Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Conservation equations for one or more classes of the interfacial area concentration is one of the concepts to take into account the evolution of the flow structure in a gas-liquid two-phase flow in thermal hydraulic or, respectively, CFD modeling. The measurement of the interfacial area concentration is therefore of large importance for the development and validation of those models. The paper presents the results of an application of wire-mesh sensors to obtain the interfacial area concentration in vertical pipes of 52.3 and 194.1 mm inner diameter as an alternative to the widely used multiple-tip optical fiber probes. The measuring data of a mesh sensor is represented by a threedimensional matrix of local instantaneous gas fractions recorded as a time sequence (sampling frequency 2.5 - 10 kHz) at the crossing points of the wires (resolution in x-y direction: 3 mm).
Velocity information necessary to convert the time axis in an Eulerian z-axis was obtained by means of cross-correlation calculated between the signals of two identical mesh sensors located at a small distance behind each other. Three methods are used to deduce the interfacial area concentration from the wire-mesh sensor data:
• Calculation of the sum of the interfacial area represented by bubbles, which are identified as regions of connected gas filled elements in the data array, where the superficial area of an individual bubble is calculated under the assumption of a ellipsoid bubble shape. This method is restricted to low gas fractions, where bubble shapes are still close to the assumed geometry.
• A second method consists in the calculation of the sum of the contribution of the gas fraction in each local control volume of the sensor formed by two crossing wires. This control volume is approximated by a sphere with a volume-equivalent diameter. Furthermore, it is assumed, that the gas-liquid interface is a plane that cuts this sphere in a part filled with gas and another part that is filled with liquid. In this way, a correlation between the local interfacial area and the local instantaneous gas fraction can be found, in which the local interfacial area concentration is at its maximum at 50 % volumetric gas fraction and decreases to zero at both 0 % and 100 % local instantaneous gas fraction. This method can be applied to large bubbles with an arbitrary shape.
• In order to decrease the measuring error arising from the fact that gas fractions in measuring points inside large bubble as well as inside completely liquid-filled regions are not exactly equal to 100 % or, respectively, 0 %, and which therefore may significantly contribute to an overestimation of the interfacial area, a third method was applied, which is based on the identification of points that belong to the surface of the bubbles.
All three methods were applied to a vertical air-water flow. Since the distance between the sensors and the gas injection was varied, it was possible to characterize the change of the interfacial area concentration along the pipe. By combining the method with bubble size measurements, a decomposition of the interfacial area concentration into more then one bubble size classes was performed as well. The obtained results were compared to the findings reported in literature. The use of mesh sensors proved to be very efficient, since a bubble-size decomposed interfacial area concentration measurement in an entire pipe cross-section can be performed in a few seconds, which is very efficient compared to the use of local probes.

The paper describes the application of high-speed video observation combined with digital image processing techniques to measure the turbulent diffusion coefficient of the gaseous phase in a bubble column. The test channel is a rectangular bubble column with a cross-section of 100x20 mm and a height of 1500 mm. Sequences of the images were taken at different heights of the column with a high-speed video system. A diffuse illumination from the backside of the column was found to produce bubble images with a characteristic bright spot in the center. This bright spot was used for a bubble tracking that tolerates some overlapping of the bubbles. This allows to enhance the applicability of the bubble tracking to higher gas fractions compared to the tracking of the entire bubble shadows. After the bubble trajectories were extracted from the image sequence, the lateral displacement of bubbles between two virtual horizontal measuring planes was calculated for each bubble that crosses both planes. This lateral displacement is caused by the turbulent fluctuations of the bubble velocity. It is analyzed statistically by constructing probability density functions of the lateral displacement, which can be well described by Gaussean standard distributions. The dispersion coefficient of the standard distributions that were fitted to the experimental data shows a linear dependency from the square-root of the vertical distance between the two control planes, which supports the assumption of a diffusion model for the lateral displacement. Deviations from the linear dependency were identified to be the result of deterministic oscillatory motions of the rising bubbles. This effect is typical for low-viscosity liquids, while the bubble oscillations are damped at higher viscosities. Results are presented for different gas flow rates (superficial gas velocity ranged from 0.5 to 4 mm/s), different primary bubble sizes produced by a variation of the sparger and for liquids with different viscosity (water, ethylene glycol, mixtures of both). All measurements were taken at heights between 1 and 1.5 m, where the bubble cloud was occupying the entire cross section. Beside the turbulent diffusion study, the optical observation was used to obtain bubble sizes, gas fractions and rise velocities. Measured diffusion coefficients were compared to correlations from the literature and CFD simulations of the column using the code CFX.

In order to study the role of the exchange interaction at and near the interface, Ni81Fe19/Fe50Mn50 bilayers have been studied, which have an intervening layer of varying thickness and position in the anti ferromagnetic Fe50Mn50 layer. The role of the intervening layer is to generate partial exchange decoupling. As a result, samples were obtained, where in one in-plane direction the position of the intervening layer varies from the interface to the top surface of the Fe50Mn50 layer at a constant intervening layer thickness, and in the other in-plane direction the intervening layer thickness varies. Two-dimensional maps of the resulting exchange bias field and the coercive field were obtained from magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry measurements. The role of the position and strength of the partial decoupling within the anti ferromagnetic layer on the exchange bias effect and the coercive field is discussed.

The influence of 30 keV Ga+ ion irradiation on the magnetic properties of polycrystalline NiFe/FeMn exchange bias layers were investigated. In this context, it was of particular interest to determine whether a previously observed enhancement of the bias field value for the irradiation with 5 keV He+ ions is a material-specific or an ion-specific effect. Moreover, the capability of magnetic micropatterning using Ga+ ions from a Focused Ion Beam source was tested. It could be demonstrated that magnetic patterning with a lower limit in the range of 100 – 1000 nm is possible.

X-ray reflectivity, neutron reflectivity studies and Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect measurements (MOKE) have been carried out on thermally evaporated FeMn-FeNi exchange biased films before and after ion irradiation by helium ions. MOKE shows that ion irradiation reduces the exchange bias characteristics of the samples with increased dose. Modelling of the reflectivity data infers that atoms from the buffer layer are displaced by the ions and imbedded into the substrate material. The correlation between these strong structural modifications by irradiation with the reduction of the exchange bias will be discussed.

Due to the reduced dimension, the magnetic properties of ultrathin magnetic films and multilayers, e.g. magnetic anisotropies and exchange coupling, often depend strongly on the surface and interface structure. In addition chemical composition, crystallinity, grain sizes and their distribution govern the magnetic behaviour. All these structural properties can be modified by light-ion irradiation in an energy range from 5 – 150 keV due to the energy loss of the ions in the solid along their trajectory. Consequently the magnetic properties can be tailored by ion irradiation. Similar effects can also be observed using Ga+ ion irradiation, which is the common ion source in focused ion beam lithography. Examples for ion induced modifications of magnetic properties in exchange bias systems are presented.

Due to the local nature of the interaction, magnetic patterning without affecting the surface topography becomes feasible, which may have an applied interest. In contrast to topographic nanostructures the surrounding area of these nanostructures can be left ferromagnetic leading to new phenomena at their mutual interface.

Most of the material systems discussed here are important for technological applications. It will be shown that light-ion irradiation has many advantages for design of new material properties and the fabrication technology of actual devices.

Due to the reduced dimension, the magnetic properties of ultrathin magnetic films and multilayers, e.g. magnetic anisotropies and exchange coupling, often depend strongly on the surface and interface structure. In addition chemical composition, crystallinity, grain sizes and their distribution govern the magnetic behaviour. All these structural properties can be modified by light-ion irradiation in an energy range from 5 - 150 keV due to the energy loss of the ions in the solid along their trajectory. Consequently the magnetic properties can be tailored by ion irradiation. Due to the local nature of the interaction, magnetic patterning without affecting the surface topography becomes feasible, which may have an applied interest. In contrast to topographic nanostructures the surrounding area of these nanostructures can be left ferromagnetic leading to new phenomena at their mutual interface. An overview over the present status will be presented.

A 9 ps long laser pulse (energy: 10 nJ, spot diameter: 25 µm) is used to thermally control the magnetization of a NiFe/FeMn exchange bias bilayer system on the ps-time scale. The short laser pulse creates a hot phonon/spin gas. Consequently the exchange coupling across the interface between the ferro- and antiferromagnetic layer is reduced within 20 ps. This fast reduction of the exchange coupling is sensed by a time delayed probe pulse and analyzed with longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect. The time evolution of the exchange bias field in the easy magnetization direction and of the zero field suszeptibility in the hard magnetization direction is investigated. Within the first 20 ps a reduction of the exchange bias field of about 50 percent is observed. In addition a drastic increase of the zero field suszeptibility is found. The results can be understood concerning that the crystal lattice is heated close to the blocking temperature of the FeMn film (150°C). After the fast thermal reduction of the exchange coupling a slow recovery of the exchange bias field and the zero field suszeptibility is observed with a time constant of 170 ps.

A 9 ps long laser pulse (energy: 10 nJ, spot diameter: 25 µm) is used to thermally control the magnetization of a NiFe/FeMn exchange bias bilayer system on the ps-time scale. The short laser pulse creates a hot phonon/spin gas. Consequently the exchange coupling across the interface between the ferro- and antiferromagnetic layer is reduced within 20 ps. This fast reduction of the exchange coupling is sensed by a time delayed probe pulse and analyzed with longitudinal magneto-optic Kerr effect. The time evolution of the exchange bias field in the easy magnetization direction and of the zero field suszeptibility in the hard magnetization direction is investigated. Within the first 20 ps a reduction of the exchange bias field of about 50 percent is observed. In addition a drastic increase of the zero field suszeptibility is found. The results can be understood concerning that the crystal lattice is heated close to the blocking temperature of the FeMn film (150°C). After the fast thermal reduction of the exchange coupling a slow recovery of the exchange bias field and the zero field suszeptibility is observed with a time constant of 170 ps.

