Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

An improved Stillinger-Weber-type potential for Ge is developed by adjusting the three-body parameters in such a manner that lattice parameter and cohesive energy are preserved, and the elastic constants and the melting point are reproduced satisfactorily. The dependence of the equilibrium concentration and the diffusivity of vacancies on the temperature as well as the contribution of vacancies to self-diffusion are determined by atomistic simulations and by thermodynamic considerations. The calculations are performed in the temperature range between 600 and 1100 K. The enthalpies and entropies for formation and migration are estimated. Similar investigations are performed for self-interstitials in order to check whether their contribution to self-diffusion in Ge can be neglected, as shown experimentally. Finally, the self-diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium concentration of vacancies are compared with experimental data from the literature.

To investigate the effect of dose rate and irradiation temperature on defect evolution in germanium during the ion implantation process a focused ion beam system is used. Channeling implantation of Ga is performed at two very different dose rates (3.5x1011 and 1.6x1019 cm-2s-1), at two temperatures (RT and 250 0C), and at five different doses, ranging from 5x1012 to 5x1014 cm-2. The depth distributions of Ga and of the implantation damage are determined by SIMS and micro-RBS/C, respectively. The shape of the measured range and damage profiles is strongly influenced by the dose rate and the implantation temperature. These results are explained by the competition between damage buildup and dynamic annealing during the ion bombardment. For the two implantation temperatures considered, the time scale for intracascade defect relaxation can be estimated. The measured Ga depth profiles can be reproduced by atomistic computer simulations using a phenomenological model to describe the probability that an implanted ion collides with a target atom of a damaged region in dependence on the total nuclear energy deposition per target atom.

The experimental and the numerically studies were applied to a non-baffled laboratory-scale stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a gas-inducing turbine. The dispersion of air as gas phase into isopropanol as liquid phase at room temperature under different stirrer speeds was investigated. The X-Ray cone beam tomography measurements were taken at five different stirrer speeds with thresholds of 50 rpm starting from 1000 rpm at which the gas inducement occurs for the given operating conditions.
Cone-beam type X-ray computed tomography is a potential method to measure three-dimensional phase distributions in vessels. An example for that is the measurement of gas profiles in stirred chemical reactors. However, there are considerable difficulties for accurate quantitative measurements, for instance of average gas fraction in a fluid, due to beam hardening and radiation scattering effects. We have developed a suitable measurement setup as well as calibration and software correction methods to achieve a highly accurate void fraction measurement.
The computational fluid dynamics analyses of the stirred tank reactor were performed in 3D with CFX 10.0 numerical software. Five steady state simulations, at stirrer speeds corresponding to the ones at which the measurements were performed, were conducted to be compared with the experimental observations. The tetrahedral mesh with above 1500000 elements was globally refined since a detailed view in the whole geometry is required. The inhomogeneous two-phase flow model with the particle transport model was applied to the system with momentum transfer described by the drag force and turbulence transfer modelled by Sato enhanced eddy viscosity model. The gas phase was modelled as dispersed fluid and the liquid phase as continuous fluid. Different turbulence models and their suitability were considered in the simulations.

Systematic nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiments on all nine stable (seven even-even and two odd-mass) Xe isotopes have been performed at the bremsstrahlung facility of the 4.3-MV Stuttgart Dynamitron accelerator. For the first time thin-walled, high-pressure gas targets (about 70 bar) with highly enriched target material were used in NRF experiments. Precise excitation energies, transition strengths, spins, and decay branching ratios were obtained for numerous states, most of them previously unknown.
The systematics of the observed E 1 two-phonon excitations (2+,3-) and M1 excitations to 1+ mixed-symmetry states in the even-even isotopes are discussed with respect to the new critical point symmetry E(5). The fragmentation of these fundamental dipole excitation modes in the odd-mass isotopes 129,131 Xe is shown and discussed. In the even-even nuclei several low-lying E2 excitations were observed.

Aim
Suicide gene therapy utilizing herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) requires careful monitoring of the successful transfection. ¹⁸F-labelled nucleoside analoga, especially acyclic nucleosides such as 9-[(3-[¹⁸F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([¹⁸F]FHPG) and 9-[(4-[¹⁸F]fluoro)-3-hydroxymethylbutyl]guanine ([¹⁸F]FHBG) are currently used as PET tracers for monitoring and quantification of HSV1-tk expression. To improve the tracer properties, two new precursors have been synthesized by introduction of bromine in order to get the new substrates 8-bromo-9-[(3-[¹⁸F]fluoro-1-hydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine ([¹⁸F]FHBrPG) and 8-bromo-9-[(4-[¹⁸F]fluoro)-3-hydroxymethylbutyl]guanine ([¹⁸F]FHBrBG) for monitoring gene expression of HSV1-tk.

Materials and methods
The precursors as well as the nonradioactive reference compounds were prepared by introduction a p-toluenesulphonyl leaving group and trityl protecting groups into the brominated derivatives of ganciclovir and penciclovir. In a further step the precursors reacted with a K[¹⁸F]F kryptofix complex to trityl-protected intermediates. Then, the protecting groups were removed by heating in methanolic acetic acid solution. Both tracers were purified by RP HPLC separation. The identity of the tracers with the nonradioactive reference compounds was proved by HPLC. The in vitro uptake of all compounds was evaluated in a glioblastoma cell line stably transfected with the HSV1-tk gene and in the respective non-transfected cell line. The biodistribution and biokinetics of the radiotracers have been studied in mice and rats by small animal PET.

Results
The radiochemical yield of the ¹⁸F-tracers amounts to 10-15% (decay corrected) after a synthesis time of 85 95 min, the radiochemical purity was > 98%. The average specific activity was 19 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis. Cell-uptake studies were carried out with both the brominated and the non-brominated derivatives of ganciclovir and penciclovir as standards. The relative cellular uptake (ratio HSV-tk-positive/controls) was 12.4±4.5 after 1 h of incubation with [¹⁸F]FHBrBG. In contrast, the uptake ratio of the other tracers [¹⁸F]FHBrPG (1.7±0.4), [¹⁸F]FHBG (4.0±2.3) and [¹⁸F]FHPG (1.6±0.3) was significantly lower than that of [¹⁸F]FHBrBG. Renal elimination was the main route of tracer clearance from the body, however with increasing lipophilicity of the tracers, increasing amounts were also eliminated through liver and bile into the intestine.

Conclusions
The novel tracer [¹⁸F]FHBrBG showed a superior uptake in HSV1-tk transfected cells compared to the clinically tested PET-tracer [¹⁸F]FHBG. Therefore [¹⁸F]FHBrBG appears to be a novel tracer for an improved monitoring of HSV1-tk based gene therapy approaches with PET.

Aim:

Vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed in response to various stimuli like hypoxia and plays a key role in tumor angiogenesis. In this study we analyzed the influence of experimental hypoxia on the upregulation of VEGF and its receptors in primary endothelial cells and tumor cell lines. Furthermore we quantified the uptake of radiotracers in these cells in response to experimental hypoxia in vitro.
Material and Methods:
Three types of primary endothelial cells were used: human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) as well as the two tumor cell lines FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma) and HT-29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), respectively. Experimental hypoxia was induced by cultivating cells for 24 to 72 hours in presence of <1% oxygen in a special incubator (Gasboy C40, Labotect). Expression of VEGF, and of the VEGF receptors FLT-1, KDR, FLT-4 and neuropilin 1 and 2 were quantified with quantitative PCR (Realplex, Eppendorf). Cellular uptake of [^99mTc]sestamibi, [¹⁸F]FDG, and [¹⁸F]F-misonidazole was determined after one to four hours incubation and measured after cell lysis with a Cobra II gamma counter (Packard).
Results:
After 48 h of experimental hypoxia all cell lines showed a significant upregulation of VEGF expression. VEGF receptors FLT-1, KDR and FLT-4 were expressed in endothelial cells but absent in tumor cells. Cellular uptake of [^99mTc]sestamibi was reduced under hypoxic conditions in all cell lines. Furthermore, we found that primary endothelial cells incorporated significantly higher amounts of [¹⁸F]FDG under experimental hypoxic conditions in comparison to normoxic conditions.
When compared to normoxia [18F]FDG uptake after 48h hypoxia was increased 4.3-fold in HUVECs, 3.4-fold in HDMECs, and 3.5-fold in HAECs. These values were substantially higher than the values for the tumor cells FaDu (1.9-fold) and HT-29 (2.1-fold).
Conclusion:
Our data show VEGF to be a suitable indicator for enhanced oxygen demand in both tumor and endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, the results emphasize the particular relevance of endothelial cells as one important part of the tumor micromilieu.

The influence of the central depression in the density distribution of spherical superheavy nuclei on the shell structure is studied within the relativistic mean-field theory. A large depression leads to the shell gaps at the proton Z = 120 and neutron N = 172 numbers, whereas a flatter density distribution favors N = 184 and leads to the appearance of a Z = 126 shell gap and to the decrease of the size of the Z = 120 shell gap. The correlations between the magic shell gaps and the magnitude of the central depression are discussed for relativistic and nonrelativistic mean field theories.

A systematic investigation of the rotating N=Z even-even nuclei in the mass A=68-80 region has been performed within the frameworks of the cranked relativistic mean field, cranked relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theories, and cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky approach. Most of the experimental data are well accounted for in the calculations. The present study suggests the presence of strong isovector np pair field at low spin, whose strength is defined by the isospin symmetry. At high spin, the isovector pair field is destroyed and the data are well described by the calculations assuming zero pairing. No clear evidence for the existence of the isoscalar t=0 np pairing has been obtained in the present investigation performed at the mean field level.

Rotational and deformation dependence of isovector and isoscalar pairing correlations at finite temperature are studied in an exactly solvable cranked deformed shell model Hamiltonian. It is shown that isovector pairing correlations, as expected, decrease with increasing deformation and the isoscalar pairing correlations remain constant at temperature, T=0. However, it is observed that at finite temperature both isovector and isoscalar pairing correlations are enhanced with increasing deformation. It is also demonstrated that the pair correlations, which are quenched at T=0 and high rotational frequency reappear at finite temperature. The changes in the individual multipole pairing fields as a function of rotation and deformation are analyzed in detail.

Superdeformation and hyperdeformation in 108Cd have been studied for the first time within the framework of the fully self-consistent cranked mean-field theory, namely, cranked relativistic mean-field theory. The structure of observed superdeformed bands 1 and 2 have been analyzed in detail. The bumps seen in their dynamic moments of inertia are explained as arising from unpaired band crossings. This is contrary to an explanation given earlier within the framework of the projected shell model. It was also concluded that this nucleus is not a doubly magic superdeformed nucleus.

The lifetimes of excited states belonging to the lowest lying positive-parity bands in 106,108Cd have been measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method. The resulting B(E2) transition rates show a significant decrease with increasing spin in 106Cd, whereas in 108Cd there is tentative evidence for a similar effect. The results are compared with cranking and semiclassical model calculations, which indicate that the structures have the properties expected from an "antimagnetic" rotational band resulting from the coupling of g9/2 proton holes to aligned pairs of h11/2 and g7/2 neutron particles.

An exclusive measurement of the Coulomb breakup of 8B into 7Be+p at 254A MeV was used to infer the low-energy 7Be(p,gamma)8B cross section. The radioactive 8B beam was produced by projectile fragmentation of 350A MeV 12C and separated with the FRagment Separator (FRS) at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. The Coulomb-breakup products were momentum-analyzed in the KaoS magnetic spectrometer; particular emphasis was placed on the angular correlations of the breakup particles. These correlations demonstrate clearly that E1 multipolarity dominates within the angular cuts selected for the analysis. The deduced astrophysical S17 factors exhibit good agreement with the most recent direct 7Be(p,gamma)8B measurements. By using the energy dependence of S17 according to the recently refined cluster model for 8B of P. Descouvemont [Phys. Rev. C 70, 065802 (2004)], we extract a zero-energy S factor of S17(0)=20.6±0.8(stat)±1.2(syst) eV b. These errors do not include the uncertainty of the theoretical model to extrapolate to zero relative energy, estimated by Descouvemont to be about 5%.

PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics, the Squire equation of hydrodynamics and the spherically symmetric α²-dynamo of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) can be structurally linked and treated in a unified way as spectral problems in Krein spaces. We demonstrate their interrelation explicitly and provide examples for specific parameter dependencies of their spectra. Special emphasis is laid on the physical relevance of transitions between real and complex spectral branches in connection with phase transitions between sectors of exact PT-symmetry and spontaneously broken PT-symmetry in Quantum Mechanics as well as with possible polarity reversals of dynamo maintained magnetic fields of planets. We briefly comment on third order spectral branch points with geometric multiplicity one and algebraic multiplicity three as well as on a dynamo related resonant unfolding of diabolical points (spectral intersection points of geometric and algebraic multiplicity two).

Based on:

[1] U. Günther and F. Stefani, J. Math. Phys. 44, (2003), 3097-3111, math-ph/0208012.
[2] U. Günther, F. Stefani and G. Gerbeth, Czech. J. Phys. 54, (2004), 1075-1090, math-ph/0407015.
[3] U. Günther, F. Stefani and M. Znojil, J. Math. Phys. 46, (2005), 063504, math-ph/0501069.
[4] U. Günther and F. Stefani, Czech. J. Phys. 55, (2005), 1099-1106, math-ph/0506021.
[5] U. Günther and O. Kirillov, J. Phys. A: Math. General (2006), in press, math-ph/0602013.

