Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

kein Abstract

The reactor core of light water reactors consists of fuel elements with different enrichment and exposure. This circumstance is responsible for differences in the heat release of the single fuel elements. As a consequence, the fuel element outlet temperatures differ, too. Differences of more than 30 K are reached in the stationary state at full power. It is known, that these differences in the outlet temperatures do not fully vanish during the travelling of the coolant through the upper plenum. Thus, a certain temperature profile is still existing over the cross section of the hot leg nozzle. In order to study the coolant mixing inside the upper plenum, special tests have been carried out at the test facility ROCOM (Rossendorf Coolant Mixing Model).

An in-beam dual head positron camera is used to monitor the dose application in situ during the tumour irradiation with carbon ion beams at the experimental heavy ion therapy facility at GSI Darmstadt.
Therefore, a positron emission tomograph has been mounted directly at the treatment site.
A fully 3D reconstruction algorithm based on the Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximisation (MLEM) algorithm has been developed and adapted to this spatially varying imaging situation.
The scatter and attenuation correction is included into the forward projection step of the Maximum Likelihood image reconstruction.
This requires an attenuation map containing the information on the material composition and densities. This information is derived from the X-ray computed tomograms of the patient and the patient fixation system including the head-rest.
The normalisation of scattered events relative to the unscattered events is done by a global scatter fraction factor which is estimated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is shown by means of computer simulations, phantom measurements as well as patient data.

The OECD/NRC Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Turbine Trip (TT) Benchmark based on the turbine trip test 2 (TT2) in the reactor Peach Bottom 2 [1] is approved for vali-dating the coupled system thermal-hydraulic and 3D neutron kinetics codes for BWR's. The phase 2 of the benchmark consists in the calculation of the core re-sponse for given thermal-hydraulic boundary conditions. This part of the benchmark is used for the validation of the DYN3D code [2].

The transient was initiated by the closure of the turbine stop valve. The pressure wave, which is moved to the core is attenuated by the opening of the bypass valve. When the wave reaches the core the void in the core is reduced, which results in an increase of the reactivity and power. The power peak is limited by the Doppler effect and the reactor scram.

The standard calculation with DYN3D is based on the consideration of 764 coolant channels (1 channel per fuel assembly), the consideration of the assembly disconti-nuity factors (ADF), the phase slip model of MOLOCNIKOV. The consideration of assembly discontinuity factors (ADF) is possible not in all three-dimensional codes. DYN3D allows calculations with and without the ADF to study their influence on this transient. Several participants of the benchmark perform calculations with 33 ther-mal-hydraulic channels, which correspond to the thermal-hydraulic map used in the TRAC-BF1/NEM model [1]. The influence of the number of coolant channels is stud-ied also in this paper. The phase slip model of MOLOCHNIKOV [3] is the standard model of DYN3D for void fraction calculation. A comparison was made with the ZUBER-FINDLAY model [4]. The cross sections sets were condensed over radial planes to generate sets for the one-dimensional simulation, which was also per-formed with DYN3D. The results of the different options are compared with the re-sults of the standard calculation.

Investigating the hypothetical core melt down scenario for a light water reactor (LWR) a possible failure mode of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and its fail-ure time has to be considered for a determination of the loadings on the con-tainment. Numerous experiments have been performed accompanied with ma-terial properties evaluation, theoretical, and numerical work (Rempe, 1993, Theofanous, 1997, Chu 1999).
For pre- and post-test calculations of Lower Head Failure experiments like OLHF or FOREVER it is necessary to model creep and plasticity processes. Therefore a Finite Element Model is developed at the FZR using a numerical approach which avoids the use of a single creep law employing constants de-rived from the data for a limited stress and temperature range. Instead of this a numerical creep data base (CDB) is developed where the creep strain rate is evaluated in dependence on the current total strain, temperature and equivalent stress. A main task for this approach is the generation and validation of the CDB. Additionally the implementation of all relevant temperature dependent material properties has been performed. For the consideration of the tertiary creep stage and for the evaluation of the failure times a damage model accord-ing to an approach of Lemaitre is applied.
The validation of the numerical model is performed by the simulation of and comparison with experiments. This is done in 3 levels: starting with the simula-tion of single uniaxial creep tests, which is considered as a 1D-problem. In the next level so called “tube-failure-experiments” are modeled: the RUPTHER-14 and the “MPA-Meppen”-experiment. These experiments are considered as 2D-problems. Finally the numerical model is applied to scaled 3D-experiments, where the lower head of a PWR is represented in its hemispherical shape, like in the FOREVER-experiments. This report deals with the 1D- and 2D-simulations.
An interesting question to be solved in this frame is the comparability of the French 16MND5 and the German 20MnMoNi5-5 RPV-steels, which are chemi-cally nearly identical. Since these 2 steels show a similar behavior, it should be allowed on a limited extend to transfer experimental and numerical data from one to the other.
After analyzing the FOREVER calculations, it seems to be advantageous to introduce a vessel support which can unburden the vessel from a part of the mechanical load and, therefore, avoid the vessel failure or at least prolong the time to failure. This can be a possible accident mitigation strategy. Additionally, it is possible to install an absolutely passive automatic control device to initiate the flooding of the reactor pit to ensure external vessel cooling in the event of a core melt down.

Beta-delayed proton decay of 57Zn has been investigated at the GSI on-line isotope separator. The studied 57Zn nuclei were produced in fusion evaporation reactions by using a150 MeV 32S beam on a 28Si target. Beta-delayedprotonsweremeasuredbyacharged-particle
telescope detector.The observed decay pattern was used to construct the level scheme of 57Cu and to extract the beta feeding distribution. The experimental results are compared with shell-model calculations.

For numerical simulations of Lower Head Failure experiments like OLHF or FOREVER it is necessary to model creep and plasticity. Therefore a FE Model is de-veloped using a numerical approach which avoids the use of a single creep law. In-stead of this a numerical creep data base (CDB) is developed where the creep strain rate is evaluated in dependence on the current strain, temperature and stress. For this approach the generation and validation of the CDB is necessary. For an evalua-tion of the failure times a damage model according to Lemaitre [1] is applied.
The validation of the numerical model is performed by the simulation of and compari-son with experiments. This is done in 3 levels: the simulation of single uniaxial creep tests, which is considered as a 1D-problem; so called “tube-failure-experiments”: the RUPTHER-14 and the “MPA-Meppen”-experiment. These experiments are consid-ered as 2D-problems. Finally the numerical model is applied to scaled 3D-experiments, where the lower head of a PWR is represented in its hemispherical shape, like in the FOREVER-experiments.
An interesting question to be solved in this frame is the comparability of the French 16MND5 and the German 20MnMoNi55 RPV-steels, which are chemically nearly identical. If these 2 steels show a similar behavior, it should be allowed to transfer experimental and numerical data from one to the other.

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Heavy metals in the aquatic environment are normally transported as a complexed species. Knowledge about the complex formation is therefore an essential constituent in prediction of the migration of these elements.
Especially in Saxony and Thuringia the intense uranium mining and milling causes a wide variety of contaminated waters. These seepage and mine waters contain several inorganic and organic complex forming agents [1, 2].
We studied the complex formation of uranium(IV) with phosphoric acid and arsenic acid in strong acid solution by UV-vis Spectroscopy and Laser-induced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (LIPAS). In both systems the formation of a one to one complex was detected. The dependency of the complex formation on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution leads to the conclusion, that one proton is released during the complex formation reaction. Studying the complex formation as function of ionic strength we can extrapolate the formation constant at infinite dilution using the SIT theory.
Including the protonation constants for phosphoric and arsenic acid, respectively, we obtained the formation constants according to the complex formation reaction

U4+ + 2H+ + XO43- ? UH2XO43+ (1)

for X = P log ß0 = 25.23 ± 0.13 and for X = As log ß0 = 23.94 ± 0.08.
Comparing these data with the corresponding uranium(VI) systems [3,4] it can be seen that the binding tendency of the dihydrogenarsenate is lower than that of dihydrogenphosphate. Also the binding tendency of the uranium(VI) is lower than that of uranium(IV). This is an expected behavior.
The specific ionic interaction coefficients for the uranium(IV) phosphate and arsenate system are calculated to be e(UH2XO43+ - ClO4-) = 0.42 and 0.46 in the phosphate and in the arsenate system, respectively.

[1] G. Geipel, G. Bernhard, M. Rutsch, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation in Water Released from Mining and Milling Facilities In T.E. Baca and T. Florkowski (eds.), The environmental Challenges of Nuclear Disarmament, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 323-332
[2] G. Bernhard, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation of Uranium in Seepage Waters from a Mine Tailing Pile Studied by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS); Radiochimica Acta, 74, 87, (1996)
[3] I. Grenthe, J. Fuger, R. J. Lemire, A. B. Muller, C. Nguyen-Trung and H. Wanner, Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium, 1st ed. , Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1992.
[4] M. Rutsch, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, G. Bernhard, H. Nitsche; Interaction of uranium (VI) with arsenate (V) in aqueous solution studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Radiochimica Acta 86, 135-141 (1999)

The agostic B-H...Re bond in complex [Re{kappa³-H(µ-H)B(tim^Me)₂}(CO)₃] (1) (tim^Me=2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolyl) is easily cleaved by functionalized isonitriles, bearing a (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine moiety (part of WAY 100635), leading to the novel complexes [Re{kappa³-H(µ-H)B(tim^Me)₂}(C=NR-WAY)(CO)₃] (R= butylene (4), pentylene (5) or hexylene (6)). These mixed Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes (4-6) have been fully characterized by the usual analytical techniques, which included X-ray diffraction analysis in case of 4. Complexes 4-6 can be seen as suitable surrogate molecules of potential ^99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals for imaging of 5-HT_1A subtype of serotonin receptors.