Ausgehend von einer ausführlichen Beschreibung der Mehrzweckversuchsanlage TOPFLOW und der zu ihrem Betrieb erforderlichen Bedien- und Sicherheitshinweise enthält dieses Betriebshandbuch Anweisungen zur Inbetriebnahme der Versuchsanlage sowie für die Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Experimenten zur Untersuchung von transienten Zweiphasenströmungen mit den Medien Dampf-Wasser bzw. Luft-Wasser. Erläuterungen über Sonderbetriebsfälle schließen das Betriebshandbuch ab. Eine Auflistung der technologischen Verriegelungen und Visualisierungen der Anlagenschemata aus dem Prozessleitsystem sind als Anlagen angefügt.

After the first theoretical proposal in 1971, it took more than two decades until the first laser based on intersubband transitions in semiconductor quantum structures was demonstrated. The progress since then has indeed been spectacular with lasers now spanning the range from 3.5 to 140 microns. The physics of these devices will be elucidated and some crucial achievements will be highlighted. Finally the perspectives for closing the still existing wavelength gap (25-60 microns) and extending the covered range to even longer as well as shorter wavelength will be discussed.

Low-emissivity coatings on glass, which provide highly efficient heat isolation, are nowadays extensively used in windows in offices and residential buildings for the purpose of saving energy in air conditioning. In this paper, multilayer low-emissivity coatings with the structure glass/SnO2/Ni–Cr/Ag/Ni–Cr/SnO2 were deposited onto large glass substrates in an industrial sputtering system. The extremely low thickness of the layers which compose such structures, as well as the large substrate area, causes the structure and impurity content of the films and interfaces to play an important role in providing efficient energy-saving performance as well as high optical transmittance. Thus, in-depth characterization was performed by spectroscopic ellipsometry, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The use of these characterization techniques provides the great advantage of allowing the investigation of the whole multilayer system, including the interfaces. However, the properties of the individual layers (density, composition and optical behaviour) were also determined independently and compared to the values of corresponding bulk materials. Special attention is devoted to inter-diffusion of species.

Invited Lecture

Determination of structures using X-ray powder diffraction is complicated if the reflection intensities are mainly influenced by the scattering from heavy atoms and the atomic coordinates of light atoms remain uncertain. A method like EXAFS, which is sensitive to short range order, gives reliable atomic distances in the surroundings of heavy atoms with a precision of ± 0.02 Å. The probability for obtaining the complete structure from X-ray powder diffraction increases if one includes parameters derived from EXAFS measurements as restraints during the procedure of structure solving. We demonstrate the potential of combining EXAFS and X-ray powder diffraction by solving the structure UO2[H2AsO4]2×H2O. The procedure starts with the determination of space group and cell parameters from XRD powder data. In a second step the absolute values of the structure factor |F| are separated by iterating a decomposition formula. The heavy atom positions are determined by direct methods. In the third step atomic distances of coordination polyhedra are estimated using EXAFS. Subsequently, the complete coordination geometries around the heavy atoms including reliable distances are used as restraints in the structure solving and refinement procedure.

Le couplage SAZ - Elèctrochimie s'avère être une méthode pour la spéciation des espèces réduites du technetium. Cette méthode pourra être étendue à l'étude des espèces instables des actinides et des produits de fission.

Uranium(VI) consists predominantly of two double bonded oxygen atoms in axial direction (Oax) and 4, 5 or 6 oxygen atoms in the equatorial plane (Oeq). This anisotropic coordination leads to a strong polarization dependence of XAFS. Responsible for the polarization dependence are the electron waves with different impulse-momentum at the L1 and L3 edges. We investigated this effect by comparing experimental data with the theory. The Theory and experiment are in good agreement. The polarization dependence of L1 edge is significantly stronger that of L3 edge.

Spectroscopic extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) evidence was obtained on the chemical environment of 99Tc(IV) atoms formed upon introduction of TcO4 - into four types of laboratory-scale synthetic and natural systems which mimic in situ natural reducing conditions in humicrich geochemical environments: (a) magnetite/pyrite in synthetic groundwater in the absence of humic substances (HSs), (b) magnetite/pyrite in natural Gorleben groundwater in the presence of HSs, (c) Boom clay sediment mixed with synthetic groundwater, and (d) Gorleben sand mixed with natural Gorleben groundwater. The investigated systems obey to pH 8-9 conditions, and all measured samples show similar EXAFS spectra for Tc, which could be fitted by a hydrated TcO2¿ xH2O phase. The results are interpreted as follows: upon introduction of high concentrations (millimolar to micromolar) of TcO4 to chemically reducing environments, small Tc(IV) oxidic polymers are formed, which either may aggregate into larger units (colloids) and finally precipitate or may interact in their polymeric form with (dissolved and immobile) humic substances. This latter type of interactionsTc(IV) colloid sorption onto HSssdiffers significantly from the generally accepted metal-humate complexation and therefore offers new views on the possible reaction pathways of metals and radionuclides in humic-rich environments.

Technetium, uranium and neptunium may all occur in the environment in more than one oxidation state (IV or VII, IV or VI and IV or V respectively). The surface of mackinawite, the first-formed iron sulfide: phase in anoxic conditions, can promote redox changes so a series of laboratory experiments were carried out to explore the interactions of Tc, U and Np with this mineral. The products of reaction were characterised using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Technetium, added as TcO4-, is reduced to oxidation state IV and forms a TcS2-like species. On oxidation of the mackinawite in air to form goethite, Tc remains in oxidation state IV but in an oxide, rather than a sulfide environment. At low concentrations, uranium forms uranyl surface complexes on oxidised regions of the-mackinawite surface but at higher concentrations, the uranium promotes surface oxidation and forms a mixed oxidation state oxide phase. Neptunium is reduced to oxidation IV and forms a surface complex with surface sulfide ions. The remainder of the Np coordination sphere is filled with water molecules or hydroxide ions.

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the uranium LIII-edge was used for determining the structural environment of aqueous uranyl sorbed onto montmorillonite. The study reveals that uranyl uptake at pH ~ 5- ~ 7 and at an initial uranyl concentration of 5×10-5 M takes place at amphoteric surface hydroxyl sites as inner-sphere complex. The measured bond distances between uranium and the equatorial oxygen atoms are in the range of 2.34 Å and 2.37 Å indicating an inner-sphere coordination. At ~ 3.4Å the presence of a U-Al backscattering pair was determined. This backscattering pair indicates that the binding of the uranyl unit to amphoteric surface hydroxyl sites occurs preferred as a bidentate inner-sphere complex on aluminol groups.

In this paper EXAFS was used to determine bond lengths in the structures of zeunerite and meta-zeunerite. The atomic distances between heavy and light scatterers observed using EXAFS in meta-zeunerite deviate approximately 0.1 _A from literature data of single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Because this difference is significant higher than the error limits of EXAFS measurements, the complete crystal structure of meta-zeunerite, Cu[UO2AsO4]2 _ 8 H2O, is revised by X-ray structure analysis. The bond length determinations by EXAFS and the revised XRD data agree within the experimental error limits. In this study EXAFS spectroscopy has proven to be an useful tool for determining precise local bond lengths in the environment of heavy atoms. Moreover, the crystal structure of zeunerite, Cu[UO2AsO4]2 _ 12 H2O, hitherto not been described in the literature, was investigated. Reflex broadening effects and intergrowth relationship between zeunerite and meta-zeunerite show that meta-zeunerite grows in nature due to dehydration of zeunerite. The structural transition from zeunerite to meta-zeunerite is connected with a change in the uranyl arsenate layer arrangement and the crystal water content.

The structure parameters of the Am3+ aquo ion and of Am(III) sorbed onto smectite and kaolinite at varying pH are analyzed using EXAFS. An Am-O distance of 2.47-2.49 Å is found and a coordination number of 8-9 oxygen atoms is observed for the Am3+ and its hydration sphere. Combined TRLFS (Cm(III)) and EXAFS (Am(III)) results show that An(III) sorbs onto smectite at pH 4, forming an outer-sphere complex and retains its complete primary hydration sphere. With increasing pH, inner-sphere sorption onto smectite and kaolinite occurs. The overall number of oxygen atoms coordinating the actinide ion remains about the same at pH 6, with four water molecules being replaced by oxygen atoms from the mineral surface during inner-sphere complex formation. The coordination number of sorbed Am(III) at pH 8 exhibits an apparent decrease, which may be affected by the formation of ternary OH-/Am/clay mineral surface species.

Epitaxial SiC nanocrystals are fabricated by high-fluence Si-implantation into natural diamond at elevated temperatures between 760 °C and 1100 °C. Fluences under investigation range from 4.5 to 6.2 x 10¹⁷ Si cm^-2 . This implantation scheme yields a buried layer rich of epitaxial aligned SiC- nanocrystals within slightly damaged diamond. The generation of a small fraction of graphitic sp²-bonds of up to 15 % in the diamond host matrix can not be avoided. Unintentional coimplantation with nitrogen results in a very high doping level of more than 10²¹ cm^-3 . Resistivity and Hall measurements in van der Pauw geometry reveal a high, thermally stable n-type conductivity with electron concentrations exceeding 10²⁰ cm^-3and mobilities higher than 2 cm²/Vs. It is supposed, that both the SiC regions as well as the diamond matrix exhibit n-type conductivity and that the electron transport occurs across the low-resistivity SiC nanograins. In the SiC nanocrystals the electrons originate from nitrogen donors whereas in diamond defects are responsible for the electron conductivity. The formation of disordered graphite, which leads to low electron mobility, is substantially reduced.

Void fraction distributions of air-water two-phase flow in 3 different diameter vertical tubes (0.042 m, 0.1 m, and 0.2 m) were measured by 16x16 wire-mesh sensors with a sampling frequency of 1 kHz. Also, predictions under the same flow conditions were made by a 3D extended two-fluid model, generating a time-series of cross-section averaged void fraction at the same frequency with the experiment. Fluctuation characteristics from experiments and simulations were analysed in view of the probability density function, frequency spectrum, and Trajectory Parallel Measures (TPM). The analyses of TPM showed that dynamics is well-established for large nunnles whose fiameter is on the order of Taylor wave length in an air-water system, although small bubble void fraction signal is almost random in dynamical point of view. It is shown that the fluctuation component in void fraction time series can be used as one of criteria for validation of numerical models.

