Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

This work aims to develop a two-phase DNS data-driven bubble drag model and to implement it into a multiphase flow CFD simulation. To accomplish the goal, a Tensorflow (TF)-OpenFOAM(OF) integration interface has been established. Such an interface is capable of calling and making machine learning model to predict a quantity of interest on the fly. A benchmark case for the bubble drag coefficient is proposed to validate the interface. A Feed forward neural network (FNN) approach was utilized to approximate the drag correlation (Tomiyama et al., 1998) using artificially generated data. Results of the integration showed good consistency in radial void fraction and velocity profiles. As the next step actual DNS bubble tracking datasets are used as a data source (Fang et al., 2017, Cambareri et al., 2019). The data segments where bubble have quasi-stable main-stream velocity were filtered out for drag coefficient calculation. The DNS-informed model predicts bubble drag coefficient by taking bubble Reynolds number (Re) and Eötvös number (Eo) as input to consider the effects from local fluid and bubble shape. The model is applied in a Euler-Euler two-phase flow simulation of a bubbly pipe flow in OF. The required closure terms, except the drag model, utilize the baseline model of Liao et al. (2020) The results of radial void fraction and velocity profiles are discussed and compared to a reference solution with the baseline model.

We aimed to investigate whether short dynamic PET imaging started at injection, complemented with routine clinical acquisition at 60-min post-injection (static), can achieve reliable kinetic analysis.
Methods
Dynamic and static 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) PET data were generated using realistic simulations to assess uncertainties due to statistical noise as well as bias. Following image reconstructions, kinetic parameters obtained from a 2-tissue-compartmental model (2TCM) were estimated, making use of the static image, and the time duration of dynamic PET data were incrementally shortened. We also investigated, in the first 2-min, different frame sampling rates, towards optimized dynamic PET imaging. Kinetic parameters from shortened dynamic datasets were additionally estimated for 9 patients (15 scans) with liver metastases of colorectal cancer, and were compared with those derived from full dynamic imaging using correlation and Passing–Bablok regression analyses.
Results
The results showed that by reduction of dynamic scan times from 60-min to as short as 5-min, while using static data at 60-min post-injection, bias and variability stayed comparable in estimated kinetic parameters. Early frame samplings of 5, 24 and 30 s yielded highest biases compared to other schemes. An early frame sampling of 10 s generally kept both bias and variability to a minimum. In clinical studies, strong correlation (r ≥ 0.97, P < 0.0001) existed between all kinetic parameters in full vs. shortened scan protocols.
Conclusions
Shortened 5-min dynamic scan, sampled as 12 × 10 + 6 × 30 s, followed by 3-min static image at 60-min post-injection, enables accurate and robust estimation of 2TCM parameters, while enabling generation of SUV estimates.

Selected contributions of the 17th Multiphase Flow Conference at HZDR were published in a special issue of the Open Access Journal Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow. In this contribution an overview on the conference and a short introduction to the single papers is given.

Purpose: The current status of German residency training in the field of radiation oncology is provided and compared to programmes in other countries. In particular, we present the DEGRO-Academy within the international context.
Methods: Certified courses from 2018 and 2019 were systematically assigned to the DEGRO-Curriculum, retrospectively for 2018 and prospectively for 2019. In addition, questionnaires of course evaluations were provided, answered by course participants and collected centrally.
Results: Our data reveal a clear increase in curriculum coverage by certified courses from 57.6% in 2018 to 77.5% in 2019. The analyses enable potential improvements in German curriculum-based education. Specific topics of the DEGRO-Curriculum are still underrepresented, while others decreased in representation between 2018 and 2019. It was found that several topics in the DEGRO-Curriculum require more attention because of a low DEGRO-curriculum coverage. Evaluation results of certified courses improved significantly with a median grade of 1.62 in 2018 to 1.47 in 2019 (p=0.0319).
Conclusion: The increase of curriculum coverage and the simultaneous improvement of course evaluations are promising with respect to educational standards in Germany. Additionally, the early integration of radiation oncology into medical education is a prerequisite for resident training because of rising demands on quality control and increasing patient numbers. This intensified focus is a requirement for continued high standards and quality of curriculum-based education in radiation oncology both in Germany and other countries.

Introduction
First measurements with a research prototype system for in-beam MR imaging during proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) have shown that the dynamic magnetic fringe fields of the nearby PBS magnets interfere with the static MRI (B0 =0.22 T) field, causing image ghosting artefacts [1]. Passive magnetic shielding is a possible means of eliminating the artefacts by decoupling the MR and PBS magnetic fields. The aim of this study was to determine the shielding factor required for artefact-free MR imaging during PBS dose delivery.
Materials and Methods
The change in B0 magnitude (ΔB0) due to the PBS fringe field was measured with a magnetic field camera positioned in the MR isocenter both as function of (1) the radiation field size [range 4−40 cm] and (2) the distance between the MR isocenter and the PBS isocenter [range 0.3−2.3 m]. Furthermore, images of the ACR Small Phantom were acquired during dose delivery for (1) and (2), and the percent signal ghosting ratio (PSGR) was assessed to determine the maximum ΔB0 for which the ACR action criterion of ≤0.025 was met.
Results
The magnetic field camera measurements showed that the maximum ΔB0 was 5.66 μT in the worst-case scenario of the minimum distance between MRI and PBS isocenter (0.3 m) and maximum scanning field size (40 cm). For this scenario, the PSGR test passed at a field size of 1.2 cm. Here, the maximum ΔB0 was 0.27 μT. The PSGR test was only passed for field sizes of 4 and 12 cm at distances of 1.3 m and 2.3 m between PBS and MR isocenter, respectively. In both cases, the maximum ΔB0 was 0.28 μT. Hence, a minimum shielding factor of 5.66 μT/0.28 μT = 20.22 would be required for artefact-free MR imaging during PBS dose delivery.
Conclusion
The magnetic shielding factor required for artefact-free MR imaging during PBS dose delivery was experimentally determined for the in-beam MR imaging research prototype system.
References
[1] S. Gantz et al. 2020 Phys. Med. Biol, 65(21), 215014

Treatment verification is expected to improve targeting precision in particle therapy. A promising technique to achieve this goal is the detection of prompt gamma rays emitted along the particle tracks inside the patient. The range of the particle beam can be inferred by determining the time distribution of these gamma-rays relative to the radio frequency of the accelerator, a method commonly referred to as Prompt Gamma-Ray Timing.

However, the translation of this method into a clinical setting is currently hindered by instabilities of the phase relation between the arrival of the proton bunches and the radio frequency of the accelerator. These instabilities include two effects, which have been studied at the clinical treatment facility of the University Proton Therapy Dresden. Firstly, a long-term drift of the proton bunch phase relative to the radio frequency in the order of several hundred picoseconds per hour was observed, which may be caused by small temperature changes in the cyclotron’s magnet resulting in magnetization variations in its iron parts. Secondly, strongly damped oscillations in the mean of measured prompt gamma-ray timing spectra with an amplitude in the order of few hundred picoseconds occur for about two seconds after each change of the particle energy during pencil beam scanning. This oscillation is caused by ramping the acceleration voltage back to its nominal value, which is reduced between energy layers to minimize the dark current of the accelerator and the resulting excess dose to the patient.

While the former effect is only of secondary importance for the treatment due to its comparably long time scale, the phase oscillation has a considerable negative impact on the accuracy of the Prompt Gamma-Ray Timing method, which has to detect time shifts in the order of a few picoseconds for the detection of millimeter range changes. Therefore, the development of a method to monitor the arrival time of the proton bunches independently from the accelerator radio frequency, a so-called proton bunch monitor, is crucial.

To this end, a bunch monitor prototype was developed consisting of scintillating fibers placed in the halo of the proton beam. The fibers were read out on both ends by silicon photomultipliers. A thick acrylic glass target with cylindrical air cavities of varying thickness and different tissue-equivalent inserts was irradiated with protons of clinically relevant energies and typical beam currents. The mean proton arrival time, determined from the time spectra of the proton bunch monitor, was used to correct the prompt gamma-ray timing spectra acquired by Ø2”x2”CeBr3 high-resolution scintillation detectors. This correction allowed to resolve differences in the prompt-gamma ray timing spectra acquired with the different cavities and inserts.

In conclusion, the developed proton bunch monitor was successfully integrated to the Prompt Gamma-Ray Timing method and is expected to enable the clinical application of this method for clinical treatment verification in particle therapy.

Flashing is frequently encountered in nuclear power systems for example as leakage occurring on the steam generator (SG) heat transfer tubes. Pressurized primary coolant flows rapidly through the crack and flashes into vapor. The pressure relief rate and loss rate of coolant, which affects largely the safety of fission reactors, are determined by the flashing phase change process. Information about the flashing phenomenon is of significance for the leakage online monitoring system, which ensures the normal operation of steam generator (SG) and safety of the reactor when tube rupture accidents occur. In this research, steady-state and transient 3D flashing flow inside a short micro-crack channel in the heat transfer tube wall of SG have been studied using FLUENT. The cavitation model and evaporation-condensation model, in combination with both the mixture two-phase flow and the Eulerian two-fluid model, are adopted to simulate the flashing phenomenon. The real geometry and operating conditions of AP1000 nuclear system are adopted to reflect the reality leakage phenomenon in SG. Two types of micro-crack shape including axial crack and circumferential crack, which both can happen in the reality, are considered. The CFD results gained from five different models have been compared with experimental data, and good agreement is demonstrated.
The model comparison shows that the evaporation-condensation model behaves superior to the cavitation model in simulating the flashing phenomenon. Finally, the leakage rates are gained under different crack shapes, sub-cooling degrees and backpressures with the most accuracy scheme. In addition, two-phase choking flow phenomenon is simulated by changing backpressure of cracked tubes. The simulation results in this research could be good reference for leakage prediction of micro-crack in SG to improve the operation performance of SG and safety of the whole nuclear power system.

Normal-incidence 1-keV Ar+ ion bombardment leads to amorphization and ultrasmoothing of Ge at room temperature, but at elevated temperatures the Ge surface remains crystalline and is unstable to the formation of self-organized nanoscale patterns of ordered pyramid-shaped pits. The physical phenomenon distinguishing the high-temperature patterning from room-temperature ultrasmoothing is believed to be a surface instability due to the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier for diffusing vacancies and adatoms, which is not present on the amorphous material. This real-time grazing-incidence small-angle x-ray scattering study compares smoothing of a prepatterned Ge sample at room temperature with patterning of an initially flat Ge sample at an elevated temperature. In both experiments, when the nanoscale structures are relatively small in height, the average kinetics can be explained by a linear theory. The linear theory coefficients, indicating surface stability or instability, were extracted for both experiments. A comparison between the two measurements allows estimation of the contribution of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier to the self-organized formation of ordered nanoscale patterns on crystalline Ge surfaces.