Heavy metals in the aquatic environment are normally transported as a complexed species. Knowledge about the complex formation is therefore an essential constituent in prediction of the migration of these elements.
Especially in Saxony and Thuringia the intense uranium mining and milling causes a wide variety of contaminated waters. These seepage and mine waters contain several inorganic and organic complex forming agents [1, 2].
We studied the complex formation of uranium(IV) with phosphoric acid and arsenic acid in strong acid solution by UV-vis Spectroscopy and Laser-induced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (LIPAS). In both systems the formation of a one to one complex was detected. The dependency of the complex formation on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution leads to the conclusion, that one proton is released during the complex formation reaction. Studying the complex formation as function of ionic strength we can extrapolate the formation constant at infinite dilution using the SIT theory.
Including the protonation constants for phosphoric and arsenic acid, respectively, we obtained the formation constants according to the complex formation reaction

U4+ + 2H+ + XO43- ? UH2XO43+ (1)

for X = P log ß0 = 25.23 ± 0.13 and for X = As log ß0 = 23.94 ± 0.08.
Comparing these data with the corresponding uranium(VI) systems [3,4] it can be seen that the binding tendency of the dihydrogenarsenate is lower than that of dihydrogenphosphate. Also the binding tendency of the uranium(VI) is lower than that of uranium(IV). This is an expected behavior.
The specific ionic interaction coefficients for the uranium(IV) phosphate and arsenate system are calculated to be e(UH2XO43+ - ClO4-) = 0.42 and 0.46 in the phosphate and in the arsenate system, respectively.

[1] G. Geipel, G. Bernhard, M. Rutsch, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation in Water Released from Mining and Milling Facilities In T.E. Baca and T. Florkowski (eds.), The environmental Challenges of Nuclear Disarmament, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 323-332
[2] G. Bernhard, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation of Uranium in Seepage Waters from a Mine Tailing Pile Studied by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS); Radiochimica Acta, 74, 87, (1996)
[3] I. Grenthe, J. Fuger, R. J. Lemire, A. B. Muller, C. Nguyen-Trung and H. Wanner, Chemical Thermodynamics of Uranium, 1st ed. , Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1992.
[4] M. Rutsch, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, G. Bernhard, H. Nitsche; Interaction of uranium (VI) with arsenate (V) in aqueous solution studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Radiochimica Acta 86, 135-141 (1999)

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Neutral nitrido M(V) heterocomplexes of the type [M[N)(PNP)(S-S)] (M=⁹⁹Tc, Re, ^99mTc; PNP=diphosphinoamine; S-S=dithiolate) have been prepared and fully characterised at macroscopic as well as nca levels. Chirality introduced at the dithiolate framework by insertion of a carboxylic group induces the formation of syn- and anti- diastereoisomers.

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Im WWER-Prototyp-Reaktor WWER-2 des KKW Rheinsberg ist ein umfangreiches Bestrahlungsprogramm zur Untersuchung der Anfälligkeit von WWER-Reaktordruckbehälter(RDB)-Stählen und -Schweißwerkstoffe gegen Neutronenversprödung durchgeführt worden. Dabei wurden insgesamt 21 Chargen derartiger Stähle bestrahlt. Zusätzlich wurden Druckbehälterstähle nach ASTM-Spezifikation in das Programm einbezogen. Die Nachbestrahlungsuntersuchungen umfassten Charpy-Kerbschlagbiegeversuche, Zugversuche, Härtemessungen und bruchmechanische Prüfungen. Außerdem wurden von jeder Charge auch strukturanalytische Untersuchungen mit der Neutronenkleinwinkelstreumethode in das Programm einbezogen. Obwohl das Bestrahlungsprogramm Rheinsberg in erster Linie der Verbreiterung der Datenbasis zum Bestrahlungsverhalten von WWER-Druckbehälterstählen und nicht der systematischen Untersuchung bestimmter Einflussparameter dienen sollte, lässt der umfangreiche Datensatz, der nach Abschluss der Untersuchungen zur Verfügung steht, auch interessante Rückschlüsse über die kausalen Zusammenhänge zwischen den metallurgischen Eingangsparametern und der Neutronenfluenz einerseits und den strahlenbedingten Eigenschafts- und Gefügeänderungen andererseits zu. Der Beitrag bewertet unter diesem Aspekt die erhaltenen Ergebnisse.

We investigate the nonlinear susceptibility of GaAs via SHG with a free-electron laser below the optical phonon resonance. The observation of a maximum and a zero-crossing allows the quantitative determination of higher-order lattice potentials.

Oxo-complexes of general formula [^99mTc(O)(PNS)(S(CH₂)_nOSiR₃)] (3a-c) were synthesized by direct reduction of [^99mTcO₄]^- with stannous chloride in the presence of the tridentate H₂PNS and of the monodentate [HS(CH₂)_nOSiR₃] ligands (n=2, R=Ph; (1a); n=3, R=Ph, (1b); n=3, R=Et, (1c)). The ^99mTc complexes were characterized by comparison of their HPLC profiles with the analogous rhenium complexes (2a-c). Complexes 3a-c were obtained with high radiochemical purity (>95%) and their stability was investigated in PBS pH 7.4, rat plasma and against glutathione, at 37°C. The pH influence on the cleavage of the O-Si bond was also investigated.

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose [¹⁸F]FDG has evolved as a method if increasingly clinical importance in the management of patients with malignant lymphoma. However, inflammatory lesions also accumulate [¹⁸F]FDG and may cause difficulties with interpretation. This report deals with 2 patients with simultaneous occurrence of Hodgkin's lymphoma and eosinophilic granuloma, a rare but known coincidence of diseases. In the first case, Hodgkin's disease could not be differentiated from eosinophilic granuloma. Positron emission tomography showed increased [¹⁸F]FDG uptake both in lymphoma manifestations and in the granuloma. In the second case with proven Hodgkin's disease, post-treatment examination showed a positive PET lesion in the mediastinal residual mass, which was interpreted as viable lymphoma. However, histologic examination revealed that it was an eosinophilic granuloma.

Early evidence that small technetium compounds may be subject to active transport processes was provided by the historical serependipitous finding that pertechnetate was handled by the sodium-iodide symporter in the thyroid gland. The pertechnetate ion can mimic the iodide ion, despite its different nature and geometry.
Starting from this observation ^99mTc radiotracers are designed for probing and imaging a distinct biochemical reaction of diagnostic relevance. Such biochemical reactions are transmembrane processes, binding reactions, enzymatic conversions, possibly redox reactions, etc., and key proteins or enzymes are the targets of the ^99mTc diagnostic agents. "Bioactivity" is therefore required in the sense of the ^99mTc species being able to participate in the biochemical reaction of interest, being bound or processed.
Keeping the artificiality of technetium in the human body in mind, the feasibility of biochemical Tc-99m probes can only be based on imperfection of the target specificity, on the tolerance of the target molecule towards a substrate mimic that accidentally fits the target molecule to some extent, despite its different chemical nature. This will be examplified by the development of ^99mTc ligands for brain receptors.
The possibility of using biochemical^99mTc probes for various CNS receptors is due to the tolerance of the target molecules towards metal-based mimics. As the high in-vitro affinities to various neuroreceptors in the nanomolar and subnanomolar range indicate, molecular recognition of complex technetium molecules has become possible.
However, one main issue in developing CNS receptor imaging agents remains the very low or totally absent brain uptake. After two decades of research into brain ^99mTc perfusion agents it has now become feasible for certain technetium complexes to cross the blood-brain barrier. In contrast, a suitable combination of a high receptor affinity with a sufficient brain uptake was not achieved. Systematic studies of model technetium compounds with various logP and pKa values provided rules for selected homologous series of complexes but did not really help to tackle the problem. Since a wide variety of chemically diverse compounds, among them lipophilic cations such as ^99mTc MIBI, ^99mTc tetrofosmin or Q-series compounds, may be actively transported out of the cell by P-glycoprotein, it might also affect the transport of potentially receptor-binding ^99mTc agents.

To conclude, approaches to specific small technetium radiopharmaceutical tracers have not changed much in recent years. From a coordination chemistry point of view, the design of new ^99mTc radiopharmaceuticals starts conceptually with the modification of the coordination environment around the metal with a variety of chelators. Diversity of the chelate unit is needed, and considerable research has consequently been devoted to designing improved and new chelate types, resulting in a flourishing technetium chemistry. New impetus has come in particular from the progress made in technetium(I) chemistry.
Although this knowledge explosion in the technetium chemistry has been translated into targeted radiopharmaceutical research activity the number of newly launched Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals is stagnant, at least in a short-term perspective. The development of biochemically specific, small technetium and rhenium complexes remains therefore a challenging, rewarding and often frustrating activity.

The exclusive charge exchange reaction pD --> n (pp) at intermediate energies is studied within the Bethe-Salpeter fromalism. The final state interaction in the detected pp pair at nearly zero excitation energy is described by the ¹S₀ component of the Bethe-Salpeter amplitude. Results of numerical calculations of polarization observables and differential cross section persuade that, as in the non-relativistic case, this reaction (i) can be utilized as a "relativistic deuteron polarimeter" and (ii) delivers further information about the elementary nucleon-nucleon charge exchange amplitude.

The ρ - ω interference in the exclusive reaction π N → N' e^+ e^- is studied within a schematic model including the established baryon resonances up to 1720 MeV. Near threshold the interference can be used to separate the isoscalar part of the electromagnetic current. The role of various baryon resonances is highlighted.

Molecular dynamics simulations using empirical potentials have been employed to describe atomic interactions at interfaces created by the macroscopic wafer bonding process. Investigating perfect or distorted surfaces of different semiconductor materials enables one to study the elementary processes and the resulting defects at the interfaces, and to characterize the ability of the potentials used. Twist rotation due to misalignment and bonding over steps influence strongly the bondability of larger areas and create new types of structural units at the bonded interfaces. Ab initio density functional based simulations establish the structural units to be the stable minimum configurations and enable to predict modified electronic properties.