The flow of an electrically conducting fluid exposed to an externally applied magnetic field leads to induced currents and hence to induced magnetic fields. These induced fields can be measured in the exterior of the fluid. The application of different external magnetic fields and the measurement of the corresponding induced magnetic fields allows to reconstruct the basic features of the velocity field of the melt. The principle of such a “Contactless Inductive Flow Tomography” (CIFT) is delineated, and a prototype experiment with a propeller driven flow of the eutectic alloy GaInSn is presented. The areas of application of CIFT, its limitations, and possible further developments are discussed.

• wird nachgereicht

In 2007 the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) [1] will come into operation. This collective project of five institutes located in Dresden will used by the high field community in Europe. The IT tasks concerning the shared use of the experimental facilities should be solved using Grid technologies. The report describes the requirements on the HLD-Grid.

Mixing phenomena observed when the flow rate in a single loop of the primary circuit is changed can influence the operation of Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) by inducing local gradients of boron concentration or coolant temperature. Analysis of one-dimensional Laser Doppler Anemometry measurements during the start-up and shutdown of pump on a single loop of the ROCOM test facility has been performed. The effect of a step change and a ramped change in the flow rate on the axial and azimuthal velocities was examined. Numerical simulations were also performed for the step change in the flow rate that gave quantitative agreement with the axial velocities. Phenomenological agreement was made on the turbulent kinetic energy; however, observed values were a factor of 10 less than the turbulent kinetic energy derived from the measurements.

The ultra-thin 2” diameter silicon (111)-H(1x1) wafer appeared to be a promising material for a mirror focusing He-atom beam in a scanning atom microscope. To increase achievable at present resolution from 1.5 µm to a sub-micron range the 50 µm thick (111) silicon wafer with shape thickness variation better than +-1 µm and 0.05° precision of miscut value is necessary. The purpose of this paper was to adapt X-ray measurements to control the miscut value with high precision for the 50 µm thick silicon wafers as well as to control the deviation of the wafer surface from ideal flat plane by measurements of low-angle reflection using X-ray high resolution diffractometer (HRXRD). The crucial point was the construction of a stress-free ultra-thin wafer holder. The precision of 0.01° miscut value was obtained. The deviation of the surface from the ideal flat surface obtained but X-ray measurements were compared with the one estimated from optical (confocal) method. A satisfactory good conformity between both methods has been observed.

The chemical composition and interplanar spacing profiles as well the lateral homogeneity of AIIIBV heterostructures containing a highly strained In(x)Ga(1-x)As layer were investigated. The heterostructures grown by metallorganic chemical vapor deposition were chracterized by means of high resolution x-ray diffractometry, x-ray reflectometry and Rutherford backscattering. In order to analyze the experimental results an algorithm for calculating the x-ray profiles based on the Darwin diffraction theory has been worked out. The developed method was applied to find out: the dependence of the growth rate and the interface profiles of the highly strained In(x)Ga(1-x)As layer on the deposition time to supervise the growth process of a resonant cavity enhanced photodiode heterostructure for which a highly strained In(x)Ga(1-x)As layer is an essential part.

Bispidines (bispidine = 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]-nonane) show unique complexation properties towards transition metals. The high thermodynamic stability of the complexes of these structurally reinforced ligands with Cu(II) offers the possibility to apply such complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (^64/67Cu). Furthermore, the bispidine structure opens suitable chemical approaches to introduce bio-molecules onto the skeleton, an important feature in view of the targeting of such complexes.
We want to present the synthesis and the coordinating properties of novel hexadentate bispidine derivatives having pyridine and/or imidazole units as donor groups. Cu(II) complexes of some bispidines have been isolated and the structures were solved by X-ray single crystal diffraction. As shown in the following figure, the copper(II) complex of the hexadentate bis(amine)tetrakis(pyridine) bispidine ligand L is six-coordinate having a distorted octahedral structure. It is evident from this structure that the copper(II) ion is almost completely shielded from the environment resulting in a very high stability against exogenous competing ligands.
Preliminary labelling experiments of bispidine ligands with ^64/67Cu indicate the rapid formation of stable complexes under mild conditions.

The particular structural features of transition metal oxygen anion clusters cause a rapidly expanding scientific as well as practical interest for these compounds, e.g. applications in areas including catalysis, materials chemistry and biochemistry. In the past decade, especially polyoxometalates (POMs) based on V(V), Mo(VI) and W(VI) were found as attractive candidates for medical applications. Such polynuclear metal compounds show unique transport properties into cells, and may act as antiviral and antitumoral agents.
We want to report the enzyme inhibition behaviour of the polyoxotungstates [W₁₂O₃₉]^6- (1), [W₁₂PO₄₀]^3- (2), [Ti₂W₁₀PO₄₀]^7- (3), [TiW₁₁CoO₄₀]^8- (4), [Co₄(H₂O)₂(W₉PO₃₄)₂]^10- (5), and [NaSb₉W₂₁O₈₆]^18- (6) towards the ecto-nucleotidases NTPDase 1, 2 and 3.
The polyoxotungstates (3) and (4) have been characterised by single X-ray diffraction showing the typical Keggin structure.
All of the polyoxotungstates investigated are potent inhibitors of the NTPDases 1-3 with Ki values between 0.14 and 29 µM.

Excess vacancies generated by high energy implantation with 1.2 MeV Si+ and 2 MeV Ge+ ions in SiGe were investigated after rapid thermal annealing at 900 °C. Excess vacancies were probed by decoration with Cu and measuring the Cu profile by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Cross section transmission electron microscopy of cleaved specimen enabled us to visualize nanocavities resulting from agglomeration of excess vacancies. The ion-induced damage in SiGe increases with increasing Ge fraction of the alloy. The amorphization threshold decreases and the extension of a buried amorphous layer increases for given implantation and annealing conditions.
In contrast to ballistic simulations of excess defect generation where perfect local self-annihilation is assumed the concentrations of excess vacancies and excess interstitials in SiGe increase with increasing Ge fraction. The main contribution to the high excess vacancy concentration in SiGe was found to result from the inefficient recombination of vacancies and interstitials. The widely used +1 model describing the ion-induced damage in Si is not valid for SiGe.

Technetium-labeled fatty acids intended for myocardial metabolism imaging and the respective rhenium model complexes were synthesized according to the “4+1” mixed-ligand approach and investigated in vitro and in vivo. The non-radioactive rhenium model complexes were characterized by NMR, IR, EA and the geometrical impact of the chelate unit on the integrity of the fatty acid head structure was determined by single crystal X-ray analyses. To estimate the diagnostic value of the ^99mTc-labeled fatty acids the compounds were investigated in experiments in vitro and in biodistribution studies using male Wistar rats. The new fatty acid tracers contain the metal core in the oxidation states +3, well-wrapped in a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination moiety which is attached at the ω-position of a fatty acid chain. This structural feature is considered to be a good imitate of the well-established iodinated phenyl fatty acids. High heart extraction in perfused heart studies (up to 26% ID) and noticeable heart uptake of the ^99mTc tracers in vivo being in the order of 2% ID/g at 5 min p.i., accompanied by a good heart to blood ratio of 8, confirms that the new Tc-compounds are suitable as fatty acid tracer.

Rhenium model complexes and the respective Technetium-labeled fatty acids for myocardial metabolism imaging, were synthesized according to the “4+1” mixed-ligand approach and investigated in vitro and in vivo. The non-radioactive rhenium model complexes were characterized by NMR, IR, EA and the geometrical impact of the chelate unit on the integrity of the fatty acid structure was determined by X-ray analyses. The new fatty acid tracers contain the metal core in the oxidation states +3, well-wrapped in a trigonal-bipyramidal coordination moiety which is attached at the ω-position of a fatty acid chain as isocyano ligand in the case A. The compounds of group B contain the fatty acid moitie coupled on the tetradentate ligand. High heart extraction in perfused heart studies (up to 26% ID) and noticeable heart uptake of the ^99mTc tracers in vivo (using male Wistar rats) being in the order of 2% ID/g at 5min p.i. accompanied by a good heart to blood ratio of 8, confirms the target comparability.

Die elektromagnetische Strömungsbeeinflussung spielt eine wichtige Rolle in der metallischen Werkstofftechnik. Wichtige potentielle Anwendungsgebiete sind Strömungsoptimierungen für die Herstellung einkristalliner Halbleiterkristalle (450 mm Siliziumwafer) und die Optimierung von Stahlgussprozessen.
Zur Validierung der numerischen Strömungssimulationen verwendet man häufig ein Wassermodell des zugehörigen Prozesses. Dieses ermöglicht prinzipiell den Einsatz von Laserverfahren zur Strömungsvermessung, spiegelt jedoch wegen der unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften von Metallen und Wasser die physikalische Realität nur unzureichend wider.
Zur Strömungsmessung in Metallschmelzen bedient man sich daher häufig der Ultraschall-Messtechnik unter Ausnutzung des Doppler-Effektes. Die Messaufbauten ermöglichen in der Regel die Messung einer Geschwindigkeitskomponente entlang einer Linie.
Zukünftige Messaufgaben wie beispielsweise die Vermessung inkohärenter Strömungsfelder können mit den vorhandenen Messgeräten nicht realisiert werden. Das liegt im wesentlichen an der fehlenden zeitlichen Auflösung der Messsysteme und der langsamen Traversierung.
Der Vortrag präsentiert aktuelle Ergebnisse bei Ultraschallmessungen in der Metallurgie. Dabei wird vorgestellt, wie die Erhöhung der zeitlichen Auflösung und damit die Messung instationärer Felder erreicht werden kann. Beschrieben werden dabei grundsätzliche Erwägungen hinsichtlich der Wandler-Geometrie und des Schallfeldes, Probleme bei der Schallanregung in der Flüssigkeit und Elemente der Signalverarbeitung. Die erreichbare maximale zeitliche und örtliche Auflösung wird theoretisch und experimentell dargelegt.

Es wird ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten der elektromagnetischen Strömungskontrolle für Anwendungen in der Giessereitechnik und in der Metallurgie gegeben, namentlich zur Kontrolle der Formfüllung beim Feinguß, zur elektromagnetischen Beeinflussung der Strömungsstruktur in Flüssigmetall-Zweiphasenströmungen sowie bei der Erstarrung von Legierungen unter Magnetfeldeinfluß. Insbesondere wird auf die Bedeutung von Modellexperimenten mit metallischen Modellschmelzen hingewiesen, die einen wesentlichen Beitrag zum Verständnis der Strömungs-vorgänge in praxisrelevanten Anordnungen liefern können. Betrachtet man für die industriellen Anwendungen realistische Parameterbereiche liefern diese Wassermodelle liefern allerdings oft falsche Ergebnisse und sind völlig wertlos für Untersuchungen zur elektromagnetischen Strömungskontrolle.

SPECT- images performed with radiolabeled fatty acids (FA) allow detailed studies about the heart function, because flow and metabolism are represented. Up to now, only ¹²³iodinated FA are available for myocardial viability diagnostics in some parts of the world, but the application is limited due to serious disadvantages: first, the expensive production of pure ¹²³I requires a cyclotron and second, the radiolabeled FA compounds must be purchased by outside vendors which resulted in disproportional costs and logistical problems. ^99mTc, has ideal physical properties for SPECT-imaging (Eγ-= 140 keV), a short half- life of 6 h, and is available through a ⁹⁹Mo/^99mTc generator whenever needed. The development of ^99mTc- labeled FA has been a goal of various research groups in the past. Despite many different approaches, no appropriate ^99mTc compound with similar myocardial extraction properties as found with BMIPP and DMIPP is available to date. Most previous work in this field has focused on radiometal coordination by use of a polar tetradentate N₂S₂ chelate with a central oxometal(V) core. We concentrated on the development and experimental evaluation of alternative coordination moieties according to the ‘4+1’ mixed ligand approach to create newly technetium labeled FA with an improved myocardial profile. In the ‘4+1’ donor atom arrangement, 99mTc is coordinated by both a tetradentae ligand and by a monodentate bearing the FA moiety. This system is rather lipophilic and show high stability towards, e.g. challenging SH-agents. While the conventional ‘4+1’ ^99mTc FA are built on in the sequence Tc-chelate, alkyl chain (a), carboxyl group (c) ->(Tc-a-c) we also developed and investigated some compounds with a new design according to the sequence carboxyl group (c), alkyl chain, Tc chelate, lipophilic tail (lt) -> (c – a – Tc – lt), transferring the ^99mTc chelate from the end- to a more central position of the compound.

Bubbly flow is encountered in a wide variety of industrial applications ranging from flows in nuclear reactors to process flows in chemical reactors. The presence of a second phase, recirculating flow, instabilities of the gas plume and turbulence, complicate the hydrodynamics of bubble column reactors.
This paper describes experimental and numerical results obtained in a rectangular bubble column 0.1 m wide and 0.02 m in depth. The bubble column was operated in the dispersed bubbly flow regime with gas superficial velocities up to 0.02 m/s. Images obtained from a high speed camera were used to observe the general flow pattern and have been processed to calculate bubble velocities, bubble turbulence parameters and bubble size distributions. Gas disengagement technique was used to obtain the volume averaged gas fraction over a range of superficial gas velocities. A wire mesh sensor was applied, to measure the local volume fraction at two different height positions. Numerical calculations were performed with an Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model approach using the commercial code CFX.
The paper details the effect of various two-fluid model interfacial momentum transfer terms on the numerical results. The inclusion of a lift force was found to be necessary to obtain a global circulation pattern and local void distribution that was consistent with the experimental measurements. The nature of the drag force formulation was found to have significant effect on the quantitative volume averaged void fraction predictions.

