC) as a metabolic tracer for renal cell cancer in human subjects.
Methods
Twenty-one patients with suspected kidney tumours were investigated with AC and dynamic PET. AC uptake was scored on a five-step scale. Tumour localisation was known from CT/MRI. Histology was available in 18/21 patients. The results in these 18 patients are reported.
Results
AC uptake by the tumour was less than (n=11), equal to (n=5) or higher than (n=2) uptake in the surrounding renal parenchyma. Histological tumour types showed a typical distribution, with a predominance of clear cell carcinomas (n=14) and only a small number of papillary cell carcinomas (n=2) and oncocytomas (n=2). Only the benign oncocytomas were highly positive with AC.
Conclusion
In most kidney tumours the AC accumulation was not higher than in normal kidney parenchyma. Therefore, AC PET cannot be recommend for the characterisation of a renal mass.

Proton recoil detectors for neutron time-of-flight measurements have been developed, which have a good time and position resolution and at the same time a relatively high efficiency for neutrons with kinetic energies of about 30 keV.

Different types of neutron-time-of-flight detectors have been developed and investigated for their applicability for the investigation of astrophysically relevant (gamma,n) reactions.

NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 (DTN) is a quantum S = 1 chain system with strong easy-pane anisotropy and a new candidate for the Bose-Einstein condensation of the spin degrees of freedom. ESR studies of magnetic excitations in DTN in fields up to 25 T are presented. Based on analysis of the single-magnon excitation mode in the high-field spin-polarized phase and previous experimental results [Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 077204 (2006)], a revised set of spin-Hamiltonian parameters is obtained. Our results yield D = 8:9 K, Jc = 2:2 K, and Ja;b = 0:18 K for the anisotropy, intrachain, and interchain exchange interactions, respectively. These values are used to calculate the antiferromagnetic phase boundary, magnetization, and the frequency-field dependence of two-magnon bound-state excitations predicted by theory and observed in DTN for the first time. Excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data is obtained.

The relative energy stability of Van de Graaff type ion accelerators is typically limited to some 10^-4. An inexpensive possibility to improve this situation was developed at the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The method refers to the relatively stable periodic pattern of the acceleration voltage fluctuation in such accelerators. Future values of that fluctuation can be predicted with a high degree of certainty and can taken into account in the belt generator control in spite of the belt convolution caused fundamental reaction delay. The microcontroller based implementation of a ‘‘predictive fluctuation compensation’’ improves the relative acceleration voltage short time stability by a factor of 3–6 to well below 10^-4.

The aim of the present work is to investigate the textural evolution in high-temperature phase (austenite – B2) of Ti-rich NiTi (Ni–51at%Ti) shape memory alloys (SMA). The alloy was subjected to different thermomechanical treatments involving various heat treatments and cold rollings (10% and 40%). The qualitative texture analysis was performed at BM20 (ROBL-CRG) of the European Synchrotron Research Facility (ESRF) using in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a wavelength of 0.154 nm. In-situ high-temperature texture determination has been carried out for the first time for Ni–Ti alloys, by annealing at different temperatures up to 800 °C under a vacuum better than 1e-4 Pa. The discussion highlights the evolution of texture during annealing at high temperatures and the change in the coherency domain size and microstrain.

After a short summary of the achievements made in liquid metal experiment during the last seven years, we try to identify some important points which should be addressed by next generation experiments. These include the role of rotation and precession, the role of large scale and small scale fluctuations on the dynamo threshold, the occurrence of field reversals in highly supercritical states and further studies of the magnetorotational instability in cylindrical, spherical and oblate geometries.

The Metal-Oxide-Silicon (MOS) diode structure containing ion implanted electropositive (M+) and electronegative (M-) ions is one of the most promising candidates for a new type of high-efficiency electroluminescence (EL) devices which can be integrated with standard silicon CMOS technology. The implantation process creates defects in the SiO2 layer. After implantation an annealing process leads to the diffusion of the implanted elements and a broadening of the SiO2/Si interface. The influence of the different implanted ions (Gd, F, K) was investigated by electroluminescence measurements and correlated to different defects in the oxide layer. Implanted electronegative ions (such as F) lead defects comprising O2 molecules and peroxy radicals (POR). On the other hand, the electropositive ions (Gd and K) increase the number of the oxygen vacancy defects.

In the early eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger produced a remarkable type of red stoneware which is extraordinary hard and suitable for surface polishing. Although of considerable value for museums and collectors, surprisingly little is known of the elemental and mineral compositions of this type of stoneware. We have analysed Böttger objects and other red stoneware pieces from the Porcelain Collection of the State art Collections Dresden by non-destructive neutron-diffraction. The neutron analyses of about 20 intact jugs, vases and plates carried out at the spallation source ISIS provides a quantitative overview of the main mineral phase compositions. The data confirm the fine raw material selection by Böttger for the production of his stoneware. The mineral phase composition of Böttger objects, however, is not unique and similar to the also studied Yixing red stoneware.