PWR transients caused by a perturbation of boron concentration or coolant temperature at the inlet nozzles depend on the mixing inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). Initial steep gradients are partially reduced by turbulent mixing with the ambient coolant in the RPV. However, the assumption of an ideal mixing in the downcomer and the lower plenum of the reactor leads to unrealistically small reactivity inserts. Moreover, the reactivity differences between ideal mixing and total absence of mixing are too large to be acceptable for safety analyses. In reality, a partial mixing takes place. For realistic predictions it is necessary to study the mixing within the three-dimensional flow field in the complicated geometry of a PWR. For this purpose, a 1:5 scaled model (ROCOM) of the German PWR KONVOI was built. The emphasis was put on extensive measuring instrumentation and on maximum flexibility of the facility to cover different test scenarios. The use of special electrode-mesh sensors together with a salt tracer technique allows to measure concentration fields within the downcomer and at the core entrance with a high resolution in space and time. Especially the instrumentation in the downcomer provides detailed information about the mixing phenomena. The obtained data was used to support code development for mixing modeling and validation.
Scenarios investigated are: (1) Steady-state flow in several coolant loops with a temperature or boron concentration perturbation in one of them. (2) Transient flow situations with flow rates changing in time in one or more loops, such as pump start-up scenarios with deborated slugs in one of the loops or onset of natural circulation after boiling-condenser-mode. (3) Gravity driven flow caused by large density gradients, e.g. mixing of cold ECC water with the warmer inventory in the RPV. In all cases, the experimental results show an incomplete mixing with typical concentration and temperature distributions at the core inlet which strongly depend on the conditions of the considered scenario. CFD calculations were found to be in good agreement with the experiments but take long calculation times.
Therefore, an efficient semi-analytical model (Semi-Analytical Perturbation Reconstruction) has been developed allowing the description of the coolant mixing inside the RPV by the superposition of response functions at the core entrance on Dirac-shaped perturbations in the cold leg. The validation of the model against experimental data from the ROCOM-facility is presented.
SAPR provides realistic time-dependent boron concentration fields at the core inlet that can be used for the analysis of a hypothetical boron dilution transient after start-up of the first main coolant pump in a generic four-loop PWR. Core calculations were performed with the 3D reactor dynamics code DYN3D. By varying the initial slug volume it was found, that for the given core loading pattern slugs of less than 20 m3 do not lead to re-criticality of the shut-off reactor. Calculations with the bounding slug volume of 36 m3 show, that the corresponding reactivity insertion does not result in core damage.

Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry has dramatically developed for over five decades together with the wide availability of an increasing number of artificially produced radioisotopes. Target and radionuclide chemistry, new labelling methods for radiohalogens and carbon-11 and radiometal chemistry are providing the tools that are required to meet the challenge of radiopharmaceutical development. The preparation and handling of radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals has become a specialized function, and application of radioactive diagnostic and therapeutic agents constitutes one of the great advances in non-invasive medicine.
Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals make the human body biochemically transparent with respect to individual molecular reactions. Conventional imaging with radiotracers based on the readily available generator nuclide technetium-99m or iodine-123 as well as positron emission tomography (PET), mainly with [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxyglucose, have done much to localize and recognize lesions and to predict the efficacy of treatment. The focus of radiopharmaceutical research is on the development of new tracers that bind preferentially to specific sites of action which diagnostics or therapy can be based upon. This involves the design and development of tracers for apoptosis, hypoxia, angiogenesis, detection of unstable plaques, gene therapy monitoring, imaging cardiac innervation, antibody-based reactions and a vast array of ligand-receptor interactions. Cell membrane and intracellular receptors have become a major domain of radiopharmaceutical research, involving neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. For example, new development of analogues, chelators and radionuclides leads to progress in peptide receptor imaging. While numerous radiolabelling peptides are being studied, the majority are those that target somatostatin receptors present on various tumours. The future application of radiolabelled peptides in tumour scintigraphy may be aimed at their in vivo use as prognostic predictors.

Targeted radiotherapy with peptides labelled with radionuclides emitting alpha or beta particles, or Auger or conversion electrons may become a new cancer treatment modality. This orientation has provided an impetus to research in the production and chemistry of new therapeutic radionuclides (e.g. ¹¹¹In, ^103mRd, ⁶⁷Cu, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²¹¹At, ²¹¹Bi, ²¹³Bi), as well as new bifunctional chelators. The advantages of targeted "cell surgery" with radiotherapeutics appears obvious. Therefore, continuing improvements are to be expected. The advent of selective targeting of radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies against tumour-associated antigens is a major breakthrough not only for cancer detection and monitoring, but also for therapy. So far, radioimmunotherapy has been more successful in the radiosensitive haematological malignancies. E.g. lymphomas and leukaemia's as compared with solid tumours. Progress in radiometal coordination chemistry and the ability to generate new constructs, such as bivalent antibodies or fusion proteins will hopefully open opportunities for new radiotherapeutics.

Radioactive compounds have been applied in creative ways to study drug action directly in laboratory animals and in humans. Because both drug pharmacokinetics and drug pharmacodynamics can be measured, radiotracer development both for labelled drugs and for labelled tracers is a key area in this field. The short half-lives of the radionuclides set limits to the period of the studies. For direct measurements of drug pharmacokinetics the drug usually must be labelled with carbon-11 to avoid changing the characteristics of the parent molecule. Fluorine-18 also is used if the drug has a fluorine atom. PET also made it possible to assess the effects of drugs on e.g. glucose metabolism, blood flow or neurotransmission using well-est...

Despite all efforts in peptide labeling there is a still lack in suitable methods. Reaction of 4-[F-18]fluorobenzenediazonium chloride with a cysteinyl residue of a peptide provides a route for the no carrier added (n.c.a.) F-18-radiolabeling of peptides in aqueous media. Furthermore radiolabeled conjugates of cysteine might be interesting compounds for tumor imaging with PET. 4-[F-18]fluoroaniline was prepared in >60% radiochemical yield by reacting 1,4-dinitrobenzene with n.c.a. [F-18]fluoride in a microwave oven and subsequent catalytic reduction. After diazotization with NaNO₂ and addition of ammonia or hydroxylamine solution cysteine or glutathione as a model peptide (GSH) were reacted with the generated diazonium cation. The reaction of 4-[F-18]fluorobenzenediazonium ion with 0.1M cysteine solution resulted in almost quantitative yields of S-4-[F18]fluorophenyldiazocysteine which was converted by UV irradiation to S-4-[F-18]fluorophenylcysteine (45%, based on 4-[F-18]fluoroaniline). S-4-[F-18]fluorophenyl-L-cysteine showed rapid and high uptake in HT29 cells and thus might be interesting for tumor imaging with PET. 75% of S-4-[F-18]fluorophenyldiazo-GSH were obtained for a GSH concentration of 1.3 mM, nearly quantitative yields at higher concentrations (based on 4-[F-18]fluoroaniline). UV-irradiation ends up in S-[F-18]fluorophenyl-GSH in good yields. In the same way the [F-18]fluorophenylcysteinyl group serves as a substitute for homophenylalanine in labeled peptides.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful imaging technique using compounds labeled with short-lived positron emitting radioisotopes for the in-vivo study of molecular interactions and molecular pathways in the human body. The unique sensitivity and specificity of PET make the methodology also a very attractive scientific tool in drug development and evaluation. In combination with appropriately labeled radiotracer, PET offers exceptional possibilities to study physiology, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and modes of action of novel drugs. The key element in PET is the PET-radiotracer, a compound labeled with a short-lived positron emitter. The most useful positron-emitters carbon-11 and fluorine-18 have half-lives measured in minutes, being 20.4 min and 109.8 min. respectively. Consequently, times dominates all aspects of PET, and the radiotracer must be synthesized within a time frame compatible with the half-life of the radioisotope. Thus, the extensive development of the radiochemistry of positron-emitters carbon-11 and fluorine-18 is fundamental but also a special challenge. In this context, the recent developments of organic PET radiochemistry and its potential impact on drug development and evaluation will be discussed.

Phase formation involving implanted impurities is a most important ion beam-stimulated process in solids since it leads to formation of layers with different properties in glasses. In initial quartz glasses, new phases of mNa₂O-SiO₂ and mLi₂O-nSiO₂ were produced at different depths from the surface. It was found that these ion.synthesized glasses and glasses of the same elemntal composition obtained by conventional methods are structurally similar. The effect of ion beam-stimulated liquidation was found for the first time in ion-implanted glasses. The size of liquidation microphases is in the range10-200nm.

Starting from our previous finding that pentavalent ^99m Tc(V)DMSA, a useful agent for localization of osteosarcoma and bone metastases, already loses its bone affinity when one ester group is introduced into the complex molecule we studied the impact of esterification in more detail. This paper reports on the evaluation of various ^99mTc(V)DMS ester complexes in rats and tumour-bearing nude mice with regard to their tumour retention and improvement of the tumour to tissue ratios. The distribution patterns of the complexes A ([ ^99m TcO(DMSA) ₂]^-), B ([^99mTcO(DMSA/DMSEt)]^-) and C ([^99mTcO(DMSEt)₂]^-) are gradually changed with the number of ester groups in the anionic complex. However, the asymmetric diester complex D ([^99mTcO(DMSA/DMSEt₂)]^-) is very slowly cleared, especially from the blood of nude mice. Moreover, this complex differs significantly from the symmetric complex C in its elimination behaviour from the liver and kidneys. The tumour uptake is maintained with complexes which contain one or two non-hydrolyzable ester functions. Preliminary biodistribution studies of the monoethyl and diethyl ester complexes B, C, and D in comparison with A in tumour-bearing nude mice showed similar uptake into the human squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) as well as into the human colonic cell carcinoma (HT29) of nude mice. The low bone accumulation of B, C and D results in excellent tumour to bone ratios, e.g. approx. 3:1 for the ester complex B compared to approx. 1:2 for complex A. Differences were observed in the accumulation and elimination behaviour of the complexes A and B in various bone structures of rats. The age-dependent uptake of A and B was compared in long bone (femur) and in cranial bone of rats. The results suggest that ester-functionalized ^99mTc(V)DMS complexes and their ¹⁸⁸Re analogues may be superior to ^99mTc(V)/¹⁸⁸Re(V)DMSA in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine.