Die Ortssektion Sachsen der Kerntechnischen Gesellschaft bemüht sich kontinuierlich um eine aktuelle und attraktive Präsens im Internet. Mit der eigenen Internetseite "www.ktgsachsen.de", die seit Oktober 2001 besteht, wird versucht, neben der Information für die Mitglieder - in erster Linie Ankündigungen und Auswertungen von Veranstaltungen - mit Diskussionsbeiträgen zur Kernenergie ein breiteres Publikum zu erreichen. Dabei werden unter der Rubrik ARGUMENTE Themen, wie Nachhaltigkeit, CO2-Emissionen und Energieressourcen berührt. Unter der Überschrift NEWS wird über aktuelle Ereignisse informiert. Insgesamt
bleibt die Resonanz auf diese Internetseite jedoch gering. Nur sehr selten trifft Post ein, die auf die publizierten Argumente eingeht oder auch Widerspruch anmeldet. Um die Attraktivität der Internetseite zu erhöhen und dabei gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zum allgemeinen Informationsstand über die physikalischen Grundlagen der Reaktortechnik in der Bevölkerung zu leisten, wurde im November 2003 ein neuer Weg beschritten. Es wurde ein Programm zur On-line Simulation der Kettenreaktion in einem Kernreaktor entwickelt und ins Netz gestellt. Die Ortssektion Sachsen strebt damit die folgenden Ziele an:
(1) Durch eine attraktive Darstellung der physikalischen Prozesse in einem Kernreaktor, die durch interaktive Eingriffe über die Steuerorgane beeinflusst werden können, entsteht eine Art Computerspiel, mit dem es gelingen soll, interessierten Personen - insbesondere Kindern und Jugendlichen - Einblicke in die Reaktorphysik zu ermöglichen. Dabei wird Wert darauf gelegt, die Grundprozesse qualitativ möglichst korrekt und umfassend darzustellen, um einen hohen Bildungseffekt zu erreichen.
(2) Durch die spielerische Erschließung des Stoffes soll die emotionale Barriere, die häufig gegenüber der Kerntechnik besteht, abgebaut werden, um die Besucher der Internetseite an weitergehenden Informationen zu interessieren und die Aufgeschlossenheit für weitere Diskussionen und Argumente zu erhöhen.
(3) Durch ständige Weiterentwicklung sollen in monatlichen Abständen jeweils neue Versionen des Programms mit erweiterten Möglichkeiten angeboten werden, um eine Art Fangemeinde entstehen zu lassen, die der Internetseite ihre Treue hält. Das Programm wurde in der Programmiersprache DELPHI erstellt. Der unter WINDOWS ausführbare Code (EXE) kann zusammen mit einem Manual, welches die physikalischen
Hintergründe in populärwissenschaftlicher Weise beschreibt und dem Anwender numerische Experimente vorschlägt, von der Webseite www.ktg-sachsen.de heruntergeladen werden.

SiC nanoclusters are synthesized in Si by simultaneous dual implantation using two ion beams, of C and Si ions. This implantation mode is associated with extra excess vacancy generation. The effect of vacancies on SiC synthesis is investigated in this study. The amount of synthesized SiC is compared for different implantation modes, simultaneous and sequential ones. Sequential pre-deposition of vacancy defects in Si before the C implantation is performed by additional Si and He implantation. The simultaneous dual beam implantation is found to be the only method to improve SiC synthesis. The introduction of vacancies, both excess vacancies and He induced vacancies, by a sequential implantation process is disadvantageous for SiC nanocluster formation. The pre-deposition of vacancy defects is accompanied with higher crystal damage and/or the defects are annealed out during the subsequent C implantation at temperatures above 400oC. Vacancies must be created “in-situ” during C implantation to achieve enhanced output of SiC.

The process of formation of excess vacancies by ion implantation is explained. Moreover, the simulation of the process, the experimental detection of excess vacancies and their application for defect engineering is described.

Zum Studium der Wechselwirkungen von Schwermetallen mit Biofilmen in der Umwelt ist die reproduzierbare Präparation und detaillierte Charakterisierung von Biofilmen auf Mineral- und Gesteinsoberflächen notwendig. Die initialen Aufwachsstadien von auf Biotit erzeugten Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilmen wurden mit Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (SEM) und Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) visualisiert. Zum Studium des reifen Biofilms wurden Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und konfokale Fluoreszenzmikroskopie (CLSM) eingesetzt. Die Unterscheidung zwischen lebenden und toten Bakterien erfolgte mit Hilfe eines LIVE/DEAD - Kit. Zur Visualisierung von Polysacchariden innerhalb der EPS wurden Lektine gekoppelt mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen verwendet. Hierbei konnten die einzelnen Polysaccharide der EPS unterschieden werden in solche, die direkt an Zellwände der Bakterien gebunden sind und weitere, die eine diffuse Verteilung der EPS im Biofilm aufzeigen. Die Dicke der erzeugten Biofilme auf den Biotitoberflächen wurde mit CLSM bestimmt. Sie schwankte zwischen 5,3 µm für Biofilme, die unter Nährstoffmangel angezogen wurden, und 16,6 µm bei ausgereiften Biofilmen.

Closure laws are needed for the qualification of CFD codes for two-phase flows. In case of bubbly and slug flow, the momentum transfer between the phases is usually modelled by forces acting on the bubbles. These forces depend on the liquid flow field as well as on the size and the shape of the bubbles. To validate models for these forces a detailed database for vertical pipe flow is used. It contains not only the information on the radial distribution of bubbles of different size, but also information on the bubble size distribution. Measurements were done for a large number of combinations of gas and liquid superficial velocities and for two different pipe diameter (DN50 and DN200). An one-dimensional model, which resolves the variables in radial direction and which considers a large number of bubble size classes to account for the size effect, is used for an analysis of models for these forces. The results obtained by this model were compared to 3D results obtained by the commercial code CFX-5.7 for simplified cases with only one bubble class. The effect of the number of bubbles classes as well as the effect of the lateral extension of the bubbles were analysed. For the validation of the bubble forces measured bubble size distributions were taken as an input for the model. On basis of the assumption of an equilibrium of the lateral bubble forces, radial volume fraction profiles were calculated separately for each bubble class. In the result of the validation of different models for the bubble forces, a set of Tomiyama lift and wall force and the Favre averaged turbulent dispersion force was found to reflect the experimental data with best agreement. Some discrepancies remain at high liquid superficial velocities.

Knowledge of the migration of intrinsic point defects is crucial to understand defect recovery, various annealing stages and microstructural evolution after irradiation or ion implantation. Molecular dynamics (MD) and the nudged-elastic band method have been applied to investigate long-range migration of point defects in SiC over the temperature range from 0.36 to 0.95 Tm , and the defect diffusion coefficient, activation energy and defect correlation factor have been determined. The results show that the activation energies for C and Si interstitials in 3C-SiC are about 0.74 and 1.53 eV, respectively, while it is about 0.77 eV for a C interstitial in 4H-SiC. The minima energy paths reveal that the activation energies for C and Si vacancies are about 4.1 and 2.35 eV, respectively. Finally, the results are discussed and compared with experimental observations and available ab initio data.

The aim was to characterize the damage zone ahead a crack tip in technical aluminium alloys using Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Experiments were conducted at the Austrian beamline at ELETTRA in Trieste from 18th-24th of February 2003. Four specimens of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy, different in shape, deformation condition and grain size, were investigated. Anisotropic grain boundary scattering of the CT-specimen was observed.

A method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of ²²⁶Ra, ²³³U and ²³⁷Np by liquid-scintillation (LS) spectrometry. This method consists in the evaluation of strongly overlapped multi peak spectra by a special peak fit function, considering the deviation of the LS-peak shape from the pure Gaussian distribution. First ²³⁷Np is determined using its daughter ²³³Pa by analyzing the ß-spectrum. ²²⁶Ra follows from the α-spectrum recorded 6 weeks after sample preparation. The peak of the three short-lived daughters ²²²Rn, ²¹⁸Po and ²¹⁴Po corresponds to the ²²⁶Ra activity under radioactive equilibrium conditions. Finally the ²³³U activity results from the joint α-peak at 4.8 MeV of the deconvoluted spectrum by subtracting the activity of ²²⁶Ra and ²³⁷Np. A second option uses the characteristic double peak of ²³⁷Np near 4.8 MeV. Due to the fact that the position is accurately known the pure α-spectrum can be analyzed for the determination of the given nuclides.

Bacterial diversity was studied in a water sample collected from a depth of 290-324 m below the land surface from the monitoring site S15 near the city of Tomsk, Siberia, Russia. In order to overcome the problems of culturability of bacteria, we applied a direct molecular approach based on PCR amplification and cloning of the 16S rDNA of the members of the natural bacterial communities. 65% of the cloned sequences were almost identical to the 16S rRNA genes of Dechlorosoma sp. belonging to the Rhodocyclus group of b-subclass of Proteobacteria. Relatively high was the number of the sequences which shared high identities with the 16S rRNA genes of some cultured g-Proteobacteria (6.9%), a-Proteobacteria (4.6%) and with the sequences of mostly uncultured members of Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides (5.4%), Actinobacteria (4.6%) and Planctomycetales (2.3 %). The rest of the retrieved sequences were clustered in small groups, each containing about 1 % of the total number of clones, and they matched with 16S rDNA sequences of Bacillales, Holophaga/Acidobacteria, Nitrospira, and d-Proteobacteria, respectively.

Dynamo action is generally accepted as the source of cosmic magnetic fields, such as the fields of planets, stars and galaxies. The understanding of dynamos has considerably progressed during the last decades. Recently, the hydromagnetic dynamo effect has been demonstrated experimentally in large liquid sodium facilities in Riga and Karlsruhe.
The electrically conducting fluid is usually confined to a finite domain which is surrounded by an insulator. For only a few cases, such as spheres or cylinders with infinite length, the boundary conditions for the magnetic field are easily implementable. In most cases, including finite cylinders which are relevant for the liquid sodium experiments in Riga, Karlsruhe, Cadarache and New Mexico, the correct handling of the non-local boundary conditions is far from trivial. We have re-formulated Pre-Maxwell's equations to an integral equation system under the assumption that the velocity field is stationary.
The main advantage of this approach is that the numerical solution of the integral equation system does not require any discretization of the exterior region.
In the present work, the integral equation approach is performed on a group of Beltrami flows (and some modifications) with the topologies s2t2, s2t1 and s1t1 in a finite cylinder. Beltrami flows are characterized by maximum helicity for a given magnetic Reynolds number. Due to the axisymmetry of these flows, the integral equation system in the cylindrical system is reduced to a two-dimensional form.
The calculated results show a good agreement with those obtained by a differential equation approach. This integral equation approach exhibits attractive features such as robustness and stability.
The impact of a stagnant conducting layer surrounding the cylinder is also investigated. Such a layer can reduce the critical magnetic Reynolds number significantly, and it can even transform no-dynamos into dynamos. Interestingly, the presence of a layer can also change an oscillatory dynamo to a steady dynamo.

