Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

We report the first polarization transfer measurements for exclusive hyperon production reactions.
The normal spin transfer coefficient D_NN for
pp®pK⁺K^- L is large and negative for
forward L production at a beam momentum of 3.67GeV/c, a result
qualitatively consistent with expectations for a mechanism dominated by kaon-exchange and rescattering.
The sign of D_NN is opposite to that observed in the fragmentation regime for
inclusive L production at much higher energies.

The behaviour of hydrogen implanted into Ti225 alloy is studied in this work. The hydrogen depth profiles vs. different implantation doses and ion energies were measured with resonant Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA). The hydrogen diffusion to the surface at room temperature is found from the depth profiles which differ from their theoretical simulation due to a more complex diffusion and hydrogenation than described at present by theory. A rapid formation of titanium hydrides, i.e. TiH1 and TiH2 , is found in the implantation dose range between 6x1016 and 2x1017 H1/cm2 by X-ray diffraction. The phase transformation from TiH1 to TiH2 crystal structure starts after implantation of 1x1017 H1/cm2, and is finished at a dose of 6x1017H1/cm2 at which a saturation of the hydrogen concentration of about 23 at.% is found from the depth profiles. The titanium hydrides are inhomogeneously distributed in the sample. The hydrogen contour maps measured by the scan of micro-beam ERDA show dose-dependent inhomogeneities due to the hydride formation process. The radiation damage affects also the hydrogen concentration and out-diffusion. A defect-related trapping of hydrogen is observed by slow positron implantation spectroscopy (SPIS). The surface hydride layer on titanium acts as a highly effective barrier to oxygen. It is found that the oxidation ratio is strongly reduced already by implantation of only 2x1016 H1/cm2.

In order to investigate the hydrogen isotope accumulation at the erosion dominated inner walls of fusion experiments, several small carbon samples have been mounted in the inner wall tiles of the torus of the JET Joint Undertaking. After about 2.5 years of JET operation, including the extended D/T phase and the D/D cleaning phase, the samples have been removed and analysed by RBS, ERDA and AMS. In the near surface region only small T concentrations are measured. A much larger T concentration is found at depths between about 1 and 2 m. This may originate from energetic (~1 MeV) T which is produced during the D/D discharges and implanted to large depth. The lower energy (keV) T which is implanted during the D/T discharges became effectively removed from the inner wall, by isotope exchange with implanted D or H and/or by erosion of the wall. The total amount of T within a depth of about 2 m was found to be about 1-3×1013 T/cm2, while in a surface layer of about 0.5 m about 1-3×1012 T/cm2, about 2-4×1016 D/cm2 and about 4-9×1016 H/cm2 were measured.

Spin dependent tunnel junctions are of technological interest for applications in magnetic non-volatile random access memories due to their large tunneling magnetoresistance effect and low junction resistance-area product. Typical structures are Si/Al2O3 600Å/Ta 70Å/NiFe 70Å/CoFe 30Å/AlxNyOz t/CoFe 40Å/MnIr 200Å/Ta 30Å, with t=6-30 Å, annealed to temperatures up to 400ºC. The properties of these junctions are strongly influenced by the layer thicknesses and composition, and change on annealing. Standard technology for integrated circuits requires annealing at 400-450ºC, and an understanding of the changing magnetic properties of the tunnel junction requires detailed knowledge of the behavior of the different interfaces. We performed Rutherford backscattering (RBS) experiments at a grazing angle of incidence to achieve high depth resolution for the transition metals signal. The composition of the AlxNyOz layers was determined with Heavy Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. We also performed heavy ion RBS experiments for improved mass resolution. The thickness and composition of the individual layers is determined, and a high sensitivity to diffusion and layer intermixing is achieved.

Übersicht über Methoden der Materialanalytik an Beschleunigern

Among the wide choice of physical analysis methods to characterise thin and ultra thin films both Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and the elastic recoil atom spectrometry (ERDA) have a unique feature. The binary elastic scattering at the Coulomb potential of the involved nuclei can be described analytically by the Ruther-ford cross section formula. This allows an easy and accurate determination of quan-tities like area densities of elements or composition of thin films.
For the detection of all light elements ERDA with heavy incidence ions of energies
> 1 MeV/u is the method of choice. As recoil atom spectrometers heavy ion detec-tors are used which provide not only the energy signal but also particle identification and position information for kinematical corrections, which is particularly necessary at large acceptance angles. We use at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem Bragg peak ioni-sation chambers, dE-E-ionisation chamber telescopes, time-of-flight (TOF) spectrome-ters or combinations of those. The specific merits and drawbacks of these detectors are discussed. A common feature is the moderate energy resolution dE/E of roughly 0.01. This is the limiting parameter for the obtainable depth resolution. To overcome this limit magnetic spectrometers have to be used which enable depth resolutions in the order of monolayers. We have installed at the tandem a QQDS spectrometer for ERDA with variable dispersion, which is shortly described.
An analogue situation we have in the case of RBS. Despite of many physical advanta-ges of heavy incidence ions [1] mostly He ions are used due to the fact that the energy resolution of solid state detectors decreases with increasing Z of the detected particles. When using magnetic spectrometers for RBS it is possible to profit fully from the high stopping powers of heavy ions. Thus depth resolutions of one monolayer can be achieved. We have installed a magnetic spectrometer of the simple Browne-Buechner type at the 3 MV Tandetron for RBS. The first results with this instrument are discussed.

[1] D.J.O´Connor, T.Chunyu, Nucl. Instr. And Meth. B 36 (1989) 178

Energy spectra of protons emitted by the target residue in Au+Au collisions at 1 GeV/u reveal two
components with different slopes attributed to preequilibrium and equilibrium emission. The relative
contribution of the latter decreases rapidly with excitation energy, so that its presence becomes not
apparent for the highest energy bins. It is argued therefore, that equilibrium may not be reached on
the gas branch of the caloric curve. The nuclear liquid-gas phase transition thus belongs to the
category of nonequilibrium phase transitions for which the concepts developed in synergetics, such as
self-organized criticality, provide the proper framework.

Calculations predict a connection between the isotopic composition of particles emitted during an energetic nucleus-nucleus collision and the density dependence of the asymmetry term of the nuclear equation of state (EOS). This connection is investigated for central ¹¹²Sn+¹¹²Sn and ¹²⁴Sn+¹²⁴Sn collisions at E/A=50 MeV in the limit of an equilibrated freezeout condition. Comparisons between measured isotopic yields ratios and theoretical predictions in the equilibrium limit are used to assess the sensitivity to the density dependence of the asymmetry term of the EOS. This analysis suggests that such comparisons may provide an opportunity to constrain the asymmetry term of the EOS.

Atomic binding energies are calculated at utmost precision. A report on the current status of
Lamb-shift predictions for hydrogenlike ions, including all quantum electrodynamical corrections to first
and second order in the fine structure constant alpha is presented. All relevant nuclear effects are
taken into account. High-precision calculations for the Lamb shift in hydrogen are presented. The
hyperfine structure splitting and the g factor of a bound electron in the strong electromagnetic field of a
heavy nucleus is considered. Special emphasis is also put on parity violation effects in atomic systems.
For all systems possible investigations beyond precision tests of quantum electrodynamics are
considered.