The talk was given during the Siemens In-Beam PET workshop 9-10 May 2006 at OnkoRay, Dresden. The achievements and issues in reconstruction procedure of in-beam PET data were discussed

Challenges for in-beam PET at hard photon beams

Gegenstand des Vorhabens im Rahmen der WTZ mit Russland ist die Versprödung des Reaktordruckbehälters infolge der Strahlenbelastung mit schnellen Neutronen im kernnahen Bereich.
Um den Einfluss von bestrahlungsinduzierten Gitterdefekten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu ermitteln, wurden analytische Berechnungen zum Einfluss von Hindernissen auf die Beweglichkeit von Versetzungen und damit auf die Ausbildung einer plastischen Zone an der Rissspitze durchgeführt. Es wird demonstriert, dass sich die an der Rissspitze entstehenden Versetzungen an dem Hindernis (bestrahlungsinduzierte Punktdefekte) aufstauen. In Abhängigkeit der Rissbelastung KI und der Entfernung des Hindernisses von der Rissspitze werden die Versetzungsdichte und das durch den Versetzungsstau verursachte Spannungsfeld berechnet.
Mit Hilfe von Experimenten zur Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung (SANS – small angle neutron scattering) an verschiedenen WWER-Stählen und Modelllegierungen wurden Größenverteilungen und die Volumenanteile der strahleninduzierten Defekte für verschiedene Bestrahlungszustände (Fluenzen, Bestrahlungstemperaturen) ermittelt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich die strahleninduzierte Werkstoffschädigung durch Wärmebehandlung weitgehend wieder ausheilen lässt. Nach der thermischen Ausheilung ist der Werkstoff bei erneuter Bestrahlung weniger anfällig für strahleninduzierte Defekte. Die Ergebnisse der SANS-Untersuchungen wurden mit der Änderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften (Härte, Streckgrenze und Sprödbruchübergangstemperatur) korreliert.
Mit der kinetischen Gitter-Monte-Carlo-Methode wurden numerische Sensitivitätsstudien zum Einfluss des Cu-Gehalts auf die Stabilität von Defekt-Clustern durchgeführt. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass die Anwesenheit von Cu-Atomen zur Bildung von langlebigen Defekten führt. Dabei werden Leerstellen in Cu/Leerstellen-Cluster eingefangen. Leerstellen in reinem Eisen sind bei Bestrahlungstemperaturen von 270 °C dagegen nicht stabil, die Lebensdauer liegt zwischen 0.01 s und 1 s. Die kritische Cu-Konzentration, ab welcher stabile Defekte entstehen, beträgt ca. 0.1 Masseprozent.

Low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy has revealed a series of features labeled S1, S2, S3 in n-type 6H-SiC after neutron and electron irradiation. Thermal annealing studies showed that the defects S1, S2, S3 disappeared at 500 °C. However, the well-known D1 center was only detected
for annealing temperatures over 700 °C. This experimental observation not only indicated that the defects S1, S2, S3 were a set of primary defects and the D1 center was a kind of secondary defect, but also showed that the D1 center and the E1, E2 observed using deep level transient spectroscopy
might not be the same type of defects arising from the same physical origin.

Colloid formation and solubility of U(IV) in acidic HClO4/NaClO4 solutions are investigated by coulometric titration. Quantification of traces of U(VI) by laser fluorescence spectroscopy proves that the tetravalent state of uranium had been maintained. Laser-induced breakdown detection (LIBD) is applied for the detection of traces of uranium colloids as the pH is increased. The pH values at the onset of colloid formation are used for thermodynamic calculations aimed at determining the solubility products Ksp0 of crystalline and amorphous uranium dioxides. The particle size of the colloids determined by means of LIBD is taken into account since it influences the solubility product. The results indicate the formation of crystalline UO2(cr) at low pH ~ 1 (log Ksp0 = 59.6 ± 1.0) whereas the amorphous hydrous oxide UO2·xH2O(am) is formed at pH ~ 3 (log Ksp0 = -54.4 ± 1.0). Measurements by EXAFS, XRD and REM confirm the occurrence of these different modifications. The obtained solubility products fit well in the known series of solubility products of the other tetravalent actinides.

Purpose
The development and the perspectives of photovoltaic plants (PVP) in Saxony will be described. The development reflects the effects of the different funding instruments as well as the technical progress which has been made during the past 15 years.

Funding as accelerator
The first large step in the PVP installation in Saxony was done with the German 1000-Roofs-Program between 1991 and 1995. In the frame of this program the first 150 PVP were installed with a total power of 450 kW (see Fig.1). A new high light was set when the 100.000-Roofs-Program came into force. More than 450 PVP with a total power of 1,5 MW were connected to the grid. With the EEG (Renewable Energy Act) this development was continued. Starting with 2004 also Megawatt PVP were put into operation, the PVP Espenhain (5 MW power) belongs also today to the world largest PVP.

Technical development
The first PVPs reflect the technical level of the early nineties. The power was limited to 5 kW, and the DC-voltage was restricted to 140 V. Beginning with the year 2000 the mean power of the PVP has been clearly increased. Sonny Boy is the dominating inverter type (with a share of more than 50 %), but the module types vary strongly. An increase in the mean module power has been certainly observed.

Some operation results
A mean annual yield of 750 kWh/kW was found for the first generation of PVP, which was influenced by the low quality of some module types. New systematic monitoring programs were started in 2000. These investigations allowed the evaluation of new built PVP (yields up to 1000 kWh/KW, Fig. 2), but also the long time behaviour of the older PVP could be observed (Figs. 3 and 4).

Conclusions
The development generally confirms the politically decisions for PV funding in Germany. It could be proofed, that new PVPs in Saxony with optimal design and components, respectively, can generate up to 950 kWh/kW in an "average" year.

For the estimation of the expected annual energy gain and the month by month check of the system performance, methods based on irradiance maps published by weather services, both general or dedicated to solar energy application, are in use. Examples for this type of information for Germany are annual and monthly irradiance maps published by the German weather service DWD or the data bank of hourly irradiance data with continuous spatial coverage prepared by the University of Oldenburg and offered as commercial service by the company Meteocontrol. The DWD maps are derived from both, satellite images and ground measurements and are given with a spatial resolution of 1km x 1km. The Oldenburg data bank is basically derived from satellite data only (resolution ~ 5km x 5km), although an option for amelioration by ground station data exists.
To assess the validity of these data sets for the aforementioned tasks, a case study for a region covering the German federal state of Saxony is performed, using data for the years 2004-2005.
Saxony is characterised by a wide variety of topographical features, ranging from flat relief to highly structured mountainous terrain. For this region an independent high quality ground data set given by a dense network operated for agro-meteorological purposes is available. An assessment of the end use accuracy of the irradiance data can by done via a set of monthly yield data of grid connected PVsystems.
The comparison of information on radiation sums is on one hand performed by the monthly analysis of the bias and the rms-error for the data bank versus the ground station data. On the other hand, the quality of the information on the spatial structure of the radiation field that is extractable from the data banks is analysed via the inspection of the a co- and cross-variograms.
For the assessment of the end use accuracy of the data, procedures to derive an estimation of the system yield from irradiance data as developed by the PVSAT2 project are applied for the Oldenburg data set.
A first impression of the reliability of the map data is given by the inter comparison of the annual maps for the year 2004. This shows deviations of up to 40 kWh/m², which presents an relative error of about 4%. Besides a systematic bias of about 20 kWh/m² in favour the Oldenburg data, remarkable differences in the spatial structure of the irradiance field concerning the homogeneity/inhomogeneity within some regions occur.
Thus, to pin down the reliability of the content of the maps it has to be compared to the ground data.
For the Oldenburg data it can be stated that even having a quite low bias for each station on an annual scale, monthly sums can deviate by up to 40%, especially for the winter months. This finding is coherent with the results of the PVSAT project, indicating the general increase of the uncertainties of satellite based estimates in months with low radiation sums.
Concerning the annual end use accuracy, a typical deviation of ? 5% for the estimated annual energy gain of a set PV-systems - chosen for their excellent yield figures - can be stated. Regarding the fact, that the system simulation is base on data sheet information rather than system specific parameters, this result is quite satisfactory. However, as expected remarkable relative deviation for the winter
months are hidden by these annual figures which are dominated by the PV gain in the summer months.
Using the respective results of for sets of both 2004 and 2005 general conclusions on the uncertainties connected to the use of state of the art irradiance information in view of PV application can be draw.

Heterophase interfaces are boundaries, which join two material types with different physical and chemical nature. Therefore, heterophase interfaces can exhibit a large variety of geometric morphologies ranging from atomically sharp boundaries to gradient materials, in which an interface-specific phase is formed, which provides a continuous change of the structural parameters and thus reduces elastic strains and deformations.

In addition, also the electronic properties of the two materials may be different, e.g. at boundaries between an electronically conducting metal and a semiconductor or an insulating material. Due to the deviations in the electronic structure, various bonding mechanisms are observed, which span the range from weakly interacting systems to boundaries with strong, directed bonding and further to reactively bonding systems which exhibit a new phase at the interface. Thus, both elastic and electronic factors may contribute to the formation of a new, often amorphous phase at the interface. Numerical simulations based on electronic structure theory are an efficient tool to distinguish and quantify these different influence factors, and massively parallel computers nowadays provide the required numerical power to tackle structurally more demanding systems. Here, this power has been exploited by the parallelisation over an optimised set of integration points, which split the solution of the Kohn-Sham equations into a set of matrix equations with equal matrix sizes. In this way, the analysis and prediction of material properties at the nanoscale has become feasible.

Isolated and crystalline Mo6S6 nanowires, doped with Li to form Li2Mo6S6, are investigated with the density-functional techniques. We find that Li atoms "decorate" individual wires at the S-coordinated sites and occupy the interstitial positions between 3 S atoms in crystalline nanowires.
Doping with Li changes the lattice constants by less than 0.1 Angstrom, but it decreases the modulus of elasticity along the wire axis in the crystalline form. Doping raises the Fermi energy but retains the strongly uniaxial metallic character of nanowires, attributed to the Mo(4d) electrons.

Mechanical and electronic properties of hypothetical carbon nanostructures, on the basis of C28 building blocks, hyperdiamond and hyperlonsdaleite, have been investigated by DFT-based methods. The low mass density and large internal surface suggest applications as catalyst, nanosieve and ga storage material. We estimate the active volume accessible by H2. Special emphasis is given to tune the properties by endo- and exohedral intercalation with Zn, Ti, and K. While endohedral intercalation with Zn does not affect the overall structure, endohedral Ti intercalation has different consequences on the structural stability of the two allotropes. Exohedral intercalation with K leads to an ionic fullerite phase with metallic conductivity.

The role of the lift force for the stability of the homogeneous flow regime in a bubble column is investigated. Instabilities caused by the lift force may be one important reason for the transition from homogeneous to heterogeneous bubble column. The lift force acts on rising bubbles in lateral direction, when gradients of the liquid velocity are present. Such gradients may result from circulation cells in the bubble column as well as from local disturbances. Depending on the sign of the lift force such local disturbances in a homogeneous flow may be damped or enhanced. The corresponding feedback mechanism was analysed by means of a linear stability analyses. In the result criteria for stability were obtained for mono-dispersed flow, for a with two bubble size groups and finally with some additional approximations also for the case of N bubble size groups or a given bubble size distribution. In a next step the effects were investigated by CFD calculations. The obtained criteria for stability fit well together with the observed effects in CFD simulations. Recently two different groups confirmed the stability criteria experimentally.

The electrical properties of heavily Al doped (5x1019 – 1.5x1021 cm-3) single and nanocrystalline 4H-SiC layers on semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrate, prepared by multi-energy, high-fluence Al implantation and subsequent furnace annealing, are investigated by sheet resistance and Hall effect measurements. The reliability of recent results on enhanced acceptor activation in heavily Al doped, nanocrystalline SiC on conductive substrate is evaluated by direct comparison with doped SiC layers on semi-insulating substrate.

The conventional magnetic induction equation that governs hydromagnetic dynamo action is transformed to an equivalent integral equation system. An advantage of this approach is that the computational domain is restricted to the region occupied by the electrically conducting fluid and to its boundary. This integral equation approach is applied to simulate kinematic dynamos within cylindrical geometry including the von Karman sodium (VKS) experiment and the Riga dynamo experiment. A modified version of this approach is utilized to investigate magnetic induction effects under the influence of externally applied magnetic fields. The computed induced magnetic fields for the VKS experiment show a satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.

The influence of ion energy on the hydrogen incorporation has been investigated for alumina thin films, deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in an Ar/O2/H2O environment. Ar+ with an average kinetic energy of ~5 eV was determined to be the dominating species in the plasma. The films were analyzed with x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elastic recoil detection analysis, demonstrating evidence for amorphous films with stoichiometric O/Al ratio. As the substrate bias potential was increased from –15 V (floating potential) to –100 V, the hydrogen content decreased by ~70%, from 9.1 to 2.8 at.%. Based on ab initio calculations, these results may be understood by thermodynamic principles, where a supply of energy enables surface diffusion, H2 formation, and desorption [Rosén et al., J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 17, L137 (2005)]. These findings are of importance for the understanding of the correlation between ion energy and film composition and also show a pathway to reduce impurity incorporation during film growth in a high vacuum ambient.