Gamma tomography has been used to investigate the fluid distribution within multiple axial planes of a hydrodynamic test coupling under operating conditions. The tomographic data was obtained by phase correlated averaging of projections from the homogeneously rotating parts of the coupling. By application of the filtered backprojection reconstruction technique to the data we reconstructed average fluid fraction distributions in the transversal planes at different operating points of the coupling.

A status report on the SRF photo-injector activities at FZR within the CARE/PHIN project will be given. The new SRF gun has been designed for CW operation at the ELBE linac with an average current of 1 mA, 77 pC bunch charge, and 10 MeV energy. The basic concept of the gun, operating a normal conducting, thermally insolated photo-cathode within a superconducting cavity, have been taken from the first SRF half-cell gun [1] which was successfully tested. In this report the design layout of the SRF photo-injector, the parameters of the superconducting cavity and the expected electron beam parameters are presented. The SRF gun will have a 31/2-cell niobium cavity working at 1.3 MHz and will be operated at 2 K. The cavity consists of three full cells with TESLA-like shapes and a half-cell in which the photocathode is situated.

HADES is a second generation experiment designed to study dielectron production in proton, pion, and heavy ion induced reactions at the GSI accelerator facility in Darmstadt. The physics programme of HADES is focused on in-medium properties of the light vector mesons. In this contribution we present status of the HADES experiment, demonstrate its capability to identify rare dielectron signal, show first experimental results obtained from C+C reactions at 2 A GeV and shortly discuss physics programme of up-coming experimental runs.

Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 is a natural isolate recovered from a uranium mining waste pile near the town of Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony, Germany. Similarly to some other Bacillus isolates from this site, cells and spores of B. sphaericus JG-A12 bind selectively and reversibly large amounts of different toxic metals, such as uranium /1/. The cells of the B. sphaericus strain JG-A12 are covered by a surface layer (S-layer) protein. The latter forms a highly ordered lattice with distinct structural and chemical properties. Because it was shown that S-layers may work as protective coat, matrix for biomineralization, molecular sieve or as ion and molecule trap /2, 3, 4/ their special importance for the interaction of cells with radionuclides and heavy-metals in the surrounding environment is evident. As a consequence of the above mentioned properties, B. sphaericus JG-A12 was investigated with regard to its suitability to work as a binding matrix for bioremediation of uranium mining waste waters. A fundamental requirement for biotechnological application is the complete immobilization of the biomass in a porous structure. In this work, sol-gel techniques were used for embedding B. sphaericus JG-A12 cells, spores and S-layer protein in a SiO2-matrix in order to obtain a novel kind of biological ceramic (biocer) /5/. To select the appropriate filter material, uranium sorption and desorption experiments were carried out with free and immobilized cells, spores and S-layer protein of B. sphaericus JG-A12. Besides quantification of the available binding sites, the formed uranium complexes were investigated also by using infrared and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The latter revealed that the binding of uranium by free cells, spores and S-layer occurred via phosphate and carboxyl groups. The presence of phosphate groups was confirmed by different methods not only for cells and spores but also for the S-layer protein. The spectroscopic analysis of the uranium complexes formed by the biocer demonstrates the metal binding via phosphate groups and the formation of a uranium precipitate, what is of special interest for the binding capacity of the biocer. In case of the xerogel uranium was bound to silanol groups. Analyses of the uranium sorption by cells, spores and S-layer protein of B. sphaericus JG-A12 and of the xerogel itself (without biocomponent) showed highest binding capacity for spores followed by cells, S-layer protein and xerogel. In case of embedded biocomponents only the binding capacity of spores is significantly reduced and is lower than for cell- and S-layer-ceramics. Uranium bound to biocers can be completely removed by washing with citric acid.

1. Selenska-Pobell, S. et al. (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 29, 59-67
2. Beveridge, T.J. 1979 J. Bacteriol. 139 (3): 1039-1048
3. Schultze-Lam, S. et al. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174 (24): 7971-7981
4. Sára, M. & Sleytr, U.B. 1987. J. Bacteriol. 169 (6): 2804-2809
5. Raff, J. et al (2003) Chem. Mater 2003; 15(1):240-4

Bacterial diversity was studied in a soil sample collected from a uranium mining waste pile situated near the town of Johanngeorgenstadt, Germany. As estimated by ICP-MS analysis the studied sample was highly contaminated with Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, As, Pb and U. The 16S rDNA retrieval, applied in this study, demonstrated that more than the half of the clones of the constructed 16S rDNA library were represented by individual RFLP profiles. This indicates that the composition of the bacterial community in the sample was very complex. However, several 16S rDNA RFLP groups were found to be predominant and they were subjected to a sequence analysis. The most predominant group, which represented about 13% of the clones of the 16S rDNA library, was affiliated with the Holophaga/Acidobacterium phyllum. Significant was also the number of the proteobacterial sequences which were distributed in one predominant alpha-proteobacterial cluster representing 11% of the total number of clones and in two equal-sized beta- and gamma-proteobacterial clusters representing each 6% of the clones. Two smaller group representing both 2% of the clones were affiliated with Nitrospira and with the novel division WS3. Three of the analysed sequences were evaluated as a novel, not yet described lineage and one as a putative chimera.

A ribosomal intergenic spacer amplification (RISA) retrieval was applied to analyze the natural bacterial communities in drain waters of two uranium mill tailings - Gittersee/Coschütz in Germany and Shiprock in the USA. About 35% of the clones from the RISA library constructed for the samples of the German tailings represented a microdiverse population of Planctomycetales. The rest of the clones were affiliated with rather diverse bacterial groups including g- and d- Proteobacteria, Cytophaga/Flavobacterium/Bacteroides (CFB), Nitrospira, Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria. 8% of the cloned sequences represented a novel bacterial lineage from the recently described division NC3.
Bacterial diversity in the Shiprock mill tailings was found to be significantly lower. The RISA library constructed for those samples contained only two larger groups of clones, representing b-proteobacterial species and one small group, which was affiliated with d-Proteobacteria.

Vector meson (V=ω , φ) production in threshold-near elementary nucleon-nucleon collisions pp to ppV, pn to pnV and pn to dV is studied within an effective meson-nucleon theory.
It is shown that a set of effective parameters can be established to explain fairly well the available experimental data on angular distributions and the energy dependence of the total cross sections without explicit implementation of the Okubo-Zweig-Iisuka rule violation. Isospin effects are considered in details and compared with experimental data whenever available.

Bacterial diversity was assessed in water samples collected from several uranium mining wastes in Germany and in the USA by using 16S rDNA and RISA retrievals.
The results obtained using the 16S rDNA retrieval showed that the samples collected from the uranium mill tailings Schlema/Alberoda, Germany, were predominated by Nitrospina-like bacteria, whereas those from the mill tailings Shiprock, New Mexico, USA, were predominated by g-Pseudomonas and Frateuria spp. Additional smaller populations of CFB, a-, and d-proteobacteria were identified in the Shiprock samples as well. Proteobacteria and CFB were also predominant in the third uranium mill tailings studied, Gittersee/Coschütz in Germany, but the groups of the predominant clones were rather small. Most of the clones of the Gittersee/Coschütz samples represented individual sequences that indicated a high level of bacterial diversity. The samples from the fourth uranium waste studied, namely Steinsee Deponie B1 in Germany, were predominantly occupied by Acinetobacter spp.
The RISA retrieval provided results complementary to those obtained by the 16S rDNA analyses. For instance, in the Shiprock samples an additional predominant bacterial group was identified and affiliated to Nitrosomonas sp., whereas in the Gittersee/Coschütz samples Anammox-populations were identified which were not retrieved by the used 16S rDNA approach.

The migration behavior of U(IV)/U(VI) in the presence of humic acids was studied in a laboratory quartz sand system by column experiments. It was found that humic acid influences the transport of U(IV) and U(VI). In presence of humic acid both redox species migrate nearly as fast as the groundwater flow. Retardation factors of 1.11 ± 0.03 and 1.14 ± 0.03 as well as eluate recoveries of 0.83 ± 0.09 and 0.65 ± 0.07 were determined for U(VI) and U(IV), respectively. In case of U(VI) humic acid exhibits a clear mobilizing effect compared to the humic acid-free system. There are also strong indications for a similar effect on the U(IV) transport.
The present study demonstrates that humic acids can play an important role in the migration of tetravalent actinides. Consequently, the humic colloid-borne transport of actinides has to be taken into account in performance assessment.