Proton-proton correlations and correlations of
p-a, d-a, and t-a
from spectator decays following ¹⁹⁷$Au + ¹⁹⁷Au
collisions at 1000 AMeV have been measured with an highly efficient detector hodoscope.
The constructed correlation functions indicate a moderate expansion and low breakup densities similar to
assumptions made in statistical multifragmentation models. In agreement with a volume breakup
rather short time scales were deduced employing directional cuts in proton-proton correlations.

An intensity modulated focused ion beam (FIB) which is hitting the surface of a solid, leads to a small temperature variation in the near subsurface region which is sufficient for thermal elastic wave generation. The measurement of these waves can be used for analysis and imaging of surface as well as subsurface structures in the material. The modified FIB equipment IMSA-100 working with 35 keV Ga+ and Au+ ions and a current of about 3 nA was employed to obtain acoustic images from structures on silicon and glass targets. The acoustic signals were detected using a PZT transducer delivering an output voltage of 50 - 100 nV. The modulation frequency was varied in the range of 60kHz - 170kHz. The obtained lateral resolution of the ion acoustic images at these frequencies was about 15 µm on silicon and about 7µm on glass. We are going to increase the modulation frequency up to MHz range in order to reach sub-micron resolution.

This is a comprehensive study of the characteristics of an AuGeSi and CoNd Liquid Metal Alloy Ion Source (LMAISs) [1]. Such characteristics include current-voltage curves and ion beam mass-spectra. A careful investigation has been undertaken where the temperature is one of the main variable experiment parameters [2]. Theoretical models support the experimental results.
[1] P.D. Prewett and GLR. Mair, "Focused Ion Beams from Liquid Metal Ion Sources", Research Studies Press, Taunton, Somerset, UK, 1991
[2] L. Bischoff, J. Teichert, Th. Ganetsos and GLR. Mair
J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 33 (2000) 692.

The generation of elastic waves in solids during irradiation with pulsed ion beams is investigated. There are two main mechanisms of the elastic wave emission. First is a simple momentum transfer from the beam particles to the target atoms. Also the heating of the material yields an acoustic wave due to a local thermal expansion. Other effects, like a change of the density, local amorphization, charging up of the target near the surface etc. can also generate elastic waves.
The measurements are carried out using a IMSA-100 focused ion beam (FIB) system and a 3 MV-TANDETRON accelerator. The energy of the FIB is 30-35 keV at a current of 1-3nA and a spot size of about 1mm. On the accelerator a current of some mA and energies up to some MeV with Au+, Ge2+, Si2+, Si3+and Si4+ ions and beam pulse duration of some microseconds were used. The elastic waves is registered by a piezoelectric sensor on the back surface of the sample. Then the signal is amplified and digitized on a PC. The dependence of the amplitude of the acoustic signal in silicon, titanium, brass and aluminum are measured for different beams. The change of the charge state of the ions up to 6 shows no significant influence. The amplitude depends on the power of the beam linearly at low current densities. These elastic waves can be used for acoustic imaging of surface and buried structures in a scanning ion acoustic microscope.

Solidified liquid metal ion sources (LMISs) operating with Au alloy wetted hair-pin emitters can be used as high-intensity electron point sources with nanometer dimension for electron field emission application. A nanoemitter tip on a solidified LMIS emitter can be formed by quenching during ion emission mode. I-V characteristics and the performance of the electron emitting LMIS are presented.

The optical modification effect of Ga+ ion implantation in a-SiC:H films has been studied. As a result of the implantation a well expressed "darkening" effect (i.e. absorption edge shift to the longer-wavelength/lower-photon-energy region) has been registered. It is accompanied by a remarkable increase of the absorption coefficient up to 2 orders of magnitude in the measured photon energy range (1.5-3.1 eV). The optical contrast thus obtained (between implanted and unimplanted regions of the film material) has been made use of in the form of optical pattern formation by computer operated Ga+ focused ion beam. Possible applications of this effect in the area of sub-micron lithography and high-density optical data storage have been suggested with regard to the most widely spread focused micro-beam systems based on Ga+ liquid metal ion sources. The physical basis for the advantages in cases of applications in adverse environments have also been discussed.

Precipitation of hydroxyapatite on titanium from aqueous solution offers the possibility of creating biologically active coatings for bone fixated implants by mimicking the physiological properties of the bone. While solution-related factors have been well established, the research into surface-related stimuli for promoting hydroxyapatite nucleation is still underway. In the present work titanium surfaces were pretreated by implantation of sodium ions yielding sodium titanate incorporated within the surface layer with concentration, depth distribution, and morphology depending on the parameters of the ion implantation and the subsequent thermal treatment. Such ion-implanted surfaces were observed to promote hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth from simulated body fluid. Surface properties were studied using spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation of hydroxyapatite were discussed in terms of the electrical double layer.

Surface coating with hydroxyapatite (HA) is a common way to improve the osseointegration of orthopaedic and dental titanium-based materials. The main problems with current techniques are changes in composition during heating and poor adhesion to the surface. An alternative method is deposition of HA onto an activated surface out of a solution.
The present work studies the surface treatment involving ion implantation of Na into Ti to induce a modification in chemistry and morphology, showing sodium titanate incorporated within the surface layer with concentration, depth distribution, and morphology depending on the parameters of the ion implantation. Such ion-implanted Ti surfaces actively induce heterogeneous precipitation of HA from a simulated body fluid containing physiological concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions. This is compared with the activation by NaOH etching. The growth of bone forming cells on the pure Na implanted surface is oriented without an increased bone formation. Cell growth on the NaOH etched surface is reduced. After deposition of HA on both surfaces cell the growth pattern was improved.

Titanium alloys with small amounts of Aluminium and Vanadium are by now the favourite base materials for orthopaedic implants for their good biocompatibility, but stainless steel is wider in use because of its lower material costs and easier handling. By Metal Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition (MPIIID) coatings of Ti, TiN, TixAl1-x, and TixAl1-xN layers were deposited on mirror polished stainless steel with a different process parameters, i.e. the bias voltage was changed systematically.
Coatings produced with a bias voltage of -2000 V had a roughness up to 70 nm, whereas those with zero bias voltage were much smoother (6 nm). In coatings with higher voltage the ration Ti : Al shifted to Ti. Rat one marrow cells were seeded out on these surfaces in a serum free medium. After 5h cell spreading and organisation of the cytoskeleton was best on the smoother samples with best spreading on Ti and TixAl1-xN with 0 bias voltage. There was no significant necrosis as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release within 5 h, but up to 25% pyknotic and fragmented cell nuclei as signs of apoptosis. This behaviour was different for the different samples, but there was no correlation with the surface roughness or chemistry. The effect of the medium, direct induction of apoptosis by the coating or apoptotic cell death due to inhibited adhesion by roughness or surface chemistry will be discussed.

Russisches Abstrakt siehe Download

Gefäßstents werden nach der Aufweitung eines arteriosklerotisch verengten Herzkranzgefäßes eingebracht und sollen den erneuten Verschluss des Gefäßes verhindern. Sie stellen einen der wesentlichen Fortschritte in der Kardiologie des letzten Jahrzehnts dar. Durch sie konnte die Zahl der teuren und belastenden Bypass-Operation wesentlich gesenkt und die Aufenthaltsdauer der Patienten im Krankenhaus verkürzt werden.