We present an approach of photoconductive terahertz (THz) generation providing a broad bandwidth and exceptional electric field amplitude. A large-area interdigitated two-electrode structure is applied to a GaAs substrate to offer high electric fields. Photocarriers excited by a Ti:Sapphire oscillator laser with MHz repetition rate are accelerated there, yielding an intense THz output. An appropriate binary mask covers every second electrode interval and carriers are excited in uniform electric field areas only. Hence contrary carrier acceleration and destructive interference is avoided. Due to the periodic nature of the electrode structure, the size of the excitation spot on the photoconductive THz emitter can be varied. This results in a THz beam of variable divergence. By electro-optic sampling the THz radiation is detected and characteristic properties of the THz source are measured. For an excitation spot diameter of about 300 μm, which corresponds to the central wavelength of the THz pulses, the THz generation is most efficient. THz radiation with an average power of 145 µW is generated with an efficiency of 2 × 10^-4 for the conversion from NIR to THz power. Furthermore, the THz radiation has excellent focusing properties. A Gaussian beam profile with a diameter (FWHM) of less than 1.4 of the central wavelength of the THz pulses is found. The THz field amplitude in the center of the focused THz beam is 1.5 kV/cm, which is almost one order of magnitude more of what is achieved with conventional semi-large aperture photoconductive emitters and a similar excitation spot diameter. Exceptionally large signal-to-noise ratios are achieved by modulating the bias voltage in the kHz range and using lock-in technique. We suggest that the THz power can be further improved by a sufficient cooling system, e.g. water cooling. Furthermore the use of LT GaAs instead of semiinsulating GaAs can result in larger THz bandwidth.

Static magnetic fields are known to be suitable for damping mean flow and turbulent motion in an electrically conducting liquid. In this paper, an experimental study is presented considering the influence of a horizontal magnetic field on a bubble-driven flow of a liquid metal. The investigation is focused on the liquid circulation inside a liquid metal column driven by a central jet produced by gas injection. The fluid vessel has a circular cross section and electrically insulating walls. Low gas flow rates were applied resulting in a plume of separated bubbles rising inside a spot around the cylinder axis. This axisymmetric configuration is exposed to a horizontal magnetic field. We present detailed experimental data describing the spatial as well as the temporal structure of the velocity field. Measurements of the vertical and the radial velocity component, respectively, were performed using the ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) allowing for the first time a complete mapping of the liquid velocity distribution for a bubble-driven liquid metal flow. The magnetic field considerably modified the global and local properties of the flow field compared to an ordinary bubble plume. In the parameter range considered here we did not find a prior flow suppression, but, in fact, a restructuring of the convective motion. The original axisymmetric flow field became anisotropic with respect to the direction of the magnetic field lines. An upwards flow dominated in a plane parallel to the magnetic field, whereas the recirculating motion was enforced in the orthogonal plane. Contrary to usual expectations, the application of a moderate magnetic field (100 < Ha < 400, 1 < N < 10) destabilizes the global flow and gives rise to transient, oscillating flow pattern with predominant frequencies.

A Pt/C multilayer stack (15 layer-pairs) with Fe impurities was prepared on a glass substrate by the ion sputtering technique. Ion irradiation effects on this multilayer were studied following irradiation with 2 MeV Au ions at fluences from 1 · 1014 to 1 · 1015 ions/ cm2. Irradiation induced atomic displacements in such multilayers have been earlier analyzed by a combined X-ray standing wave (XSW) and X-ray reflectivity (XRR) technique with a depth resolution better than 0.2 nm [S.K. Ghose, B.N. Dev, Phys. Rev. B 63 (2001) 245409; S.K. Ghose, D.K. Goswami, B. Rout, B.N. Dev, G. Kuri, G. Materlik, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 467]. Using the combined XSW-XRR technique ion beam induced preferential movement of Fe from C- to Pt-layers has been detected. At the highest ion fluence Pt layers (containing Fe) break into nanoparticles apparently surrounded by C. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements indicate the formation of FePt particles in the irradiated multilayer samples. Results of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements reveal that while the virgin sample hardly shows any magnetism, the irradiated samples show a soft ferromagnetism with an increasing coercive field with increasing ion fluence. Use of focused ion beam to fabricate ferromagnetic nanodots and their possible uses in spin electronics are discussed.

The S-layer of Bacillus sphaericus strain JG-A12, isolated from a uranium-mining site, exhibits a high metal-binding capacity, indicating that it may provide a protective function by preventing the cellular uptake of heavy metals and radionuclides. This property has allowed the use of this and other S-layers as self-assembling organic templates for the synthesis of nano-sized heavy metal cluster arrays. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the metal protein interactions and their impact on secondary structure. We have studied the secondary structure, protein stability, and Pd(II) coordination in S-layers from the B. sphaericus strains JG-A12 and NCTC 9602 to elucidate the molecular basis of their biological function and of the metal nanocluster growth. Fourier-transform IR-spectroscopy reveals similar secondary structures, containing ~35 % -sheets and little helical structure. pH-induced IR absorption changes of the side chain carboxylates evidence a remarkably low pK < 3 in both strains and a structural stabilisation when Pd(II) is bound. The COO--stretching absorptions reveal a predominant Pd(II)-coordination by chelation / bridging by Asp and Glu residues. This agrees with XANES and EXAFS data revealing oxygens as coordinating atoms to Pd(II). The additional participation of nitrogen is assigned to side chains rather than to the peptide backbone. The topology of nitrogen- and carboxyl-bearing side chains appears to mediate heavy metal-binding binding to the large number of Asp and Glu in both S-layers at particularly low pH as an adaptation to the environment from which the strain JG-A12 has been isolated. These side chains are thus prime targets for the design of engineered S-layer-based nanoclusters.

We have studied the oxidation states of Fe and Mo and the presence of grain boundaries in the magneto resistive (MR) compounds Sr2FeMoO6 by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Mössbauer spectroscopy and electrical resistivity measurements. XPS of the Mo 3d and Fe 3s core levels is indicating a mixed valence state involving around 30% Fe3+- Mo5+ and 70% Fe2+- Mo6+ states. Mössbauer studies confirm the presence of a valence fluctuation state and an essential amount of grain boundaries in the present Sr2FeMoO6 crystals. Resistivities and magnetoresistance studies evidenced strong grain boundary effects.

For modeling multi-phase where the disperse phase play a major role for determining the flow structure and inter phase transfer quantities, the size distribution of the particles has to be considered. This can be done by extension of the mass balance equation to a population balance equation. In this work, a least squares spectral method is tested for predicting the evolution of the disperse phase in a vertical two phases bubbly flow. The least squares spectral method consists in minimizing the L2 norm of the residual over the simulation domain. The results are compared with experimental data obtain for two different initial bubble distribution.

In recent years the tailoring of magnetic properties by means of ion irradiation techniques has become fashionable. Since the magnetic properties of magnetic multilayers depend sensitively on the mutual interfaces a modification of these interfaces by light ion irradiation leads to a local modification of the magnetic anisotropy, the exchange bias or the interlayer exchange coupling [1]. As an example it will be demonstrated that ion irradiation in an applied magnetic field allows to set the uniaxial anisotropy direction on a micrometer scale in the case of soft magnetic alloys [2]. However, in order to modify the structural and magnetic properties not only light ion irradiation but also ion implantation doping can be used. If, for example, Cr is implanted in thin Permalloy films the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization can be reduced, which consecutively leads to a decrease of the magnetic anisotropy and an increase of the magnetic damping behavior [3]. The formation of magnetically dead layers at the interfaces to buffer and cap layers can be investigated using Ni implantation [4].
In an alternative route to design magnetic properties periodically modulated substrates are employed. These modulated substrates are created by means of low energy ion erosion. A ripple structure with a typical periodicity of 30 – 50 nm and a ripple height of about 2 nm is created on a Si substrate. Subsequently deposited Permalloy films exhibit a uniaxial anisotropy which is about a factor of 20 larger than conventionally prepared films. If exchange bias bilayers are deposited the interplay between the unidirectional and the ripple-induced uniaxial anisotropy contributions can be investigated.

[1] J. Fassbender, D. Ravelosona, Y. Samson, J. Phys. D 37, R179 (2004).
[2] J. McCord, T. Gemming, L. Schultz, J. Fassbender, M. O. Liedke, M. Frommberger, E. Quandt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 162502 (2005).
[3] J. Fassbender, J. von Borany, A. Mücklich, K. Potzger, W. Möller, J. McCord, L. Schultz, R. Mattheis, Phys. Rev. B, in press.
[4] J. Fassbender, J. McCord, Appl. Phys. Lett., in press.

In recent years the tailoring of magnetic properties by means of ion irradiation techniques has become fashionable. Since the magnetic properties of magnetic multilayers depend sensitively on the mutual interfaces a modification of these interfaces by light ion irradiation leads to a local modification of the magnetic anisotropy, the exchange bias or the interlayer exchange coupling [1]. As an example it will be demonstrated that ion irradiation in an applied magnetic field allows to set the uniaxial anisotropy direction on a micrometer scale in the case of soft magnetic alloys [2]. However, in order to modify the structural and magnetic properties not only light ion irradiation but also ion implantation doping can be used. If, for example, Cr is implanted in thin Permalloy films the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization can be reduced, which consecutively leads to a decrease of the magnetic anisotropy and an increase of the magnetic damping behavior [3]. The formation of magnetically dead layers at the interfaces to buffer and cap layers can be investigated using Ni implantation [4].
In an alternative route to design magnetic properties periodically modulated substrates are employed. These modulated substrates are created by means of low energy ion erosion. A ripple structure with a typical periodicity of 30 – 50 nm and a ripple height of about 2 nm is created on a Si substrate. Subsequently deposited Permalloy films exhibit a uniaxial anisotropy which is about a factor of 20 larger than conventionally prepared films. If exchange bias bilayers are deposited the interplay between the unidirectional and the ripple-induced uniaxial anisotropy contributions can be investigated.

[1] J. Fassbender, D. Ravelosona, Y. Samson, J. Phys. D 37, R179 (2004).
[2] J. McCord, T. Gemming, L. Schultz, J. Fassbender, M. O. Liedke, M. Frommberger, E. Quandt, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 162502 (2005).
[3] J. Fassbender, J. von Borany, A. Mücklich, K. Potzger, W. Möller, J. McCord, L. Schultz, R. Mattheis, Phys. Rev. B, in press.
[4] J. Fassbender, J. McCord, Appl. Phys. Lett., in press.

High quality ZnO single crystals of dimensions 10 x 10 x 0.3 mm3, grown either using a pressurized melt or a hydrothermal growth approach, have been investigated in their as-received state and are compared regarding their properties revealed by positron annihilation and Hall effect measurements. By positron annihilation performed at room temperature it is found that the pressurized melt grown crystals contain a certain amount of Zn+O divacancies but no Zn vacancies are detected, whereas the hydrothermally grown crystals contain a dominating defect yet unknown in its structure but maybe connected to the Zn vacancy. Furthermore, the influence of an additional refined chemical-mechanical polishing of the crystal surface by a special procedure on the depth distribution of vacancy-type defects is demonstrated. Hall measurements, performed in the temperature range 20 – 325 K, showed that the crystal growth method has a strong influence on the carrier mobility, and the estimated acceptor densities also differ significantly in both types of crystal.

Bu₄N[ReO(abt)₂] was obtained via the precursor Bu₄N[ReOCl₄], its conversion into an ethylene glycol complex as an intermediate and subsequent ligand exchange by H₂abt to form the tetrabutylammonium salt of the abt complex in 62 % yield. Elemental analysis, mass, NMR and IR spectra confirm the composition Bu₄N[ReO(abt)₂]. The crystal structure contains well separated ReO(NHC₆H4S)₂ anions and Bu₄N⁺ counter cations. The coordinationgeometry of Re is distorted square pyramidal, with an apical Re O bond length of 1.676(5)A°.The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 33.75(1)°. These values do not differ
much from those of the corresponding Tc compound.

Capillarity-driven surface-free-energy minimization may lead to morphological changes of nanowires (NWs), e.g. their decay into chains of nanoclusters (NCs) by the Rayleigh instability. At the nano-scale, such capillary effects are more pronounced than in macroscopic systems due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. However, the capillary-driven NW decay is subject to increasing fluctuations with decreasing dimensions. This might prevent the formation of NC chains with long-range order which is needed for potential applications (e.g. in nanophotonics as light guides). We predict a novel method to fabricate long-range-ordered NC chains by decay of NWs under the control of an external temperature field. The prediction is based on the temperature dependence of surface tension causing thermocapillary effects. Surface tension gradients trigger atomic migration from hot to cold regions. Thus, long-range-order of NC chains may be achieved by a weak periodic temperature field along the NW. Such a temp. profile might be realized by a standing surface-plasmon-polariton wave. Here, a feasibility evaluation of the prediction will be presented which is based on computer experiments. The NW decay with and without external temperature fields was examined by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. Just a small, symmetry-breaking periodic temperature field is needed to control long-range-order. In practice, the field must be stronger than thermally induced fluctuations along the NW, as is discussed.

Nanowires (NWs) play an important role as basic components of electronic and photonic devices, such as interconnects or surface-plasmon propagators. Here, theoretical studies are presented on reaction pathways of the CMOS-compatible fabrication of metal silicide or semiconductor nanowires (NWs) by focused ion beam (FIB) implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. On realistic time and length scales, the simulation of the whole process is divided into two steps: (i) The spatio-temporal evolution of FIB implantation profiles is calculated by a new computer code including dynamical target changes, local ion erosion etc. The FIB implantation along a straight trace leads to a local and surface-near supersaturation in the substrate. (ii) Post-implantation annealing causes NW formation by self-organization, which is described theoretically by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. It is demonstrated that the evolution of the FIB implantation profile proceeds in three well-separated stages: (1) Phase separation by nucleation and growth, (2) NW formation by coalescence of nanoclusters, (3) NW surface smoothening. After this evolution, a NW diameter which is several times smaller than the width of the FIB implantation trace (some tens of nanometers) is found. Likewise, components for functional devices involving several NWs, like T- or X-junctions, can be obtained by crossing different FIB traces.

A combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and local density-functional theory (LDFT) is employed to analyze the microscopic structure of the rhombohedral (-1012) and the prismatic Sigma-3 (10-10) twin interfaces in alpha-alumina. LDFT provides interface energies, atomic and electronic structures for competing structure models. With high-resolution TEM the atomic structure at the interface is imaged quantitatively along two orthogonal zone axes. Electron energy loss spectroscopy in TEM yields the interfacial electronic structure with nano-scale spatial resolution. All experiments confirm the theoretically preferred model for each of the two grain boundaries quantitatively.

We consider the magnetorotational instability (MRI) of a hydrodynamically stable Taylor-Couette flow with a helical external magnetic field in the inductionless approximation defined by a zero magnetic Prandtl number (Pm=0). This leads to a considerable simplification of the problem eventually containing only hydrodynamic variables. First, we point out that the energy of any perturbation growing in the presence of magnetic field has to grow faster without the field. This is a paradox because the base flow is stable without the magnetic while it is unstable in the presence of a helical magnetic field without being modified by the latter as it has been found recently by Hollerbach and Rüdiger (Phys. Rev. Lett. {95}, 124501, 2005). We revisit this problem by using a Chebyshev collocation method to calculate the eigenvalue spectrum of the linearized problem. In this way, we confirm that MRI with helical magnetic field indeed works in the inductionless limit where the destabilization effect appears as an effective shift of the Rayleigh line. Second, we integrate the linearized equations in time to study the transient behavior of small amplitude perturbations, thus showing that the energy arguments are correct as well. However, there is no real contradiction between both facts. The linear stability theory predicts the asymptotic development of an arbitrary small-amplitude perturbation, while the energy stability theory yields the instant growth rate of any particular perturbation, but it does not account for the evolution of this perturbation. Thus, although switching off the magnetic field instantly increases the energy growth rate, in the same time the critical perturbation ceases to be an eigenmode without the magnetic field. Consequently, this perturbation is transformed with time and so looses its ability to extract energy from the base flow necessary for the growth.

The SUZUKI reaction of organoboron compounds with 4-[¹⁸F]fluoroiodobenzene has been developed as a novel radiolabelling technique in ¹⁸F chemistry. The cross-coupling reaction of p-tolylboronic acid with 4-[¹⁸F]fluoroiodobenzene was used to screen different palladium complexes, bases and solvents. Optimised reaction conditions (Pd₂(dba)₃, Cs₂CO₃, acetonitrile, 60 °C for 5 minutes) were further applied to the synthesis of various ¹⁸F-labelled biphenyls bearing different functional groups. The reaction proceeded in excellent radiochemical yields of up to 94 % within 5 min while showing good compatibility to many functional groups.

Challenges for further development in in-beam PET

Chains of metallic nanoparticles may be applied as surface-plasmonpolariton (SPP) waveguides. Moreover, nanoparticle waveguide structures with small bend radii, e.g. L-turns or beam splitting T-junctions, are of technological interest. In this contribution, we present reaction pathways of the fabrication of 1D metallic nanostructures by focused metal ion implantation and subsequent thermal treatment. Nanowires (NWs) as well as structures consisting of metallic nanoparticle chains were found. The search for reaction pathways was performed by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations including realistic focused ion beam (FIB) implantation profiles which were determined by spatially dependent dynamic ion range calculations. During annealing, buried NWs and more complex structures (e.g. T- or X-junctions) form that are embedded in the matrix along the FIB implantation trace. The diameter of the synthesized NWs is about five times smaller than the width of the FIB implantation trace. The dominating driving force of NW formation is a free energy gain by phase separation and by reduction of high interface curvatures. During longterm thermal annealing, NWs disintegrate into regular chains of nanodots because of the built-up of long-wavelength interface undulations (Rayleigh instability). Crosses, corners or ends of NWs are subject to a preferential disintegration. Thus, by choosing appropriate geometries and implantation conditions, SPP waveguides based on multiple nanodot chains, e.g. L-turns, X- or T-junctions, might be fabricated by FIB implantation. The simulations were performed for focused Co ion implantation into Si since CoSi2 might be a metallic waveguide material with several advantages: monocrystalline embedding into c-Si with coherent (and defect-free) interfaces, CMOS-compatibility, and surface plasmon resonance in the infrared where Si is transparent.

We present reaction pathways of a novel method of semiconductor nanowire (NW) fabrication using a focused ion beam (FIB). This investigation is based on kinetic Monte Carlo simulations including realistic FIB implantation profiles which were determined by spatially dependent dynamic ion range calculations. A focused implantation of Si or Ge ions into SiO2 along a straight trace leads to local supersaturation of the implanted species in the dielectric substrate. During post-implantation annealing, semiconductor NWs embedded in the dielectric matrix form along the FIB implantation trace. Even complex structures involving several NWs, e.g. T- or X-junctions, may be obtained. The dominating driving force of NW formation is a free energy gain by phase separation and by reduction of high interface curvatures. The diameter of the synthesized NWs is about five times smaller than the width of the FIB implantation trace. During long-term thermal annealing, NWs disintegrate into regular chains of nanodots because of the built-up of long-wavelength interface undulations (Rayleigh instability). Crosses, corners or ends of NWs are subject to a preferential disintegration. Thus, structures suitable for single-electron-transistors may be realized where an isolated nanocluster is located in a tunnel distance from several NW contacts. Moreover, multi-gate NW field effect transistors may be fabricated by crossing FIB traces of different ion fluences.

Nanofluidic devices are going to play an important role in miniaturization, automation and parallelization of chemical, biological, or medical systems. At present, the fabrication of microfluidic channel networks requires a large number of sophisticated processing steps. For "lab on a chip" devices, CMOS compatibility is desired in the fabrication process, additionally. In this contribution, we present potential reaction pathways of a nonconventional, however, CMOS-compatible fabrication method of nanofluidic channels and channel networks. The reaction pathways are predicted by Monte Carlo simulations which atomistically describe the evolution of a sample configuration during a thermal treatment. Referring to the "empty space-in-silicon" formation technique (T. Sato et al., Jnp. J. Appl. Phys. 43 (2003) 12.), a Si-(100) substrate is assumed which contains isolated trenches that are arranged in a line. This approach is modified by using trenches of different depths and diameters. During thermal treatment in a low-pressure hydrogen atmosphere, migration of surface atoms leads to an overall surface minimization. Thin trenches decouple quickly from the wafer surface forming buried voids. In a self-organizing manner, neighboring voids may coalesce and, thus, they construct a buried channel. Due to their lower surface-to-volume ratio, thick trenches are more stable. They remain in contact with the wafer surface and, therefore, they may act as vertical supply and drain pipes for the buried channels. In addition, the simulations predict the formation of elementary nanochannel networks such as T-junctions, X-junctions, or Hfilters. The channel surface of the whole active layer can be transformed into SiO2 by postfabrication oxidation.

Surface free energy minimization, driven by capillary forces, may lead to morphological changes of wires (e.g. disintegration into a droplet chain which is known as Rayleigh instability) and layers (dewetting). At nano-scale dimensions, capillary effects are much more pronounced than in macroscopic systems due to the large surface-to-volume ratio. On the other hand, capillary-driven self-organization processes are subject to increasing fluctuation with decreasing dimensions, which mostly prevent the formation of regular structures with long-range order. In this contribution, we predict by means of atomistic Monte Carlo simulations a novel method to fabricate size- and position controlled 1D- and 2D-patterns of nanoparticles. Our prediction rests on the temperature dependence of surface tension – the origin of the wellknown thermocapillarity. Uncompensated forces occur due to surface temperature gradients. These forces may have considerable impact in the nanoworld, thus, leading to material transport and structure formation on short time and length scales. A surface tension gradient (also responsible for the Marangoni effect) triggers the biased migration of atoms from hot to cold regions by surface diffusion. A periodic temperature gradient on the surface of a wire or a layer may be achieved by a surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) wave or even by a SPP wave interference pattern. For SPP excitations with long wavelengths (e.g. by a CO2 laser), sufficiently strong steady-state temperature gradients may be produced. However, pulsed operation might be necessary for shorter wavelengths. We predict by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations that the regularity of nanodroplet chains, that form during a self-organized disintegration of nanowires, might be considerably improved by SPPs. If the SPP wavelength is commensurable with the inherent Rayleigh wavelength of the nanowire disintegration, the SPP-induced temperature undulations control the Rayleigh instability. Thus, a regular and long-range order in nanodroplet size and position may be achieved. Similarly, this principle may be used for the fabrication of regular and long-range 2D nanodroplet patterns, if interference patterns of SPP waves on thin layers are achieved.

The stability of a transitional boundary layer controlled by a wall-parallel, streamwise oriented Lorentz force is investigated by means of direct numerical simulation. Damping of Tollmien-Schlichting waves is observed already at weak control amplitudes.
For a particular control amplitude, similar to homogeneous suction, the initial Blasius layer evolves towards an exponential velocity profile of strongly enhanced stability. Here, intermediate velocity profiles are found to have linear stability properties superior to that of the asymptotic exponential profile. Additional 3-D simulations support the 2-D results as Lorentz force control clearly damps the coherent structures of the transitional flow.

CFD calculations have been performed for the themalhydraulic benchmark V1000CT-2
The numerical grid model was generated with the grid generator IC4C (ICEM-CFD) and the preprocessor ANSYS CFX and contains 4.7 Mio. tetrahedral elements
Different advanced turbulence models were used in the numerical simulation
The best agreement with the Kozloduy experiment at the core inlet shows the DES simulation. Strong fluctuations occur in the downcomer of the RPV.
The results show a clear sector formation of the affected loop at the downcomer, lower plenum and core inlet. The maximum local values of the relative temperature rise in the experiment amount 97.7% and in the calculation 97.3%

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der, vorwiegend experimentellen, Untersuchung der Wirkung wandparalleler Lorentzkräfte in Strömungsrichtung auf Grenzschichtprofile und Körperumströmungen. Die Themen

• Beeinflussung der Grenzschicht an ebenen Platten mit stationären Lorentzkräften
• Kontrolle von Strömungsablösungen an Zylindern und symmetrischen Profilen mit stationären Lorentzkräften
• Beeinflussung von Zylindernachläufen und abgelösten Tragflügelumströmungen mit zeitlich periodischen Lorentzkräften

kein Abstract verfügbar

The ion beam synthesis process of CoSi2 by writing stoichiometric ion implantation and subsequent annealing has been studied. For this a Focused Ion Beam (FIB), equipped with a Co36Nd64 alloy liquid metal ion source, was applied. Si(1 0 0) and (1 1 1) wafers were implanted with 60 keV Co2+ ions in the dose range of 2 × 1016–2 × 1017 cm−2. The implantation parameters, like pixel dwell time, relaxation time, dose rate as well as the pixel overlapping factor were investigated. During subsequent annealing CoSi2 nanostructures with dimensions down to 10 nm have been achieved. To investigate the silicide formation more in detail the annealing process was done in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) on a pre-dimpled and FIB implanted samples of a Si(1 1 1). The formation of the cobalt silicide nano-crystals was monitored by plane-view TEM imaging during a 30 min heat treatment at 600 °C in vacuum.

Biosystems such as microorganisms, plants, algae’s etc. are influencing for instance the migration of actinides in the environment. It is important to include these processes in the risk assessment of potential high level nuclear waste disposal sites and other affected areas. In general, the overall interaction process of actinides with microbes can be divided into a) direct interaction path ways such as biosorption, bioaccumulation and biotransformation/bioreduction and b) indirect interaction paths such as complexation with released bioligands. The potential of microbes to mobilize actinides by means of the formed bioligands is less investigated.

Our approach is focused on the investigation of selected bioligands having relevant functionalities for a better understanding of the complex actinide interaction processes in biological systems on a molecular level. To achieve this goal a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and/or absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) wavelength range will be applied depending on the nature of the actinide element and the bioligand.
This poster gives an overview about our ongoing research in this area by taking three examples: complex formation of curium(III) with adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) [1], curium(III) and amino acids of different functionalities [2], and uranium interactions with molecules containing hydroxamate groups [3].
We want to use this workshop in order to try to answer the question: How can theory help to interpret our experimental results obtained by using spectroscopic methods especially in exploring the structure of the respective aqueous actinide species?

[1] H. Moll, G. Geipel, G. Bernhard, Inorg. Chim. Acta 358 (2005) 2275.
[2] H. Moll, G. Bernhard, Inorg. Chim. Acta (2006) submitted.
[3] M. Glorius, H. Moll, G. Bernhard, manuscript in preparation.

This work was funded by the BMWA under contract number 02E9985.

Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) is a unique method for direct actinide and lanthanide speciation at low concentrations that is increasingly used for the study of various chemical aspects of actinides and lanthanides in solutions, suspensions or on solid surfaces namely in the framework of environmental studies or problems related to nuclear fuel reprocessing and waste disposals. Early in this year, construction and equipment of a new TRLFS laboratory was finished at the Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic, in collaboration and under the support of Institute of Radiochemistry, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Germany. The new set-up comprises:

− Vibrant 355 II (Opotec) tunable laser with optical parametric oscillator, basic range 410 2400 nm, pumped at 355 nm with a Brilliant Nd:YAG pulse laser with SHG 532 nm and THG-355 nm modules and an additional FHG 266 nm module. Independent outlets for 355 nm and 266 nm laser beams. A UV 3 module extends the range down to 355 nm. Variable repetition frequency up to 10 Hz with the lengths of the laser pulse 6-8 ns.
− Cuvette Holder Flash 200 with Temperature Controller TC 101 (Quantum Northwest) and the necessary optical elements for signal collection and focussing.
− MS257 (Oriel) monochromator/spectrograph with 4 gratings (150 l/mm 190 800 nm, blaze 300 nm; 300 l/mm 250-1150 nm, blaze 500 nm; 600 l/mm 280 1200 nm, blaze 500 nm; 1200 l/mm 280-1600 nm, blaze 500 nm), with micrometrically adjustable aperture and optical fibre outlet. The main parameters are: outlet focal length 257,4 mm, resolution 0,1 nm, precision ± 0,1 nm, repeatability ± 0,028 nm.
− iStar 720 (Andor) DH720i-18F-03 intensified CCD camera designed for low-light spectroscopy applications requiring fast gating. The CCD sensor has spectral range of 180-850 nm and it includes a digital delay generator built into the head - the minimum optical gate is 1.6 ns.
Results of the first measurements obtained in the new laboratory for a standard UO22+ – SO42– system will be presented. The future research plans include:
− study of uranium complexation with humic substances,
− study of actinides bonding onto solid surfaces,
− actinides and lanthanides complexation with novel extraction and/or complexing agents relevant for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing or operational decontamination, respectively.

Bulk Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) is known to possess a normal spinel structure and is an antiferromagnetic material. However, ferri- or ferro- magnetism has been observed in nanosized ZnFe2O4, which raised the current interest of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles [1-3]. In this work, crystalline ZnFe2O4 was synthesized by Fe implantation into ZnO at 623 K, following a post thermal annealing. In the as-implanted ZnO sample, a fraction of Fe is in metallic state, and is responsible for the magnetic property. An annealing at 823 K enhanced the Fe particle formation, but Fe nanoparticles were oxidized after an annealing at 1070 K. A further annealing at 1070 K for 3.5 h induced the formation of ZnFe2O4. ZnFe2O4 was identified by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and indirectly by room temperature conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy. The magnetic property was investigated by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry (Fig. 1). At 5 K, the sample shows a hysteric loop upon magnetization reversal with a high coecivity of around 400 Oe. The magnetization also was measured as a function of temperature with zero field cooling and field cooling protocol. The zero field cooling curve exhibits a maximum magnetization at a temperature of around 26 K, indicating a nanoparticle magnetic characteristic. The ferromagnetism of ZnFe2O4 can be explained by a partially inverted spinel structure, where Fe ions migrate from octahedral B sites (Fe3+) to tetrahedral A sites (Fe2+), and a strong A-B superexchange interaction produces the ferromagnetic coupling [1-3].

[1] Z. H. Zhou, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3167 (2001).
[2] G. F. Goya, et al, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15, 641 (2003).
[3] J. H. Shim, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 082503 (2005).

300 keV Mn was implanted into p-Si with a fluence of 1*10ˆ15/cm2, 1*10ˆ16/cm2 and 5*10ˆ16/cm2, respectively, at 620 K. The samples were annealed at 1070 K in N2 ambient for 5 min by rapid thermal annealing. Rutherford backscattering/channeling, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diraction were applied for structural characterization. Mnsilicide nanoparticles were formed with the size of 5 nm already in the asimplanted samples and grew up to around 30 nm after annealing. Moreover no significant evidence is found for Mn substituting Si sites either in as-implanted or annealed samples. The virgin samples already show a ferromagnetic like behavior, and the moment is slightly increased after implantation (1*10ˆ16/cm2) and annealing by around 0.5 Bohr magneton per Mn. Therefore, the majority of Mn ions formed Mn-silicides, and some are diluted in Si matrix and develop into ferromagnetic coupling. These effects have to be properly considered for the design of Si-based diluted magnetic semiconductors.
[1] M. Bolduc, C. Awo-Aouda, A. Stollenwerk, M. B. Huang, F. G. Ramos, G. Agnello, and V. P. LaBella Phys. Rev. B 71, 033302 (2005).

Aluminium, carbide nucleation and growing kinetics is correlated to the mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus), and to the friction coefficients as a function of carbon ion implantation parameters on aluminium. The microstructure of the modified surface was studied by: a) Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA), b) Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction analysis (GIXRD) and c) Raman spectroscopy. Hardness and elastic modulus profiles were measured by instrumented nanoindentation technique. Pin-on-disc technique in reciprocal scratch mode was employed to obtain the friction coefficient profile. For low carbon fluences (<= 2 x 10(17) C+ cm(-2)) small size (approximate to 4 nm) embedded Al4C3 precipitates were produced. Higher carbon fluences create an amorphous-like structure. Implantations performed at high substrate temperatures can produce big size precipitate (approximate to 40 nm). Surface hardness increases as a function of carbon fluence resulting in values !
of about 6 GPa (20 times Al bulk value). The hardening mechanisms are associated with dislocations to precipitates bowing and/or cutting processes. Implantation parameters ruled the mechanical properties. Tribological responses are more difficult to correlate to the ion implantations conditions. However, wear is reduced when highly disordered C-C cluster are present.

A Ge nanocrystal layer embedded in thin SiO2 was prepared by ion beam synthesis in direct-tunneling distance to the Si substrate. The write performance was investigated in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors by means of capacitance measurements. With the experimental data and calculations using a floating-gate-like approach, the distribution of the tunneling oxide thickness dtox can be obtained in high precision confirmed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging. The evolution of dtox during heat treatment is discussed in terms of Ostwald ripening; i.e., dtox increases with annealing time.

In order to introduce ferromagnetic properties, ZnO single crystals have been implanted with Gd ions at 180 keV ion energy and two different fluences. Magnetization reversal hysteresis loops have been recorded using a superconducting quantum interference device. The virgin ZnO shows a pure diamagnetic behaviour. Besides the diamagnetic background, weak ferromagnetism has been observed for the as-implanted films. Post-implantation annealing greatly improved the magnetism. For a fluence of 5x10ˆ15 Gd/cm2, post implantation annealing at 820K in vacuum leads to an increase of the saturation moment up to 1.8 Bohr magneton per Gd at exactly 300 K thus excluding Gd, ZnGd or Gd2O3 secondary phases to be formed. The increase of the saturation moment can be explained along with changes in resistivity due to the annealing reported elsewhere. Moreover magnetic domains were observed up to 2 microns by atomic/magnetic force microscope, which again evidenced the formation of diluted magnetic semiconductor.
[1]K. Potzger et al, submitted to J. Appl. Phys. (2005).
[2]S. O. Kucheyev et al. J. Appl. Phys. 93, 2972 (2003).

Mechanical heart valves are exposed to extreme mechanical demands, which require a surface showing not only nonhaemostatic properties, but also wear resistance and low friction. As alternative to different forms of amorphous carbon (a-C), so-called diamondlike carbon (DLC), the suitability of boron carbonitride (BCN) coatings is tested here for hemocompatible coatings. They have similar mechanical properties like a-C surfaces, but superior chemical stability at ferrous substrates or counterparts. BCN films with different nitrogen content were compared with hydrogenated a-C films regarding their mechanical properties, surface energy, adsorption of albumin and fibrinogen, blood platelet adherence, and activation of the contact system of the clotting cascade and kinin system. Similar mechanical properties and biological response have been found in the BCN films with respect to a-C, indicating the potential of these coatings for biomedical applications. The increase in the cryst!
allinity and tribological properties of the BCN samples with a higher incorporation of N was also followed by a lower protein adsorption and low activation of the contact system, but an increased adherence of thrombocytes. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Amorphous carbon films have been applied in biomedical fields as potential biocompatible materials with wettability that can be adjusted by doping with other elements, including F, Si, Ti, O and N. In this study, nitrogen-doped hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H:N) films were deposited by PIII-D using C2H2 + N-2 gas mixtures. The biocompatibility and anti-thrombotic properties of the films were assessed in vitro. The surface morphology and surface wettability of the films were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a contact angle method. The results show no cytotoxicity for all films, and films with appropriate nitrogen doping possess much better endothelial cell growth and anti-thrombotic properties. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Actinides under environmental conditions can be found in a sub-µ-molar to the lower millimolar concentration range. However, the direct detection of species under these conditions with conventional spectroscopic techniques is not possible.
By application of very intense light sources, as are available with the different laser systems the excitation of traces of actinides ions becomes possible. Several ions of actinides possess outstanding spectroscopic properties which allow the detection of species also in the lowest concentration range.
For the non-invasive detection of species in solution especially the laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy (LIPAS) and in the case of fluorescing species the time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) are method of first choice. LIPAS is a very sensitive method for absorption spectroscopy and can be applied therefore for all non-fluorescent systems. Compared to conventional UV-VIS spectroscopy up to three orders of magnitude lower detection limits can be achieved. TRLFS is only applicable in systems where the deexcitation takes place via radiative processes with emission of photons. In the series of the lower actinides here the systems containing protactinium(IV), uranium(IV) and uranium(VI) as well as americium(III) and curium(III) have to be named. Due to the extremely high quantum efficiency of curium(III) ions concentrations down to 10-11 mol/L can be observed be TRLFS. On the other hand organic ligands as humic substances are ubiquitous in the nature. The interaction of such compounds with actinides can also studied using the fluorescence properties of the organic ligand. A brief overview for these methods will be given.
Examples for the application of the laser-induced spectroscopic methods we be given. At first examples for the spectroscopy and detection of uranium species in natural waters from mining related to drinking waters will be shown. As special case the determination pure uranyl carbonate species, which are non-fluorescent at room temperature, will be shown. Also the interaction with sulfate, phosphate and arsenate will be touched on. The application of LIPAS will be shown especially for the uranium(IV) phosphate and arsenate systems. As uranium(IV) shows also fluorescence properties some problems with the detection of these species will be summarized. Studies of the interaction of curium and americium with several ligands will also shortly summarized.
Polyelectrolytic organic macromolecules, like humic substances, are important complexing agents towards actinide metal ions. Due to these properties humic substances are possible carriers for the migration of actinides in the environment. The study of the high molecular compounds is very complex. Therefore the investigation of simple model ligands would give a more detailed description of the binding behavior of humic substances. Especially the different bonding of carboxylic and phenolic group and the discrimination between them is of interest to get more detailed information about the complex formation. To study the complex formation of actinides with such organic ligands the TRLFS with ultrashort excitation pulses is a very suitable method.

We present a theory of impurity states in quantum wells and superlattices which treats the confining heterostructure potential and the random impurity potential on the same footing. The relevant 3D Hamiltonian is diagonalized exactly in the low-doping regime. The results are used to calculate infrared absorption spectra which contain contributions of impurity and intersubband transitions. We mainly discuss the excited impurity states, which are pinned to higher subbands and are resonant states in the continuum. After a detailed analysis of a coupled quantum well system, we study the transition to a superlattice. In particular, we are able to reproduce existing experimental data on a quadruple quantum well, which had not been understood in the past.

For the investigation of stratified two-phase flow, two horizontal channels with rectangular cross-section were built at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. The channels allow the investigation of air/water co-current flows, especially the slug behaviour, at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The test-sections are made of acrylic glass, so that optical techniques, like high-speed video observation or particle image velocimetry (PIV), can be applied for measurements. The rectangular cross-section was chosen to provide better observation possibilities. Moreover, dynamic pressure measurements were performed and synchronised with the high-speed camera system.
CFD post test simulations of stratified flows were performed using the code ANSYS-CFX. The Euler-Euler two fluid model with the free surface option was applied on grids of minimum 4∙105 control volumes. The turbulence was modelled separately for each phase using the k-ω based shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. The results compare very well in terms of slug formation, velocity, and breaking. The qualitative agreement between calculation and experiment is encouraging and shows that CFD can be a useful tool in studying horizontal two-phase flow.

The influence of density differences on the mixing of the primary loop inventory and the Emergency Core Cooling (ECC) water in the downcomer of a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) was analyzed at the ROssendorf COolant Mixing (ROCOM) test facility. ROCOM is a 1:5 scaled model of a German PWR, and has been designed for coo¬lant mixing studies. It is equipped with advanced instrumen¬ta¬tion, which delivers high-resolution information for temperature or Boron concen¬tra¬tion fields. This paper presents ROCOM experiments in which water with higher density was injected into a cold leg of the reactor model. Wire-mesh sensors measuring the concentration of a tracer in the injected water were installed in the upper and lower part of the downcomer. An experiment with 5 % of the design flow rate in one loop and 10 % density difference between the ECC and loop water was selected for validation of the CFD software ANSYS CFX. A mesh with two million control volumes was used for the calculations. The effects of turbulence on the mean flow were modelled with a Reynolds stress turbulence model. The results of the experiment and of the numerical calculations show that mixing is dominated by buoyancy effects: At higher mass flow rates (close to nominal conditions) the injected slug propagates in the circumferential direction around the core barrel. Buoyancy effects reduce this circumferential propagation. The ECC water falls in an almost vertical path and reaches the lower down¬comer sen¬sor directly below the inlet nozzle. Therefore, density effects play an important role during natural convection with ECC injection in PWRs. ANSYS CFX was able to predict the observed flow patterns and mixing phenomena quite well.