Treatment planning in radiotherapy distinguishes three target volume concepts: the gross tumor volume (GTV), the clinical target volume (CTV), and the planning target volume (PTV). Over time, GTV definition and PTV margins have improved through the development of novel imaging techniques and better image guidance, respectively. CTV definition is sometimes considered the weakest element in the planning process. CTV definition is particularly complex since the extension of microscopic disease cannot be seen using currently available in-vivo imaging techniques. Instead, CTV definition has to incorporate knowledge of the patterns of tumor progression. While CTV delineation has largely been considered the domain of radiation oncologists, this paper, arising from a 2019 ESTRO Physics research workshop, discusses the contributions that medical physics and computer science can make by developing computational methods to support CTV definition. First, we overview the role of image segmentation algorithms, which may in part automate CTV delineation through segmentation of lymph node stations or normal tissues representing anatomical boundaries of microscopic tumor progression. The recent success of deep convolutional neural networks has also enabled learning entire CTV delineations from examples. Second, we discuss the use of mathematical models of tumor progression for CTV definition, using as example the application of glioma growth models to facilitate GTV-to-CTV expansion for glioblastoma that is consistent with neuroanatomy. We further consider statistical machine learning models to quantify lymphatic metastatic progression of tumors, which may eventually improve elective CTV definition. Lastly, we discuss approaches to incorporate uncertainty in CTV definition into treatment plan optimization as well as general limitations of the CTV concept in the case of infiltrating tumors without natural boundaries.

Subsurface water-rock interactions involve the coupled phenomena of chemical reactions and fluid transport, in which the chemical reactions between minerals and water can cause mineral dissolution/precipitation and aqueous species adsorption/desorption. The subsurface reactive transport processes play an important role in the enhanced prediction of oil and gas migration in the petroleum reservoirs as well as radionuclides migration in the host rocks. Consequently, an efficient numerical model that can rigorously capture such coupled phenomena is thus essential to the optimized design of implementations for those addressed problems.
In this talk, we first present a 3D mathematical model that couples the Stokes-Brinkman equation and reactive transport model for modeling the coupled processes of reactive flow and transport in fractured porous media. The numerical experiments show that the proposed model can efficiently simulate the coupled processes of fluid flow, reactive transport, and alterations of rock properties in fractured porous media under both linear and radial flow. Secondly, we focus on radionuclides transport and retention in claystone formations using GeoPET analysis and reactive transport modeling. We propose an integrated upscaling workflow to predict effective diffusivity of radionuclides diffusion in the shaly facies of Opalinus clay based on the reconstructed multi-scale digital rocks. The GeoPET measurements provide analytical insights into spatial and temporal tracer distribution, which can be utilized to validate the numerical model. The combination of pore-scale reactivity and core scale transport modeling provides critical insight into the radionuclide migration heterogeneity. We discuss these results with a focus on upscaling strategies to the field scale of host rocks.

We discuss the limitations to material flows from recycling in the circular economy, using as a case the simulation-based analysis of the CdTe Photovoltaic cells. It is important to use a simulation basis for the analysis, since this permits the quantification of all material losses both in terms of exergy and energy simultaneously i.e. 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics. Harmonizing this with the power supply flowing into the system and minimizing energy usage as well as exergy losses will maximize the resource efficiency.

Low-permeability Opalinus clay formations are considered as a potential host rock for the storage of high-level nuclear waste (Nagra 2002). The diffusion of dissolved species is the dominating transport process in this rock type (Van Loon et al. 2003). Stratification and spatial variability of composition cause anisotropic and heterogeneous diffusion patterns, which could significantly speed up diffusive transport compared to commonly assumed homogeneous conditions. Anisotropy of diffusive transport has been studied on oriented samples in diffusion cells and with positron emission tomography (Kulenkampff et al. 2016). The heterogeneity of the diffusive spreading is increased still further due to sandy layers and diagenetic carbonates, affecting the radionuclide migration behavior at the core scale.
Here, we parameterize a reactive transport model by using experimental and analytical data on Eu(III) sorption efficiency at the pore scale. The effective retention coefficients calculated at the pore scale serve as input values for the reactive transport simulation at the core scale. Diffusive transport model parametrization utilizes GeoPET/μCT results on the migration behavior of 22Na+ at the core scale. Numerical simulation is performed using an existing code (Yuan et al. 2019), which contains the reactive transport model for simulating reactive diffusion process at the core scale. The combination of pore-scale reactivity and core scale transport modeling provides critical insight into the radionuclide migration heterogeneity. We discuss these results with a focus on upscaling strategies to the field scale of host rocks.

Introduction
To date, proton therapy is hampered by the lack of reliable in-vivo real-time feedback on the beam range, profile and energy deposition. So far, no technique enables the determination of beam effects on images also showing anatomical information in 2D/3D with high temporal and spatial resolution. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of visualizing a stopping proton beam in water using MR imaging.
Materials & methods
An open 0.22 T MR scanner was combined with a static proton research beamline to acquire MR images during simultaneous proton beam irradiation. Proton beams with an energy of 190−225 MeV and current of 3−64 nA impinged centrally on a 20 cm PMMA range modulator and were stopped in a water-filled phantom placed inside a dedicated knee MR receiver coil. A variety of different MR pulse sequences including T1- and T2-weighted Spin Echo (SE), Turbo Spin Echo, spoiled and unspoiled T1-weighted Gradient Echo (GE), inversion recovery gradient echo (IRGE), FLASH, Scout and time-of-flight (TOF) Angio were used. For each sequence, coronal images were acquired both with and without irradiation.
Results
The unspoiled GE sequence exhibited a hyper-intense central line artefact that showed a beam energy and current dependent twist under irradiation. The spoiled GE, IRGE, FLASH, Scout and TOF Angio sequences showed hyper- or hypo-intense signatures in the images that varied with the expected range and mimicked the shape of a 2D dose profile. The intensity of the effects depends on the beam current. The beam range determined from the MR images agrees to the expected range within a few millimeters. No beam induced signal changes were observed in the SE sequences.
Conclusion
A stopping proton beam in liquid water can be visualized with MRI. The observed signatures are beam energy and range as well as beam current and dose dependent. The underlying physical principles and the transferability to non-liquid materials needs further investigation.

The quest for renewable energy sources entails an increasingly intermittent electricity supply.
Transmission grid updates can only partially account for balancing the resulting variations and large-scale stationary storage will gain importance in future energy landscapes dominated by volatile sources.
Today’s battery technologies were, with the notable exception of redox-flow batteries, mainly designed for and driven by mobile applications. Those prioritize properties (energy density, power rating) that are less important for stationary storage. Thus, battery technologies developed from the ground up to meet the needs of stationary storage have the potential to much better address the specifics of huge capacity installations.
Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are a new technology for grid-scale energy storage. They consist of all liquid cells that operate with liquid metals as electrodes and molten salts as electrolytes. The liquids separate into three stably stratified layers by virtue of density and mutual immiscibility. This conceptually very simple and self-assembling structure has the unique advantage to allow for an easy scale-up at the cell level: single-cell cross sections can potentially reach several square-meters. Such cell sizes enable highly favourable and otherwise unattainable ratios of active to construction material because of the cubic scaling (volume) of the former and the quadratic scaling (surface) of the latter. The total costs should therefore largely be determined by those of the active materials.
The talk will start with a general introduction to LMBs and then focus on the fluid mechanics in these devices. Electric currents, magnetic fields, and heat and mass transfer are tightly coupled with the cells’ electrochemistry. First a number of fluid dynamic instabilities will be discussed in relation to operational safety. The remainder of the talk will deal with transport phenomena in the positive electrode. While transport in most modern battery systems is typically dominated by diffusion and migration in micrometer-scale liquid layers and solids, convection - with exception of the aforementioned redox-flow batteries - rarely plays a role. This is in stark contrast to LMBs were mediated by the fully liquid interior fluid flow can be driven by various mechanisms. The influence of solutal convection on the cycling behavior of a cell will be demonstrated. Electromagnetically induced convection can be used to improve mixing thereby mitigating diffusion overpotentials.

The electronic structure and quasi-particle absorption spectra of anatase titanium dioxide has been calculated by employing state of the art density functional theory(DFT) and Many-Body Perturbation Theory methods(MBPT) within the framework of Hybrid Density Functional(HSE). GW methods are used in combination with Bethe-Salpeter Equation (BSE) to determine the Quasi Particle energy levels and the role of excitons in optical absorption spectra. Accurate optical and electronic band gap are determined from these methods. In addition to it an analysis of charge redistribution within the anatase unit cell is also presented within the PBE - DFT to analyze the orbital hybridization patterns and the character of chemical bonds.

Nonaqueous Pickering emulsions (PEs) are a powerful platform for catalysis design, offering both a large interface contact and a preferable environment for water-sensitive synthesis. However, up to now, little progress has been made to incorporate insoluble enzymes into the nonaqueous system for biotransformation. Herein, we present biocatalytically active nonaqueous PEs, stabilized by particle-enzyme nanoconjugates, for the fast transesterification and esterification, and eventually for biodiesel synthesis. Our nanoconjugates are the hybrid biocatalysts tailor-made by loading hydrophilic Candida antarctica lipase B onto hydrophobic silica nanoparticles, resulting in not only catalytically active but highly amphiphilic particles for stabilization of a methanol-decane emulsion. The enzyme activity in these PEs is significantly enhanced, ca. 375-time higher than in the nonaqueous biphasic control. Moreover, the PEs can be multiply reused without significant loss of enzyme performance. With this proof‐of‐concept, we reasonably expect that our system can be expanded for many advanced syntheses using different enzymes in the future.

The application of polymers to replace oleylamine (OLA) and oleic acid (OA) as ligands for perovskite nanocrystals is an effective strategy to improve their stability and durability especially for the solution-based processing. Herein, we report a mechanosynthesis of lead bromide perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by partially hydrolyzed poly(methyl methacrylate) (h-PMMA) and high-molecular-weight highly-branched poly(ethylenimine) (PEI-25K). The as-synthesized NP solutions exhibited green emission centered at 516 nm, possessing a narrow full-width at half-maximum of 17 nm and as high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) as 85%, while showing excellent durability and resistance to polar solvents, e.g., methanol. The colloids of polymer-stabilized NPs were directly processable to form stable and strongly-emitting thin films and solids, making them attractive as gain media. Furthermore, the roles of h-PMMA and PEI-25K in the grinding process were studied in depth. The h-PMMA can form micelles in the grinding solvent of dichloromethane to act as size-regulating templates for the growth of NPs. The PEI-25K with large amounts of amino groups induced significant enrichment of PbBr₂ in the reaction mixture, which in turn caused the formation of CsPb₂Br₅-mPbBr₂3-Cs₄PbBr₆-nCsBr NPs. The presence of CsPbBr₃-Cs₄PbBr₆-nCsBr NPs was responsible for the high PL QY, as the Cs₄PbBr₆ phase with a wide energy bandgap can passivate the surface defects of the CsPbBr₃ phase. This work describes a direct and facile mechanosynthesis of polymer-coordinated perovskite NPs and promotes in-depth understanding of the formation and phase conversion for perovskite NPs in the grinding process.