Trotz des heute millionenfachen Einsatzes dieser filigranen Metallgeflechte, werden von den anwendenden Ärzten noch eine Reihe von Verbesserungen gewünscht, die eine genaue Kenntnis der Körperreaktionen und eine Materialbehandlung mit modernen Methoden erfordern.

Die Gefäßstents werden unter Röntgenkontrolle eingesetzt und auch radiologisch beurteilt. Die dünnen Stahl- oder Nickel-Titan-Drähte, aus denen der Stent besteht, bieten nur einen unbefriedigenden Röntgenkontrast. Durch die Aufbringung einer einige Mikrometer (µm) dicken Schicht eines Metalls hoher Ordnungszahl kann der Röntgenkontrast der Drähte erhöht werden. Dabei bieten sich Metalle wie Tantal an, die ähnlich wie das aus der Orthopädie bekannte Titan eine sehr stabile Oxidschicht ausbilden und dadurch auch gut biokompatibel sind.

Eine gute Haftung der Schicht auf dem Untergrund ist hier besonders wichtig, weil abgelöste Anteile der Schicht sonst mit dem arteriellen Blutstrom in das feinere Gefäßnetz der Herzmuskulatur transportiert werden und dort einen Verschluss herbeiführen würden. Die aufgebrachte Schicht darf keine inneren Spannungen aufweisen, die bei den erforderlichen Schichtdicken ansonsten zu Lamellierung sowie beim Aufweiten des Stents zur Rissbildung führen würden. Die Aufbringung dieser Schicht wird am Forschungszentrum Rossendorf durch Metallplasma Ionenimplantation und -abscheidung erreicht, wobei die Haftfestigkeit durch eine Zwischenschicht vermittelt ist.

Ein weiteres noch nicht befriedigend gelöstes Problem bei Gefäßstents ist die Aktivierung der Blutgerinnung und ein Wachstumsreiz auf die innerste Gefäßschicht. Diese beiden Reaktionen können zum Verschluss des Stents führen und sind eine der Ursachen, warum im Vergleich zur Bypass-Operation noch häufig eine Nachbehandlung nötig ist. Auch hier ist Tantal ein gutes Metall für die Beschichtung, weil es mit der Oxidschicht eine sehr gute Blutverträglichkeit aufweist, die wie bei Titan durch die Implantation weiterer Ionen wie Phosphor, Stickstoff, Kalzium noch verbessert werden kann.

Die Blutgerinnung ist ein komplex regulierter Vorgang. Es gibt eine Reihe von Faktoren, die die Gerinnung initiieren können. Beteiligt sind die Proteasen der Gerinnungskaskade, Blutplättchen, die Endothelzellen der Gefäßwand und verschiedene Proteine, die an Oberflächen adsorbiert sind. Die Ursachen der Blutgerinnung liegen allgemein an geänderten Strömungsverhältnissen, erhöhter Gerinnungsfähigkeit des Blutes und an den Oberflächen.
Die Aktivierung der Blutgerinnung ist meist bei Implantaten im Blutstrom nicht gewünscht. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Übersicht liegt darauf, wie durch veränderte Oberflächeneigenschaften die direkte Aktivierung der plasmatischen Blutgerinnung, Aktivierung von Blutplättchen und der Endothelzellen unterdrückt werden können. Dabei werden physikalische Eigenschaften wie die Oberflächenrauhigkeit und Oberflächenenergie optimiert, biochemisch funktionelle Gruppen auf der Oberfläche aufgebracht, als lokale Pharmaka werden Heparin und Hirudin als gerinnungshemmende Substanzen angewandt, Thrombozyten-Rezeptorblocker und antiproliferative Medikamente sind in vorklinischen oder klinischen Studien. Weiter wird darauf gesetzt, eine intakte Endothelschicht zu erreichen, indem das Endothelwachstum auf der Oberfläche gefördert wird oder Endothelzellen auf den Implantatoberflächen in vitro im Sinn von Tissue Engineering zu züchten.

Objectives: Coronary stents are seen as the most important step in cardiology of the decade, as they reduce the risk of restenosis after angioplasty and the risk of a second invasive procedure. But still problems concerning occlusion by restenosis or thrombosis have to be overcome, and x-ray contrast of the thin wires has to be improved. The suggested way is coating of the stents with tantalum which is known for its good biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, and its high x-ray absorption.
Deposition of tantalum on stainless steel, the basis of the stent material, is not trivial with common techniques, because of poor adhesion of tantalum. Plasma immersion ion implantation and plasma ion deposition of tantalum are promising ways to create an adherent tantalum layer.
Methods: Tantalum was deposited on flat samples of stainless steel in an argon plasma, 1A Magnetron currency, WHF = 1000 W and 5µs pulse time. Various voltages, bias voltages, pulse counts and temperatures were used.
The adhesion of the tantalum layer was measured in a scratch test. Potentiodynamic corrosion measurement was performed with 0.05M H2SO4 as an electrolyte.
For blood compatibility the activation of freshly prepared blood platelets on the surface was investigated and the clotting time with standard plasma was measured.
Results: For thin coatings (< 1µm) the result of the scratch test was 250mN as a promising result. The coating showed very high corrosion resistance with a corrosion potential between 225 mV and 355 mV and corrosion current densities between 20 nA and 40 nA cm-2.
Results of thrombocyte adhesion, thrombocyte activation and blood clotting time will be presented.
Production of thicker coatings caused problems because of internal stress in the coating.
Conclusion: Coating of stainless steel with tantalum by plasma ion deposition is a good means to increase corrosion resistance and blood compatibility. The production of a thick layer with increased X-ray contrast needs further work.

Objectives: Titanium is known for its good biocompatibility as an implant material. But a structural integration of a foreign material into the body is known only for hydroxyapatite because of its osteoconductive properties. Surface coating of titanium with hydroxyapatite by means of plasma spraying is the current technique to improve the osteointegration of implants. Problems with this method are the high thickness and limited adhesion of the apatite coating on titanium. Further there are changes in crystallinity of the apatite due to the heating process. A surface preparation that spontaneously induces hydroxyapatite nucleation on its surface is desired.
Methods: By ion beam implantation of Na (3 x 1017 ions cm-1, 50 keV) in titanium a sodium titanate surface was created. Hydrolysis of this layer in deionidised water resulted in formation of TiOH. By incubation in simulated body fluid a hydroxyapatite layer was precipitated on the surface. The human osteosarcoma cell line was seeded out on samples after hydrolysis and after hydroxyapatite precipitation. Reference samples were untreated or activated by soaking in hot NaOH. After 3, 14, and 28 days samples ware investigated for cell growth, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcification.
Results: Cell growth on Na implanted hydrolysed samples was decreased compared with pure titanium at any time. After hydroxyapatite precipitation cell growth after two weeks and four weeks was significantly higher on Na implanted samples than on untreated or NaOH treated samples. Without previous hydroxyapatite deposition only on NaOH treated samples a production of hydroxyapatite could be detected, after hydroxyapatite precipitation there was also better calcification by the cells. Alkaline phosphatase did not differ significantly in the cells on the different substrates.
Conclusion: Na ion implantation in titanium can activate the surface for hydroxyapatite nucleation out of aqueous solutions. The surface without further treatment is too reactive for direct cell contact. After a calciumphosphate deposition on the surface the growth of bone forming cells is enhanced.