The status of flow modelling under the influence of a travelling magnetic field for the purpose of melt control in VGF growth of GaAs is summarized. Global heat flux modeling is combined with flow simulation, flow stability analysis, and model experiments using the eutectic melt GaInSn.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Ti45Al55 alloys were investigated in terms of the melt convection state during solidification. The samples were subjected to conventional induction melting as well as enhanced melt stirring by application of an external magnetic field using a specially designed floating zone arrangement. The stirred samples showed a significant improvement of the plastic deformability (16.9 %) up to 1137 MPa stress. A strong morphology change from dendritic to spherical shape geometry and an increased properitectic phase fraction was observed after stirring. The possible reasons were explained as result of spherical growth under forced convection, rather than a consequence of fragmentation of dendrite arms. An increase in the semi-coherent interfaces between g/a2 interfaces and the lack of orientation anisotropy of the spherical shape (g+a2) colonies in the stirred sample may contribute to the higher deformability of the stirred samples. Reduced Vickers hardness values of the g-matrix and increased hardness of the (g+a2) lamellar structure in the stirred samples is attributed to redistribution of oxygen and reduced interlamellar g/a2 spacing.

Magnetic fields provide an attractive contact-less influence on the motion of metallic or semiconductor melts and the related heat and mass transfer. An optimal design of the magnetic field is often difficult due to the lack of experimental access to the velocity field in such opaque melts. Several recently developed measuring techniques will be presented which allow an almost complete velocity resolution in metallic melts up to temperatures of about 400C. On this basis a combination of cold liquid metal model experiments with numerical simulations represents a powerful approach, allowing to develop tailored magnetic field systems. Various examples will be presented ranging from crystal growth, aluminum investment casting, thermoelectric effects, melt mixing, metal fiber production, electromagnetic levitation, to metal solidification. In many cases, only a special combination of AC and DC magnetic fields provides an optimal solution for the desired melt flow control.

The forced crucible rotation technique has been applied to the solidification of Nd-Fe-B alloys. Specially sealed samples were subjected to well-defined forced rotation during induction heating and solidification. The resulting microstructure of the Nd-Fe-B alloys in consideration of melt convection has been investigated using scanning electron probe microscopy. The determination of the a-Fe volume fraction by measuring the magnetic moment in a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) resulted in a distinct reduction of the a-Fe volume fraction in samples with high crucible rotation frequencies. Furthermore, the investigation has been extended the peritectic Ti-Al system. It could be shown that the secondary dendritic arm spacing of the properitectic phase reduces with increasing forced sample rotation frequency.

With respect to future magnetic recording materials, the L10-ordering of stoichiometric FePt films (70 nm) deposited on amorphous SiO2 by dc magnetron co-sputtering has been studied. A low deposition rate (0.6 Å/s) and Ar pressure (0.3 Pa) was used. The kinetics of structural A1 - L10 transition and the degree of ordering have been investigated with in-situ X-ray diffraction at the Synchrotron beam line ROBL at ESRF. The transition to almost complete ordered L10 films with an ordering parameter S > 0.8 has been obtained at low temperatures of (320 +/- 20)°C. An additional post-deposition ion irradiation with He ions at RT or at 250°C (50 keV, 1x1015 - 3x1016 cm-2) does not influence this low transition temperature. Theoretical calculations reveal that for our experimental conditions no thermalization of the sputtered atoms and the reflected Ar neutrals in the plasma occur; thus, a considerable fraction of energetic ions and neutrals meet the substrate with energies partly exceeding the displacement threshold. The low transition temperature is explained in the reduction of the activation energy for atomic reordering by point defects which becomes mobile at temperatures higher or equal to 250°C. Using operating conditions with a strong thermalization (deposition at 2 Pa), the FePt film showed an increase of the transition temperature to 400°C and a reduced film density. Finally, the results of first experiments towards patterned L10 ordered FePt layers will be reported.

The request for room-temperature diluted magnetic semiconductors resulted in a large interest in GaN containing transition metals. In contrast to the (Ga,Mn)N-system, the origin of the ferromagnetism in Fe implanted GaN is still not sufficiently investigated. The formation of secondary phases and valence states of Fe play an important role in the discussion of the source of the ferromagnetism.
In this study, the electronic, structural and magnetic properties of p-GaN implanted with Fe+ (1 - 16 · 1016 cm^-2) at 350° C and subsequently annealed at 650° - 1000° C were examined by conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and magnetometry.
First experiments show ferromagnetic behaviour above room temperature in samples implanted with the highest amount of Fe. First x-ray diffraction and conversion electron M¨ossbauer spectroscopy measurements reveal the creation of alpha-Fe-clusters which are most likely responsible for the ferromagnetism.

wird nachgereicht

Due to the high uniaxial anisotropy L10-ordered FePt is currently the most favored candidate for future high density storage applications. With respect to a feasible fabrication technology, it is necessary (i) to produce such films on amorphous substrates, and (ii) to enable a low processing temperature (T<400°C). FePt films deposited at RT only exhibit the face-centered cubic A1-phase. Thus, either deposition or a post-deposition heat treatment at temperatures above typically 500°C is required, in order to achieve the L10-phase. We report on the L10 ordering of stoichiometric FePt thin films fabricated on SiO2/Si substrates by magnetron sputtering at various temperatures (RT - 400°C). Using a low deposition rate of about 0.6 Å/s and an Ar pressure of 0.3 Pa the ion/atom-ratio during deposition is » 1 where the ions exhibit energies of about 20 eV. In addition, FePt films have been irradiated subsequently with He ions of 50 keV and fluencies between 1x1015 and 3x1016 cm−2 for comparison. The kinetics of A1-L10 transition and ordering have been investigated with in-situ X-ray diffraction at the Synchrotron-beamline ROBL at ESRF. L10 ordered FePt films with an ordering parameter S=0.8 have been achieved already for an overall process temperature below 350°C. The results are discussed in terms of ion-assisted activation and segregation which supports the atomic relocation during L10 ordering.

Bakterien waren die ersten Lebewesen auf unserem Planeten. Über die Jahrmilliarden haben sie gelernt, sich an jeden noch so unwirtlichen Lebensraum anzupassen und nahezu jede noch so komplexe chemische Verbindung abzubauen. Fälschlicherweise haben sie sich insbesondere als Krankheitserreger einen „Namen“ gemacht. Bei genauerer Beschäftigung mit diesen kleinsten Lebewesen wird nämlich schnell klar, dass es sich dabei nur um Ausnahmeerscheinungen handelt. Nach vorsichtigen Schätzungen kennt man zwar nur etwa 1 % aller Bakterien, aber es ist unumstritten, dass nur durch ihre Aktivität das Leben in seiner heutigen Form möglich geworden ist. Neben ihrem fundamentalen Beitrag zur Entstehung der heutigen Atmosphäre und damit der Grundlage unseren Lebens, sorgen sie außerdem dafür, dass die Kreisläufe der Natur nicht zum Erliegen kommen.
Der Vortrag soll dazu einen Überblick geben und am Beispiel ungewöhnlicher Leistungen sowie besonderer Eigenschaften der Bakterien deren Anwendungspotential vor dem Hintergrund der Arbeiten am Forschungszentrum Rossendorf aufzeigen.

The substrate/interface morphology and roughness plays a crucial role for the determination of the magnetic properties of ultrathin films. An anisotropic roughness can easily create magnetic anisotropy contributions of the same symmetry. It will be demonstrated that ion erosion fabricated ripples can be used to tailor the magnetic anisotropy and lead to a dramatic enhancement of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Permalloy by a factor of up to 20.
By means of 500 eV Ar+ ion erosion a rippled Si surface with a well defined periodicity (20 – 60 nm) and peak to valley height (2 – 5 nm) is created. The surface topography is investigated by means of atomic force microscopy. On top of this naturally oxidized surface, first a metallic buffer layer and then a 9 nm thin Permalloy layer is deposited by means of thermal evaporation. Depending on the buffer layer material (Cr, Mn, Pt, Cu) and thickness (0 – 20 nm) the ripple morphology is reproduced to a variable extent by the Permalloy film. The magnetization reversal behavior and the ripple-induced magnetic anisotropies are investigated by means of magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements and correlated to the interface morphology. An easy route for the tailoring of magnetic anisotropies is shown.

The layer magnetization, the saturation magnetization as well as the magnetic anisotropy and damping behavior of 20 nm thick Ni81Fe19 films have been modified by 30 keV Cr, Ni and Co ion implantation with fluences up to 11016 ions/cm2 ( 5 atom-%). As a function of fluence first an improvement of the (111) fiber texture, then a lattice expansion and finally a partial amorphization of the interface near region of the Ni81Fe19 layer is found. The region of amorphization can be understood quantitatively by the concentration profiles as a function of depth in combination with irradiation induced damage formation. The magnetic properties change correspondingly. Magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry and inductive techniques have been used to determine the layer magnetization and the static magnetic anisotropy. A strong reduction of the magnetization with increasing implantation fluence is found. This reduction can be decomposed in a reduction of the active magnetic layer thickness and a reduction of the saturation magnetization. The latter one has been determined by means of pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry. This technique allows in addition the determination of the dynamic anisotropy, the relaxation rate and the magnetic damping constant. A reduction in magnetic anisotropy and a strong increase of the magnetic damping behavior is observed as a function of implantation fluence which is mainly attributed to doping effects. However, also radiation induced damage effects have to be considered in order to fully understand the change in magnetic properties.

The magnetic properties of both interacting and non-interacting iron nanoparticle systems were investigated by means of SQUID magnetometry. Both nanoparticle systems were produced by ion beam synthesis. For this purpose Fe+ was implanted into diamagnetic LaAlO3 substrates with a fluence of 6×1016 cm-2 at an energy of 120 keV at either 400°C or 800°C. It is observed that for the lower (higher) temperature a non-interacting (interacting) nanoparticle ensemble is created. The size distribution of the nanoparticles is studied by transmission electron microscopy. The memory effects in these systems were investigated by field-cooling and zero field-cooling magnetization measurements. Both analysis methods should help to settle the controversy whether the interaction between superparamagnetic particles or their size distribution is responsible for the memory effect [1, 2].

[1] Y. Sun et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 167206 (2003).
[2] R. K. Zheng et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 139702 (2004).

Laser pulse induced field assisted precessional switching in exchange coupled mesoscopic NiFe/FeMn striplines has all-optically been triggered and magneto-optically observed in real time with switching times down to 500 ps. A fast decoupling of the exchange bias bilayer launches coherent precession of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic layer of the exchange bias system. By properly choosing the initial equilibrium orientation the optical unpinning of the bilayer can induce complete magnetization switching. Stroboscopic time domain imaging of the switching event has been realized by a sophisticated synchronization scheme of a magnetic preset pulse and both the optical pump and probe pulses, respectively. The observed laser assisted switching can be well described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Klaasen-van Peppen equation combining precessional and thermally activated spin dynamics.

Recently ion irradiation has been proposed as a patterning tool for different magnetic systems. The increasing interest for this technique is due to the capability of tailoring the magnetic properties without affecting the sample topography. We present a study of the magnetic properties of patterns with different geometries produced by ion irradiatio on a Ni81Fe19/Fe50Mn50 exchange bias bilayer by magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometry and magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The hysteresis loops measured by MOKE present features evidently related to the irradiated geometries. Moreover they also reveal that the magnetization reversal is not proceeding independently in irradiated and non-irradiated areas. This magnetic coupling is confirmed by MFM images, which clearly show that magnetic domains in irradiated and non-irradiated elements are mutually influencing each other during the reversal process. Comparison with previous studies indicates that the above mentioned coupling dramatically affects the reversal process only when the lateral size of irradiated elements approaches a characteristic coupling length.

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are based on common semiconducting material like GaAs, Si, Ge, InP, GaN or ZnO doped with a few percent of a transition or rare earth metal. While early work has been performed mainly by polish groups in the 1970ies and 80ies, DMS have attracted worldwide scientific attention during the last 5 years due to their application potential in spintronics. This was triggered by the discovery of ferromagnetic GaMnAs and the theoretical prediction of room temperature ferromagnetism for ZnO:Mn and GaN:Mn by T. Dietl and H. Ohno [1]. One of the main obstacles while creating a DMS is secondary phase formation. Since solubility limits are rather low, non-equilibrium doping techniques like low temperature film growth are commonly used. On the other hand, ion implantation offers superb possibilities for low temperature doping but is always connected with lattice damage of the target material. Combining ion implantation with another non-equilibrium technique, i.e. rapid thermal annealing, leads to a diluted state while the crystallinity of the target material is restored. This has been shown for Si:Mn [2].
Recently, we investigated the secondary phase formation for Fe,Co and Ni as well as Gd, Tb implanted in ZnO single crystals. We found, that at an implantation temperature of 623 K tiny superparamagnetic nanoparticles are formed in all transition metal (TM) doped samples. These phases can hardly be identified using lab X-ray diffraction (XRD), e.g. in the case of Fe. Only application of high resolution methods like synchrotron XRD, susceptometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy allows their identification [3]. On the other hand, rare earth implanted samples show a diluted state up to annealing temperatures of 823 K. For both ZnO:Tb and ZnO:Gd a ferromagnetic order was found. Low temperature TM implantation (253 K) leads to a 100% diluted state. The TM-ions however do not couple magnetically that can be caused by the lattice damage introduced due to the implantation. Very rapid thermal processing using flash lamps with 20 ms pulse width leads to a significant recovery of the lattice order, while only a small amount of nanoparticles is created.

Reference
[1] T. Dietl, et al., Science 287, 1019 (2000).
[2] M. Bolduc, et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 033302 (2005).
[3] K. Potzger, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 052508 (2006).