We report nonlinear charge-carrier response in GaAs/InGaAs core/shell nanowires that are driven by intense THz pulses. In the first experiment, half-cycle THz pulses emitted from an organic DSTMS crystal lead to a red-shift of the plasmon Peak indicating intervalley transfer of the electrons. In the second experiment, a single, highly electron doped nanowire is investigated by scattering near-field infrared microscopy using intense free-electron laser (FEL) pulses. Here the observed red shift of the mid-infrared plasma resonance depends on the pulse energy and can be explained by heating the electron system in the nonparabolic conduction band.

Dysfunctional or incomplete endothelium on cardiovascular devices has been identified as key factor of thrombus formation. Therefore, the establishment of confluent endothelial cell (EC) monolayers is a challenge in cardiovascular device engineering. Previous studies revealed that arterial EC were able to endothelialize gelatin-based hydrogels. However, as EC differ markedly in their function dependent from their origin, this study investigated whether venous EC (HUVEC) also form a monolayer on gelatin-based hydrogels obtained by reacting gelatin with different molar ratios of lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester (using a 3-, 5- or 8-fold excess) exhibiting variations in their elastic properties. The density of adherent HUVEC on the soft hydrogel at 37 °C (G’ = 1.02 kPa, E = 1.1±0.3 kPa) was significantly lower than on the stiffer hydrogels (G’ = 2.515 and 5.02 kPa, E = 4.8±0.8 and 10.3±1.2 kPa). This was accompanied by increased matrix metalloproteases and stress fiber formation, while cell-to-cell contacts were comparable. The pattern of eicosanoids and cytokines corresponded to those results. The expression of pro-inflammatory markers COX-2, COX-1, and RAGE were slightly elevated, indicating a weak inflammation. The study revealed that hydrogels with higher moduli approached the status of a functionally-confluent HUVEC monolayer. The results indicate the promising potential especially of the hydrogels with higher G’ as biomaterials for implants foreseen for the venous system.

Immunocompatibility and non-thrombogenicity are important requirements for biomedical applications such as vascular grafts. Here, gelatin-based hydrogels formed by reaction of porcine gelatin with increasing amounts of lysine diisocyanate ethyl ester were investigated in vitro in this regard. In addition, potential adverse effects of the hydrogels were determined using the “Hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane” (HET-CAM) test and a mouse model. The study revealed that the hydrogels were immunocompatible, since complement activation was absent and a substantial induction of reactive oxygen species generating monocytes and neutrophils could not be observed in whole human blood. The density as well as the activation state of adherent thrombocytes was comparable to medical grade polydimethylsiloxane, which was used as reference material. The HET-CAM test confirmed the compatibility of the
hydrogels with vessel functionality since no bleedings, thrombotic events, or vessel destructions were observed. Only for the samples synthesized with the highest LDI amount the number of growing blood vessels in the CAM was comparable to controls and significantly higher than for the softer materials. Implantation into mice showed the absence of adverse or toxic effects
in spleen, liver, or kidney, and only a mild lymphocytic activation in the form of a follicular hyperplasia in draining lymph nodes (slightly increased after the implantation of the material prepared with the lowest LDI content. These results imply that candidate materials prepared with mid to high amounts of LDI are suitable for the coating of the blood contacting surface of cardiovascular implants.

Ziel:

Epigenetische Mechanismen wie die Methylierung und Acetylierung von Histonen regulieren die Genexpression auf Chromatin-Ebene. So beeinflusst der Grad der Acetylierung von Lysinresten der Histone die Zugänglichkeit der DNA und damit die Genexpression. HDACs sind in verschiedenen Tumorerkrankungen überexprimiert, woraus das Interesse an HDAC-Inhibitoren für die Therapie von Krebs resultiert. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung neuer hochaffiner und selektiver fluortragender HDAC-Liganden, um HDAC1 und 2 in onkologischen Erkrankungen mittels PET darzustellen.
Methodik:
Basierend auf Tacedinalin wurden 10 fluorhaltige Derivate in bis zu 8 Synthesestufen hergestellt und ihre IC₅₀-Werte mittels eines biochemischen Enzymassays bestimmt. Von zwei Liganden mit hoher inhibitorischer Potenz und Selektivität für HDAC1 und 2 wurde HD70 ausgewählt und in einem Syntheseautomaten radiofluoriert. Zur biologischen Charakterisierung von [¹⁸F]HD70 wurden Untersuchungen in vitro und in vivo in der Maus durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse:
HD70 mit einem PAMBA-Linker (p-Aminomethylbenzoesäure) zeigt eine hohe inhibitorische Aktivität gegenüber HDAC1 (IC₅₀: 4,8 nM) und HDAC2 (IC₅₀: 39,9 nM). Die Radiosynthese von [¹⁸F]HD70 aus einem 2-Brompropionylpräkursor erfolgte automatisiert in zwei Stufen mit einer radiochemischen Ausbeute von 1 %. Die PET- und Metabolitenuntersuchungen in CD-1-Mäusen zeigten, dass der Radiotracer [¹⁸F]HD70 die Blut-Hirn-Schranke passiert (SUV5 min: 0,24). Allerdings betrug der Anteil an intaktem Tracer im Hirn nach 30 min nur 25 %.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Durch den hohen Anteil an hirngängigen Radiometaboliten wird [¹⁸F]HD70 für weitergehende Untersuchungen als ungeeignet eingestuft. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden in das Design metabolisch stabilerer HDAC-Inhibitoren einfließen.

We report the synthesis of three complex series of the form [AnCl₂(salen)(pyx)₂] (H₂salen = N,N’-bis(salicyl¬idene)ethylene-diamine; Pyx = pyridine, 4-methylpyridine, 3,5-dimethylpyridine) with tetravalent early actinides (An = Th, U, Np, Pu) with the goal to elucidate the affinity of these heavy elements for small neutral N-donor molecules. Structure determination via single-crystal XRD and characterization of bulk powders with infrared spectroscopy reveal isostructurality within each respective series and the same complex conformation in all reported structures. While the trend of interatomic distances for An–Cl and An–N (imine nitrogen of salen or pyridyl nitrogen of Pyx) were found to reflect an ionic behaviour, the trend of the An–O distances can only be described with additional covalent interactions for all elements heavier than thorium. All experimental results are supported by quantum chemical calculations, which confirm the mostly ionic character in the An–N and An–Cl bonds, as well as the highest degree of covalency of the An–O bonds. Structurally, the calculations indicate just minor electronic or steric effects of the additional Pyx substituents on the complex properties.

Condensed matter magneto-optical investigations can be a powerful probe of a material's microscopic magnetoelectric properties. This is because subtle interactions between electric and magnetic multipoles on a crystal lattice show up in predictable and testable ways in a material's optical response tensor, which dictates the polarization state and absorption spectrum of propagating electromagnetic waves. Magneto-optical techniques are therefore strong complements to probes such as neutron scattering, particularly when spin-lattice coupling effects are present. Here we perform a magneto-optical investigation of vibronic spin-lattice coupling in the magnetically frustrated pyrochlore Tb2Ti2O7. Coupling of this nature involving quadrupolar mixing between the Tb3+ electronic levels and phonons in Tb2Ti2O7 has been a topic of debate for some time. This is particularly due to its implication for describing the exotic spin-liquid phase diagram of this highly debated system. A manifestation of this vibronic effect is observed as splitting of the ground and first excited crystal field doublets of the Tb3+ electronic levels, providing a fine structure to the absorption spectra in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. In this investigation, we apply a static magnetic field along the cubic [111] direction while probing with linearly polarized THz radiation. Through the Zeeman effect, the magnetic field enhances the splitting within the low-energy crystal field transitions revealing new details in our THz spectra. Complementary magneto-optical quantum calculations including quadrupolar terms show that indeed vibronic effects are required to describe our observations at 3 K. A further prediction of our theoretical model is the presence of a novel magneto-optical birefringence as a result of this vibronic process. Essentially, spin-lattice coupling within Tb2Ti2O7 may break the optical isotropy of the cubic system, supporting two different electromagnetic wave propagations within the crystal. Together our results reveal the significance of considering quadrupolar spin-lattice effects when describing the spin-liquid ground state of Tb2Ti2O7. They also highlight the potential for future magneto-optical investigations to probe complex materials where spin-lattice coupling is present and reveal new magneto-optical activity in the THz range.

In this work, for the first time, fragmentation and joining of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorods induced by a broad ion beam are reported. Although at low energy (5 keV) and moderate ion fluence, nanorods fragment into smaller pieces along the length, at higher ion energies (50-100 keV), a contrary process occurs, which leads to the joining of the nanorods. A state-of-the-art ion-solid interaction simulation, namely, TRI3DYN, has been invoked to explore the possible mechanisms that reveal subtle contributions of surface defects, ion-beam mixing, and sputtering. High-resolution electron microscopy, photoluminescence study, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy support the observed results and proposed mechanisms. Such modifications have interesting effects on the electrical conductivity of the nanorod assembly. The change in sample color upon ion irradiation from initial white to yellow, light blue, deep blue, light green, and cyan shows an excellent and reversible chromatic response of tungsten oxide nanorods to irradiation. Such a property can be exploited to fabricate radiation sensors. The fragmentation and joining at different energy scales have essential implications in nanodevice fabrication through the bottom-up approach as well as for the development of fusion reactors.

2Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Introduction: In pathological conditions, the up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) receptors has been reported in association with traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration and cancer.[1] Up to date, only [11C]NE40 was evaluated in human subjects as PET tracer for the CB2 receptors. Recently, we reported the development of [18F]JHU94620, a highly affine and selective 18F-labeled CB2 radiotracer (Ki(hCB2) = 0.4 nM, Ki(hCB1) = 380 nM). However, this radioligand suffers from low metabolic stability in-vivo (36% intact tracer detected at 30 min p.i. in brain of CD1 mice).[2] Here, we describe the development of the deuterated analogues [18F]JHU94620-d4 and [18F]JHU94620-d8 as well as their in vitro and in-vivo evaluation in rats.
Methods: The precursors for radiofluorination were obtained by coupling 4,5-dimethylthiazol-ylidene-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-1-carboxamide with either d4 or d8 1,4-butanediol-bistosylate. The radiosynthesis of the deuterated [18F]JHU94620 analogues was performed in presence of Kryptand K2.2.2. and K2CO3. The metabolic stability of the new tracers was evaluated at 30 min p.i. in plasma, brain and spleen of healthy CD1 mice. The affinity and specificity toward the CB2 receptor was evaluated by in vitro autoradiography and binding experiments. Additionally, we evaluated the [18F]JHU94620-d8 uptake in vivo by PET-studies into the spleen of healthy rats and in a rat model overexpressing the hCB2 in the right striatum.[3]
Results: [18F]JHU94620-d4 and -d8 were obtained in moderate radiochemical yields of about 10% and high radiochemical purities (>99%). Preliminary results revealed a considerable improved metabolic stability of both deuterated [18F]JHU94620 analogues with 80% intact tracer in the brain at 30 min. p.i. in mice. In-vitro evaluation of [18F]JHU94620-d8 revealed a KD(rCB2) = 0.36 nM (SPRD rats spleen homogenates) and KD(hCB2) = 2.72 nM (hCB2-CHO cell membrane homogenate) as well as specific binding in mice and rat spleen autoradiography. PET studies with [18F]JHU94620-d8 revealed a rCB2 specific spleen uptake, which could be blocked by the CB2 agonist GW405833. Furthermore, a specific and reversible uptake of [18F]JHU94620-d8 revealed a constant SUV of 6.7±0.3 from 6 to 60 min p.i. in the rat model overexpressing the hCB2 in the right striatum with a high signal to background ratio shown by a SUVr (right striatum-to-cerebellum) of 43±7at 60 min p.i..
Conclusion: [18F]JHU94620-d8 is a new PET tracer with improved metabolic stability and excellent ability to image the CB2 receptors in-vivo. Its further evaluation is underway.

PURPOSE Given the poor results using hypofractionated radiotherapy for early breast cancer, a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions (fr) has been the standard regimen used by the Danish Breast Cancer Group (DBCG) since 1982. Results from more recent trials have stimulated a renewed interest in hypofractionation, and the noninferiority DBCG HYPO trial (ClincalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00909818) was designed to determine whether a dose of
40 Gy in 15 fr does not increase the occurrence of breast induration at 3 years compared with a dose of 50 Gy in 25 fr.

PATIENTS AND METHODS One thousand eight hundred eighty-two patients .40 years of age who underwent breast-conserving surgery for node-negative breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) were randomly assigned to radiotherapy at a dose of either 50 Gy in 25 fr or 40 Gy in 15 fr. The primary end point was 3-year grade 2-3 breast induration assuming noninferiority regarding locoregional recurrence.

RESULTS A total of 1,854 consenting patients (50 Gy, n 5937; 40 Gy, n 5917) were enrolled from 2009-2014 from eight centers. There were 1,608 patients with adenocarcinoma and 246 patients with DCIS. The 3-year rates of induration were 11.8% (95% CI, 9.7% to 14.1%) in the 50-Gy group and 9.0% (95% CI, 7.2% to 11.1%) in the 40-Gy group (risk difference, 22.7%; 95% CI, 25.6% to 0.2%; P 5 .07). Systemic therapies and radiotherapy boost did not increase the risk of induration. Telangiectasia, dyspigmentation, scar appearance, edema, and pain were detected at low rates, and cosmetic outcome and patient satisfaction with breast appearance were high with either no difference or better outcome in the 40-Gy cohort compared with the 50-Gy cohort. The 9-year risk of locoregional recurrence was 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0% to 5.0%) in the 50-Gy group and 3.0% (95% CI, 1.9% to 4.5%) in the 40-Gy group (risk difference, 20.3%; 95% CI, 22.3% to 1.7%). The 9-year overall survival was 93.4% (95% CI, 91.1% to 95.1%) in the 50-Gy group and 93.4% (95% CI, 91.0% to 95.2%)
in the 40-Gy group. The occurrence of radiation-associated cardiac and lung disease was rare and not influenced by the fractionation regimen.

CONCLUSION Moderately hypofractionated breast irradiation of node-negative breast cancer or DCIS did not result in more breast induration compared with standard fractionated therapy. Other normal tissue effects were minimal, with similar or less frequent rates in the 40-Gy group. The 9-year locoregional recurrence risk was low.

The astrophysical 6Li(p,γ)7Be reaction occurs during Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the pre-main sequence and main sequence phases of stellar evolution. The low-energy trend of its cross section remains uncertain, since different measurements have provided conflicting results. A recent experiment reported a resonancelike structure at center-of-mass energy 195 keV, associated to a positive-parity state of 7Be. The existence of such resonance is still a matter of debate. We report a new measurement of the 6Li(p,γ)7Be cross section performed at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics, covering the center-of-mass energy range E=60–350 keV. Our results rule out the existence of low-energy resonances. The astrophysical S-factor varies smoothly with energy, in agreement with theoretical models.

Olive-green single crystals of ammonium octafluoridoneptunate(IV), (NH₄)₄[NpF₈], were obtained by converting NpO₂ to a green neptunium tetrafluoride hydrate with hydrofluoric acid and subsequent treatment of the fluoride with an aqueous NH₄F solution. The crystal structure of the compound was determined by single-crystal X ray diffraction and observed to be isotypic to the uranium analogue. In (NH₄)₄[NpF₈], molecular [NpF₈]⁴‾ anions, which can either be described as a distorted square-antiprism or a bicapped trigonal prism, are present which are bound to the NH₄⁺ ions via N−H∙∙∙F hydrogen bonds. Quantum-chemical calculations of [MF₈]⁴‾ anions show that the M−F bonds are highly ionic and the energy differences between different ligand arrangements likely can be overcome by lattice energies of different crystal structures in the solid state.

Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (FIBID) is a nanopatterning technique that makes use of a focused beam of charged ions to decompose a gaseous precursor. So far, the flexible patterning capabilities of FIBID have been widely exploited in the fabrication of superconducting nanostructures, using the W(CO) 6 precursor mostly in combination with a focused beam of Ga+ ions. Here, the fabrication and characterization of superconducting in-plane tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures by He+ FIBID of the W(CO)6 precursor is reported. A virtually unattainable for Ga+ FIBID patterning resolution of 10 nm has been achieved. When the nanowires are patterned with widths of 20 nm and above, the deposited material is superconducting below 3.5 – 4 K. In addition, 60 and 90 nm-wide nanostructures have been found to sustain long-range controlled non-local superconducting vortex transfer along 3 μm. Overall, these findings strengthen the capabilities of He+ FIBID of W-C in the growth and patterning of in-plane superconducting nanodevices.

Copper and cast iron are potential materials for the storage canisters of high-level radioactive waste. We designed slurry-experiments for analyzing the microbial influence on the corrosion process of these metals. These slurry experiments contain the Bavarian B25 bentonite, synthetic Opalinus Clay pore water or diluted cap rock solution as well as copper- or cast iron plates in various combinations. During an incubation time of 400 days under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C cast iron plates corrode very fast. The respective metal surfaces show the formation of iron oxides and –carbonates which could form a passivating film that protects the cast iron from further corrosion.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of the solid-liquid flow in stirred tanks are feasible with appropriate closure models. However, no systematic assessment of different models have appeared because of lacking validation data. The present study accumulates a "CFD-grade" database on single-phase and two-phase flows experiments in a stirred tank (diameter=90mm). The velocity fields of the liquid and the solid phase are measured with Particle Image Velocimetry and Particle Shadow Velocimetry, respectively. The experiments cover a range of parameters as density ratio (ρ_S / ρ_L = 1.1...2.5), particle diameter (63 μm...500 μm), solid volume fraction (0.025vol%...0.1vol%) and impeller rotation speed (650rpm...1500 rpm). The mean and fluctuating liquid and solid velocities are obtained as time and angle-resolved averaging, as well as the local solid fraction. The experimental data of the single phase flow is compared with CFD simulations and show a good predictions. A systematic assessment of CFD models for solid-liquid flows will appear as a sequel.

Small pores zeolites are successfully employed as catalysts, sorbents and molecular sieves. Their physiochemical properties can be improved by modifying their extraframework (EF) cation content via ion exchange. In this study, we investigate the crystal structure of a Cd-exchanged levyne (LEV) intergrown with erionite (ERI) by combining Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Molecular Dynamic simulations (MD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine- Structure analysis spectroscopy (EXAFS). Data obtained from the different techniques, consistently indicated that Cd2+ distribute in an almost ordered fashion in LEV. In contrast, strong disorder of the EF species (Cd2+ and H2O) is observed in the ERI cavities. In the latter, Cd2+ form aqueous complexes that are more mobile in comparison towith respect Cd2+ in LEV, where it bonds to H2O and framework-oxygen atoms. The formation of Cd-clusters is excluded based on EXAFS analysis. Finally, to discriminate between thermal and static disorder, we proposed a new approach based on a combined MD and geometry optimization analysis.

Neben abiotischen Faktoren können auch mikrobielle Prozesse einen Einfluss auf die Langzeitsicherheit eines nuklearen Endlagers haben. Darum wird aktuell im Rahmen des Projekts iCROSS die mikrobiellen Diversität in dem Verfüllmaterial Bentonit untersucht und die mikrobielle Aktivität mittels Mikrokosmosexperimenten bestimmt. Weitere Experimente befassen sich außerdem mit der mikrobiell beeinflussten Korrosion von Behältermaterialien. Letzteres ist auch von hoher Relevanz für andere technische Anlagen und Prozesse. Aus diesem Grund werden in dem Vortrag außerdem Möglichkeiten für weitere Projektideen aufgezeigt und diskutiert.

Lanthanide (Ln) exposure poses a serious health risk to animals and humans. In this study, we investigated the effect of 10-9 - 10-3 M La, Ce, Eu, and Yb exposure onto the viability of rat renal NRK-52E cells in dependence on Ln concentration, exposure time, and composition of the cell culture medium. Especially, the influence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) and citrate onto Ln cytotoxicity, solubility, and speciation was investigated. For this, in vitro cell viability studies using the XTT assay and fluorescence microscopic investigations were combined with solubility and speciation studies using TRLFS and ICP-MS, respectively. The theoretical Ln speciation was predicted using thermodynamic modeling. All Ln exhibit a concentration- and time-dependent effect on NRK-52E cells. FBS is the key parameter influencing both Ln solubility and cytotoxicity. We demonstrate that FBS is able to bind Ln3+ ions, thus, promoting solubility and reducing cytotoxicity after Ln exposure for 24 and 48 h. In contrast, citrate addition to the cell culture medium has no significant effect on Ln solubility and speciation nor cytotoxicity after Ln exposure for 24 and 48 h. However, a striking increase of cell viability is observable after Ln exposure for 8 h. Out of the four Ln elements under investigation, Ce is the most effective. Results from TRLFS and solubility measurements correlate well to those from in vitro cell culture experiments. In contrast, results from thermodynamic modeling do not correlate to TRLFS results, hence, demonstrating that big gaps in the database render this method, currently, inapplicable for the prediction of Ln speciation in cell culture media. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance and the synergistic effects of combining chemical and spectroscopic methods with cell culture techniques and biological methods.