Seminarvortrag ohne Abstract

The spectral intensity of the radiation emitted by a planar channeled
electron in a single crystal excited by a longitudinal hypersonic
wave propagating along the channeling direction has been calculated
for the energy range 10 MeV£E£100 MeV.
It has bben found that the hypersound can excite inverse transitions
through which the transversal energy of the channeled electron is increased.
These transitions have a resonant nature and can lead to a considerable
intensification of the electron channeling radiation.

The wave function of an electron 10 MeV £E£100 MeV
planar channeled in a longitudinal hypersonic superlatice has been found.
Conditions for the resonant influence of the acoustic waves on the quantum states of the electron were deduced.
The expression obtained for the wave finction is applicable at resonance.

The spectral intensity of the radiation emitted by an axially channeled
electron in a single crystal excited by a longitudinal hypersonic wave
propagating along the channeling direction has been calculated for the
energy range 10 MeV £E£100 MeV.
It has been shown that under the influence of acoustic vibrations excited
in the single crystal a resonant intensification of the electron
channeling radiation, a variation of its spectral distribution as well as inverse
radiative transitions are possible.

Die Arbeit mit dem Fokussierten Ionenstrahl (focused ion beam = FIB) wird vorgestellt und erläutert. Beginnend mit den Ionenquellen (Flüssigmetall, - Flüssiglegierungs- Ionenquellen) über die Ionenoptik bis hin zu anlagenspezifischen Teilen werden Funktionsweise und Parameter dargestellt. Verschiedene Beispiele der Anwendung dieser hochauflösenden Strukturierungstechnik, speziell in der Nanotechnologie, werden aufgezeigt und insbesondere die Flexibilität und Vielseitigkeit dieser modernen Ionenstrahltechnik demonstriert.

The wave function of a planar/axially channeled electron with energy 10 MeV≤E≤1 GeV under the influence of a longitudinal hypersonic wave excited in a single crystal is calculated. Conditions for the resonant influence of the hypersonic wave on the quantum state of the channeled electron are deduced. Expressions for the wave function that are applicable in the case of resonance are obtained.
Angular and spectral distributions of the radiation intensity from the planar/axially channeled electron are also calculated. The possibility of significant amplification of channeling radiation by a hypersonic wave is substantiated. It is found that the hypersound can excite inverse radiative transitions through which the transversal energy of the channeled electron is increased. These transitions have a resonant nature and can lead to a considerable intensification of the electron channeling radiation. In the case of axial channeling, the resonance radiation is sustained also by direct radiative transitions of the electron.

: An intensity modulated focused ion beam (FIB) which is hitting the surface of a solid, leads to a small temperature variation in the near subsurface region which is sufficient for thermal elastic wave generation. The measurement of these waves can be used for analysis and imaging of surface as well as near subsurface structures in the material. The modified FIB equipment IMSA-100 working with 35 keV Ga+ and Au+ ions and a current of about 3 nA was employed to obtain acoustic images from structures on silicon, aluminum and glass targets. The acoustic signals were detected using a PZT transducer delivering an output voltage of 50 - 100 nV. The modulation frequency was varied in the range of 60kHz - 1MHz. The obtained lateral resolution of the ion acoustic images at 80kHz was about 16 µm on silicon and about 7µm on glass and at 632 kHz it decreases to 7 µm and 3 µm respectively.

The wave function of a planar-channeled positron with energy
10 MeV£E£100 MeV
under the resonant influence of hypersound is calculated.
It is found that the longitudinal hypersound changes the spectral
distribution of the channeling radiation significantly.
With decreasing wavelength l _s of the hypersound,
starting from l _s=l _E,
where l _E is the characteristic
length related to one transverse oscillation of the channeled positron,
a new type of radiative transition occurs.
It is characterized by the stimulated enhancement of transverse
energy of the positron at channeling (inverse radiative transition).
When l _s approaches l _E/2 the inverse
transitions show a resonant behaviour.

Ion-beam nanopatterned silicon has been used as template for the direct molding of polymeric materials. The silicon surface was chemically modified by octadecyltrichlorosilane before molding in order to allows easy polymer release. This fabrication process allows us to produce a nanocavity polymer array from a nanodot structured silicon template with a lateral and vertical resolutions of 50 nm and 5 nm, respectively. Both, the use of the nanopatterned silicon template and tapping mode atomic force microscopy at low tip-sample interaction forces allow us to determine not only the lateral and vertical resolution of this new method but also the error involved in the transfer process, which results to be of 1nm. Thus. the new method fulfils the requirements of serial nanofabrication trends that requires sub-100 nm lateral resolution and sub-10nm vertical resolution involving only a few and very simple steps during the whole nanofabrication process. Besides, the method displays a proved high fidelity in the molding process showing its potential applications as a direct nanofabrication route for future information storage technologies.

Although cubic BCN compounds are desired for their attractive mechanical properties, the synthesis in thin film form of these compounds normally yields amorphous material containing different local structures like trigonal bonding (hexagonal structure), tegragonal bonding (cubic structure) and formation of B12 icosahedra. X-ray absorption (XANES) spectroscopy is a well suited technique to analyse the local structure of these amorphous coatings and discern between formation of single phase or multiple phase and ternary compounds or mixtures of binary grains. We have synthesized a variety of ternary BCN compounds by using Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) techniques using B4C, B and C solid evaporation sources with concurrent ion bombardment from mixtures of N2, Ar and CH4 gases. In this way, hydrogenated and hydrogen-free BCN compounds with various compositions are obtained. The bonding structure of the different compounds is discussed in connection with the sample preparation method.

We report on the recent evaluation of the two-photon electron self energy to all orders in the
interaction with the Coulomb field of the nucleus. With the present results at hand the major theoretical
uncertainty is diminished, which provides predictions of the ground-state energy with a relative
accuracy of about 10(-6) for the hydrogenlike uranium and lead systems. This allows for
high-precision tests of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in strong fields that are expected to be
experimentally available in the near future.

To provide predictions of the Lamb shift of highly charged ions on the level of accuracy of about
10(-6) has been achieved after exact results for the contributions of all two-photon self-energy
diagrams have been performed. We report on the present status of our Lamb-shift calculations
including all QED-corrections of first- and second-order in the finestructure constant a and all
relevant nuclear effects. An excellent agreement between the most recent experimental data for Lamb
shift of the ls-ground state in hydrogenlike uranium can be stated. This can serve as a sensitive test
of QED in the strongest electric fields accessible in nature. In a second part of this article we report
about an all-order numerical evaluation of the one-photon selfenergy at low nuclear charge (Z =
1,...,5). A sensitive comparison of our numerical approach with analytical approach to the one-photon
selfenergy confirms the consistency of these two different approaches (numerical and analytic) to very
high precision.