Objectives: PET imaging of cardiac reporter gene expression holds promise for noninvasive monitoring of gene therapy. Two approaches based on herpesviral thymidine kinase gene(HSV1-tk) habe been applied. Wild-type HSV1-tk was imaged with 2´-fluoro-2´-deoxy-5[¹²⁴I]-iodo-arabinofuranosyluracil([¹²⁴I]FIAU), and mutant HSV1-sr39tk was imaged with 9-[4-[¹⁸F]-fluoro-3-(hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine([¹⁸F]FHBG).
Methods: Adenovirus expressing wild-type HSV1-tk(Ad_tk), mutant HSV1-sr39tk (Ad_sr39tk), or control gene (Ad_LacZ) were directly injected into myocarcardium of 24 rats and 8 pigs. Two days later, dynamic PET imaging was performed for 120 min after injection of [¹²⁴I]FIAU or [¹⁸F]FHBG with a clinical scanner. Imaging with [¹³N]-ammonia was performed to identify cardiac regions of interest. Pig hearts were sliced into 5 short-axis slices for ex vivo imaging, and regional tracer uptake was analyzed.
Results: For [¹²⁴I]FIAU, the largest difference of cardiac uptake between Ad_tk rats and controls was found at 10-30 min after injection (1.7±0.25 vs 0.87±0.22 %dose/ml, p=0.035). No difference was observed at later imaging times due to [¹²⁴I]FIAU washout. For [¹⁸F]FHBG, difference between Ad_sr39tk rats and controls continuously increased over time and was largest at 105-120 min (1.45±0.45 vs 0.35±0.05 %dose/ml, P=0.0066). Global cardiac reporter probe kinetics in rats was confirmed by regional myocardial analysis in pigs. Transgene expression was specifically visualized by both approaches. Highest target/background ratio of [¹²⁴I]FIAU in Ad_tk infected myocardium was 1.50±0.20 vs 2.64±0.49 for [¹⁸F]FHBG in Ad_sr39tk infected areas (P=0.01). In vivo results of rats were confirmed by ex vivo counting and autoradiography. In vivo segmental reporter probe uptake in pigs correlated well with those in ex vivo images.
Conclusions: Both combinations were feasible for PET of cardiac transgene expression in different species. Specific probe kinetics suggests different myocardial handling of pyrimidine ([¹²⁴I]FIAU) and acycloguanosine ([¹⁸F]FHBG) derivatives. Results are in favour of [¹⁸F]FHBG because of continuous accumulation over time and higher imaging contrast.

The radiosyntheses of 5-(4´-[¹⁸F]fluorophenyl)-uridine [¹⁸F]-11 and 5-(4´-[¹⁸F]fluorophenyl)-2´-deoxy-uridine [¹⁸F]-12 are described. The 5-(4´-[¹⁸F]fluoro-phenyl)-substituted nucleosides were prepared via a Stille cross-coupling reaction with 4-[¹⁸F]fluoroiodobenzene followed by basic hydrolysis using 1 M potassium hydroxide. The Stille cross-coupling rreaction was optimized by screening various palladium complexes, additives and solvents. By using optimized labelling conditions (Pd₂(dba)₃/CuI/AsPh₃ in DMF/dioxane (1:1), 20 min at 65 °C), 550 MBq of [4-¹⁸F]fluoroiodobenzene could be converted into 120 MBq (33 %, decay-corrected) of 5-(4´-[¹⁸F]fluorophenyl)-2´-deoxy-uridine [¹⁸F]-12 within 40 min, including HPLC purification.

A comprehensive study on the migration of di- and tri-interstitials in silicon is performed using classical molecular
dynamics simulations with the Stillinger–Weber potential. The initial di- and tri-interstitial configurations with the lowest
formation energies are determined, and then, the defect migration is investigated for temperatures between 800 and
1600 K. The defect diffusivity and the self-diffusion coefficient per defect are calculated. Compared to the mono-interstitial,
the di-interstitial migrates faster, whereas the tri-interstitial diffuses slower. The migration mechanism of the diinterstitial
shows a pronounced dependence on the temperature. Like in the case of the mono-interstitial, the mobility of
the di-interstitial is higher than the mobility of the lattice atoms during the defect diffusion. On the other hand, the triinterstitial
mobility is lower than the corresponding atomic mobility. The implications of the present results for the
analysis of experimental data on defect evolution and migration are discussed.

Ni was surface-alloyed with Cu, Ti or Cu + Ti by ion implantation. This material was examined for its redox and electrocatalytic activity by cyclic voltammetry. The surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray and electron diffraction, and electron and atomic force microscopy. This type of materials exhibited a unique voltammetric response of Ni and was shown to stabilize the ß modification of the Ni oxide/hydroxide. Cu modified the anodic oxidation of glucose and the oxygen evolution to a higher degree than Ti. The morphology and microstructure differed from those of bulk materials.

To qualify CFD codes for two-phase flows, they have to be equipped with constitutive models standing for the interaction between the gaseous and the liquid phases. In case of bubble flow this particularly concerns the forces acting on the bubbles and bubble coalescence and break-up. Information on the local structure of the flow is also required by 1D thermal-hydraulic codes. Gas-liquid flow in vertical pipes is a very good object for studying the corresponding phenomena. Here, the bubbles move under clear boundary conditions, resulting in a shear field of nearly constant structure where the bubbles rise for a comparatively long time. The evolution of the flow within the pipe depends on a very complex interaction between bubble forces and bubble coalescence and break-up. E.g. the Lift-force, which strongly influences the radial distribution of the bubbles, changes its sign depending on the bubble diameter. Basing on extensive experimental data with a high resolution in space and time the applicability and the limits for the simulation of bubble flow with current CFD-codes are demonstrated, using the simulation of vertical pipe flow with CFX-4 as an example. Using a simplified model, parametric studies can be conducted. They give an indication for necessary improvements of the codes. Finally a possible way for the improvement of the CFD-codes is shown.

The paper includes the description of separate effect test facilities used for investigations with regard to the fragmentation and the transport behaviour of different insulation materials in multidimensional aqueous flow. The instrumentation of the rigs is specified, in particular modern digital image processing technologies. First experimental results are shown and discussed generated at three acrylic glass test facilities. The experimental data will be use for CFD-modelling and validation. The anticipated modeling concepts are presented and their feasibility is demonstrated. During the ongoing work further results are expected.

TOPFLOW is a new thermal fluid-dynamic multipurpose test facility designed for generic and applied studies of transient two phase flow phenomena.
The paper presents results obtained in air-water tests which were started in December 2002. The experiments aimed at studying the structure of a gas-liquid two phase flow in pipes of large diameter. The experimental data is used for the visualisation of the two phase flow structure as well as to obtain void fraction profiles and bubble size distributions. Additionally, a new visualisation technique is presented, that consists in the creation of virtual side projection of the flow.

Momentum and mass transfer during electrochemical reactions in a small cell can be significantly influenced by Lorentz forces. Depending on the magnetic field configurations, a multitude of flow fields with an accordingly large range of mass transfer conditions can be arranged. The moderate magnetic field of simple permanent magnets placed behind the electrodes, although its action is limited to the vicinity of the electrodes, is able to promote convection in the whole cell. The interplay of Lorentz and buoyancy forces is substantial for the resulting flow structure.

Our activities were directed to the investigation of some diffusion controled electrochemical reactions like [Fe(CN)6]3+/[Fe(CN)6]4+, Ce4+/Ce3+ and the electrodeposition of Cu2+.

Since Faradaic currents are inherently coupled to electrochemical processes, the mass transfer enhancement attainable by Lorentz force induced convection does not increase the running costs. Therefore it seems attractive to perform further studies in order to determine the underlying scaling laws.

In a second part of the discussion a fluidic microsystem is presented. The silicon-glass wafer system is produced in a micromechanic planar technology and consists of a network of microfluidic channels. The microsystem can be coupled with microsensors and actuators.

Still, the K_D concept of empirical distribution coefficients is the most often utilized approach for description of sorption phenomena. However, as an empirical concept it can not correctly portray the complex processes on the surfaces. A better approach is a Surface Complexation Models (SCM) capable of describing the sorption processes at the mineral-fluid interface on a scientific, quasi-thermodynamic basis. SCM are available in various versions, in which the Diffuse Double Layer Model (DDL), Constant Capacitance Model (CC) and Triple Layer Model (TL) are the most important and applied submodels.
Certainly, during the next decade SCM will replace K_D only in some simple systems or systems dominated by one mineral. However, SCM can help to verify measured K_D's, to identify the most sensitive experimental parameters, to assign uncertainty limits, to fill gaps difficult to access in sorption experiments, and to help to gain a better process understanding.
RES³T [1]– the Rossendorf Expert System for Surface and Sorption Thermodynamics - is a digitized version of a thermodynamic sorption database as required for the parametrisation of SCM, namely in risk assessment studies.
As an example to illustrate the effect of parameter uncertainty in blind predictions the Np(V) sorption onto haematite was selected.

Slow Positron Implantation Spectroscopy (SPIS), based on the generation, implantation and subsequent annihilation of mono-energetic positrons in a sample, is used to study depth dependent vacancy-type damage in ion-implanted 6H-SiC. The derivation of physical information from the Doppler-broadened annihilation lineshape is exemplified. It is found that the depth profile of vacancy-type damage formed in SiC co-implanted by Al+ and N+ at 800 °C, and subsequently annealed at 1200 °C and 1650 °C, strongly depends on the sequence of implantations and on annealing conditions. These studies show that annealing at 1650 °C for 10 minutes is not sufficient to remove the vacancy-type damage created by ion implantation.

The lecture is splitted into three parts. In its first part, a brief introduction is presented into the underlying physics of the dynamo effect of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), in order to make clear the motivation of the subsequent mathematical considerations. Paleomagnetic evidences for fields reversals of the geomagnetic field are discussed, as well as the results of the Riga dynamo experiment. Special emphasis is laid on the planned next generation dynamo experiments.

In the second part of the lecture, the basic operator-theoretic properties of the 2×2 operator matrix of the spherically symmetric α²-dynamo are discussed: its pseudo-Hermiticity in the case of idealized boundary conditions (with corresponding representation of the operator in a Krein space as indefinite generalization of a Hilbert space), and the general lack of symmetry and Hermiticity for physically realistic boundary conditions. A brief summary is given of the results of Ref. [1] on testing the operator struture on its compatibility with an operator intertwining technique as descriptive tool for possibly existing isospectral classes of dynamo operators. A corresponding no-go theorem is discussed for first-order differential operators as intertwiners.

Subject of the third part of the lecture are recent results on spectral phase transitions. Such phase transtions from non-oscillating dynamo regimes to oscillating regimes occur at two-fold degenerate level-crossing points of the spectrum (exceptional points), where two real-valued branches of the spectrum cross and leave the real axis to develop as pair of complex conjugate branches. Some general properties of the spectrum in the vicinity of the exceptional points are discussed. For this purpose, the linear eigenvalue problem of the 2×2 operator matrix is reformulated as equivalent eigenvalue problem of an associated quadratic operator pencil. Special emphasis is laid on the differences of exceptional points for quantum mechanical operators in Hilbert spaces and for pseudo-Hermitian operators in Krein spaces.