The Institute of Fluid Dynamics at the HZDR operates ultrafast electron beam X-ray CT scanners, a.k.a. ROFEX-CT scanners, that are used to visualize rapidly moving two-phase gas-liquid scenarios in technical devices with an imaging rate of up to 8,000 images per second. This means, radiographic projections are acquired from different angular positions of the two-phase flow and reconstruction algorithms, e.g. filtered back projection or algebraic reconstruction technique, are applied to obtain a stack of cross-sectional images as a sequence of time. The scanners can be operated in single or dual-plane mode. The presentation highlights the construct that is developed to start OS-independent data reconstruction jobs at HEMERA.

We have investigated the interaction of the actinide Cm(III) and its lanthanide homologue Eu(III) with cells of Brassica napus in suspension. This study combines biochemical techniques (plant cell response) with spectroscopic experiments to determine the chemical speciation of the metals in contact with the cells. Experiments conducted over a period of 7 d showed that B. napus cells were able to bioassociate both potentially toxic metals, with results confirming up to 0.58 µmol Eu/gfresh cells and 1.82 µmol Cm/gfresh cells at the lowest provided metal concentration. For Cm(III), a biosorption process could be identified as soon as 5 h post-exposure with 73±4% of the Cm(III) bioassociated. Additional luminescence spectroscopy results based on UV and site-selective excitation confirmed the existence of three Cm(III)/Eu(III), M(III), species in both the supernatants and cells. The findings detailed herein support that M(III) coordination to two kinds of carboxyl groups and phosphate groups.

This project provides a framework for fast memory managers on many core accelerators. It is based on alpaka to run on many different accelerators and implements the ScatterAlloc algorithm.

In recent years, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been investigated due to its unique electronic, optical, and mechanical properties with a variety of applications. Sulfurization of pre-deposited MoO3 layers is one of the methods of the preparation of large-area MoS2 thin films. The MoO3 layers have been grown on c-sapphire substrates, using two different techniques (rf sputtering, pulsed laser deposition). The films were subsequently annealed in vapors of sulfur at high temperatures what converted them to MoS2 films. The quality of MoS2 is strongly influenced by the properties of the precursor MoO3 layers. The pre-deposited MoO3, as well as the sulfurized MoS2, have been characterized by several techniques including Raman, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Here we compare two types of MoS2 films prepared from different MoO3 layers to determine the most suitable MoO3 layer properties providing good quality MoS2 films for future applications.

The presentation is aimed at introducing diffraction techniques and their applications in the field of structural nuclear materials. After a brief introduction, three selected experimental techniques are presented in more detail. These are X-ray line profile analysis (XLPA), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). XLPA is applied to derive microstructure parameters such as crystallite size, dislocation density and twin probability of a nanostructured high-entropy alloy processed by means of high pressure torsion. EBSD is shown to be useful for the characterization of the bainitic microstructure in terms of subunits of the prior austenite grains and their orientation relationship with the parent phase. As an example for the application of SANS, the effects of neutron flux and neutron fluence on the volume fraction and mean size of irradiation-induced solue atom clusters are characterized.

We present a frequency and magnetic field dependent investigation of ordered arrangements of 20 nm mag-netic nanoparticles (MNPs) consisting of magnetite (Fe3O4) by employing micro Brillouin light scatteringmicroscopy. We utilized electron beam lithography to prepare hexagonally arranged, circularly shaped MNP-assemblies consisting of a single layer of MNPs using a variant of the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Bycomparing the results with non-structured, layered superlattices of MNPs, further insight into the influenceof size and geometry of the arrangement on the collective properties is obtained. We show that at low staticexternal field strengths, two signals occur in frequency dependent measurements for both non-structured andstructured assemblies. Enlarging the static external field strength leads to a sharpening of the main signal,while the satellite signal decreases in its intensity and increases in its linewidth. The occurrence of multiplesignals at low external field strengths is also confirmed by sweeping the static external field and keeping theexcitation frequency constant. Micromagnetic simulations unravel the origin of the different signals and theirdependence on the static external field strength, enabling an interpretation of the observed characteristics interms of different local environments of an MNPs forming the MNP assembly.

This study presents an approach to the selection of optimal energy group structures for multi-group nodal diffusion analyses of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor cores. The goal is to speed up calculations, particularly in transient calculations, while maintaining an acceptable accuracy of the results.
In Part I of the paper, possible time-savings due to collapsing of energy groups are evaluated using 24-group energy structure as a reference. Afterwards, focusing on energy structures with a number of groups leading to significant calculation speedups, optimal grid configurations are identified. Depending on a number of possible energy grid configurations to explore, the optimization is conducted by either a direct search or applying the simulated annealing method. Speedup and optimization studies are performed on a selected case of the Superphénix static neutronic benchmark by using the nodal diffusion DYN3D code. The results demonstrate noticeable improvements in DYN3D performance with a marginal deterioration of the accuracy.

We show the synthesis of an in vivo stable mercury compound with functionality suitable for radiopharmaceuticals. The designed cyclic bisarylmercury was based on the water tolerance of organomercurials, higher bond dissociation energy of Hg-Ph to Hg-S, and the experimental evidence that acyclic structures suffer significant cleavage of one of the Hg-R bonds. The bispidine motif was chosen for its in vivo stability, chemical accessibility, and functionalization properties. Radionuclide production results in 197(m)HgCl2(aq), so the desired mercury compound was formed via a water-tolerant organotin transmetallation. The Hg-bispidine compound showed high chemical stability in tests with an excess of sulphur-containing competitors and high in vivo stability, without any observable protein interaction by human serum assay, and good organ clearance demonstrated by biodistribution and SPECT studies in rats. In particular no retention in the kidneys typical of unstable mercury compounds. The natHg analogue allowed full characterization by NMR and HRMS.

The development of high-density magnetic recording media is limited by superparamagnetism in very small ferromagnetic crystals. Hard magnetic materials with strong perpendicular anisotropy offer stability and high recording density. To overcome the difficulty of writing media with a large coercivity, heat-assisted magnetic recording was developed, rapidly heating the media to the Curie temperature T_c before writing, followed by rapid cooling. Requirements are a suitable T_c, coupled with anisotropic thermal conductivity and hard magnetic properties. Here, Rh₂CoSb is introduced as a new hard magnet with potential for thin-film magnetic recording. A magnetocrystalline anisotropy of 3.6 MJ m⁻³ is combined with a saturation magnetization of μ₀M_s = 0.52 T at 2 K (2.2 MJ m⁻³ and 0.44 T at room temperature). The magnetic hardness parameter of 3.7 at room temperature is the highest observed for any rare-earth-free hard magnet. The anisotropy is related to an unquenched orbital moment of 0.42 μ_B on Co, which is hybridized with neighboring Rh atoms with a large spin–orbit interaction. Moreover, the pronounced temperature dependence of the anisotropy that follows from its T_c of 450 K, together with a thermal conductivity of 20 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, make Rh₂CoSb a candidate for the development of heat-assisted writing with a recording density in excess of 10 Tb in.⁻².

The Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf operates a superconducting electron linear accelerator (named ELBE radiation source) as a driver for secondary beams of electromagnetic radiation, neutrons, and positrons. The combination of high-intensity secondary beams, superior timing resolution, and adjustable beam repetition rates allows performing experiments, which are hardly possible using alternative technologies. The facility runs as a dedicated user facility thus serving an international community. Applications range from tunable coherent infra-red radiation from an Free-Electron Laser, coherent super-radiant THz radiation with sub-ps timing, high-energy gamma-rays and neutrons for nuclear physics to secondary positron beams for materials research.
Several recent scientific results will be presented and plans for a successor, the Dresden Advanced Light Infrastructure (DALI), will be shown.

The book chapter is about the geology of rare earth elements, their mineral carrier as well as secondary raw materials.

Material sputtered from CaF2 single crystals by 180 MeV Au ions impinging at different incidence angles were collected on high-purity amorphous C-coated Cu grids and Si100 wafer catcher surfaces over a broad angular range. These catcher surfaces were characterized complementary by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and medium energy ion scattering, revealing the presence of a distribution of partially buried CaF2 nanoparticles in conjunction to a thin layer of deposited CaF2 material. Particle size distributions do not follow simple power laws and depend on the angles of ion incidence and particle detection. It is shown that the particle ejection is directly related to the jet-like component of sputtering, previously observed in ionic crystals, contributing significantly to the total yield. This contribution enhances as the impinging ions approach grazing incidence. Possible scenarios for the emission of particles are discussed in light of these observations.

Background: Craniofacial surgery is the standard of treatment for children with moderate to severe trigonocephaly. However, assessing the risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment and added value of surgery is difficult in individual cases. In this study we aim to address the hypothesis that brain development is restricted in trigonocephaly patients by investigating cerebral blood flow in the frontal lobe.
Methods: Between 2018 and 2020, we prospectively included trigonocephaly patients for whom a surgical correction was considered in an MRI study measuring cerebral perfusion with arterial spin labeling (ASL). The mean value of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the frontal lobe was calculated for each subject and compared between the trigonocephaly patients and healthy controls.
Results: MRI scans of 36 trigonocephaly patients (median age 0.5y, IQR 0.3, 11 females) were included and compared with 16 controls without cerebral pathology (median age 0.83y, IQR 0.56, 10 females). The mean CBF values in the frontal lobe of the trigonocephaly patients (73.0 ml/100g/min) did not appear to be significantly different in comparison with controls (70.5 ml/100g/min, p = 0.6479). The superior, middle, and inferior part of the frontal lobe showed no significant differences either.
Conclusions: Before surgery, the frontal lobe of trigonocephaly patients aged under 18 months old has a normal CBF. In addition to the previously reported very low prevalence of papilledema or impaired skull growth, this finding further supports our hypothesis that craniofacial surgery for trigonocephaly is rarely indicated for signs of raised intracranial pressure.