Excited states have been populated in In-108 and In-110 in complementary
backed- and thin-target experiments, using the Stony Brook and the 8
pi Ge-detector arrays. The level schemes for both isotopes have been
extended and modified, including the first observation of DeltaI = 2
bands in In-110. Lifetimes of states in four DeltaI = 1 bands and one DeltaI = 2
band have been measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method.
Experimental total angular momenta and reduced transition strengths for
the DeltaI = 1 bands have been compared with tilted axis cranking
predictions for shears bands with configurations involving one proton
g(9/2) hole and one or three valence quasineutrons from the h(11/2) and
g(7/2)/d(5/2) orbitals. The DeltaI = 2 bands have been compared with
principal axis cranking predictions for configurations with two g(9/2)
proton holes and a g(7/2) or d(5/2) proton and one- or three-quasineutron
configurations involving the h(11/2) and g(7/2)/d(5/2) orbitals. In
general, there is good overall agreement for both the angular momenta and reduced
transition strengths. The DeltaI = 1 and DeltaI = 2 bands have large
J((2))/B (E2) ratios as expected for the shears mechanism. The B (M1) strengths
deduced for the DeltaI = 1 bands show a decreasing trend as a function
of spin, which is also a feature of the shears mechanism. Configuration
assignments have been made for most observed bands based on comparisons
with theory and systematics of neighboring nuclei.

Neutrons and isotopically resolved light charged particles have been detected in coincidence with evaporation residues produced in the reaction E/A = 11 MeV ⁶⁰Ni+¹⁰⁰Mo. Multiplicities of evaporated particle-unstable clusters have been determined from correlations in the emission of these light particles. The decay of the short-lived ⁵He and ⁸Be (E^* = 3.04 MeV) states was found to be affected by the Coulomb field of the compound nucleus in accordance with theoretical estimates. The contributions to the measured kinetic-energy distributions of stable fragments from the sequential decay of the unstable clusters was examined. Overall, the contributions from secondary fragments do not greatly influence the spectral shapes and specifically the location of the spectral peaks are not significantly shifted down in energy due to the presence of these secondary fragments. Therefore contrary to the suggestion of Charity et al.
[Phys. Rev. C 56, 873 (1997)], the lower peak energy of the experimental α-particle spectrum as compared to standard statistical-model calculations cannot be attributed to sequential α-particles from ⁵He and other clusters. Only for the extreme "subbarrier" regions of the α-particle, deuteron, ^6,7Li, and ⁸Be spectra was the sequential contribution found to be dominant. Statistical-model calculations incorporating large initial deformations are shown to provide enhancements in the yield of low-energy fragments which are roughly appropriate for all the detected isotopes. This suggests that the origin of the sub-barrier enhancements may be a result of evaporation from highly deformed systems which are either produced dynamically during the fusion process or by thermal shape fluctuations.

Weiche Röntgenstrahlung wird in der diagnostischen Radiologie, aber auch in der Strahlentherapie angewandt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Wirkung weicher Röntgenstrahlen (25 kV) bzw. Referenzröntgenstrahlung (200 kV) für verschiedene Zelllinien (3T3/NIH Mausfibroblasten, V-79 Hamsterfibroblasten, primäre neonatale Haut-Keratinozyten des Menschen) verglichen. Zusammenfassend zeigen Fibroblasten ein vemindertes klonogenes Zellüberleben nach Bestrahlung mit weichen Röntgenstrahlen im Vergleich zu 200 kV Röntgenstrahlen. Dieser Unterschied geht einher mit einer Abnahme des alpha-Wertes und einer Zunahme von beta. Demgegenüber zeigen Keratinozyten keine deutliche Veränderung des
Zellüberlebens. Hier findet sich jedoch eine Zunahme von alpha.

Two new DI = 1 bands in the N = 75, doubly-odd nuclei ¹³⁶Pm and ¹³⁸Eu
are reported. These bands have been assigned the same
ph_11/2 nÄh_11/2
structure as the yrast band and show some of the features expected
from predicted chiral twin bands.

We present numerical results of a linear 3-D stability analysis of a square lid-driven cavity flow under the influence of an external magnetic field which is directed parallel to the lid. For Reynolds numbers up to Re * 7800 the 2-D hydrodynamic flow is steady. The Lorentz force has a strong influence on the 2-D flow structure, thereby changing number, shape and strength of the eddies inside. The resulting 3-D stability behaviour is rather complex since it depends on the 2-D flow structure. Although increasing magnetic fields are able to damp 3-D instability, in a parameter region around Re = 3100, several branches of the neutral stability curve do exist. This leads to a non-monotonic behaviour of receptivity to 3-D disturbances as the strength of the magnetic field is increased.

We present recent results on the characterization of highly-ordered polycrystalline thin films of the charge transfer salt TTF-TCNQ (TTF = tetrathiafulvalene, TCNQ = tetracyanoquinodimethane) prepared by thermal sublimation in high vacuum under different conditions. The increase in orientation and microcrystal size as a function of substrate and annealing temperatures is addressed. A consequence of such an increase is the reduction of the conductivity activation energy, which eventually leads to the observation of the Peierls transition by resistivity measurements. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) studies performed with synchrotron radiation reveal directly the influence of charge transfer on unoccupied states near the Fermi level.

Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices are an intriguing subject of electronic coherence in low dimensional semiconductor structures. The electronic coherence is destroyed by several scattering mechanisms, most important carrier-carrier scattering and carrier-phonon scattering. Especially in wide miniband superlattices with miniband widths larger than the LO phonon energy LO phonon emission is responsible for subpicosecond dephasing times. We investigate the dynamics of Bloch oscillations in GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs superlattices with large minibands tuned into resonance with LO phonons. The coherent excitation of coherent LO phonons via Bloch oscillations is observed at very low carrier densities. The peculiarities of the resonant excitation process are in agreement with theoretical considerations.

High spin states have been studied in the nucleus ¹⁰⁰Pd with the aim of investigating the novel phenomenon of "antimagnetic rotation." A cascade of four "rotational-band-like" transitions is proposed as corresponding to antimagnetic rotation, based on the observed spectroscopic properties and a comparison with calculations in the configuration-dependent cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky formalism.

The A(e,e^,K⁺YX reaction on H, D, ³He, and ⁴He was investigated in Hall C at CEBAF. Data were obtained for Q²≈0.35 and 0.5 GeV² at 3.245 GeV. The missing mass spectra for both H and D are fitted with Monte-Carlo simulations incorporating peaks corresponding to Λ production on the proton and Σ production on both the proton and neutron. For D, the cross section ratio Σ⁰/Σ^-≈2, and excess yield close to the thresholds for Λ and Σ production can be attributed to final-state interactions; models are compared to the data. The analysis of the data for the He targets is in a more preliminary state with broader quasi-free peaks resulting from the higher Fermi momenta. Evidence for bound Λ-hypernuclear states is seen and other structure may be present.

The relaxation dynamics of the lattice and low-energy quasiparticles in a YBa2Cu3O7 – x superconductor are studied by the light reflection technique with femtosecond temporal resolution in a wide temperature range. It is shown that, for T > Tc, there exist two temperature regions with qualitatively and quantitatively different excitation dynamics, and the transition between these regions is of a hysteretic nature. It is also found that the character of changes observed in the charge carrier relaxation dynamics in the superconducting state testifies to the presence of an anisotropic gap with nodes at the Fermi surface.

The coupling of coherent Bloch oscillations to LO phonons is investigated in ternary
InGaAs/InAlAs superlattice. The coherent amplitudes of distinct superlattice phonon modes are selectively enhanced in resonance with the Bloch oscillations frequency.

We investigate ultrafast reflectivity changes of a near-optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7-x (123) superconductor. The amplitude of coherently excited phonons show strong changes as a function of temperature above the superconducting transition temperature. These changes give evidence for two crossover temperatures within the pseudogap regime. In addition, these crossover temperatures exhibit a clear hysteretic behavior as a function of temperature.