Aperture probes for near-field optical microscopy are currently limited in tip geometry due to the etching process involved in the production of fiber tips [1] or the principal crystallographic planes when dealing with silicon-based SNOM tips integrated into a microfabricated cantilever [2]. Also, the reproducibility in tip production is still small. Therefore, a novel concept for the micofabrication of aperture SNOM probes with user-defined shapes and aperture sizes has been proposed by Schmidt, Bischoff and Eng [3]. These tips are directly incorporated into a cantilever which properties may be varied in a broad range. We believe that the SNOM-levers will offer novel applications in biology and material science.
To produce such cantilevers with an integrated optical tip, focused ion beam (FIB) 3D-patterning was used to define both the tip and cantilever as a monolithic structure in the silicon substrate. By varying the ion dose of implanted gallium ions we are able to construct levers with various force constants at small cantilever lengths of < 20 µm. A point-like FIB irradiation of Si, leading to hole erosion by sputtering, allows us to produce tips having a truncated Gaussian shape of high aspect ratio. Various forms are possible, including open and closed tips. This method allows to achieve hollow tips of less than 100 nm in diameter. The cantilever and tip structure predefined by Ga+-FIB implantation and sputtering is subsequently etched in KOH:H2O solutions to remove the surrounding silicon, not irradiated by the FIB. Ga-doped areas are more resistant against the etchant during the wet anisotropic etching process so that the SNOM lever is finally formed as a free-standing structure.
We present investigations of the mechanical and optical properties of the levers and the tips, respectively. The micromechanical cantilever structures with lateral dimensions of a few microns and a thickness of only some tens of nanometers were tested interferometrically to deduce their lowest mechanical resonance frequency which was found to be in the range of 0.5 to 5 MHz, depending on their lateral dimensions and the cross section shape. The corresponding spring constants range from 0.01 to ~1 N/m offering a lot of new applications. For studying the optical properties the light transmission through as-constructed apertures within a flat extended support was investigated for different apertures and cone sizes.

References
[1] R. Stöckle, C. Fokas, V. Deckert, B Sick, B. Hecht and U.P. Wild, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 160 (1999)
[2] Witec GmbH, Ulm (Germany), http://www.witec.de/snom.html
[3] Patentanmeldung 100 57 656.7 (21.11.2000)
[4] B. Schmidt, L. Bischoff, and J. Teichert, Sensors and Actuators A 61, 369 (1997)

‚3+1' mixed ligand oxorhenium(V) complexes of the type ReO(SSS)S(CH₂)_nHet_N have been synthesized by the reaction of the preliminary prepared tetrahydro(iso)quinolyl containing monodentate ligands with chloro(3-thiapentate-1,5-dithiolato)oxorhenium(V). The newly synthesized ligands and complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Metal complexes were screened for psychotropic and antitumour activities and receptor-binding properties and were found to be active in this respect.

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals display unusual and fascinating properties such as visible photoluminescence. These properties have led to a tremendous amount of research in nanostructures as they create new possibilities for applications in optoelectronics and microelectronics. One of these potential applications is the use of nanocrystals as storage elements within the gate oxide of memory devices. One of the major challenges for the generation of such devices is the fine-tuning of the nanocrystals in terms of size and position. Usually transmission electron microscopy is employed for obtaining this information. We have explored Raman spectroscopy as an alternative non-destructive and less time consuming tool for the characterisation of germanium nanocrystals.
The germanium nanocrystals were produced by ion implantation into a 500 nm thick silica layer followed by thermal annealing at various temperatures and for different durations. Raman spectroscopy was performed at room temperature using excitation wavelengths ranging from 468 nm to 530 nm. The Raman spectra were obtained in the 001(110,110)001 backscattering configuration with respect to the silicon substrate. This orientation of the silicon substrate is crucial since the second order Raman peak of silicon at about 300 cm-1 is supressed and does not mask the Raman peak arising from the germanium nanoparticles. Samples annealed for one hour at 700°C to 800°C show a broad band centred at 280 to 300 cm-1 similar to amorphous germanium, whereas samples annealed at higher temperatures always exhibited sharp well defined peaks which indicate crystalline material. TEM measurements confirmed the presence of Ge nanocrystals. The Raman peak position was found to depend on the annealing time. Samples annealed at 950°C for 15 min exhibited a peak at 298 cm-1 whereas samples annealed for 1 hour displayed a peak at 303.5 cm-1. The Raman peak position of a Ge single crystal was measured at 300 cm-1; therefore the peaks are shifted. They were also found to be asymmetrically broadened in comparison to bulk germanium. A negative shift and broadening of the Raman peak is characteristic of a phonon confinement effect and tensile stress while a positive shift indicates the presence of compressive stress. Accordingly we have analysed the spectra in terms of both, stress effects and phonon confinement. Our model uses an improved description of the phonon dispersion and produces excellent results for silicon nanocrystals. The mean cluster size was measured by TEM. Ge nanocrystals grown for 15 min at 950°C are about 6nm in diameter and experience tensile stress of 200 MPa. Nanocrystals grown for 60 min have a mean diameter of 14 nm and are under compressive stress of about 800 MPa.
Finally Raman interferometry experiments are planned to measure the spatial organization of a nanocrystal plane within an ultrathin oxide layer. This technique has already been used as a powerful method to probe local order (disorder) in quantum wells and dots.

Low energy ion implantation into SiO2 causes a damaged near surface layer. The high number of broken bonds due to displaced Si and O atoms forms in the glassy network pathes, which are open for diffusion and in which moisture from the ambient can be absorbed. Therefore chemical reactions of the implanted impurities with hydrogen and oxygen must be expected during subsequent annealing. Water absorption in heavy ion-damaged SiO2 layers has been studied by hydrogen depth profiling using the Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA). SiO2 was implanted with ions of different mass (Si, Ge, Sn) and doses in the range 1013...1016 cm-2. H depth profiles were measured after storage under clean room conditions and after additional wet cleaning, as well as after annealing. At the surface and in the region of the implanted profile, the H concentration reaches 5-10 at% after storage and increases during wet chemical cleaning up to 12 at% for implantation doses >1x1014 cm-2.

Cathodoexcitation in the study of silicon dioxide films on silicon substrate has evealed many interesting properties of luminescence centers. The main luminescent enters in SiO2 films are the red luminescence R (1.85 eV) of the non-bridging oxygen hole enter (NBOHC) and the twofold- coordinated (divalent) silicon with a blue B (2.7 eV) and a UV band (4.4 eV). Especially the latter ones are produced under irradiation, but from existing precursors.
Morimoto et al. concluded that the blue luminescence (B) is related to interstitial oxygen. Therefore, in the present paper we want to compare a direct oxygen implantation with a direct silicon implantation into SiO2 layers producing an oxygen surplus in the first case and an oxygen deficit in the second case, respectively.
Thermally grown SiO2 layers of thicknesses d = 500 nm have been implanted by Si+ and O+ ions of energy 150 and 100 keV, respectively, and a uniform implantation dose of Di = 5 . 1016 ions/cm2. Thus the implantation profiles are expected with a concentration maximum of nearly 4 at% at the half depth dm 250 nm of the SiO2 layers. After thermal annealing to 900 oC for 1 hour in vacuum the typical red and blue luminescence bands are increased.
Generally we may state: Implanting oxygen increases the red band R (? =650 nm) but does not affect the blue band B (? = 460 nm). Silicon surplus increases the amplitude of the blue (B) luminescence, but reduces the amplitude of the red (R) one.
Studying the irradiation dose dependence of these blue and red bands we have established defect kinetics in SiO2 including six main defects and precursors, so the non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) for the red luminescence, the twofold coordinated silicon as the oxygen deficient center ODC2 for the blue luminescence and the mobile oxygen as the main transmitter between precursors and the radiation induced defects. The kinetics is described by a set of eight differential equations which predict the dose dependence of the cathodoluminescence. The experimental CL dose dependences of the red (R) and blue (B) luminescence intensities are in a good agreement with the calculated ones according to the model.

The increasing interest in low-dimensional materials is based on both fundamental and technological issues. Recently, Sn nanoclusters have been proposed as potential candidates for charge storage. However, a better understanding of formation and properties of nanocrystals is required for their technological applications. Sn nanoclusters have been formed in thin SiO2 films by ion implantation (80 KeV, 1x1016 cm-2) and annealing at different temperatures. The high brilliance of third generation sources at high energies makes it feasible to perform Sn K edge spectroscopy on these systems in which the Sn concentration is at the detection limit for XAS. In particular, we have used fluorescence - detected XAS at the GILDA beamline of the ESRF to probe the local structure of the implanted Sn atoms. Complementary structural information have been obtained by 119Sn Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). XAS has provided unique information on the local environment of Sn nanoclusters in the SiO2 with respect to different annealing conditions. Sn ions are fully oxidized in the as-implanted state, while after annealing also the ß-Sn phase is found.
By comparing XAS data with CEMS and TEM we concluded that the metallic ß-Sn phase is related to the bigger crystalline nanoclusters formed after annealing, while the oxidized Sn is present in the matrix as dissolved SnO or as small oxide precipitates.