In this invited comment we discuss the results of the manuscript of Yan et al. EbioMedicine, with title "Incremental prognostic value and underlying biological pathways of radiomics patterns in medulloblastoma"

Purpose: To develop and validate a CT-based radiomics signature for the prognosis of loco-regional tumour control (LRC) in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated by primary radiochemotherapy (RCTx) based on retrospective data from 6 partner sites of the German Cancer Consortium – Radiation Oncology Group (DKTK-ROG).
Material and methods: Pre-treatment CT images of 318 patients with locally advanced HNSCC were collected. Four-hundred forty-six features were extracted from each primary tumour volume and then filtered through stability analysis and clustering. First, a baseline signature was developed from demographic and tumour-associated clinical parameters. This signature was then supplemented by CT imaging features. A final signature was derived using repeated 3-fold cross-validation on the discovery cohort. Performance in external validation was assessed by the concordance index (C-Index). Furthermore, calibration and patient stratification in groups with low and high risk for loco-regional recurrence were analysed.
Results: For the clinical baseline signature, only the primary tumour volume was selected. The final signature combined the tumour volume with two independent radiomics features. It achieved moderately good discriminatory performance (C-Index [95% confidence interval]: 0.66 [0.55-0.75]) on the validation cohort along with significant patient stratification (p=0.005) and good calibration.
Conclusion: We identified and validated a clinical-radiomics signature for LRC of locally advanced HNSCC using a multi-centric retrospective dataset. Prospective validation will be performed on the primary cohort of the HNprädBio trial of the DKTK-ROG once follow-up is completed.

Magneto‐ionics, understood as voltage‐driven ion transport in magnetic materials, has largely relied on controlled migration of oxygen ions. Here, we demonstrate room‐temperature voltagedriven nitrogen transport (i.e., nitrogen magneto‐ionics) by electrolyte‐gating of a CoN film.
Nitrogen magneto‐ionics in CoN is compared to oxygen magneto‐ionics in Co3O4. Both materials are nanocrystalline (face‐centered‐cubic structure) and show reversible voltage‐driven ON‐OFF ferromagnetism. In contrast to oxygen, nitrogen transport occurs uniformly creating a plane‐wavelike migration front, without assistance of diffusion channels. Remarkably, nitrogen magnetoionics requires lower threshold voltages and exhibits enhanced rates and cyclability. This is due to the lower activation energy for ion diffusion and the lower electronegativity of nitrogen compared to oxygen. These results may open new avenues in applications such as brain‐inspired computing or iontronics in general.

Efficient photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water splitting could be the solution for environmental and energy problems on planet Earth. Here, we explore 2D palladium thiophosphate Pd3(PS4)2, which is a promising photocatalyst absorbing light in the visible range. We obtain a few-layer Pd3(PS4)2 through lithium-assisted exfoliation from the bulk phase and characterize it employing Raman spectroscopy, XPS, AFM, and STM combined with DFT calculations. The measured band gap for as-obtained few-layer Pd3(PS4)2 is 2.57 eV (indirect) and its band edges span the electrochemical potentials of the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. The performance in the water-splitting reaction is studied under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions under violet irradiation at 420 nm. 2D palladium phosphochalcogenides semiconductor with bifunctional electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic properties. Our results show competitive performance compared with industrial Pt/C catalysts for solar-driven water splitting under acidic and alkaline conditions.

Highly ordered titanium oxide films grown on the Pt3Ti(111) alloy surface have been utilized for the controlled immobilization and the tip-induced electric field triggered electronic manipulation of nanoscopic W3O9 clusters. Depending on the operating conditions two different stable oxide phases z’-TiOx and w’-TiOx were produced. These phases show a strong effect on the adsorption characteristics and reactivity of W3O9 clusters that are formed as a result of thermal evaporation of WO3 powder on the complex TiOx/Pt3Ti(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The physisorbed tritungsten nonaoxides were found as isolated single units located on metallic attraction points or as supramolecular self-assemblies with a W3O9-capped hexagonal scaffold of W3O9 units. By applying the scanning tunneling microscopy to the W3O9(W3O9)6 structures individual units undergo a tip induced reduction to W3O8. At elevated temperatures agglomeration and the growth of large WO3 islands, which thickness is strongly limited to a maximum of two unit cells, is observed. The findings boost progress toward the template-directed nucleation, growth, networking and charge state-manipulation of functional molecular nanostructures at surfaces using operando techniques.

In van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) electron and hole states are spatially localized in different layers forming long-lived interlayer excitons. Here, we have investigated, from first principles, the influence of additional electron or hole layers on the electronic properties of a MoS2/WSe2 heterobilayer (HBL), which is a direct band gap material. Additional layers modify the interlayer hybridization, mostly affecting the quasiparticle energy and real-space extend of hole states at the G and electron states at the Q valleys. For a sufficient number of additional layers, the band edges move from K to Q or G, respectively. Adding electron layers to the HBL leads to more delocalized Q states, while G states do not extend much beyond the HBL, even when more hole layers are added. These results suggest a simple and yet powerful way to tune band edges and the real-space extend of the electron and hole wave function in TMDC heterostructures, strongly affecting the lifetime and dynamics of interlayer excitons.

A promising strategy for new electrically conductive coordination polymers is the combination of d10 metal ions, which tolerate short metal···metal distances, with dithiolene linkers, known for their “non-innocent” redox behavior. This study explores the coordination chemistry of 2,3-pyrazinedithiol (H2pdt) towards Cu+ and Ag+ ions, highlighting similarities and differences. The synthetic approach, starting with the fully protonated ligand, allowed the isolation of a homoleptic bis(dithiolene) complex with formal CuI atoms, [Cu(H2pdt)2]Cl (1). This complex was further transformed to a one-dimensional coordination polymer with short metal···metal distances, 1D[Cu(Hpdt)] (2Cu). The larger Ag+ ion directly built up a very similar coordination polymer 1D[Ag(Hpdt)] (2Ag), without any appearance of an intermediate metal complex. The coordination polymer 1D[Cu(H2pdt)I] (4), like complex 1, bears fully protonated H2pdt ligands in their dithione form. Upon heating, both compounds underwent auto-oxidation coupled with a dehydrogenation of the ligand to form the open shell neutral copper(II) complex [Cu(Hpdt)2] (3) and the coordination polymer 1D[Cu2I2(Hpdt)(H2pdt)] (5), respectively. For all presented compounds, crystal structures are discussed in-depth. Furthermore, properties of 1, 3, as well as of the three one-dimensional coordination polymers 2Ag, 2Cu and 4, were investigated by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility, and DC-conductivity measurements. The experimental results are compared and discussed with the aid of DFT simulations.

Image guidance using in-beam real-time magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is expected to improve the targeting accuracy of proton therapy for moving tumors, by reducing treatment margins, detecting inter- and intrafractional anatomical changes and enabling beam gating. The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterize the static magnetic field and image quality of a 0.22 T open MR scanner that has been integrated with a static proton research beamline. The magnetic field and image quality studies were performed using high-precision magnetometry and standardized diagnostic image quality assessment protocols, respectively. The magnetic field homogeneity was found to be typical of the scanner used (98 ppm). Operation of the beamline magnets changed the central resonance frequency and magnetic field homogeneity by a maximum of 16 Hz and 3 ppm, respectively. It was shown that the in-beam MR scanner features sufficient image quality and influences of simultaneous irradiation on the images are restricted to a small sequencedependent image translation and a minor reduction in signalto-noise ratio. Nevertheless, specific measures have to be taken to minimize these effects in order to achieve accurate and reproducible imaging which is required for a future clinical application of MR integrated proton therapy.

Background

Asphericity (ASP) of the primary tumor’s metabolic tumor volume (MTV) in FDG-PET/CT is independently predictive for survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, comparability between PET systems may be limited. Therefore, reproducibility of ASP was evaluated at varying image reconstruction and acquisition times to assess feasibility of ASP assessment in multicenter studies.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of 50 patients with NSCLC (female 20; median age 69 years) undergoing pretherapeutic FDG-PET/CT (median 3.7 MBq/kg; 180 s/bed position). Reconstruction used OSEM with TOF4/16 (iterations 4; subsets 16; in-plane filter 2.0, 6.4 or 9.5 mm), TOF4/8 (4 it; 8 ss; filter 2.0/6.0/9.5 mm), PSF + TOF2/17 (2 it; 17 ss; filter 2.0/7.0/10.0 mm) or Bayesian-penalized likelihood (Q.Clear; beta, 600/1750/4000). Resulting reconstructed spatial resolution (FWHM) was determined from hot sphere inserts of a NEMA IEC phantom. Data with approx. 5-mm FWHM were retrospectively smoothed to achieve 7-mm FWHM. List mode data were rebinned for acquisition times of 120/90/60 s. Threshold-based delineation of primary tumor MTV was followed by evaluation of relative ASP/SUVmax/MTV differences between datasets and resulting proportions of discordantly classified cases.

Results

Reconstructed resolution for narrow/medium/wide in-plane filter (or low/medium/high beta) was approx. 5/7/9 mm FWHM. Comparing different pairs of reconstructed resolution between TOF4/8, PSF + TOF2/17, Q.Clear and the reference algorithm TOF4/16, ASP differences was lowest at FWHM of 7 versus 7 mm. Proportions of discordant cases (ASP > 19.5% vs. ≤ 19.5%) were also lowest at 7 mm (TOF4/8, 2%; PSF + TOF2/17, 4%; Q.Clear, 10%). Smoothing of 5-mm data to 7-mm FWHM significantly reduced discordant cases (TOF4/8, 38% reduced to 2%; PSF + TOF2/17, 12% to 4%; Q.Clear, 10% to 6%), resulting in proportions comparable to original 7-mm data. Shorter acquisition time only increased proportions of discordant cases at < 90 s.

Conclusions

ASP differences were mainly determined by reconstructed spatial resolution, and multicenter studies should aim at comparable FWHM (e.g., 7 mm; determined by in-plane filter width). This reduces discordant cases (high vs. low ASP) to an acceptable proportion for TOF and PSF + TOF of < 5% (Q.Clear: 10%). Data with better resolution (i.e., lower FWHM) could be retrospectively smoothed to the desired FWHM, resulting in a comparable number of discordant cases.

This work deals with the \Full-Core" VVER-1000 calculation benchmark which was proposed on the 26th Symposium of AER [1]. Recently, the calculation benchmarks \Full-Core" VVER-440 [2] and its extension [3] have been introduced in the AER community with positive response [4, 5]. Therefore we have decided to prepare a similar benchmark for VVER-1000. This benchmark is also a 2D calculation benchmark based on the VVER-1000 reactor core cold state geometry, explicitly taking into account the geometry of the radial reflector. The loading pattern for this core is very similar to the fresh fuel loading of cycle 9 at Unit 1 of the Temelin NPP (Czech Republic). This core is filled with six types of fuel assemblies with enrichment from 1.3%w 235U to 4.0%w 235U with up to 9 fuel pins with Gd burnable absorber per FA. The main task of this benchmark is to test the pin-by-pin power distribution in fuel assemblies predicted by macro-codes that are used for neutron-physics calculations especially for VVER reactors. In this contribution we present the overview of available macro-codes results.