The free-electron laser (FEL) facility at the Research Center Rossendorf will span the wavelength range from 5 µm to 150 µm. Driven by the superconducting linear accelerator ELBE (up to 40 MeV electron energies, bunch charge of 77 pC) the FEL will provide a continuous pulse train at 13 MHz with pulsewidths of 0.5 ps to 10 ps and pulse energies in the µJ range. These pulses will be used for time-resolved spectroscopy, nonlinear optics and optical near-field spectroscopy by three in-house groups working on semiconductors, bio-molecules and cells. We will describe the status of the FEL and of the experimental facilities. The combination of the FEL with high magnetic fields will represent unique experimental possibilities. These will be discussed with emphasis on semiconductor physics.

Die Grundlagen der zeitaufgelösten Spektroskopie an Halbleitern und Halbleiterheterostrukturen mit dem Freie-Elektronen Laser an ELBE werden erläutert mit Schwerpunkt auf der Dynamik von Intersubbandübergängen. Neben Anrege-Abfrage Experimenten mit einer Wellenenlänge (degenerate pump-probe) liefern Mehrfarben-Experimente mit synchronisierten Femtosekunden Lasern zusätzliche wichtige Informationen über elektronische Nichtgleichgewichts-Verteilungsfunktionen. Desweiteren werden die Techniken des Vier-Wellen Mischens und des spektralen Lochbrennens diskutiert, die bei der Beantwortung von Fragen nach inhomogenen/homogenen Verbreiterungen von Übergängen wichtig sind.

Die Entwicklung von Femtosekunden-Lasersystemen hat in den letzten Jahren einen rasanten Fortschritt gemacht. Vom Fernen Infrarot bis zur Röntgenstrahlung lassen sich auf einem optischen Tisch über nichtlineare optische Prozesse ultrakurze Pulse hoher Intensität erzeugen. Diese Laser erlauben die zeitliche Auflösung der wichtigsten Prozesse in Halbleitern, an Oberflächen, bei chemischen Reaktionen und in biologischen Systemen und sind damit zu einem wertvollen wissenschaftlichen Instrument geworden. Ihre Verknüpfung mit dem Freie-Elektronen Laser an ELBE ermöglicht weitere einzigartige spektroskopische Möglichkeiten.

Ich werde einige Beispiele meiner Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Femtosekunden-Spektroskopie kohärenter Anregungen in Halbleitern geben, insbesondere zur Anregung kohärenter Wellenpakete und Gitterschwingungen in Halbleiter Quantenstrukturen. Desweiteren werde ich auf Beiträge zur technologischen Entwicklung des Feldes, wie die Realisierung des kompaktesten Femtosekunden Lasers auf Festkörperbasis, und deren Anwendungen eingehen.

The excitation and detection of coherent phonon states in semiconductors
with femtosecond laser pulses reveals detailed insight into phonon dynamics on ultrashort time scales. I will review the generation mechanism responsible for
coherent phonon generation in different materials. I will present recent results on
the coupling of coherent electronic excitations to Bloch oscillations in superlattices
and the detection of phonon co-variances and their relation to squeezed phonon states.

The excitation and detection of coherent phonon states in semiconductors
with femtosecond laser pulses reveals detailed insight into phonon dynamics on ultrashort time scales. I will review the generation mechanism responsible for
coherent phonon generation in different materials. I will present recent results on
the coupling of coherent electronic excitations to Bloch oscillations in superlattices
and the detection of phonon co-variances and their relation to squeezed phonon states.

Ultrafast exciton dynamics in crescent-shaped GaAs quantum-wires have
been investigated using pump-probe and Reflective-Electro-Optic-Sampling (REOS)
methods. The differential-reflectivity shows the exciton energy-shift and the subband-relaxation. Also ultrafast coherent dynamics are observed in the REOS measurement.

The isoscalar-isovector (r-w) interferences in the exclusive reactions
p ^- p ® ne ⁺e^-
and
p ⁺ n ® pe ⁺ e ^-
near the w threshold leads to a distinct difference of the dielectron invariant
mass distributions depending on beam energy.
The strength of this effect is determined by the coupling of resonances to the nucleon
vector-meson channels and other resonance properties. Therefore, a combined analysis of the
se reactions can be usedas a tool for determining the baryon resonance dynamics.

Recently, a strong metal gettering in Si after ion implantation and annealing has been detected at depths between the surface and the projected ion range R_P, indicating the presence of residual defects therein. The theoretical ballistic calculations ascribed the R_P/2 effect to the excess vacancies resulting from the forward momentum transfer of the implanted ions into the silicon matrix. So far, the gettering centers for metals at R_P/2 have been considered to be too small to be visible by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). We show that the crucial point for visualization of the vacancy type defects at R_P/2 by TEM is the specimen preparation technique. The very widely used conventional ion milling technique for TEM specimen preparation introduces damage on the surface of the XTEM specimen, which blurs the original defect structure at R_P/2 and obscure it of being visualized. Only the TEM specimens prepared by cleaving reveals cavities at R_P/2. Minimum damage production caused during the preparation of the TEM specimen using cleaving allows the imaging of the cavities at R_P/2.

New sideband partners of the yrast bands built on the i
p h _11/2 n h _11/2
configuration were identified in _55Cs, ₅₇La, and ₆₁Pm
N = 75 isotones of ¹³⁴Pr.
These bands form with ¹³⁴Pr unique doublet-band systematics suggesting
a common basis. Aplanar solutions of 3D tilted axis cranking
calculations for triaxial shapes define left- and right-handed chiral
systems out of the three angular momenta provided by the valence
particles and the core rotation, which leads to spontaneous chiral symmetry
breaking and the doublet bands. Small energy differences between the

Guided self-organization of Ge nanowires in templates has been studied experimentally and theoretically. V-grooves formed in (001)Si by anisotropic etching with 30% KOH at 80°C. About 200 nm were grown on the (001)Si wafer surface and on the (111)Si V-groove sidewalls by oxidation at 1000°C in dry O2. The resulting SiO2-V-grooves were used as templates for the Ge nanowire fabrication. Ge+ ions have been implanted into the SiO2 at 70 keV with a fluence of 1017 cm-2. The theoretically predicted enrichment of Ge in the V-groove bottom during homogeneous ion implantation has been proven by analytic TEM (EDX). Annealing of Ge+ implanted samples in N2 leads to phase separation of Ge from the SiO2 matrix. Cross sectional TEM studies have confirmed the self-organization of a Ge nanowire in the SiO2 at the V-groove bottom, whereas only a thin layer of isolated Ge nanoclusters has been found in the V-groove side-walls. The kinetics of the wire formation during annealing was studied 3D Kinetic Lattice Monte-Carlo simulations. The comparison to experimental results reveals self-organization phenomena during phase separation, caused by nucleation, Ostwald ripening and coalescence. Moreover, the simulations were used to study the stability of very thin Ge nanowires against thermal fluctuations.

Inclusive and exclusive (i.e. via the f resonance) K^- meson production
cross sections have been measured in proton-proton
reactions at T_beam = 2.85 GeV. The inclusive K^- cross section is
about a factor 20 lower than the K⁺ cross sections at the
same available energy above threshold.
The observed f/w cross section ratio is enhanced by about an order
of magnitude relative to naive predictions based upon the
Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka (OZI) rule.
Differential cross section results are presented which indicate significant contributions from higher partial
waves in the proton-proton entrance channel.