The lecture is completed by a discussion of open operator theoretic problems with relevance for the planned next generation dynamo experiments.

[1] Günther U. and Stefani F., Isospectrality of spherical MHD dynamo operators: pseudo-Hermiticity and a no-go
theorem, J. Math. Phys. 44, 2003, 3097, math-ph/0208012.

At the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf the build-up of the superconducting 1.3 GHz accelerator ELBE is still in progress. Furthermore a new sc photo injector (SRF gun) is under development, which should accelerate electrons up to 10 MeV at 1.3 GHz frequency. The use of electron accelerators is also more and more interesting for applications where the destructive potential of the electrons are used like sterilization of medical waste and medical products, food irradiation or decontamination of sewage. For these processes a high power is required to achieve a high product throughput in a plant. The aim is therefore to use beam powers of around 100 kW or more. Since the applications of electron accelerators in industrial environments are steadily increasing one can speculate about transferring the above named state of the arte technology to industrial electron accelerators. At the FZR a feasibility study of such a table top electron accelerator (TTE) has been performed to investigate its technical limits and marketabilitys.

For 10 years an irradiation measuring field has been operated at FZR near Dresden. It consisted of 12 modules with different tilt and azimuth angles. The yearly mean values of the generated DC-energy are presented and directly compared with the predictions of the PEREZ model. The main result of the measurements is the providing of typical module DC power distributions. This distributions can be used to determine the optimal module/inverter power ratio of grid connected PV plants. For nearly optimal orientated generators this ratio should be one. Further a revision of the widely used “European Efficiency” of inverters is suggested, which is based on new weighting factors derived from the measurements. For PV plants a maximum performance ratio of 84% could be estimated. Finally the matching of the daily electricity load with PV plants in Germany is discussed. The load peak in Germany can be covered by an installed PV capacity of 45 GW.

Zur Verbesserung des Korrosionsverhaltens von Baustahl wurde versucht, durch Rückstoßimplantation bzw. Ionenstrahlmischen seine Oberfläche mit einer chromreichen Schicht zu versehen. Dazu wurde polierter Baustahl (SAE 1020) mit Chrom bedampft und anschließend mit Stickstoffionen bestrahlt. Der Ionenbeschuß erfolgte sowohl durch direkte Ionenimplantation als auch durch Plasmaimmersions-Ionenimplantation.

Die so hergestellten Proben wurden mittels Augerelektronenspektroskopie, Konversionselektronen-Mößbauerspektroskopie und Röntgendiffraktometrie untersucht. Die Kombination dieser Verfahren gestattete eine ausreichende Charakterisierung der erzeugten Oberflächenschichten. Während die Schichtung Chrom/Stahl durch die direkte Ionenimplantation kaum verändert wurde, entstand durch die Plasmaimmersions-Ionenimplantation eine (Eisen/Chrom)-Nitridschicht auf der Stahloberfläche.

Nach der Behandlung wurden die Oberflächenhärte und das Korrosionsverhalten bestimmt und mit dem Ausgangszustand verglichen. Während sich bei den direkt implantierten Proben nur die Härte leicht erhöhte, nahm bei den durch Plasmaimmersions-Ionenimplantation behandelten Proben die Korrosionsbeständigkeit zu, so dass für den gewünschten Zweck dieses Verfahren das geeignetere ist.

Zwei asynchron rotierende Objekte sollen gemein-sam tomografisch rekonstruiert werden. Dafür werden tomografische Projektionen immer nur dann vorgenommen, wenn beide Objekte eine bestimmte Relativposition zueinander aufweisen. Die Objekte erscheinen dadurch wie fest miteinander verbunden. Vorhandene radiale Symmetrien der Objekte können ausgenutzt werden. Als praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel dient eine hydrodynamische Kupplung.

Bei tomografischen Bildrekonstruktionen können zu große Detektorabstände oder zu wenige Projektionen Aliasing-Artefakte hervorrufen. Betrachtet werden Objekte, die eine drehsymmetrische Struktur enthalten. Von ihr entsteht neben dem reellen auch ein virtuelles tomografisches Abbild. Gezeigt wird, dass es schwierig sein kann, ein solches virtuelles Abbild als Aliasing-Artefakt zu identifizieren.

The improved resolution of potential probe measurements allowed to investigate the turbulent properties of flows driven by various types of alternating magnetic fields. Results will be presented on the turbulent spectra of such flows and the spatio-temporal changes of the mean velocity profiles.

The magnetic control of aluminium investment casting is presented as an example of metallurgical applications of external magnetic fields.

Recent results on separation control with steady and unsteady Lorentz forces will be presented, embedded into the 40 years history of electromagnetic seawater flow control.

The preliminary results of the REDOS project participants for neutron and gamma fluence spectrum integrals obtained for two VVER-440 pressure vessel benchmarks at the LR-0 reactor in Rez have been analyzed. The results of different calculations have been compared with each other and with experiments. The influence of the scintillation detectors on the measurement results was discussed.

The existence of hydrogen in Pd–O-bearing aggregates, which together with iron oxides form the characteristic dark encrustation of an ouro preto nugget of Gongo Soco, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is confirmed by elastic recoil detection analysis with a heavy-ion microbeam (micro-ERDA). Hydrogen is lost from Pd–O-bearing areas during the micro-analyses, but not from goethite.
The data indicate that the Pd–O–H phase is unstable compared to goethite, giving support to previous observations that it is a transient phase in a transformation to native palladium.

The final results of the REDOS project participants for neutron and gamma fluence spectrum integrals obtained for the VVER-1000 pressure vessel benchmark at the LR-0 reactor in Rez had been analyzed. The comparison of different calculations with each other and of calculations with experiments showed in both cases reasonable agreement.

Neutron and gamma fluence results for the VVER-440 mock-up at the LR0-reactor in Rez, that were calculated with the Monte Carlo Code TRAMO had been compared with measured data. A reasonable agreement between calculation results and experimental data was reached.

The start-up of the Munich high-flux reactor FRM-II is going on. At the beam tube SR-2 the spectrometer PANDA has been installed. It is a three-axis neutron spectrometer looking onto a slightly under-moderated cold neutron source. For polarization analysis PANDA is equipped with a vertical cryo-magnet producing fields up to 14.5 Tesla at the sample. To get an appropriate shielding of the high-intensity instrument one had to take into account the large cross-section of the primary beam, several restrictions using magnetic materials, limitations in loading the site and, finally, one had to keep the lateral extent of the shielding small to allow for high scattering angles. The shielding has been designed on the base of results which were achieved by the combined use of both the Monte Carlo code MCNP-4B2 and an analytical method based on one-dimensional dose transmission functions.

Neutron and gamma fluence results for the VVER-1000 mock-up at the LR0-reactor in Rez, that were calculated with the Monte Carlo Code TRAMO had been compared with measured data. A reasonable agreement between calculation results and experimental data was reached. Additionally, results obtained with different energy group structures were compared.

A new neutron dosimetry benchmark of the NEA SINBAD Data Base is described. This full-scale reactor benchmark, based on VVER-1000 ex-vessel neutron activation measurements performed at the Balakovo NPP, Unit 3 (Balakovo-3), is a result of several years of thorough measurements and calculations. With regard to evaluation of measured and calculated results an international intercomparison study played a key role. This interlaboratory comparison produced the reference measured data expressed as end-of-irradiation activities of reaction products of the reactions: 237Np(n,f), 238U(n,f), 93Nb(n,n'), 58Ni(n,p), 54Fe(n,p), 46Ti(n,p) and 63Cu(n,a). A comprehensive analysis of reactor data used for creating the computational models has been performed. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the reliability of the absolute neutron source distributions. Results of calculations performed by various discrete ordinates and Monte Carlo codes have been used for the benchmark evaluation. It turned out that these calculation results are in agreement within 12 % with the reference measured data. The experience gained by creation and evaluation of the full-scale power reactor benchmark is discussed in the paper.

Ni-Ti thin films (SMA) formed by sputtering have been attracting great interest as powerful actuators in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as microvalves, microfluidic pumps and micromanipulators. Successful implementation of Ni-Ti micro-actuactors requires a good understanding of the relationship among processing, microstructure and proprieties of Ni-Ti thin films. At the ROssendorf BeamLine (ROBL-CRG) at the ESRF, we carried out a series of experiments that clearly illustrate the benefit of in-situ studies, not only during annealing, but also during sputtering. The in-situ annealing experiments, using a Be-dome furnace installed into the six-circle diffractometer of the Materials Research Hutch (MRH) allowed us to determine the kinetics of the phenomena, to identify the sequence of precipitation and to correlate the build-up of the final structure with the processing conditions. The in-situ sputtering experiments during film growth were performed using a magnetron sputter deposition chamber also installed into the six-circle diffractometer [1]. This facility allowed us to follow, almost in “real time”, the structural evolution of the deposited thin film as a consequence of changing deposition parameters.

The real-time structural design of magnetron sputtered NiTi SMA (shape memory alloy) thin films is reported. During deposition the phase content was followed in situ by synchrotron x-ray diffraction and controlled by varying the power of co-sputtering NiTi plus Ti for otherwise fixed deposition parameters. This method allows an optimization of the thin film in respect to its functional properties like phase transition temperature or adhesion as well as an understanding of the actual growth process by revealing temporary intermediate growth states (precipitates) and diffusion processes during film growth. The method is neither restricted to the sputter material (NiTi) nor to the controlling parameter (power) chosen, but immediately applicable to a large class of materials as well as general enough for other deposition parameters.

Semiconducting ß-FeSi₂ has currently attracted scientific interest, due to the fact that ß-FeSi₂ has a direct band gap of 0.8 eV [1,2]. This property makes it a special candidate for e.g. silicon-based micro-LED’s. Single crystalline ß-FeSi₂- layers would even open possibilities for devices like micro-laserdiodes. However, the synthesis of these structures is experimentally extremely delicate.

The temperature during implantation, the energy of the beam, the annealing procedures as well as the fluence and current density of the beam, the structure size of the layer etc. are all key process parameters and have to be optimized with respect to one another.