Novel Ni-Co-Mn-Ti all- d -metal Heusler alloys are exciting due to large multicaloric effects combined with enhanced mechanical properties. An optimized heat treatment for a series of these compounds leads to very sharp phase transitions in bulk alloys with isothermal entropy changes of up to 38 J kg⁻¹ K⁻¹ for a magnetic field change of 2 T. The differences of as-cast and annealed samples are analyzed by investigating microstructure and phase transitions in detail by optical microscopy. We identify different grain structures as well as stoichiometric (in)homogenieties as reasons for differently sharp martensitic transitions after ideal and non-ideal annealing. We develop alloy design rules for tuning the magnetostructural phase transition and evaluate specifically the sensitivity of the transition temperature towards the externally applied magnetic fields (dT_t/μ₀dH) by analyzing the different stoichiometries. We then set up a phase diagram including martensitic transition temperatures and austenite Curie temperatures depending on the e/a ratio for varying Co and Ti content. The evolution of the Curie temperature with changing stoi- chiometry is compared to other Heusler systems. Density Functional Theory calculations reveal a correlation of T_C with the stoichiometry as well as with the order state of the austenite. This combined approach of experiment and theory allows for an efficient development of new systems towards promising magnetocaloric properties. Direct adiabatic temperature change measurements show here the largest value of -4 K in a magnetic field change of 1.93 T for Ni₃₅Co₁₅Mn₃₇Ti₁₃.

The flux-weighted average cross-sections of ^natDy(γ, xn)^159,157,155Dy reactions were measured at the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 12, 14, 16, 65 and 75 MeV with the activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique using the 20 MeV Electron Linac for beams with high Brilliance and low Emittance (ELBE) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany and the 100 MeV electron linac at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. The ^natDy(γ, xn)^157,155Dy reaction cross sections as a function of photon energy were also calculated theoretically using TALYS 1.9 code. Then the flux-weighted average values at different end-point energies were obtained based on the theoretical values of mono-energetic photons. These values were compared with the flux-weighted values of present work and are found to be in general agreement. It was also found that the experimental and theoretical formation cross sections of ¹⁵⁹Dy, ¹⁵⁷Dy and ¹⁵⁵Dy from the ^natDy(γ, xn) reactions increased from their respective threshold values to a certain energy where other reaction channels opened. After reaching a maximum value, the individual reaction cross-sections slowly decreased with the increase of the bremsstrahlung energy due to the initiation of other competing reactions at higher energy, which indicates the impact of the excitation energy. However, the production cross sections of ¹⁵⁷Dy and ¹⁵⁵Dy from the ^natDy(γ, xn) reactions slightly increase in between and then decreased slowly with bremsstrahlung energy, which is due to the contributing reactions of higher mass isotopes.

The screening of a test charge by partially degenerate non-ideal free electrons at conditions related to warm dense matter and dense plasmas is investigated using linear response theory and the local field correction based on ab inito Quantum Monte-Carlo simulations data. The analysis of the obtained results is performed by comparing to the random phase approximation and the Singwi-Tosi-Land-Sjölander approximation. The applicability of the long-wavelength approximation for the description of screening is investigated. The impact of electronic exchange-correlations effects on structural properties and the applicability of the screened potential from linear response theory for the simulation of the dynamics of ions are discussed.

There is growing interest in warm dense matter (WDM), an exotic state on the border between condensed matter and plasmas. Due to the simultaneous importance of quantum and correlation effects, WDM is complicated to treat theoretically. A key role has been played by ab initio path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations, and recently extensive results for thermodynamic quantities have been obtained. The first extension of PIMC simulations to the dynamic structure factor of the uniform electron gas was reported by Dornheim et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 255001 (2018)]. This was based on an accurate reconstruction of the dynamic local field correction. Here we extend this concept to other dynamical quantities of the warm dense electron gas including the dynamic susceptibility, the dielectric function, and the conductivity.

Wire-mesh sensor (WMS) is an instrument used to visualize and estimate derived parameters of multiphase flows, i.e. gas void fraction and liquid hold-up. Due to its high temporal and spatial resolution, the sensor has been widely applied in the investigation of fluid dynamics. However, the structure of WMS is composed of intrusive electrodes and its image resolution is associated to the number of crossing points formed by the transmitter and receiver wires. In many processes, however, the intrusiveness caused by the electrodes may be a limitation on its use, since they increase the pressure drop and might fragment bubbles depending on the flow condition. Therefore, the reduction of the number of electrodes could probably extend the application field of wire-mesh sensors. Thus, we propose an image reconstruction method to increase resolution of WMS data with fewer wires than most WMS reported in the literature. Hence a reduction of intrusive effects on the process may be achieved. The proposed reconstruction method is based on the Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) estimator. Experimental flow data from a 16x16 WMS are used to produce a Multivariate Gaussian flow model, which in turn is used as regularization in the reconstruction. A sensitive matrix is estimated by finite element method (FEM). Experimental data from two-phase water-gas at slug flow condition are used to validate the proposed method and compared with cubic interpolation. The results show that the MMSE estimator performs better than cubic interpolation and the standard direct problem formulation, reducing the void fraction deviation from 18.20% to 7.92% in the worst case (2x2 WMS).

We investigate the energy-loss characteristics of an ion in warm dense matter (WDM) and dense plasmas concentrating on the influence of electronic correlations. The basis for our analysis is a recently developed ab initio quantum Monte Carlo– (QMC) based machine learning representation of the static local field correction (LFC) [Dornheim et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 194104 (2019)], which provides an accurate description of the dynamical density response function of the electron gas at the considered parameters. We focus on the polarization-induced stopping power due to free electrons, the friction function, and the straggling rate. In addition, we compute the friction coefficient which constitutes a key quantity for the adequate Langevin dynamics simulation of ions. Considering typical experimental WDM parameters with partially degenerate electrons, we find that the friction coefficient is of the order of γ/ωpi=0.01, where ωpi is the ionic plasma frequency. This analysis is performed by comparing QMC-based data to results from the random-phase approximation (RPA), the Mermin dielectric function, and the Singwi-Tosi-Land-Sjölander (STLS) approximation. It is revealed that the widely used relaxation time approximation (Mermin dielectric function) has severe limitations regarding the description of the energy loss of ions in a correlated partially degenerate electrons gas. Moreover, by comparing QMC-based data with the results obtained using STLS, we find that the ion energy-loss properties are not sensitive to the inaccuracy of the static local field correction (LFC) at large wave numbers, k/kF>2 (with kF being the Fermi wave number), but that a correct description of the static LFC at k/kF≲1.5 is important.

We present extensive ab initio path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations of two-dimensional quantum dipole few-body systems (2≤N≤7) in a harmonic confinement, taking into account both Bose- and Fermi-statistics. This allows us to study the nonclassical rotational inertia, which can lead to a negative superfluid fraction in the case of fermions [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 235301 (2014)]. Moreover, we study in detail the structural characteristics of such systems and are able to clearly resolve the impact of quantum statistics on density profiles and the respective shell structure. Further, we present results for a more advanced center-two-particle correlation function [Phys. Rev. E 91, 043104 (2015)], which allows detection of differences between Fermi and Bose systems even when they are almost absent in other observables like the density. Overall, we find that bosonic systems sensitively react to even small values of the dipole-dipole coupling strength, whereas such a weak interaction is effectively masked for fermions by the Pauli exclusion principle. In addition, the abnormal superfluid fraction for fermions is not reflected by the structural properties of the system, which are equal to the bosonic case even though the moments of inertia diverge from each other. Lastly, we have explored the possibility of fermionic PIMC simulations of quantum dipole systems despite the notorious fermion sign problem, which can be further extended in future investigations in this field.

Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) belongs to the most accurate simulation techniques for quantum many-particle systems. However, for fermions, these simulations are hampered by the sign problem that prohibits simulations in the regime of strong degeneracy. The situation changed with the development of configuration path integral Monte Carlo (CPIMC) by Schoof et al. [Contrib. Plasma Phys. 51, 687 (2011)] that allowed for the first ab initio simulations for dense quantum plasmas [Schoof et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 130402 (2015)]. CPIMC also has a sign problem that occurs when the density is lowered, i.e., in a parameter range that is complementary to traditional QMC formulated in coordinate space. Thus, CPIMC simulations for the warm dense electron gas are limited to small values of the Brueckner parameter—the ratio of the interparticle distance to the Bohr radius—rs=r⎯⎯⎯/aB≲1
. In order to reach the regime of stronger coupling (lower density) with CPIMC, here we investigate additional restrictions on the Monte Carlo procedure. In particular, we introduce two different versions of “restricted CPIMC”—called RCPIMC and RCPIMC+—where certain sign changing Monte Carlo updates are being omitted. Interestingly, one of the methods (RCPIMC) has no sign problem at all, but it introduces a systematic error and is less accurate than RCPIMC+, which neglects only a smaller class of the Monte Carlo steps. Here, we report extensive simulations for the ferromagnetic uniform electron gas with which we investigate the properties and accuracy of RCPIMC and RCPIMC+. Furthermore, we establish the parameter range in the density–temperature plane where these simulations are both feasible and accurate. The conclusion is that RCPIMC and RCPIMC+ work best at temperatures in the range of Θ = kBT/EF ∼ 0.1…0.5, where EF is the Fermi energy, allowing to reach density parameters up to rs ∼ 3…5, thereby partially filling a gap left open by existing ab initio QMC methods.

The reconstruction of austenite grain boundaries in bainitic reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels by means of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was done on two examples. In the case of VVER-440 RPV steel the reconstruction works very well, while in JFL RPV steel the reconstruction is faulty due to the accented presence of low angle boundaries.

Combined experimental and modeling studies of the magnetocaloric effect, ultrasound, and magnetostriction were performed on single-crystal samples of the spin-dimer system Sr₃Cr₂O₈ in large magnetic fields to probe the spin-correlated regime in the proximity of the field-induced XY-type antiferromagnetic order also referred to as a Bose-Einstein condensate of magnons. The magnetocaloric effect, measured under adiabatic conditions, reveals details of the field-temperature (H, T ) phase diagram, a dome characterized by critical magnetic-fields H_c1 = 30.4, H_c2 = 62 T, and a single maximum ordering temperature T_max(45 T) = 8 K. The sample temperature was observed to drop significantly as the magnetic field is increased, even for initial temperatures above Tmax, indicating a significantmagnetic entropy associated with the field-induced closure of the spin gap. The ultrasound and magnetostriction experiments probe the coupling between the lattice degrees of freedom and the magnetism in Sr₃Cr₂O. Our experimental results are qualitatively reproduced by a minimalistic phenomenological model of the exchange striction by which sound waves renormalize the effective exchange couplings.