The ion beam synthesis (IBS) of nanoparticles in amorphous matrix has received great attention in the last years as a promising technique for nanocrystal formation in insulating layers. Metallic and semiconducting nanoclusters embedded in SiO2 have been recognized as potential materials for the production of memory devices and optoelectronic components. Sn nanoclusters has been proposed, together with Si and Ge nanoclusters, as potential candidates for charge storage. One of the critical point for the technological application of nanocrystals is that they must be isolated and similar in size. In addition, their position and spacing, their structure and stability after formation should be controllable.
In this work we address the formation of Sn nanoclusters by ion implantation and thermal treatments in thin SiO2 films (< 100 nm), where the cluster formation mechanism is not well understood yet. The local structure of Sn in SiO2 has been addressed by 119 Sn CEMS and EXAFS. EXAFS and CEMS analyses provided unique information on the local atomic and electronic environment of Sn in SiO2.
Sn 2+ and Sn 4+ oxidized phases or the Sn 0 metallic phase have been found under different annealing conditions. By comparing these data with TEM and RBS analyses we concluded that metallic beta-Sn phase is related to big Sn crystalline clusters formed after annealing, while the oxidized Sn is due to atoms dissolved in the matrix or in small precipitates of SnO2 or SnOx. In addition, the formation mechanism of Sn nanoclusters may be influenced by H2O absorption in the highly damaged SiO2 film after ion implantation, and by in-diffusion of moisture during the annealing. Low energy ion implantation (10–15 keV) showed the possibility for a better control of the cluster size distribution and positioning inside the SiO2 films. This may be relevant for the application of this kind of nanoclusters for charge storage applications in memory devices. Preliminary electrical characterization confirmed the memory effects in MOS capacitors with Sn nanocrystals embedded in the gate oxide.

The aim of this work is to predict the influence of the external magnetic field on the solidification process of two-component material. Based on the continuum model of two-phase flow a mathematical model for the directional solidification of a binary alloy in an applied magnetic field is presented. The model includes mass, momentum, energy and species conservation equations and additional relationships describing the temperature-solute coupling. The geometry under study is a cylindrical mold with adiabatic walls and cooled bottom. The macroscale transport in the solidification of alloys is governed by the progress of the two-phase mushy zone which is treated by means of a porous medium approach.
The results of calculation are compared with experimental data. The experiments as well as the calculations showed that by rotation of the liquid phase caused by the Lorentz force, the solidifcation front has a non-linear surface.

The lateral resolution of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and cathodoluminescence (CL) mapping in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be extended to depth analysis by means of varying the electron beam energy, Eo, and thus the excitation range R(E).Comparing the Ge atom profiles nGe(x) shift with those of the CL center profiles nCL(x) after thermal annealing a much smaller displacement of the Ge atom concentration with respect to the profile shift of the luminescent centers towards the surface was detected.

Thermally grown SiO2 layers of thickness d = 500 nm have been implanted by Ge+, Si+, and O+ ions of energy 350, 150, and 100 keV, respectively, and a uniform implantation dose of Di = 5E16 ions/cm2. Thus the implantation profiles are expected with a concentration maximum of nearly 4 at% at the half-depth dm = 250 nm of the SiO2 layers. After thermal annealing to 900 °C for 1 h in dry nitrogen or vacuum the typical violet luminescence band (at 400 nm) of the Ge+ implanted centers is increased more than 200-fold and the Ge luminescent center depth profile is shifted from about 250 to 170 nm towards the surface as determined by cathodoluminescence (CL) depth profiling. Implanting oxygen increases the red band ( at 650 nm) but does not affect the blue band (at 460 nm). Silion surplus increases the amplitude of the blue (B) luminescence, but reduces the amplitude of the red (R) one.
Studying the irradiation dose dependence of these blue and red bands we have established defect kinetics in SiO2 including six main defects and precursors, including the non-bridging oxygen hole center for the red luminescence, the twofold-coordinated silicon as the oxygen deficient center ODC(2) for the blue luminescence and the mobile oxygen as the main transmitter between precursors and the radiation induced defects. The kinetics are described by a set of eight differential equations which predict the dose dependence of the CL.

For investigation of luminescent center profile cathodoluminescence measurements are used under variation of the primary electron energy Eo = 2..30 keV. Applying a constant incident power regime (Eo x Io = const), the depth profiles of luminescent centers are deduced from the range of the electron energy transfer profiles dE/dx.
Thermally grown SiO2 layers of thickness d = 500 nm have been implanted by Ge+-ions of energy 350 keV and doses (0.5-5)E16 ion/cm2. Thus Ge profiles with a concentration maximum (0.4-4)at% at the depth of dm = 240 nm are expected. Afterwards the layers have been partially annealed up to Ta = 1100 °C for one hour in dry nitrogen. After thermal annealing, not only the typical violet luminescence (at 400 nm) of the Ge centers is strongly increased but also the luminescence center profiles are shifted from about 250 nm to 170 nm depth towards the surface. This process should be described by Ge diffusion processes, precipitation and finally Ge nanocluster formation. Additionally, a Ge surface layer is piled-up extending to a depth of roughly 25 nm.

Silicon nanocrystal (NC) based nonvolatile memories are currently an active subject of study. In order to synthesize NCs in the gate oxide, ion implantation followed by annealing is the most compatible method with the current CMOS technology. Although, the process of phase separation during annealing and the influence of the very close Si/SiO₂ interface is not completely understood.


In this contribution, binary collision simulations of highfluence Si implantation are combined with kinetic 3D lattice Monte Carlo simulations of NC formation by phase separation during annealing. For low concentrations of implanted Si, NCs form via nucleation, growth and Ostwald ripening, whereas for high concentrations Si separates from SiO₂ by spinodal decomposition. In both regimes, the close Si/SiO₂ interface has substantial influence on the NC formation. Specifically, it leads to a self-adjusted NC-free tunneling oxide at the interface, which has the just right thickness (2 .. 4 nm) to act as barrier for NC charging by direct electron tunneling. However, the evolution of NCs during annealing differs in the two regimes. It is shown that a constant tunneling distance and a constant mean NC diameter can be achieved in the nucleation regime at high NC densities ( > 1x10¹² cm^-2). This is not the case for spinodal decomposition. Thus, it is predicted that the technological demands on the NC synthesis for nonvolatile memories are fulfilled best in the nucleation regime.

[no abstract]

Phosphorus depth profiles in Si obtained by 140 keV implantation into the [001] axial channel direction and into a direction 7⁰ off axis are investigated at two different doses (5x10¹³ and 5x10¹⁵ cm^-2)for implantation temperatures of 350 ⁰C and room temperature (RT). At low dose and at channeling incidence, the penetration depth of implanted ions is higher at RT than at 350 ⁰C This behavior is caused by the dechanneling of lattice vibrations. At high dose, the temperature dependence of the shape of the implantation profiles is opposite that at low dose, due to the enhanced dechanneling by defect accumulation at RT. On the other hand, damage buildup does not occur at elevated temperature. The temperature dependence of the profiles obtained by tilted implantation is much less than for the channeled implants. The P profiles measured can be reproduced very well by atomistic simulations which take into account both lattice vibrations and defect accumulation during ion bombardment.

As device geometries scale, there is an increasing trend for high energy CMOS well implants to migrate to small incidence angles (near zero degree), and therefore avoid the well spacing limitations caused by shadowing and encroachments of the ion beam by the photoresist mask. However, this transition results in the replacement of traditional de-channeling profiles by channeled dopant profiles. From a device engineering perspective, accurate models of channeled profiles are becoming more important. The degree of channeling is dependent on the acceptance angle, incident angle, dopant species, energy, dose and extent of damage induced in the crystal. This paper discusses both experimental and simulation results that shed light on the contribution of these factors. In addition, the control requirements on ion implantation parameters from a channeling perspective will also be discussed.

The catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds is a complex exothermic process influenced by the competing effects of the mass transfer and the kinetics. In reaction calorimeters, several methods were applied to determine the parameters of kinetics and mass transfer under different process conditions. It was found that a bad quality of the aromatic nitro compound and disadvantageous process conditions can cause an accumulation of intermediates which probably deactivate the catalyst and lead to low reaction rates.

A novel technique for the determination of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the Grignard reagent formation is described. Instead of operating under the spontaneous exothermic initiation of Grignard reactions, the calorimetric measurement was carried out in a closed reactor pressure vessel. In that way, the increase of the reactor temperature and the pressure can be used for detecting the initiation of the Grignard-reagent formation as shown by comparison with the on-line profiles of the concentration of the Grignard reagent measured by FTIR-spectroscopy simultaneously. Results showed that the molar reaction enthalpy of a Grignard reagent could be determined by a closed reactor vessel more accurately than under reflux conditions.

The beta decay of 100In, the one proton hole and one neutron particle neighbor to 100Sn, was investigated at the GSI on-line mass separator by using germanium
detectors and a NaI total-absorption spectrometer. On the basis of bgg coincidences, the 100In decay scheme was established for the first time. The ground-state spin and parity for 100In are discussed by investigating beta feeding of levels in 100Cd and beta-delayed proton emission to 99Ag. The half-life was remeasured and found to be 5.9(2) s. The Q-EC value was determined from the measured EC/beta+ ratio for the beta-delayed protons to be 10.08(23) MeV. The main fraction of the
beta feeding was established to populate the region of 6 MeV excitation energy, which corresponds
to a total Gamow-Teller (GT) strength of 3.9(9) and a centroid at 6.4 MeV. Large-scale shell-model calculations employing a realistic interaction are used to a
ssign configurations to states in 100In and 100Cd. The GT beta-decay strength distribution measured in the total absorption experiment is compared to shell-model
predictions. The deduced overall hindrance of the GT strength agrees with the values predicted for the 100Sn GT decay.

A monitoring system based on adaptive heat balances has been developed for early fault detection in exothermic reactions. Its efficiency could experimentally be proven for a homogeneous esterification reaction in the laboratory reactor and pilot plant scale.
Experiments under normal and several faulty conditions were carried out in different reactor scales to prove the adaptation of the monitoring technique to various scales of chemical batch reactors. Results of the on-line testing in the pilot plant showed that the monitoring system was able to recognise undesired faults correctly.