The first micro channeling analyses of FeSi₂-structures, which were produced with an ion energy of 800 keV and sample sizes between 70-190 µm in diameters, were carried out. The combination of the two set-ups, the ion projector at the Ruhr University of Bochum and the micro-channeling set-up at the research centre Rossendorf, allows a fast synthesis as well as the analysis of the samples.

The implantation temperature of the samples was varied between 50 – 350 °C. The results show that bulk formation by Ostwald maturing depends on implantation temperature and structure size. Even if the layers do not show the desired crystalline characteristics, the investigations permit to draw conclusions about the damage of the surface layer with consideration of the bulk formation. This is of enormous interest, in order to optimize and model the embedding into a pn-structure as a step towards the development of a LED.

Additional Raman measurements showed clear fingerprints of ß-FeSi₂ [3].

Reference:
[1]: N.E. Christensen;
Electronic structure of ß-FeSi₂;
Phys. Rev. B42, 1990, p. 7148-7153

[2]: D. Pankin, F. Eichhorn, E. Wieser, W. Skorupa, W. Henrion, J. Albrecht;
Electrical and optical properties of ß-FeSi₂ after Co implantation and annealing;
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B84, 1994, p. 172-175

[3]: A.G. Birdwell, R. Glosser, D.N. Leong, K.P. Homewood;
Raman investigation of ion beam synthesized ß-FeSi₂ ;
J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 89, No. 2, 2001, p. 965- 972

The study of the influence of ITO deposition process on the defect formation in the interface region of heterojunctions (HJ) is done. The role of intrinsic a-Si:H and as an alternative a thin porous Si buffer layer is analyzed. It is shown that a thin porous Si as a buffer layer in HJ solar cells leads to the improvement of the HJ solar cells efficiency since this layer serves as a protection one of the Si substrate during the ITO deposition process. By DLTS method it is observed that damages created during the deposition of ITO layer can be essentially suppressed by a thin a-Si:H or thin porous Si buffer layers. In case of porous silicon formation by the electrochemical etching the process is “softer” and this thin intermediate layer has similar properties as a-Si:H concerning the hydrogen concentration and the characteristics of Si-H bonds. This conclusion was derived from the Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Raman measurements, which are performed on porous-Si/crystalline Si structures. It is concluded that the main role of a thin porous Si layer in a Si based heterojunction structure is the improvement of the interface properties of HJ solar cells due to a protection of the Si substrate during the depositions of a-Si:H and ITO layers.

We study the 514 and 244 nm Raman spectra of a wide variety of hydrogenated amorphous carbons (a-C:H). The hydrogen content can be estimated from the slope of the photoluminescence background (PL) of the spectra measured at 514.5 nm. Generally, the evolution of the sp(2) and sp(3) phases is not independent for as-deposited a-C:H samples. This, in principle, allows us to derive their structural and optical properties just by studying the visible Raman spectra. For highly hydrogenated samples, the PL background overshadows the visible Raman spectra, and UV excitation is the only way to measure a Raman spectrum.

[1] A. C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 075414.
[2] T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. von Keudell, W. Jacob, J. Appl. Phys. 86
(1999) 3988
[3] A. C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, M. G. Beghi, C. E. Bottani, R. Ferulano,
R. Pastorelli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 1893.

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a promising protective coating for future optical storage technologies. The requirements place conflicting constraints on the nature of the DLC. It must be transparent at 400 nm, hard and wear-resistant, uniform, pinhole-free, have a low stress and be deposited at high rate without a high heat load on a plastic substrate. In order to optimise the films under these constraints, we have studied in detail the band gap, stress, density and Young's modulus of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition using a large area electron cyclotron wave resonance source of 14 in. diameter and a variety of hydrocarbon gas sources. We have been able to produce wear-resistant carbon coatings with a high transparency at 400 nm without damaging the plastic disks. We also show that for these films the refractive index can be used as a rapid empirical means of property correlation.

[1] F. Piazza, D. Grambole, L. Zhou, F. Talke, C. Casiraghi, A.C. Ferrari,
J. Robertson, Diamond Related Mater., in press.

Ion implantation is the key technology for electrical doping of silicon. There are many studies of the amorphization of silicon by ion implantation. To extend the investigation of the damage accumulation in silicon to very high ion fluxes, Si samples were implanted with 600 keV Si⁺ ions of a current density of 360 µA/cm² (2.2 x 10¹⁵ Si /(s x cm²)) at different substrate temperatures up to a fluence of 1 x 10¹⁸ Si/cm² by the Bochum super conducting ion projector [1]. The damage of the Si crystal in the implanted circular areas of 185 µm diameter was investigated by micro RBS-channeling with 3 MeV He ions using the Rossendorf nuclear microprobe. For micro channeling measurements a second chamber with a precisely justified 4-axis goniometer was installed behind the chamber used normally for micro ion beam analysis. It allows to investigate the crystal structure in regions down to a size of about 10 µm, keeping the crystal damage during the analysis in check. For this high Si ion flux a significant dependence of the damage accumulation and of the Si amorphization on the implantation temperature and fluence was observed. It was shown that the model of the current density dependence on the amorphization temperature used also by R.D. Goldberg et al. [2] can not be extrapolated to very high ion current densities.

[1] J. Meijer, A. Stephan, Microelec. Eng. 41/42 (1998) 257
[2] R.D. Goldberg, R.G. Elliman, J.S. Williams, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 80/81 (1993) 596

Hydrogen plays an important role in GaN and related alloys. It is often a part of the growth environment and can be incorporated in GaN during different processing steps. Its behaviour is rather complicated and poorly understood. GaN doped with Fe has currently gained an increasing interest as a suitable magnetic semiconductor for spintronic applications. Here, we report results of the study on GaN doped with Fe and codoped with Mg for deep acceptors, Si for shallow donors and isoelectronic Al. Samples were grown by the chemical transport process in the form of small (~ 0.3 mm) crystallites and subsequently pressed to form platelets. As-grown samples and after annealing in different atmospheres (successively with N₂ and NH₃) were studied. Hydrogen concentration were determined by NRA using the ¹⁵N profiling method. Hydrogen release due to the analysing beam was evaluated using the molecular recombination model. Effective H-release cross-section was found to be the same for all GaFeN samples, independently of codoping. The lowest concentration of hydrogen among as-grown materials was revealed in GaFeN samples. Codoped materials showed higher hydrogen concentration, increasing in the following sequence: Mg, Si and Al. Hydrogen concentration can be substantially reduced by annealing in N₂ atmosphere, whereas subsequent annealing in NH₃ produces hydrogenation, however, to concentrations below that for pristine samples. The model of these processes has been proposed.

Die Qualität der Simulationsergebnisse existierender Computercodes zur dynamischen Simulation von Druckentlastungsvorgängen (z. B. SAFIRE/ Vent, BRICK) ist von der Genauigkeit der Untermodelle zur Berücksichtigung von Wärme- und Stofftransport, Reaktionskinetik, Mischphasenthermodynamik sowie Aufwall- und Schaumverhalten abhängig. Die Untersuchungen dienen einer verbesserten Modellierung dieser Teilprozesse unter Berücksichtigung der spezifischen Prozessbedingungen der Druckentlastung. Hierzu sind sowohl reaktionsgetriebene Druckentlastungsexperimente in Rührkesselreaktoren unter prozessnahen Bedingungen als auch zusätzliche Experimente zur Ermittlung von apparate- und prozessspezifischen Parametern durchzuführen. Die Ergebnisse liefern den Prozessdaten-Pool zur Weiterentwicklung und Validierung von Simulationssoftware für Druckentlastungsprozesse in Batch-Reaktoren. Ziel ist die Simulation des Gesamtprozesses vom Reaktionsstart über die hydro- und thermodynamischen sowie die prozesskinetischen Vorgänge während der Druckentlastung bis hin zu Nachreaktionen.
Als Modellprozess wurde die Veresterung von Essigsäureanhydrid mit Methanol gewählt. Zur Berücksichtigung der stofflichen und wärmetechnischen Einflüsse der Reaktion auf den Druckentlastungsprozess wurde ein reaktionskinetisches Modell entwickelt, das die thermischen und chemischen Reaktionsverläufe über weite Temperatur- und Konzentrationsbereiche unabhängig von der Prozessführung wiedergibt.
Hauptgegenstand der experimentellen Untersuchungen sind reaktive Druckentlastungsexperimente unter prozessnahen Bedingungen. Die Experimente werden unter isoperibolen Prozessbedingungen in mantelgekühlten Rührkesselreaktoren aus Glas und Edelstahl durchgeführt. Die Reaktorvolumina betragen 1 bis 10 Liter. Bei Verwendung der Glasreaktoren kann, bedingt durch die Positionierung des kritischen Querschnittes (wechselbare Lochblende) in Höhe des Reaktordeckels, das Einströmverhalten in die Blende mittels High-Speed-Videotechnik beobachtet werden. Zusätzliche elektrische Heizpatronen im Reaktor gestatten die Bestimmung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten und anderen Prozess- und Anlagenkennwerten. Die für den Druckentlastungsprozess signifikantesten Signale werden mit einer Abtastrate von max. 200 Hz aufgezeichnet. Zur Ermittlung der dynamischen Phasenanteile in der Druckentlastungsleitung wurde eine spezielle nadelförmige Leitfähigkeitssonde mit integrierter Temperaturmessung entwickelt. Durch Verwendung von Rührkesselreaktoren mit Mantelkühlung in Verbindung mit elektrischen Kalibrierheizungen ist die thermodynamische Charakterisierung des Systems durch Wärmebilanzierung realisierbar. Zur stofflichen Charakterisierung der Reaktionsgemische wird die FTIR-Spektroskopie eingesetzt.
Gegenstand der Präsentation bilden die Versuchsanlagen, die experimentelle Strategien zur Modellierung und Simulation von Druckentlastungsszenarien sowie die konkreten Versuchsabläufe zur Realisierung reproduzierbarer reaktionsgetriebener Druckentlastungsprozesse. Erste Versuchsergebnisse werden gezeigt und ein Ausblick auf weitere experimentelle und modelltheoretische Untersuchungen wird gegeben.