Experiments and microscopic theoretical analysis show that the coupling of Bloch
oscillations with coherent longitudinal optical phonons in a GaAs/AlGaAs
superlattice leads to resonant coherent phonon excitation but no gap in the Bloch-phonon spectrum.

The erosion of III -V compound semiconductors by low-energy Ar ions
under normal incidence leads to the formation of regular nanoscale
quantum dot arrays. We present the dependence of the formation
on ion energy for GaSb and compare them to simulations based on
a continuum equation.

We demonstrate a wavelength-tunable Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser with a repetition
rate between 500 MHz and 1.5 GHz. A “half-Brewster-prism” is introduced into
the cavity to achieve tuning from 733 nm to 840 nm by tilting a cavity mirror.

We review the mechanism of the ion-induced formation of nanoscale quantum dots on III-V semiconductor surfaces and their potential applications.

Kaon electroproduction on hydrogen, deuterium and helium targets has been
measured at a beam energy of 3.245 GeV and four-momentum transfer, Q², ranging
from 0.34 to 0.5 GeV. Associated hyperon production off a nucleon in the
deuteron exhibits a quasifree production mechanism.
Excess yield close to the respective thresholds for L and S
production is observed. This can be accounted for be final-state interaction
between the electroproduced hyperon and the spectator nucleon. The effects
predicted from three different hyperon-nucleon potentials are compared to
the data. The measurements on the helium targets is the first ever performed.
Very preliminary results are presented.

In this work we report on the production of cubic boron nitride (c-BN) thin films by Dual Ion Beam Deposition (DIBD). The interest of this work is to search for an ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) method able to produce thick (> 1 um) low-stress c-BN thin films and, hence, with potential industrial application. This is not applicable in the case of IBAD using electron beam evaporation, since the material contained in the liner limits the maximum process time and, in addition, the fact that boron sublimes, makes difficult a fine control over the evaporation rate. Our DIBD system is equipped with two commercial Kauffman-type ion guns. Boron atoms were sputtered by direct Ar+ bombardment of a 3” boron target. The ions impinge under an angle of 45° and are produced with a 3 cm beam-diameter ion gun. The growth process was assisted by concurrent bombardment from a mixture of argon and nitrogen ions extracted from a 5 cm beam-diameter ion gun. For the cubic phase growth, the substrate temperature and ion assisting parameters were chosen in order to reach the required momentum transfer per incoming atom [1]. The stress release was achieved by additional ion bombardment with medium-energy N2+ ions (35 keV) during the growth process [2].

REFERENCES:

[1] D.J. Kester, R. Messier, J. Appl. Phys. 72 (1992) 504.
[2] C. Fitz, A. Kolitsch, W. Möller, Appl. Phy. Lett. 80 (2001) 55.

Amorphous CNxHy films have been deposited by ECR-CVD from argon, nitrogen and methane gas mixtures. The composition and bonding environment of the films, consisting in one-dimensional polymeric chains with amine groups, have been studied by ERDA and IRS. By proper selection of the gas mixture composition, hydrogen incorporation in the films can be controlled. For low methane concentrations (CH4/(N2+CH4)<0.5) hydrogen atoms are predominantly joined as NHx radicals whereas for higher methane concentrations the CHx percentage in the films strongly increases. Furthermore, as the methane concentration increases, the substitution of NHx by larger size CHx radicals accounts for the decrease in the H content of the films, as detected by ERDA (Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis). The influence on the hydrogen incorporation of the argon content in the gas mixture has also been evaluated.

X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) of amorphous carbon films shows a fine structure at the pi* and sigma* bands that is not present in the reference crystalline graphite and diamond materials. Thermal treatments of the amorphous carbon films in a vacuum induce clear changes in the fine structure, hence indicating that it is due to the presence of multiple bonding states. The intensity and energy position of the multiple pi* and sigma* states is directly correlated, confirming its origin as different bonding states of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. The presence of the fine structure in amorphous carbon is interpreted as due to the presence of distorted trigonal and tetragonal bonding structures, in addition to the ideal hexagonal and cubic structures.

The capability of the direct polymer molding method to transfer ordered nanopatterns from a surface-modified silicon template to polymeric materials, such as polystyrene (PS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) is investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). The lateral resolution of the method for both materials is 54 ± 1 nm while the vertical resolution is 56 ± 1 nm and 3 ± 1 nm, for PS and HIPS, respectively. This difference is explained by considering the different nanomechanical properties of the polymers. In contrast, HIPS surfaces are more resistant to the wear induced by the repetitive ‘‘reading’’ of the surface structure with the AFM tip.

We investigate the reaction pp ® da₀ ⁺ at COSY and SIS energies
together with accompanying background reactions and inclusive particle yields.
The a₀ ⁺ is considered as a usual quark model state with two decay channels
a₀ ⁺ ® K⁺[`(K<sup>0</sup>)] and a<sub>0</sub> <sup>+</sup> ® p <sup>+</sup> h.
Cross sections for a<sub>0</sub> <sup>+</sup> production as well as for the corresponding nonresonant channels
pp ® dK<sup>+</sup>[` (K⁰)] and pp ®dp ⁺ h are compared.
Especially in case of the final channel dp ⁺ h
high statistics measurements are necessary to extract the a₀ ⁺ signal from the nonresonant background.

A balanced dual-cathode reactive magnetron sputtering system has been developed, which allows the growth of TiN/AlN bilayers from pure titanium and aluminium targets in a mixture of argon and nitrogen gases. One important property of the TiN/AlN coatings is that they combine two important requirements for protective coatings: good adhesion properties of the TiN films and the chemical stability of the AlN films. The chemical composition of the grown layers has been studied by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) techniques, and nitrogen incorporation in the nitrides has been correlated to the argonynitrogen ratio in the sputtering gas. Structural properties have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the results showed the presence of cubic TiN and hexagonal AlN phases in the grown bilayer. Mechanical properties have been extracted from nano-indentation measurements, giving hardness values for TiN/AlN bilayer in the range of the reported values for TiN coatings.

Ternary BCN compounds can be grown by B4C evaporation and concurrent N2/Ar ion assistance in both hexagonal and cubic structures, depending on the deposition parameters. However, the films are always carbon poor, with a maximum carbon content of approximately 10 at.% in hexagonal BCN, and 5 at.% of C in cubic BCN. In order to increase the carbon content in the films, we have added CH4 to the bombarding gas mixture. In the case of hexagonal structures, the additional carbon atoms are efficiently incorporated to the h-BCN without finding a solubility limit. For the cubic structures, the carbon enrichment induces a disruption of the structure and segregation into h-BCN and BxC domains.

This work compares the composition and bonding structure of hydrogenated carbon nitride films (CNx:H) obtained by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapour deposition (ECR-CVD) with those of hydrogen-free carbon nitrides (CNx) obtained by nitrogen ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) of graphite.The composition and structure of the films was analysed by ion scattering techniques well suited to the detection of hydrogen, in addition to the more conventional infrared spectroscopy.The bonding structure was examined by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES).The typical IBAD CNx films are graphitic with a N/C content below 0.3. However, the ECR-CVD films show a less graphitic bonding structure. The ECR-CVD films were synthesised in a conventional microwave ECR reactor (2.25 GHz, 875 Gauss, 250 W) using as precursor gases N2 and Ar in the reactor chamber, and CH4 directly in the deposition chamber.