This paper describes the features of the 3½ cell SRF gun from Rossendorf and the advantages and challenges of superconductivity. One advanced working regime of the SRF photo injectors is to produce short pulses with high bunch charges and low transverse emittance running in cw-mode. The quality of this electron beam is crucially for future FEL's with very short wave lengths. The main challenge is to compensate the growing transverse and longitudinal emittance with increasing bunch charges. Therefore, some procedures for emittance compensation for the 3½ cell SRF gun will be discussed.

Der homogene Dynamoeffekt in stömenden elektrisch leitfähigen Fluids ist verantwortlich für das Auftreten kosmische Magnetfelder, einschließlich des Erdmagnetfeldes. Nach Jahrzehnten ausschließlich analytisch-numerischer Untersuchungen wird der Dynamoeffekt seit 1999 auch in verschiedenen Laborexperimenten untersucht.

Kerne und Sterne - Vom Urknall, der Entstehung der chemischen Elemente und Experimenten im FZR

The design, fabrication and commissioning of a 703.75 MHz SRF photoinjector with a retractable multi-alkali photocathode designed to deliver 0.5A average current at 100% duty factor is the present undertaking of the electron cooling group in the Collider Accelerator Division of Brookhaven National Labs. This photoinjector represents the state of the art in photoinjector technology, orders of magnitude beyond the presently available technology, and should be commissioned by 2007. The R&D effort presently underway, and the focus of this paper, will address the numerous technological challenges that must be met for this project to succeed. These include the novel physics design of the cavity, the challenges of inserting and operating a multi-alkali photocathode in the photoinjector at these high average currents, and the design and installation of a laser system capable of delivering the required 10s of watts of laser power needed to make this photoinjector operational. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multispecies biofilms were cultured on glass slides in a standard culture medium (Sifin; TN 117) under air atmosphere in annular rotating reactors [1] for two months to obtain a thickness of approximately 800 µm. The slides with the grown biofilms were removed from one reactor for microsensor studies in a flow cell. Two other reactors were fed with UO2(ClO4)2 to adjust the total uranium concentration in the culture medium to 1x10-5 mol/l and 1x10-6 mol/l, respectively, i.e. the biofilms in these reactors were exposed to uranium for three weeks before they were removed for additional microsensor studies. Concentration profiles of oxygen versus biofilm depths were measured in each biofilm by electrochemical microsensors with a tip diameter of 10µm. A motor-driven micromanipulator was used for moving downwards through the biofilm in 20 or 50µm steps. The microsensor results clearly showed a significant dependence of the O2 concentration on the presence as well as on the concentration of uranium. In the absence of uranium the O2 concentration in the well aerated biofilm decreased slightly due to the aerophile microbes, dominating this biofilm. In contrast, O2 concentrations in the biofilms, which were exposed to different concentrations of uranium, decreased with increasing uranium concentration. Apparently, uranium acted as a stress factor for the microbes. Since metals have a strong effect on oxygen consumption, decreases in oxygen concentration could be due to changes in microbial activities [2] as well as on the activation of microbial communities induced by the addition of uranium [3]. 16S rDNA gene sequence retrieval and FISH are currently in progress to provide information on the changes occurring in the biofilm community and the resulting influence on the O2 concentration profiles.

[1] Lawrence, J. R. et al., (2000) Journal of Microbiological Methods 42, 215-224.
[2] Viret, H. et al., (2006) Sci Total Environ. 367, 302-311.
[3] Geissler, A. et al., (2005) Geobiology 3, 275-285.

In this work, synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies were carried out to elucidate at molecular scale the interaction mechanisms of Myxococcus xanthus with uranium at different pH values. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) experiments show that there are significant differences in the structural parameters of the U complexes formed by this bacterium at pH 2 and 4.5. At very low acidic pH of 2, the cells accumulated U(VI) as organic phosphate-metal complexes. However, at pH 4.5, the cells of this bacterium precipitated U(VI) as meta-autunite-like phase. TEM indicated that at pH 2 the uranium accumulates are located mainly at the cell surface. Whereas, at pH 4.5 the uranium precipitation takes place on the cell wall and within the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) characteristic of this bacterium. Dead/live staining studies showed that 30% and 50% of the uranium-cell treated cell populations are alive at pH 2 and 4.5, respectively. The precipitation of uranium as mineral phase is possibly due to the acid phosphatase activity which was detected at both pH values. Precipitation of U as mineral phase may lead to more stable U(VI) sequestration that may be suitable for remediation uses. These observations, combined with the very high uptake capacity of this bacterium, imply that bacterial cells may significantly influence the fate of uranium in soils where these bacterial groups are mainly found.