QCD sum rules predict that the change of the strange quark condensate ‹ss› in hadron matter at finite baryon density causes a shift of the peak position of the di-electron spectra from Φ- meson decays.
Due to the expansion of hadron matter in heavy-ion collisions, the Φ peak suffers a smearing governed by the interval of density in the expanding fireball, which appears as effective broadening of the di-electron spectrum in the Φ region. The width of the emerging broadening is sensitive to in-medium change of ‹ss›. This allows to probe directly in-medium modifications of ‹ss› via di-electron spectra in heavy-ion collisions at SIS energies with HADES.

Im Rahmen des Teilvorhabens wurde ein Online-Monitoring-System für stark exotherme Reaktionen entwickelt, das das Bedienungspersonal bei der optimalen und umweltgerechten Prozessführung von komplexen oder sicherheitstechnisch schwierigen Semibatch-Prozessen in Rührkesselreaktoren (Batch-Reaktoren) unterstützen soll. Das Monitoring-System (MoSys) basiert auf dimensionslosen Stoff- und Wärmebilanzen mit adaptiven Komponenten. MoSys muss zuerst mit den Prozessdaten von normalen und unerwünschten Batch-Verläufen angelernt werden, die im Miniplant unter den Bedingungen des Industrieprozesses durchgeführt wurden. Die Adaption der Bilanzmodelle an die Zielanlage erfolgt durch zweischichtige Perceptron-Netze. Um eine vollständige Maßstabsübertragung zu gewährleisten, sollte MoSys mit Prozessdaten von mindestens einem normalen Batch-Verlauf in der Chemieanlage angepasst und validiert werden. MoSys wurde sowohl für eine homogene exotherme Veresterungsreaktion als auch für einen komplexen heterogenen exothermen Hydrierprozess konzipiert. Experimentelle Tests wurden für die Veresterung in einer Pilotanlage und für die Hydrierung in einer industriellen Chemieanlage durchgeführt. Zur Industrieerprobung wurde MoSys in ein Batch-Informations-Management-System (BIMS) integriert, das auch entwickelt und in das Prozessleitsystem (PLS) einer Mehrzweckanlage im Feinchemie-Werk Radebeul (Degussa AG) implementiert wurde. Dadurch konnten die MoSys-Ausgaben simultan mit wichtigen Prozesssignalen auf den Terminals des PLS visualisiert werden. Zum Beispiel werden der Hydrierungsfortschritt, das vorhergesagte Reaktionsende und die Konzentrationsverläufe des Edukts, Zwischenprodukts und Produkts auf den Terminals der Operatorstationen angezeigt. Wenn unerwünschte Betriebszustände auftreten, wird das Bedienungspersonal frühzeitig alarmiert und Anweisungen für Gegenmaßnahmen, die nur vom Operator ausgeführt werden dürfen, werden auf den Terminals angezeigt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit von MoSys/BIMS konnte während zweier Hydrierungs-Produktionskampagnen nachgewiesen werden.

The on-line monitoring system (MoSys) for complex hydrogenation processes has been developed to support the operator in decision making. For industrial testing, the MoSys prototype was embedded in a newly developed batch-information-management system (BIMS) coupled to the process control system of the chemical plant. In this paper, the working principles of MoSys and BIMS are described. Furthermore, the optimisation and the verification of MoSys in the laboratory reactor are discussed. First results from on-line testing in a chemical plant of the Degussa AG are also presented.

An on-line monitoring system (MoSys) based on dimensionless mass and heat balances with adaptive functions was developed to support the operational personnel during the optimal and environmentally compatible process control of the complex multiphase hydrogenation in stirred tank reactors. For industrial testing, MoSys was integrated in a batch-information-management system (BIMS) which was also developed and implemented in the process control system (PSC) of a multipurpose reactor installation. As a result, the outputs of MoSys, such as the progress of hydrogenation, the predictive end of reaction and concentration profiles, can simultaneously be visualised with important process signals on terminals of PCS. The efficiency of BIMS/MoSys could be proven during two industrial hydrogenation campaigns.

no abstract delivered from author

The core baffle of a PWR is loaded by the pressure difference between bypass and core and by temperature profiles developing from gamma heating and heat transfer into the coolant. Strain, deformation and gaps between the sheets resulting from this load are determined con-sidering the effect of neutron irradiation induced creep of the core baffle bolts. The finite ele-ment code ANSYSÒ is applied for the thermal and mechanical analyses. The FE-model comprises a complete 45° sector of the core baffle structure including the core barrel, the formers, the core baffle sheets and about 230 bolt connections with non-linear contact between the single components and the effect of friction. The complete analysis requires three major steps:

1. Evaluation of the three dimensional distribution of neutron flux and gamma induced in-ternal heating with the Monte Carlo code MCNP®. These calculations are based on pin wise power distributions at the core edge for typical loading patterns.
2. Calculation of the temperature distribution in the core baffle for different operational conditions and core loading patterns, considering heat conduction in the components with internal heat sources (gamma heating, step 1) and convectional boundary condi-tions (heat transfer coefficients and bulk temperature of the coolant).
3. Calculation of time dependent deformation, stresses and strains taking into account weight, pressure loads, temperature fields for different load situations (step 2), prestress-ing, irradiation induced creep of the bolts as correlated to neutron flux (step 1).

The results show the equalizing effect of redistribution of bolt loads from high flux to lower flux exposure locations in a self controlled process, keeping the mechanical and geometrical stability of the core baffle structure and leaving the gaps between sheet edges unaffected.

The coupling of Bloch oscillations to longitudinal optical phonons is investigated in a narrow-well InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice. A strong increase of coherent phonon amplitudes is observed when the Bloch oscillations are subsequently tuned into resonance with different optical phonon modes. The rapid dephasing of the Bloch oscillations due to field induced tunneling from the weakly bound miniband into above-barrier continuum states leads to an additional and new excitation process of coherent phonons in superlattices at high electric fields. Polarization dependent measurements confirm their generation via Coulomb interaction excluding any contribution through impulsively stimulated Raman scattering.

Since 1997 in-beam PET is successfully used to monitor the precision of dose application in highly conformal carbon ion tumour therapy at the experimental facility at the Gesellschaft f\"ur Schwerionenforschung Darmstadt (GSI), Germany.
The potential of the method for the monitoring of proton therapy is currently under investigation.
In our first experiment, three monoenergetic proton beams were stopped in targets of organic plastics placed in the centre of the field of view of the in-beam PET scanner at GSI. The beta^{+}-activity was found to be three times higher than that induced by carbon ions at the same range and applied dose. The reconstructed beta^{+}-activity distributions were rather well reproduced by model calculations. The possible extraction of valuable clinical information from the comparison between measured and calculated beta^{+}-activity distributions is discussed.
Despite the weaker spatial correlation between beta^{+}-activity and dose depth-profiles in the proton case, the presented analysis strongly supports the feasibility and clinical usefulness of in-beam PET for the monitoring of proton therapy.

A thin Si3N4 surface layer is formed by implantation of 60 keV 15N nitrogen ions into single-crystalline silicon <100> with a fluence of 5.6x1017 ions/cm2 and subsequent annealing (1295°C, 15 min) under high vacuum conditions. The 15N depth distribution is measured with the resonant nuclear reaction 15N(p,alpha-gamma)12C. The formation of Si-N bonds is proven by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using samples implanted with 14N ions and 15N ions, respectively. The crystallinity of the Si3N4 surface layer is studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The annealing process leads to the formation of a polycrystalline alpha-Si3N4 surface layer with a thickness of 90 nm. The analysis of high resolution TEM micrographs shows that the layer is split into two sublayers both consisting of single alpha-Si3N4 crystals with lateral extension up to 500 nm.

Obwohl zur Anwendung von Magnetfeldern bei der Erstarrung, z. B. beim Stranggießen von Al-Legierungen oder Stahl und bei der Kristallzüchtung, bereits Erkenntnisse vorliegen, befindet sich dieses Gebiet erst am Anfang seiner Entwicklung. Die Beeinflussung des Temperaturfeldes durch magnetfeldinduzierte Strömungen beim Phasenübergang flüssig/fest läßt wegen der Auswirkungen auf Keimbildungs- und - Kornwachstumsreaktionen ein bisher kaum beachtetes Entwicklungspotential für Werkstoffe und Technologien erwarten. Zielstellung der Arbeiten ist die Erzeugung eines feinkörnigen, globulitischen Gefüges bereits in Folge des Erstarrungsprozesses, analog dem, welches in Knetlegierungen nach einer Umformung und Wärmebehandlung vorliegt. Zu klären ist, inwieweit die bei herkömmlicher Erstarrung auftretenden Konzentrations- und Eigenschaftsgradienten sowie die Lunkerbildung unterdrückt werden können. Ferner soll untersucht werden, inwieweit durch die Dauer und Intensität magnetfeldinduzierter Strömungsvorgänge speziell im Zweiphasengebiet flüssig/fest Einfluß auf die Entstehung und den Aufbau des Endgefüges genommen werden kann.
Vorgestellt werden experimentelle Arbeiten zur Untersuchung der gerichteten Erstarrung von PbSn-Legierungen in einem rotierenden Magnetfeld. Gemessen werden Abkühlungskurven und Geschwindigkeitsmessungen während des Erstarrungsprozesses.