Abtrennung von Uranylionen aus Sicker- und Grundwässern mit uranophilen Calixarenen-Integrierter Umweltschutz in der Textilindustrie

In silicon-nanocluster (Si-NC) memories, Si-NC embedded in the gate oxide of a MOSFET are used to store and release electrons thereby modifying the threshold of a transistor. This article describes the formation of its core functional structure, the Si-NC MOS memory capacitor, by annealing a SiO2/SiOX (x < 2) stack, deposited onto a thin direct tunneling oxide on silicon by a sputtering method. To achieve a high density of isolated Si-NC, both, the initial silicon excess in the SiOX layer and the thermal annealing treatment must be optimized. Optimum conditions are expected just at the end of the nucleation stage of the NC ensemble. Therefore the effect of various rapid thermal anneals (RTA) on SiOX/Si structures with different silicon excess x was investigated focusing on two optical methods: infrared absorption and photoluminescence (PL). The rate of nucleation and phase separation was found to depend strongly on both, silicon excess and annealing temperature. The characteristic size dependence of Si-NC PL was used to differentiate annealing regimes yielding NC ensembles being 'frozen' in the process of nucleation or in their growth/ripening phase respectively. Additionally, Si-NC MOS memory capacitors were prepared and characterized using both, optical and electrical tests. The devices prepared under optimized conditions yield a high flat-band shift and good charge retention characteristics.

High-spin states in the N = Z nucleus ⁷²Kr were populated using
the ⁴⁰Ca(³⁶Ar,2p2n) reaction at a beam energy of 145 MeV.
The yrast band has been observed up to a tentative spin of 20 h.
Nonyrast rotational structures have also been observed for the first time.
The alignment of g _9/2 protons and neutrons in the yrast band is observed to
be significantly delayed relative to the heavier even-even Kr isotopes.
Exact deformed cranked shell model calculations suggest that this could be due to the combined effect
of isovector (T = 1) and isoscalar (T = 0) neutron-proton pairing correlations.

Tritium depth profiles in carbon have been determined at the Rossendorf AMS facilities during the past seven years. The samples have been cut from tiles of the inner walls of the fusion reactors ASDEX-upgrade Garching, JET Culham and TFTR Princeton. The high tritium content required a dedicated AMS facility to prevent any contamination of the versatile 3 MV Tandetron. It is based on an SF6-insulated 100 kV tandem accelerator equipped with a DLC stripper foil of about 1µg/cm². Depth profiles of deuterium and other light elements can also be measured in SIMS mode or AMS mode depending on concentrations.

We measured photoelectron yield, light output, decay times of the light pulses, cerium concentration, energy resolution and time resolution of LSO:Ce manufactured by different laboratories and LGSO:Ce. The LSO samples show excellent scintillation properties: high light output, close to 30,000 ph/MeV and good energy resolution of 7.3% FWHM for ¹³⁷Cs gamma-source full energy peak. Time resolution measured in geometry fulfilling the PET scanners requirements is equal to 450 ps.
We also present results from the measurements with LGSO:Ce by Hitachi Chemical Co., which is of similar chemical composition to LSO. LGSO, at present stage of development, shows about 20% lower light output than LSO and energy resolution of 12.4% FWHM for 662 keV gamma-rays.
LSO crystals used in our studies posses similar in scintillation properties, although we suppose that the details of the productions method are different due to the differences in Ce concentration. LGSO is a new and very promising scintillator due to lower background radiation in comparison to LSO, but it features worse energy resolution and smaller number of photoelectrons.

The double differential dilepton spectrum dN/ (dM² dM _^ ²)
at fixed transverse mass M _^ allows a direct access to the vector meson spectral
functions. Within a fireball model the sensitivity of dN/ (dM²dM _^ ²) against variations of both the in-medium properties of mesons and the dynamics of the fireball is investigated. In contrast to the integrated invariant-mass spectrum dN/dM², in the spectrum dN/dM²dM _^ ² with fixed M _^ the ω signal is clearly seen as bump riding on the ρ background even in case of strong in-medium modifications.

High-spin states in the doubly odd N=75 nuclei Pm-136 and Eu-138 were populated following the Sn-116(Mg-24,p3n) and Cd-106(Cl-35,2pn) reactions, respectively. A new ΔI = 1 band is reported in Eu-138 and new data are presented for the recently reported band in Pm-136. Polarization and angular correlation measurements have been performed to establish the relative spin and parity assignments for these bands. Both bands have been assigned the same πh _11/2νh _11/2 structure as the yrast band and are suggested as candidates for chiral twin bands.

The chiral-twin candidate bands recently observed in ¹³⁶Pm have been extended to high spins [I = (21)] using the Gammasphere γ-ray spectrometer and the Microball charged-particle detector array.
A more-detailed spectroscopy of the bands was possible, where the rotational alignments and B(M1)/B(E2) ratios confirm that both sequences have the πh _11/2νh _11/2 configuration. Particle-rotor calculations of intraband and interband transition
strength ratios of the chiral-twin bands are compared with experimental values for the first time. Good agreement was found between the predicted transition strength ratios and the experimental values, thus supporting the possible chiral nature of the configuration in πh _11/2νh _11/2
¹³⁶Pm.

The discrete symmetries of the rotating mean field lead to a variety of rotation
al bands with different sequences of spin and parity. We focus on the
breaking of chiral symmetry in rotating triaxial nuclei.

The conduction electrons in clusters of simple metal atoms are approximatively i
ndependent and free. Nucleons in nuclei also behave as delocalized
and independent fermions. This generic behavior generates analogies between
metal clusters and nuclei, such as the shell structure, the shapes,
and the dipole vibration mode. However, there are also major differences
that arise from the presence of ions in metal clusters. Fission of nuclei and
clusters, and particle emission from them, reveal these differences.

The concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is applied to the rotating mean field of nuclei. The description is based on the tilted-axis cranking model, which takes into account that the rotational axis can take any orientation with respect to the deformed density distribution. The appearance of rotational bands in nuclei is analyzed, focusing on weakly deformed nuclei at high angular moment um. The quantization of the angular momentum of the valence nucleons leads to new phenomena. Magnetic rotation represents the quantized rotation of the anisotropic current distribution in a near pherical nucleus. The restricted amount of angular momentum of the valence particles causes band termination. The discrete symmetries of the mean-field Hamiltonian provide a classification scheme of rotational bands. New symmetries result from the combination of the spatial symmetries of the density distribution with the vector of the angular momentum. The author discusses in detail which symmetries appear for a reflection-symmetric density distribution and how they show up in the properties of the rotational bands. In particular, the consequences of rotation about a nonprincipal axis and of breaking the chiral symmetry are analyzed. Also discussed are which symmetries and band structures appear for non-reflection-symmetric mean fields. The consequences of breaking the symmetry with respect to gauge and isospin rotations are sketched. Some analogies outside nuclear physics are mentioned. The application of symmetry-restoring methods to states with large angular momentum is reviewed.

Experimental data on charged kaon phase space distributions and strangeness sidewards
flow measured with the FOPI detector at SIS/GSI are presented.
Comparisons are made with the predictions of transport models investigating the in-medium
kaon-nucleon potential.