• wird nachgereicht

B+ and P+ ions were implanted into Ge wafers covered with an amorphous surface layer of 150 nm. After this, FLA in Ar atmosphere was used in order to realise three objectives:

• recrystallisation of the amorphous region on top of the Ge wafer
• electrical activation of the implanted ions
• reduction of diffusion processes during the FLA.

Bombesin (BBN) peptide exhibits high selectivity and affinity for the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr). The GRPr is over-expressed on many human cancer cell types, thus making BBN a potent delivery vehicle for radionuclide targeting. In this study, the biologically active minimal sequence BBN(7-14) was labeled using the novel Tc ‘4+1’ mixed-ligand system, [Tc(NS₃)(CN-R)], in which Tc(III) is co-ordinated by a monodentate isocyanide linker bearing the peptide and the tetradentate, tripodal chelator, 2,2’,2’’-nitrilotriethanethiol (NS₃). BBN(7-14) was N-terminally modified with Gly-Gly-Gly, ßAla and Ser-Ser-Ser spacer groups (X) and functionalized with 4-(isocyanomethyl)benzoic acid (L1) or 4-isocyanobutanoic acid (L2) resulting in a series of [M(NS₃)(L-X-BBN(7-14))] conjugates (M = ^99mTc, Re). The isocyanides ligand frameworks were introduced using novel bifunctional coupling agents. The spacer groups (X), the monodentate isocyanide units, and a tetradentate NS₃ chelator bearing a pendant carboxylic acid (NS₃COOH) were proposed as pharmacological modifiers. ^99mTc-labeling was performed in a two-step procedure by first preparing ^99mTc-EDTA/mannitol followed by reactions with the isocyanides and NS₃ or NS₃COOH ligand frameworks. The ^99mTc-complexes were obtained with a radiochemical yield of 30 to 80% depending on the amount of the isocyanide (20 to 100 nmol) used. These new conjugates were purified by reversed-phased high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to give a radiochemical purity of ≥ 95 %. The ^99mTc-conjugates exhibited high in vitro stability (> 90 %, 24 h). Analogous nonradioactive Re-conjugates were synthesized and characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). RP-HPLC analyses of the new Re-conjugates indicated that they exhibited identical retention times to the corresponding ^99mTc-conjugates under identical HPLC conditions, demonstrating structural similarity between the two metallated species. The [Re(NS₃)(L-X-BBN(7-14))] conjugates exhibited GRPr affinity in the nanomolar range as demonstrated by in vitro competitive binding assays using PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. In vitro internalization/externalization assays indicated that ~ 65% of [^99mTc(NS₃)(L2-βAla-BBN(7-14))] conjugate was either surface bound or internalized in PC-3 cells. Cell-associated activity for all other ^99mTc-conjugates was below 20%. Biodistribution studies of [^99mTc(NS₃)(L-βAla-BBN(7-14))], L = L1, L2, in normal, CF-1 mice showed minimal accumulation in normal pancreas (a tissue expressing the GRPr in high density in rodent models) and rapid hepatobiliary elimination. Introduction of a carboxyl group onto the NS₃ ligand framework had only minimal effects to increase renal excretion. Activity distribution and accumulation was highly dominated by the relatively lipophilic ‘4+1’ complex unit.

In explosive nucleosynthesis temperatures are high enough for photodisintegration reactions to occur, e.g. leading to the production of p-process nuclei. In order to understand the reaction rates of element production and element disruption we started an experimental program at the new bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of FZ Dresden-Rossendorf. The bremsstrahlung facility and the detector setup are designed such that the scattering of photons from nuclei and the photodisintegration of nuclei around the particle separation energies can be studied under optimized background conditions. In activation measurements with bremsstrahlung at end-point energy from 10.0 to 16.5 MeV (g ,p), (g ,n) and (g ,a) reactions of 92,100Mo have been studied. Our activation yields can be described within a factor 2-3 or better with calculations using the cross sections from recent Hauser-Feshbach models.

kein Abstract verfügbar

Hyperon production in the threshold region was studied in the reaction pp→K+Λp using the time-of-flight spectrometer COSY-TOF. Exclusive data, covering the full phase-space, were taken at three different beam momenta pbeam=2.59, 2.68 and 2.85 GeV/c (corresponding to excess energies of var epsilon=85, 115 and 171 MeV). Total cross-sections were deduced to be 7.4±0.5 μb, 8.6±0.6 μb and 16.5±0.4 μb, respectively. Differential observables including Dalitz plots were obtained. From the investigation of the Dalitz plot at pbeam=2.85 GeV/c a dominant contribution of the N*(1650)-resonance to the reaction mechanism was found. In addition the pΛ-final-state interaction turned out to have a significant influence on the Dalitz plot distribution even 171 MeV above threshold.