Ziel/Aim:

In klinischen PET Scannern ist das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen durch physikalische Größen wie der Gantry und der Kristallgröße (zur Zeit 4 x 4 mm) limitiert. Dagegen ist im Tier-PET das räumliche Auflösungsvermögen durch eine kleine Gantry und eine geringere Kristallgröße (2 x 2 mm) erhöht, sodaß dem Einfluß der mittleren freien Weglänge der Positronen bei Verwendung unterschiedlicher Nuklide für die Entwicklung neuer PET Radiopharmaka eine erhebliche Bedeutung zukommen könnte.

Methodik/Methods:

Es wurden bei 3 Radionukliden (F-18, O-15, Ga-68) je 2 Phantommessungen durchgeführt. Die Messungen erfolgten mit einem MOSAIC PET Scanner der Firma Philips an dem Tier-PET Phantom 50/106 der Firma BS Industrieelektronik & Medizintechnik. Das Phantom hat insgesamt 298 Kanäle mit Durchmessern in Stufen von 1,0 mm, 1,5 mm, 2,0 mm, 2,5 mm und 3,0 mm. Die Phantommessungen wurden ohne Schwächungskorrektur mit 0,5 mm Auflösung und unterschiedlichen Methoden (3D Ramla, Ramla, Iterativ, Butterworth-FTB, Gaussian-FTB, Hanning-FTB) rekonstruiert. Zuerst wurde das Auflösungsvermögen bei F-18, O-15 und Ga-68 visuell verglichen. Es wurde dann beim kleinsten gemeinsamen Auflösungsniveau jeweils der mittlere Kontrast (Differenzsignal/Hintergrundsignal) für die obengenannten Rekonstruktionen ermittelt.

Ergebnisse/Results:

Visuell konnten mit F-18 noch 1,5 mm Kanäle, mit O-15 und Ga-68 2,0 mm Kanäle aufgelöst werden, es ergab sich kein nennenswerter Unterschied bezüglich der jeweiligen Rekonstruktionsmethode. Die Kontrastermittlung erfolgte daher bei 2,0 mm Kanaldurchmesser. Hingegen wurde beim semiquantitativen Vergleich der verschiedenen Rekonstruktionsverfahren der höchste Kontrast für jedes Nuklid mit 3D Ramla erzielt. Die mittleren Kontraste für die Rekonstruktion mit 3D Ramla lag bei 1,36 für F-18, bei 1,23 für O15 und bei 0,78 für Ga-68.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Die Phantommessungen im Tier-PET zeigen zum einen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von Auflösung und Kontrast vom jeweiligen Rekonstruktionsverfahren, wobei der Rekonstruktionsparameter 3D Ramla die besten Ergebnisse erzielte. Zum anderen wurde der Einfluss der mittleren freien Weglänge des jeweiligen Isotops auf die Auflösung demonstriert. Beide Einflussgrößen müssen bei der Anwendung eines Tier-PETs für die zu erreichende Auflösung berücksichtigt werden.

Ziel/Aim:

Die MIRDDOSE Annahme einer 50% zu 50% Verteilung knochenaffiner Radiopharmaka im kortikalen und der trabekulären Knochen sowie einer homogene Anreicherung in den Knochenmetastasen dürfte nicht den reellen Verhältnissen entsprechen.

Methodik/Methods:

Ein Modell zur Induktion von osteoblastischen Knochenmetastasen wurde durch intra-ossäre Injektion von Prostata-Karzinomzellen bei Kopenhagenratten in einer Vorversuchsserie entwickelt. In histologischen Untersuchungen konnte das Vorliegen von osteoblastischen Knochenmetastasen bewiesen und diese szintigraphisch dargestellt werden.

Bei 45 Kopenhagenratten (Alter: 9 ± 2 Monate, Gewicht: 318 ± 22g) wurden jeweils 100.000 R3327 Mat-Ly-Tu Zellen in beide Femura injiziert. Ab dem 12. Tag nach Zellapplikation war makroskopisch ein Tumor gut sichtbar. 17 ± 1 Tage nach Tumorzellapplikation erfolgte die Applikation von 134 ± 53 MBq Re-188-HEDP sowie nachfolgend die Tötung von jeweils 15 Tiere 4, 24 und 48 Stunden. Coronare Gefrierschnitte (Cryopolycut, Leica, 40 #mikro#m dick) wurden autoradiographisch mit einer Auflösung von 0,5 #mikro#m (BAS 500, Fuji) untersucht. Mittels ROI-Technik erfolgte die Bestimmung der Anreicherung des Re-188-HEDP pro mm3. Nachfolgend wurden die Verhältnisse zwischen Tumor und normaler Knochen (T/NT) berechnet, sowie die Verteilung im kortikalen und der trabekulären Knochen quantifiziert.

Ergebnisse/Results:

Es zeigte sich eine Verteilung im kortikalen und der trabekulären Knochen von 33,5% zu 66,5% nach 4h, von 34,6% zu 65,4% nach 24h und von 35,9% zu 64,1% nach 48h (p = 0,788 bis 0,871). In den Knochenmetastasen zeigte sich eine stark inhomogene Anreicherung mit einer minimalen und maximalen T/NT von 3:1 und 14:1 nach 4h, von 5:1 und 14:1 nach 24h sowie von 5:1 und 16:1 nach 48h, der Anstieg über die Zeit ist nicht signifikant. Die maximale Anreicherung in einer Metastase betrug 22:1. Bei erneuter Berechnung der Knochenmarkdosis aus vorliegender Daten einer Rhenium-188-HEDP Therapie beim Menschen, ergab sich bei einer Zugrundelegung einer Verteilung von 35% zu 65% (kortikal zu trabekulär) eine um 135% höhere Dosis als bei einer Verteilung von 50% zu 50%.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Das MIRDOSE Schema unterschätzt die reelle Dosis im Knochenmark. Die stark inhomogene Anreicherung in den Knochenmetastasen führt zu einer inhomogenen Dosisverteilung in den Metastasen, bei Anwendung von Betastrahlern mit einer höheren Beta-Energie lässt sich eine homogenere Dosisverteilung erreichen.

Ziel/Aim:

Dynamische PET-Studien mit FDOPA erlauben die Beurteilung des striatalen Dopamin-Uptakes und sind damit ein wichtiges Werkzeug in der Diagnose des Morbus Parkinson. Diese Aufnahmen erfordern typischerweise Akquisitionszeiten von ein bis zwei Stunden während deren die Patientenbewegung nicht vollständig vermieden werden kann. Diese Bewegung kann die Analyse der Tracerkinetik stark beeinträchtigen oder gar unmöglich machen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist eine routinetaugliche Methode um die Patientenbewegung in den PET-Volumina zu korrigieren. Dazu stellen wir eine Methode zur Bewegungskorrektur vor, die auf der vollautomatischen Koregistrierung der dynamischen Studien beruht.

Methodik/Methods:

Es wurden 33 dynamische FDOPA Studien koregistriert und bezüglich der Effekte der Patientenbewegung untersucht. Die Koregistrierung basiert auf starren Transformationen, wobei die besten Transformationsparameter durch Maximieren der Mutual Information (MI) erhalten werden. Die Maximierung der MI erfolgt mittels der Methode der konjugierten Gradienten. Alle Frames der dynamischen Studien wurden gegen das letzte Frame der jeweiligen Studie vollautomatisch koregistriert. Der FDOPA-Uptake im Striatum wurde in den unkorrigierten und in den korrigierten Daten mit einem Referenz-Tissue Zwei-Kompartment Modell bestimmt. Zum einen wurden aus den dynamischen Studien parametrische Bilder erstellt, aus denen sich der FDOPA-Uptake ermittelt lässt. Zum anderen ergab sich der Uptake aus den Zeitaktivitätskurven der in den parametrischen Bildern festgelegten ROIs. Die Ergebnisse für unkorrigierte und bewegungskorrigierte Bilddaten wurden verglichen.

Ergebnisse/Results:

In 16 der 33 Studien führte die Patientenbewegung zu Artefakten in den parametrischen Bildern und zu einem bis zu 70 % über- bzw. unterbewerteten FDOPA-Uptake im Striatum. Dieser Effekt war auch in den Zeitaktivitätskurven deutlich sichtbar. Die angewandte Koregistrierung vermochte in allen untersuchten Studien die Patientenbewegung zu korrigieren. Das verwendete Programm benötigte ca. 10 min. Rechenzeit je Studie (21 Frames) auf einem durchschnittlichen Computersystem. Studienabhängige Einstellungen von Registrierungsparametern waren hierbei nicht notwendig, was eine zuverlässige Stapelverarbeitung von Serien von Studien erlaubt.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Die robusten Ergebnisse und die einfache Handhabung erlauben einen routinemäßigen Einsatz dieser Bewegungskorrekturmethode.

Ziel/Aim:

Die Bestrahlungsplanung beruht auf einem komplexen Zielvolumenkonzept, dass die Tumorregion erfassen (gross tumor volumen,GTV), subklinische Tumorausdehnung beinhalten und Lagerungsinkonsistenzen zwischen den einzelnen Bestrahlungsfraktionen ausgleichen soll (planning target volumen, PTV). Der Einfluss der OMFD-PET auf die Bestrahlungsplanung von Hirntumoren wurde anhand folgender Fragen untersucht: Wurden mit OMFD-PET Tumorareale angezeigt, die nicht vom konventionell erstellten PTV erfasst wurden? Könnte das Einbeziehen von OMFD-PET in die Bestrahlungsplanung das PTV im Vergleich zur konventionellen Planung potenziell verkleinern?

Methodik/Methods:

Bei 30 Patienten mit malignen Hirntumoren wurde OMFD-PET nach subtotaler Resektion und vor Strahlentherapie durchgeführt. Die PET-Daten und soweit vorhanden prä- und postoperative T1-gewichtete MRT-Studien wurden retrospektiv mit dem Planungs-CT am Bestrahlungsplanungssystem Pinnacle 3 überlagert. Die Tumorareale im PET und Kontrastmittelanreicherung im MRT wurden als einzelne GTV markiert und in das Planungs-CT integriert. Es erfolgte der Vergleich der GTV-OMFD und GTV-MRTprä/post mit dem GTV-konv, das allein auf dem Planungs-CT und der visuellen Bildbeurteilung des MRT beruht.

Ergebnisse/Results:

Bei 28 von 30 Patienten war Tumorgewebe mittels OMFD-PET abgrenzbar. Ein Patient zeigte einen multifokalen Befall, so dass die primär kurative Therapieintention in ein palliatives Konzept geändert wurde. Alle im OMFD-PET abgrenzbaren Tumorregionen waren im konventionell erstellten PTV enthalten. Die mittleren Volumina betrugen 69,2 #±# 42,2ccm für das GTV-konv, 48,0 #±# 43,8ccm für das GTV-MRTprä, 16,8 #±# 15,5ccm für das GTV-MRTpost und 14,8 #±# 12,3ccm für GTV-OMFD. Der differentielle Vergleich der Volumina ergab, dass bei 5 von 29 Patienten mehr als 10 ccm der GTV-OMFD außerhalb des GTV-konv und bei 8 von 26 Patienten außerhalb des GTV-MRTpost lokalisiert waren. Bei 6 von 26 Patienten lagen mehr als 10ccm des GTV-MRTpost außerhalb des GTV-OMFD.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Die funktionelle Bildgebung von Hirntumoren mittels OMFD-PET detektiert relevantes Tumorgewebe außerhalb der im MRT detektierten Tumorregion und erbringt somit wichtige Informationen für die Abgrenzung des GTV für die Bestrahlungsplanung. Multimodale Strahlentherapieplanung beinhaltet das Potential die Hochdosisregion genauer abgrenzen und so möglicherweise die Ausdehnung des PTV begrenzen zu können.

Ziel/Aim:

This study investigates the effect of oligosaccharide derivatives on proliferation, metabolic activity and apoptosis of cultivated tumor cells. The effect of a complex oligosaccharide derivative of marine origin with anti-tumor activity has been compared with a defined trimeric oligosaccharide based on chitosan.

Methodik/Methods:

The human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ-28 was used as tumor model and compared to the human fibroblast cell line NHDF 6369. For quantification of the glucose metabolism [F-18]FDG-uptake was measured. The starting activity was 60 MBq in 10 ml culture medium. The cells were incubated for one hour. The incorporated activity was measured with a gamma counter. Further we studied the programmed cell death with flow cytometry. Early phase of apoptosis was detected by annexin staining and late phase by propidium iodide staining. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine was used as control substance in all experiments.

Ergebnisse/Results:

EJ-28 cells treated for 24 hours with oligosaccharide derivatives and chitosan trimers showed a decreased [F-18]FDG-uptake of about 50% in comparison to the untreated reference. On the other hand NHDF 6369 incubated by these agents showed an increased [F-18]FDG-uptake up to 150%. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine decreased the [F-18]FDG-uptake to 10% in both cell lines. Furthermore incubation for 24 hours increased the rate of apoptosis. Oligosaccharide derivatives and chitosan trimer were able to raise the rate of apoptosis in EJ-28 from 7% (6 h incubation) to 60% (24 h incubation). In NHDF 6369 cells the substances induced an increase of apoptosis rates from 15% (6 h) to 40% (24 h). Staurosporine increased the apoptosis rates from 20% (6h) to 65% in EJ-28 and 35% in NHDF 6369 (24h) in both cell lines, respectively.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Our data showed a reduced metabolic activity and increased apoptosis rates of cultivated tumor cells treated with oligosaccharide derivatives and chitosan derived trimers. The effects of chitosan trimers were comparable to the effects of the oligosaccharide derivatives of the marine nature material.