Es ist aus theoretischen Überlegungen und praktischen Untersuchungen bekannt, daß beim Feinguß eine in die Form einströmende Schmelze eine in ihrem exakten Zahlenwert unbekannte Maximalgeschwindigkeit (Näherungswert: 0,5 m/s) nicht übersteigen darf. Füllt die Schmelze den Formhohlraum mit einer höheren Geschwindigkeit, ergeben sich Verwirbelungen und Oxideinschlüsse, die sich nachteilig auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Gussteils auswirken. Es gibt Hinweise an Gussteilen, die diese Theorien stützen. Da eine Form als oben offener Hohlraum betrachtet werden kann, muß das Metall immer aus einer Höhe eingefüllt werden, die durch die Höhe des Gussteils und zusätzlicher gießtechnischer Anordnungen vorbestimmt ist. Damit resultiert die Maximalgeschwindigkeit der Schmelze am tiefsten Punkt aus den geometrischen und flüssigkeitsdynamischen Gegebenheiten. Eine kontaktlose Regelung der Schmelzströmung, welche durch Einsatz elektromagnetischer Felder realisiert werden kann, ist offensichtlich wünschenswert und vorteilhaft im Vergleich zu mechanischen Lösungen.

K+, K- and phi meson production in proton-nucleus (pA) collisions has been calculated within a BUU transport model. It is shown that the nucleon-hyperon strangeness transfer channel is essential. The role of three-body reactions has been investigated within the medium.
The mass dependence of phi production is predicted to give important information on the in-medium properties of all three mesons.

To qualify CFD codes for two-phase flows, they have to be equipped with constitutive models standing for the interaction between the gaseous and the liquid phases. In case of bubble flow this particularly concerns the forces acting on the bubbles and bubble coalescence and break-up. Information on the local structure of the flow is also required by 1D thermal-hydraulic codes. Gas-liquid flow in vertical pipes is a very good object for studying the corresponding phenomena. Here, the bubbles move under clear boundary conditions, resulting in a shear field of nearly constant structure where the bubbles rise for a comparatively long time. The evolution of the flow within the pipe depends on a very complex interaction between bubble forces and bubble coalescence and break-up. E.g. the Lift-force, which strongly influences the radial distribution of the bubbles, changes its sign depending on the bubble diameter. Basing on extensive experimental data with a high resolution in space and time the applicability and the limits for the simulation of bubble flow with current CFX-codes are demonstrated, using the simulation of vertical pipe flow with CFX-4 as an example. Using a simplified model, parametric studies can be conducted. They give an indication for necessary improvements of the codes. Finally a possible way for the improvement of the CFD-codes is shown.

Heat transfer and boiling are key phenomena in critical equipment used in power generation facilities. Modelling of boiling in 1D thermal hydraulic codes was state of the art right from the beginning of their development, whereas boiling models in 3D thermal hydraulic codes are far from reaching this level of maturity. In this paper, the boiling model implemented in the CFD code CFX-4 was applied, to analyse several boiling experiments, the results of which are published in literature. The validity of the implemented correlations is examined. In many cases the model yields a good agreement with experiments. However, especially in the low pressure region, the steam volume fraction is under predicted. The models implemented in CFX are critically reviewed and compared to alternative solutions. The sensitivity of the calculated results on different parameters are compared. The need for improvements in the model and for further experiments are derived. Main attention should be focused on measuring and modelling of the correct size of the steam bubbles generated.

The present paper aims at the validation of modelling capacities of the EUROPLEXUS fast dynamics software in the domain of condensation-induced water hammers and Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI). Two numerical models of EUROPLEXUS accounting for FSI effects are considered and compared throughout modelling and computation. The first model is a simplified pipeline model using intrinsically coupled pipeline elements. The second FSI model is a mixed model; it contains both pipeline and 3D parts and uses a special interface model between the 3D fluid volume and the shell mesh of the piping. Numerical results are compared with experimental data obtained on the Cold Water Hammer Test Facility (CWHTF) at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, within the WAHALoads European project. In this experiment water hammer is generated by accelerated water bouncing against a lid flange.

The influence of phenolic OH groups on the Np(V) complexation by humic acids was studied at pH 7 and pH 8 under nitrogen atmosphere applying chemically modified humic acids with blocked phenolic OH groups in comparison to their corresponding unmodified humic acids. The studies were performed by near-infrared (NIR) absorption spectroscopy using the metal ion charge neutralization model for evaluation of the experimental data. For all humic acids under investigation comparable complexation constants were determined. However, the studied modified humic acids Aldrich and M42 show significantly lower loading capacities for NpO2+ ions (e.g., pH 7: 7.2 ± 1.1 % and 5.3 ± 1.0 %, respectively) than the corresponding unmodified humic acids (e.g., pH 7: 10.0 ± 1.5 % and 11.2 ± 1.1 %, respectively). This result points to a lower amount of maximal available humic acid ligand sites after blocking of phenolic OH groups. From that, it can be concluded that humic acid phenolic OH groups contribute to the interaction between humic acid and Np(V) under the studied conditions. The comparison of the loading capacities obtained for unmodified and modified Aldrich humic acid at pH 7 and pH 8 shows that the impact of phenolic OH groups on the Np(V) complexation by humic acids is increased with increasing pH value.

Amorphous tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) films were grown by reactive pulsed middle frequency dual magnetron sputtering on Si (100) substrates covered with 500 nm SiO2. Changes in the microstructure and the resistivity of the ITO films during annealing in vacuum (p ~ 10-6 mbar) were characterized by in-situ synchrotron XRD analysis and simultaneous four-point probe measurements at ROssendorf Beam Line (ROBL). The in-situ experiments are performed at isothermal (temperature range of 210 - 240 °C) and non-isothermal (T-ramp: 2.5 - 10 K/min) annealing modes.
At non-isothermal annealing the XRD data reveal a rapid crystallization in the temperature range of 240 - 280°C. The heating rate does not influence on the temperature of the crystallization onset (T=240 ± 10 °C).
At isothermal annealing increase of the temperature leads to decrease of the time of crystallization onset and the total time of amorphous-to-crystalline transformation and, therefore the crystallization rate increases. Using the Kolmogorov-Avrami-Johnson-Mehl equation [f ~ 1-exp(-ktn)] for the dependence of the crystalline fraction f on the annealing time, the kinetic parameters of crystallization were determined. On the condition that the coherently diffracting domain size (~65 nm) is smaller than the film thickness (~130 nm) a three-dimensional crystallization process was indicated.
Even in amorphous films the resistivity significantly decreases with increasing temperature, likely by the generation of oxygen vacancies. The rapid crystallization leads to further reduction of the resistivity probably due to Sn donor activation.

The superelastic or memory shape NiTi alloy has big potential for biomedical applications, but due to the high nickel content there are restrictions against it. It has been shown, that ion implantation is a very versatile method to reduce the surface nickel content and modify the structure, by this improve the surface properties for biomaterials applications. The understanding of the mechanism of the Ni depleted layer formation and growth is still limited, but it is a key for achieving control and optimization of the process. The aim of this contribution is to study the surface processes of TiNi alloys during ion implantation, especially the phenomena of Ni depletion of NiTi surface to improve the biocompatibility.
N, O and Ar ion implantation of the NiTi samples was performed by means of plasma immersion ion implantation at different parameters: ion energy (20 - 40 keV and 200 keV), fluence (10 17 - 10 18 cm -2), substrate temperature (RT - 400 °C). The implanted layers were examined by Auger electron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility were investigated by the electrochemical corrosion analysis, cell culture and blood compatibility tests, respectively.
Nickel depleted surface layers of TiOx or TiNx are formed during oxygen or nitrogen implantation, respectively. Below this a nickel enriched zone up to 300 nm is found, with the possible phases Ni4Ti3 and Ni2.67Ti1.33. This indicates a reactive diffusion process as main control mechanism of Ni transport. Finally, any correlation of corrosion, chemical and microstructure properties of modified NiTi surfaces to the biocompatibility are discussed.

This paper presents results of radiation-induced nanoscal microstructural changes measured by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) on ASTM-type reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. Five different base metals and one weld metal were investigated. The irradiation was performed in a VVER-type power reactor on 3 different dose levels, maximally 0.14 dpa, at an irradiation temperature of 255 °C. The volume content of the micostructural features measured is correlated with the irradiation hardening and embrittlement.
In every case clear radiation-related hardening, embrittlement and microstrucural effects are proven. Radiation produces nanoscaled scattering defects of a radius between 0 < R < 3 nm with the maximum near R = 1 nm. Fluence and chemical composition do not or hardly change the shape of the size distribution but strongly the volume content. The radiation sensitivity is mainly controlled by the copper content. Copper also increases the A-ratio. There are good correlations between volume content of the nanoscaled radiation defects and the radiation hardening or embrittlement, respectively.
Annealing at 475 °C produces almost full recovery of the mechanical properties. However, the original microstructure of the unirradiated state is not completely reproduced.

The NiTi alloy is interesting for medical applications because of its either superelastic or memory shape properties. However, clinical acceptance of the alloy still is limited due to its high nickel content.
The aim of this work is to reduce the Ni concentration in a NiTi surface by ion implantation and study the influence on surface stability and biocompatibility.
Modification of the NiTi samples was performed by N or/ and Ar ion implantation at different parameters: ion energy (20 - 40 keV and 200 keV), fluence (10 17 - 10 18 cm -2), substrate temperature (RT - 400 °C). The modified layers were examined by Auger electron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The corrosion resistance and biocompatibility were investigated by the electrochemical corrosion analysis and cell culture tests with bone forming cells, respectively.
Ion implantation could reduce the surface nickel content down to ~0.5 at%. Below the Ni depleted surface a Ni enriched zone is formed, which indicates an increased mobility either of Ni from the surface to the bulk or of Ti from the sub-surface to the surface. A reactive diffusion mechanism for the nickel depletion in this system is discussed. The corrosion stability increases by this treatment. In preliminary studies with bone forming cells no decrease in biocompatibility was seen by this treatment.

The native extracellular matrix (ECM) laid down on silicon and titanium surfaces by osteoblast-like SAOS-2 cells was exposed by selective removing of cells. This type of material surface ECM-Si, ECM-Ti was shown to promote the nucleation of calcium phosphate from a simulated body fluid (SBF). Microscopic and spectroscopic results revealed the effect being associated with a collagen fibre-free extracellular matrix.