Due to significant differences in material properties such as density or surface tension the behaviour of gas bubbles reveals some peculiarities in liquid metal applications as compared with ordinary water flows. Moreover, questions about the wetting of solid surfaces or the role of impurities which have a minor importance in water systems, however, show a more dominant influence in metallic melts.
In view of the production of metallic foams the control of the properties of liquid metal two-phase flows by electromagnetic forces in a contactless way would be very attractive. Some examples of magnetic field applications will be presented with respect to the bubble generation process, the dispersion of gas bubbles or the momentum and heat transfer properties of liquid metal bubbly flows.
If gas bubbles are injected into a liquid metal characterised by a large surface tension one should take care to get a good wetting between the fluid and the surface of the gas injector. Otherwise, the gas would try to spread out along this interface to form gas layers. A control of the bubble size and formation rate becomes difficult. The comparison between experiment and theoretical models describing bubble formation processes requires an ideally wetted gas injector. The bubble formation in mercury and the eutectic alloy InGaSn has been studied by means of several methods of gas injection, for instance through single orifices or injectors made from sintered metals with a mean porosity of a few microns. X-ray measurements have been used to directly observe the resulting gas bubbles rising in the liquid metal. In the case of a single orifice the influence of electromagnetic forces on the bubble frequency has been demonstrated.
The transport properties of small argon bubbles have been studied in turbulent upwards channel flows of sodium and mercury. The bubbles were injected by a single orifice located in the centre of the channel cross section. After a distinct distance the local void fraction and the bubble velocity have been measured by means of electrical resistivity probes. The flow has been exposed to external magnetic fields directed transverse or longitudinal to the mean flow direction. Experimental results showing the effect of the magnetic field on the horizontal gas distribution and the ratio between gas and liquid velocity will be presented.
The variety of standard measuring techniques to characterise liquid metal flows is limited due to the nature of metallic melts. However, the availability of diagnostic methods to get information about the structure of liquid metal two-phase flows is a crucial point. A selection of measuring techniques which have been developed in our group to determine flow parameters such as the phase velocities, the void fraction or the bubble size will be discussed with respect to their capabilities and restrictions in various applications.

Constitutive models for the interaction between the gaseous and the liquid phase are needed for application of CFD codes on two-phase flow phenomena as they occur in many scenarios concerning safety analysis of nuclear reactor systems. For the bubble flow and slug flow regime this especially concerns the forces acting on a bubble in the liquid flow field and bubble coalescence and break-up. Vertical pipe flow is an appropriate situation to investigate these effects. This is done experimentally by using new measuring techniques, which allow measurements with a high resolution in space an time. The experimental results show, that besides local effects also the bubble size distribution has an important influence of the development of the flow. A simplified model was developed to test and improve the constitutive laws. To ensure the transferability of the models experiments for vertical pipes with an inner diameter of up to 200 mm are planned, using our new test facility TOPFLOW.

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Especially in Saxony and Thuringia the intense uranium mining and milling causes a wide variety of contaminated waters. These seepage and mine waters contain besides uranium several inorganic and organic complex forming agents [1, 2].
Heavy metals in the aquatic environment are normally transported as a complexed species. Knowledge about the complex formation is therefore an essential constituent in prediction of the migration of these elements.
Spectroscopic methods have the advantage to be non-invasive and non-destructive. The high intensity of laser light sources allows the excitation of all species in the illuminated volume. Therefore laser based methods reach low detection limits.
At higher concentrations uranium forms often poly-nuclear complexes. Therefore studies of the complex formation should be carried out at concentrations which are relevant to those of the contaminated sites. Also the direct determination of the species formed in the mining related waters is essential for the selection of effective cleaning methods.
As uranium(VI) shows fluorescence properties (except carbonate species) time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy enables the detection of species up to detection limits of 10-8 M. Besides the study of the complex formation (sulfate, phosphate, arsenate) we determined the formed species in several mining related waters as function of pH. The change in the speciation of uranium(VI) is shown to be in agreement with calculations, if also the formation of formerly unknown species is included.
Carbonate species are dominating the uranium(VI) speciation in the neutral pH range. As mentioned above these species do not emit fluorescence. Uranium(IV) does not show fluorescence properties. In these cases only the absorption spectra can be used for the direct determination of these species. However the concentration of uranium in the natural environment is much lower than the detection limit of conventional UV-VIS spectroscopy. Using laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy the detection limit can be decreased by about three orders of magnitude. Studies of the complex formation of uranium(IV) with phosphate and arsenate will be presented [3], demonstrating the advantage of direct speciation methods.

[1] G. Geipel, G. Bernhard, M. Rutsch, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation in Water Released from Mining and Milling Facilities In T.E. Baca and T. Florkowski (eds.), The environmental Challenges of Nuclear Disarmament, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, p. 323-332
[2] G. Bernhard, G. Geipel, V. Brendler, H. Nitsche; Speciation of Uranium in Seepage Waters from a Mine Tailing Pile Studied by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS); Radiochimica Acta, 74, 87, (1996)

The nuclear microprobe at the 5 MV tandem accelerator of the Central Institute for Nuclear Research at Rossendorf is realized by object diaphragms of 50, 70 and
100-mu-m and a magnetic quadrupole triplet. The proton microbeam with a spot size of about 4-mu-m is used for NRA. Depth profiles for oxygen in zirconium
alloys and for fluorine in human teeth were measured by scanning the beam linearly over cross sections of the samples using the resonant proton backscattering at 4.5
MeV and the nuclear reaction F-19(p, alpha(0))O-16 at 3 MeV, respectively.

For studying deuterium depth profiles in surfaces of JET (Joint European Torus) limiters, a new deuterium profiling method was developed and used. A smooth
10-degrees slope plane on the specimen was produced by ion beam slope cutting using a 10 keV Kr ion beam. To detect deuterium the nuclear reaction H-2(C-12,
p)C-13 was used at E(C-12(3+) = 7.5 MeV. The very narrow proton peak could be clearly separated from the background of the spectra. For measuring the
lateral and vertical deuterium distribution the C-12 beam of the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator was focussed to about 6-mu-m and scanned across the
specimen. The preliminary results show a deuterium distribution up to a depth of about 5-mu-m in a carbon limiter

The fluorine concentration of chemically enriched hydroxylapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) was measured by means of PIGE using the nuclear reactions F-19(p, p'
gamma)F-19 and F-19(p, alpha-gamma)O-16. The experiments were done in-two runs with 1.68 and 2.15 MeV proton incidence. The results determined with
inelastic scattering are in good agreement in the two runs. The samples are suitable as new fluorine standards in the ppm region to study the fluorine content in tooth
enamel.

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For measuring hydrogen concentrations up to a depth of several tens of micrometers we propose the use of a special sample preparation method - ion beam slope
cutting. The principle and the experimental arrangement are described. The depth profiles are obtained by line scans of the nuclear microbeam over the slope planes.
The nuclear reactions (H(15N, alpha0)C)-H-1-C-12 and (H(B, alpha)2alpha)-H-1-B-11 were investigated and proved suitable for hydrogen analysis with the
microbeam detecting the alpha-particles at backward angles.

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SiO(x)N(y) layers in the thickness range from 4 to 20 nm are grown by rapid thermal processing (RTP) using NH3 and N2O as nitridants. I-V measurements,
investigation of the time-dependent breakdown, and post-stress C-V display significant distinctions between the layers according to their growth conditions. For the
explanation of the electrical behaviour, the compositional structure was examined by means of AES, SIMS, and NRA.

Bone structures, represented in the form of so-called lines of arrested growth, were observed in medieval human femur. Because process and causes of line
formation are not yet understood multielement analysis on a cross section of a femoral bone was carried out by micro PIXE using the Rossendorf nuclear
microprobe. A series of line profiles across the bone lines, elemental maps and point analyses on a line and beside it show reproducibly increased concentrations of
the trace elements Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb and Sr on the bone lines.

Siliconoxynitride layers with thicknesses between 5 and 10 nm were grown on (100) oriented silicon by rapid thermal processing (RTP) using either N20 or NH3 as nitridant. In order to study the trapping behaviour at the interface and in die insulator bulk, capacitance-voltage (CV) and current-voltage (IV) measurements have been performed combined with different magnitudes of Fowler-Nordheim stress. In addition, Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) has been applied for interface state detection. Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) has been used to obtain depth profiles for Si, N, 0 and C. The deconvolution of die AES signal displays significant peak contributions related to intermedium oxidation states. Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) was successfully applied for hydrogen detection in buried SiOXNY thin films.

Titanium oxides are considered as blood compatible surfaces, however, it may be possible to improve the compatibility to the inner lining cells of blood vessels by addition of Ag which modifies the electronic properties of this oxide. Therefore, Ti–Ag–O films with the thickness of 200–350 nm have been deposited on Si substrates using an ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) system which has two evaporators to allow a simultaneous deposition of Ti and Ag. The evaporation rates of Ti and Ag, as well as the flow rate of O2 have varied. For physicochemical analysis of the films, glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were performed. The formed phases in Ti–Ag–O films consist of TiO2, AgO, Ag2O, Ag, TiAg, AgTi3, and low valent titanium oxides. The bovine aortic endothelial cell line GM07373 was grown on these surfaces in a medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. The toxicity of the layers was rated by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the cells and are found to be below the detection limit; the cell adhesion was investigated by fluorescent staining of the adhesion molecule vinculin and the cytoskeleton protein filamentary actin; the cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI, showing good cell adherence, good compatibility to endothelial cells, and no indication of apoptotic cell death.

Three effects have been observed in wet-thermally grown SiO2/Si structures under bombardement with energetic N-15 ions:

(1) Out-diffusion of H from the SiO2/Si system through the surface,
(2) Accumulation of H at the SiO2/Si interface,
(3) Changes in the optical fingerprint spectra of Psi and Delta in dependence on lambda (wavelength) obtained by ellipsometric measurements.