The amorphized surface of Si(100) sputtered with low energy ions at moderate temperature was found to develop two perpendicular ripple patterns overlaying each other. The evolution of these patterns was studied over a wide range of fluence. Coarsening of both ripple modes was observed, showing a similar time dependence with a coarsening exponent of 1/z ~ 0.08. In the high fluence regime, the surface enters a steady state with both ripple modes still present.

We developed an improved Stillinger-Weber-type potential for Ge by adjusting the three-body parameters in such a manner, that the potential yields the correct lattice constant and the correct cohesive energy, and the melting point and other properties are reproduced satisfactorily. Using this potential, the temperature dependence of equilibrium concentration and diffusivity of vacancies as well as the contribution of vacancies to self-diffusion are investigated by atomistic simulations and thermodynamic considerations. The enthalpies and entropies of formation and migration are calculated. Similar investigations are performed for self-interstitials in order to check whether their contribution to self-diffusion can be neglected, as shown experimentally. Finally, the self-diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium concentration of vacancies determined by the simulations are compared with experimental data from the literature.

P and As are considered the most suitable n-dopants in Ge. However, because of diffusion and deactivation effects it is difficult to achieve highly-n-doped Ge by ion implantation and subsequent annealing. We investigated high fluence P implantation into pre-amorphized Ge and subsequent annealing. The thickness of the amorphous layer was varied by implanting Ge at different energies. In all cases the main part of the as-implanted P profiles is located within this layer. Both RTA and flash-lamp annealing were employed. Considering samples with amorphous layers of different thickness enables detailed investigations of P diffusion in amorphous and crystalline Ge and solid-phase epitaxial regrowth during the post-implantation annealing. The thickness of the amorphous layers and the quality of the regrown crystalline Ge were monitored by RBS/C. The chemical depth profiles of P and the donor depth distributions were measured by SIMS and SRP, respectively. The results indicate that P diffuses much faster in amorphous Ge than in crystalline Ge. It is assumed that the P diffusivity in amorphous Ge shows a concentration dependence similar to that in crystalline Ge. The solid-phase epitaxial regrowth occurs already at the lowest thermal budget used in this work. It causes a considerable P redistribution and, presumably, the incorporation of P into crystalline Ge at concentrations above the equilibrium solubility.

The influence of crystallographic orientation and ion fluence on the shape of damage distributions induced by 500 keV N+ implantation at room temperature into 6H SiC is investigated. The irradiation was performed at different tilt angles between 0 and 4 with respect to the 0001 crystallographic axis in order to consider the whole range of beam alignment from channeling to random conditions. The applied implantation fluence range was 2.5 1014 3 1015 cm 2. A special analytical method, 3.55 MeV 4He+ ion backscattering analysis in combination with channeling technique (BS C), was employed to measure the disorder accumulation simultaneously in the Si and C sublattices of SiC with good depth resolution. For correct energy to depth conversion in the BS C spectra, the average electronic energy loss per analyzing He ion for the 0001 axial channeling direction was determined. It was found that the tilt angle of nitrogen implantation has strong influence on the shape of the induc! ed disorder profiles. Significantly lower disorder was found for channeling than for random irradiation. Computer simulation of the measured BS C spectra showed the presence of a simple defect structure in weakly damaged samples and suggested the formation of a complex disorder state for higher disorder levels. Full-cascade atomistic computer simulation of the ion implantation process was performed to explain the differences in disorder accumulation on the Si and C sublattices. The damage buildup mechanism was interpreted with the direct-impact, defect-stimulated amorphization model in order to understand damage formation and to describe the composition of structural disorder versus the ion fluence and the implantation tilt angle.

This report describes the high regioselectivity of nucleophilic epoxide ring-opening reactions which resulted in two of four possible regioisomers of N-benzoyl- (5a and 5b) and N-fluorobenzoylazaspirovesamicol derivatives (6a and 6b), respectively. Based on structural information obtained from X-ray crystal structure analyses of 5a and 5b the mode of epoxide ring-opening is discussed

We report on the design of the photocathode laser for a superconducting RF gun, which is presently under development at the Forschungszentrum (FZ) Rossendorf. This laser is foreseen to drive the RF gun in CW mode with up to 1 nC bunch charge. It generates pulses of 12...14 ps duration with 500 kHz repetition rate and 0.8 μJ pulse energy at 263 nm wavelength. This should provide sufficient pulse energy for generation of bunches with 1 nC charge using caesium telluride photocathodes. Due to two active modelockers in the laser oscillator, the latter operates in tight synchronism to the RF master oscillator of the linac. The laser consists of a short-pulse oscillator, a pulse picking Pockels cell, a regenerative amplifier and a wavelength conversion unit. The latter converts the infrared laser radiation to the ultra-violet (UV). This unit turns out to be a particularly critical element of such a photocathode laser driving a RF gun in CW mode.