The coolant mixing is significant for safety assessment of boron dilution and cold water transients. For the investigation of the relevant mixing phenomena, the Rossendorf test facility ROCOM was constructed. ROCOM is a 1:5 scaled Plexiglas model of the PWR Konvoi disposing of four loops with fully controllable coolant pumps. Mixing of both overcooled and de-borated water is investigated by adding a tracer salt solution, performing conductivity measurements by wire mesh sensors and velocity measurements by the LDA technique. The tracer concentration fields established by coolant mixing under steady-state and transient flow conditions were investigated. The experiments aimed at the validation of CFD codes. CFD calculations were carried out with the code CFX-4. In case of running pumps, ROCOM measurements provided a tracer concentration maximum in the core sector below the inlet nozzle of the loop with tracer injection, while the maximum reaches more than 90% of the simulated overcooling in the corresponding loop. This situation is typical for a cold water transient due to main steam line break. During start-up of the first pump being relevant for boron dilution transients, the maximum of the tracer concentration appears at the core inlet at positions opposite of the loop with injection, while the maximum boron dilution strongly depends on slug size, slug initial position and mass flow ramp. A good agreement was achieved between measuring results and CFD calculations.

A semi-analytical perturbation reconstruction model (SAPR) has been developed allowing the description of the coolant mixing inside the reactor pressure vessel of PWRs by superposition of response functions on nearly Dirac-shaped perturbations, which can be determined experimentally or from CFD calculations. SAPR provides realistic time-dependent boron concentration fields at the core inlet for the analysis of a hypothetical boron dilution event after start-up of the first main coolant pump in a generic four-loop PWR. Core calculations were performed with the 3D reactor dynamics code DYN3D. By varying the initial slug volume it was found, that for the given core loading pattern slugs of less than 20 m3 do not lead to re-criticality of the shut-off reactor. Calculations with the bounding slug volume of 36 m3 show, that the corresponding reactivity insertion does not result in core damage.

In the Institute of Safety Research of the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Germany, electrode-mesh sensors were developed, which allow the measurement of the electrical conductivity distribution in a flow duct with a rate of up to 10 000 frames per second. This can be used either for the detection of the gaseous phase in a gas-liquid flow or for mixing studies in single phase flow, when the components have different electric conductivities. Beside a description of the working principle, this lecture focuses on different applications of the method, which will be illustrated by digital image sequences obtained by electrode-mesh sensors.
The sensor consists of two planes of wire grids placed into the flow in a short distance behind each other. The angle between the wires of both grids is 90 deg. The wires of the first plane (transmitter plane) are supplied with pulses of a driving voltage. During the measuring cycle, they are activated by a multiplex circuit in a successive order. After an analogue/digital conversion the receiver signals are recorded by a data acquisition computer connected to AD converters and stored for each receiver electrode separately. This procedure is repeated for all transmitter electrodes. In this way the distribution of the electrical conductivity over the cross section occupied by the sensor is obtained row by row. This data is used for slow-motion visualization of transient flows and for quantitative measurements of gas fractions and their profiles, bubble sizes and velocities.
Special attention was given to achieve a DC free excitation of the electrodes in order to suppress the imaginary part of the measured impedance. Measures were taken to suppress cross-talk between parallel electrodes. The first generation device allowed measurements in a grid of 16 x 16 measuring points distributed over the cross section of the flow duct with a rate of 1200 frames per second.
The high spatial and time resolution of the wire-mesh sensor allows to calculate bubble size distributions from the sequence of frames. Due to the high measuring rate each bubble is mapped in several successive instantaneous frames. After assigning the local instantaneous gas fractions (pixels) to bubbles by a bubble recognition algorithm, the volume of each identified bubble is obtained by adding the local values belonging to the selected bubble. Capabilities and accuracy of this method were investigated using a sensor, which was built into a transparent perspex channel. Combined visualizations using the frames of a high-speed video camera together with the measuring sequences of the wire-mesh sensor have shown that the sensor acts as a bubble fragmenting obstacle. It could nevertheless be proven, that the sensor signal represents the bubble geometry present in the upstream flow, i.e. before the disturbance, with a good accuracy.
In the first application the sensor was used to study the evolution of the flow pattern in an upwards air-water flow. The visualization shows the result of an air injection through wall orifices of 4 mm diameter (pipe diameter 51.2 mm) and the evolution of the flow pattern from L/D = 0.6 to L/D = 60. Large primary bubbles are observed, which are both coalescing and fragmenting in the direction of the flow. Large bubbles tend to travel towards the center of the pipe. At the end of the test section a slug flow is established. Another wire-mesh sensor was used by the University of Munich, Germany, to visualize the effect of a globe valve to the flow regime in a horizontal pipe. The image sequence shows the initial slug flow through the open globe valve and the transition of the flow pattern during closing of the glob valve.
Beside air-water flows the sensor can also be applied to measure the void fraction in steam-water mixtures. The sensor is used to study natural circulation instabilities in a boiling water reactors. For this purpose, two wire-mesh sensors are installed at the CIRCUS test facility of the U...

Damages in pipeline systems are often ascribed to water hammer and cavitational hammer. The resulting leakage can cause considerable damages to mankind and environment. To control these pressure surges, Fraunhofer UMSICHT and Forschungszentrum Rossendorf have conducted experiments whose results are used to develop new methods for the prevention of water hammer and cavitational hammer. The fast-acting valve is equipped with an innovative hydraulic braking system ("ABS-Armatur") and is combined with a check valve to suppress the water hammer. Since the described system does not need any additional energy source and adapts automatically to changes of the pipe system parameters, it is also regarded as particularily suitable for already existing plants.

High-spin states in ¹²³Xe were populated in the
¹¹⁰Pd(¹⁸O,5n)
reaction at 75 MeV and gamma-ray coincidences were measured with
the GASP spectrometer.
A new rotational sequence of enhanced dipole transitions was established.
This band, as well as a similar band in ¹²⁴Xe, may be described
within the framework of the tilted axis cranking model as bands for
which comparable amounts of angular momentum are generated by
magnetic and collective rotation, respectively.

Thin films of Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O8.73, prepared in a sol-gel process by multiple dip-coating on silicon wafers, and powder samples, prepared by the conventional carbonate route, were charged with hydrogen by dissociative water absorption at definite values of water vapour pressure and temperature. The hydrogen content was determined ex situ at room temperature using nuclear resonance reaction analysis. From the resulting water vapour pressure-composition isotherms the absorption enthalpies Delta(empty set)H(o), Delta(empty set)H(t) and the absorption entropy Delta(empty set)S were calculated, using a two-site model, based on Fermi-Dirac statistics. On Ba3Ca1.18Nb1.82O8.73 bulk material also impedance spectroscopy, concentration and fuel-cell measurements as well as neutron diffraction were performed. From these data, taken together, the proton diffusion coefficient D-H could be evaluated and compared to quasielastic neutron scattering results.

The nucleus ⁷⁰Se was studied using the ⁴⁰Ca(⁴⁰Ca, 2α) reaction at a beam energy of 185 MeV. Gamma rays were measured with the EUROBALL III spectrometer. The known positive-parity bands have been extended and one new band of positive parity and two of negative parity have been identified.
These bands are interpreted in terms of the cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky approach. Calculations suggest that the two negative-parity bands, which have the same signature, are both based on a configuration with two protons and three neutrons lifted from the fp shell to the g _9/2 orbital, but at different nuclear shapes. This represents a shape coexistence at high spin.

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Deuterium inventories have been measured in plasma facing components of ASDEX Upgrade. Nearly 60% of the total D-inventory was observed in the lower inner divertor target plate in redeposited layers of low-Z material. The outer divertor, however, was found to be dominated by erosion processes and correspondingly retained a much lower amount of deuterium. The D-inventory at the main chamber plasma facing components can be explained by a model employing implantation of charge-exchange neutrals, which yields very good agreement with the experimental findings for all surfaces not exposed to direct ion fluxes.

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Raman spectroscopy, spreading resistance probe (SRP) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) studies were carried out on H-plasma treated and annealed p-type Czochralski (Cz) Si. The formation of voids filled with hydrogen molecules was observed by Raman spectroscopy after plasma hydrogenation. The Raman and ERDA measurements show that molecular hydrogen can be released from nanovoids at 600 °C which leads to the formation of empty voids. ERDA and SEM investigations show that after the hydrogen plasma treatment the formation of voids filled by hydrogen occurs at a depth of about 400 nm. SRP measurements show, that at 400 °C post-hydrogenation annealing for 10-60 min a fast diffusion of hydrogen into the bulk occurs. This leads to the hydrogen enhanced thermal donor formation and therefore to a carrier profiles modification up to a depth of a few hundred microns. The Raman measurements show that the molecular hydrogen can not be released from nanovoids at 400°C which is in good agreement with ERDA data. Our investigations give a method for the low-temperature, low-cost modification of die Cz Si substrates which leads to die formation of a carrier gradient in die bulk, to surface structuring and to voids formation in the subsurface region.

A Distributed Electron Cyclotron Resonance plasma reactor powered by a microwave generator operating at 2.45 GHz was used to deposit ta-C:H (Diamond-Like Carbon, DLC) thin films at RT. A graphite sputtering target immersed in an argon plasma was used as carbon source. The Ar plasma density was about 5 exp(10) cm-3. Single crystalSi substrates were RF biased to a negative voltage of -80 V. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using the resonance at 6.385 MeV of the reaction: 15N + 1H ---> 12C +4He + Gamma, elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) were used to investigate the early phase of the growth. The morphology of the films grown at low pressure (0.3 mTorr) is shown to be dominated by stress-mediated nucleation leading to formation of basket-like clusters of circular hillocks 20 nm high surrounded by a planar, mostly sp2 bonded film ~8 nm thick. With increasing plasma pressure the spatial frequency of the hillocks becomes random and the growth is dominated by the Stranski-Krastanov mode. The XPS data taken at decreasing emergence angles show that the structure of the hillocks is dominated by sp3 bonded carbon. The XPS argon signal disappears at 10° emergence angle indicating that integration of argon occurs mainly within the sp2 bonded regions. The NRA and ERDA analysis show that the amount of integrated hydrogen decreases with increasing substrate current density. RBS data indicate that increasing bias enhances argon integration.