In this study, we report on the observation of de Haas–van Alphen–type quantum oscillations (QOs) in the ultrasound velocity of NbP as well as “giant QOs” in the ultrasound attenuation in pulsed magnetic fields. The difference in the QO amplitude for different acoustic modes reveals a strong anisotropy of the effective deformation potential, which we estimate to be as high as 9 eV for certain parts of the Fermi surface. Furthermore, the natural filtering of QO frequencies and the tracing of the individual Landau levels to the quantum limit allows for a more detailed investigation of the Fermi surface of NbP, as was previously achieved by means of analyzing QOs observed in magnetization or electrical resistivity.

Manufactured nanomaterials (NMs) are materials in which 50% or more of the particles have one or more dimensions between 1 nm and 100 nm. These NMs show interesting properties. However, the same properties that motivate their use in applications are also reason for concern, as NMs can cause toxic reactions and have mobilities in the environment different from bulk materials of the same elements. Despite considerable scientific efforts, the selective detection of manufactured NMs in environmental compartments is still a very complex and challenging task. An expert review of the literature has been conducted to identify relevant methods for nanomaterial detection in complex media in the context of environmental monitoring and a need for action was concluded from the existing body of work.
A literature review was performed using predominantly “Web of Science”. More than 150 scientific publications which themselves refer to more than 10000 sources were evaluated concerning nanoparticle detection methods. The techniques identified through the literature review were evaluated for their capability to detect the relevant NM-related properties such as size, concentration, com- position, shape, etc. of arbitrary NMs in environmental samples.
Evaluating the relevant literature quickly led to the conclusion that while some detection methods will lend themselves more easily towards detection of NMs in a specific environmental compartment, there is no strictly compartment specific method. NMs can be detected with any of the different methods after application of suitable sample preparation techniques. Consequently, a generalized method for NM detection in environmental samples would consist of standardized sampling procedures followed by an extraction step that serves to largely remove the complex matrix followed by a size fractionation step which would then lead into a multi-method analysis depending on the desired information depth.
The need for action for the establishment of routine environmental monitoring of manufactured NMs is thus the development, validation and coupling of suitable extraction, pre-sorting and if necessary pre- concentration procedures, as well, as analysis techniques. One promising combined approach would consist of: CPE, AF4, MALS and sp-ICP-TOF-MS.

Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) represent an important step in the life cycle of manufactured nanomaterials. A considerable amount of nanoparticles (NPs) that are released from consumer products will end up in WWTPs, so that WWTPs can both serve as a potential end of life point for these nanoparticles, as well as a point of reentry into the environment via the WWTP effluents. It is thus of utmost importance to accurately quantify the fate of manufactured nanomaterials in waste water treatment in order to assess the risk
We used the radiolabeling of nanoparticles to accurately quantify the distribution of nanoparticles between the effluents of a model waste water treatment plant. In order to achieve this TiO2 NP were radiolabeled with V-48 using proton irradiation at our cyclotron. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were radiolabeled with Be-7 via recoil at our cyclotron. CdSe/ZnS Quantum dots were radiolabeled with Zn-65 and Se-75 via radiosynthesis. The radiolabeled NPs were used in batch experiments and model waste water treatment plant experiments.
The radiolabeling allowed us to quantify NP distribution between sludge and water phase in the WWTP and in the WWTP effluents. A distribution of about 10000 : 1 between sludge-associated NPs and free NPs in water is reached in the WWTP already shortly after injection of the NPs. Thus the elimination of the NPs from the WWTP is mainly controlled by the removal of surplus sludge taking place every day of operation. The NPs are eliminated from the WWTP with a half-life of about 6 days reflecting the pre-set sludge age. After about 22 days of operation 10 % of the initial NPs remain in the WWTP. Approximately 1 % of the NPs leave the WWTP via the cleared waste water, mainly associated with non-sedimented sludge particles, such that only about 1 ‰ of the NPs leave the WWTP as free particles via the cleared water. An impact of the NPs on the clearing process, as monitored by chemical oxygen demand of the inflow vs. the outflow, was not observed.

Accurate quantification of nanoparticles (NPs) in complex media remains a considerable challenge when assessing the risk that manufactured nanoparticles pose for humans and environment. The radiolabeling of nanoparticles is a valuable tool for conducting lab-studies with realistic systems and realistically low NP concentrations.
We have developed various methods of introducing radiotracers into some of the most common nanoparticles, such as Ag, carbon, SiO2, CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. The labeling techniques are the synthesis of the nanoparticles using radioactive starting materials, the binding of the radiotracer to the nanoparticles, the activation of the nanoparticles using proton irradiation, the recoil labeling utilizing the recoil of a nuclear reaction to implant a radiotracer into the nanoparticle, and the in-diffusion of radiotracers into the nanoparticles at elevated temperatures. Using these methods we have produced [105/110mAg]Ag, [124/125/131I]CNTs, [48V]TiO2, [13/1419Ce]CeO2, [7Be]MWCNT, [64Cu]SiO2, [44/45Ti]TiO2, etc. for accurate quantification in complex media at environmentally relevant low concentrations.
The nanoparticles labeled by our methods can be detected at minimal concentrations well in the ng/L range even with a background of the same element and without complicated sample preparations necessary. The methods are adaptable for a wide range of other nanoparticles. The labeled particles have been successfully used in release studies, environmental mobility studies, fate studies in waste water treatment and plant uptake studies.

Bacterial attachment is crucial in many biotechnological applications, but many important bacterial strains cannot form biofilms. Biofilms can damage materials, and current strategies to manage biofilms are focused on inhibition and removal of biofilm. Biofilm formation is inevitable when materials are exposed to microbes and instead of biofilm prevention, we propose management of microbial composition by formation of biofilms with beneficial microbes. Since bacteria need to overcome a high repulsive force to attach to the surface and later to grow and multiply on it, electrostatic modification of the surfaces of cells or the material by polyelectrolytes (PE) was used in our approach, enabling efficient attachment of viable bacterial cells. Since highly positively charged PEs are known to be bactericidal, they were acetylated to reduce their toxicity, while preserving their net positive charge and ensuring cell viability. In our study bacterial strains were selected according to their intrinsic capability of biofilm formation, their shape variety and cell wall structure. These strains were tested to compare how the artificially prepared vs. natural biofilms can be used to populate the surface with beneficial bacteria. Using an artificial biofilm constructed of the potentially probiotic isolate Bacillus sp. strain 25.2. M, reduced the attachment and induced complete inhibition of E. coli growth over the biofilm. This study also revealed that the modification of the surfaces of cells or material by polyelectrolytes allows the deposition of bacterial cells, biofilm formation and attachment of biofilm non-forming cells onto surfaces. In this way, artificial biofilms with extended stability can be constructed, leading to selective pressure on further colonization of environmental bacteria.

The proposed research paper has a strong application bias and aims to address the practical problem of managing dozens, potentially hundreds of OpenFOAM cases. The workflow management includes routine tasks such as migrations on new solver versions, testing sub-models and solvers, as well as developing entirely new OpenFOAM applications validated against established setups. The proposed methodology was successfully tested on a set of 55 OpenFOAM cases specifically designed for the validation of new sub-models for Euler-Euler simulations of multiphase flows.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have many unique properties, which can be exploited in various applications. In particular, electronic devices based on 2D materials should ideally be suited for the operation in outer cosmic space due to their low weight, small size and low power consump- tion. This brings about the issue of their radiation hardness, or tolerance, which has recently been addressed in a number of studies. The results of these investigations are somewhat counterintu- itive: although one can naively expect that atomically thin structures should easily be destroyed by the beams of energetic particles, the devices made from 2D materials were reported to exhibit extraordinary radiation hardness. In this Focus article, an overview of the recent studies on the subject is given, followed by the discussion of the origin of the reported high tolerance, which is inherently related to the response of 2D materials, the systems with the reduced dimensionality, to irradiation. The analysis of the experimental and theoretical data on the behavior of 2D systems under irradiation indicates that although free-standing 2D materials can indeed be referred to as radiation resilient systems under irradiation conditions corresponding to the outer space, this is generally not the case, as the environment, e.g., the substrate, can strongly influence the radiation tolerance of 2D materials and devices based on these systems.

Chemical zoning of crystals is often found in nature. Crystal zoning can play a role in a mineral's thermodynamic stability and in its kinetic response in the presence of fluids. Dissolution experiments at far-from-equilibrium conditions were performed using a sandstone sample containing calcite cement crystal patches. The surface normal retreat of the calcite crystals was obtained by vertical scanning interferometry (VSI) in their natural position in the rock. Dissolution rate maps showed contrasting surface dissolution areas within the crystals, in the same locations where electron microprobe (EMP) maps showed the presence of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) substitutions for calcium in the calcite structure. Iron zoning was only identified in combination with manganese. Maximum registered manganese contents were 1.9(9) wt% and iron were 2(1) wt%. Manganese zoning of only 0.9(5) wt% resulted in around 40% lower dissolution rates than the adjacent pure calcite zones. The combination of both Mn and Fe cation substitutions resulted in one order of magnitude lower dissolution rates compared to pure calcite in the same sample. These results show that mineral zoning can significantly affect reaction rates, a parameter that needs better understanding for the improvement of kinetic geochemical models at the pore scale.

The feedback between dyke and sill intrusions and the evolution of stresses within volcanic systems is poorly understood, despite its importance for magma transport and volcano instability. Long-lived ocean island volcanoes are crosscut by thousands of dykes, which must be accommodated through a combination of flank slip and visco-elastic deformation. Flank slip is dominant in some volcanoes (e.g., Kilauea), but how intrusions are accommodated in other volcanic systems remains unknown. Here we apply digital mapping techniques to collect > 400,000 orientation and aperture measurements from 519 sheet intrusions within Volcán Taburiente (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain) and investigate their emplacement and accommodation. We show that vertically ascending dykes were deflected to propagate laterally as they approached the surface of the volcano, forming a radial dyke swarm, and propose a visco-elastic model for their accommodation. Our model reproduces the measured dyke-aperture distribution and predicts that stress accumulates within densely intruded regions of the volcano, blocking subsequent dykes and causing eruptive activity to migrate. These results have significant implications for the organisation of magma transport within volcanic edifices, and the evolution and stability of long-lived volcanic systems.

This book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of 10 workshops held at the 35th International ISC High Performance 2020 Conference, in Frankfurt, Germany, in June 2020:

First Workshop on Compiler-assisted Correctness Checking and Performance Optimization for HPC (C3PO); First International Workshop on the Application of Machine Learning Techniques to Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Analysis (CFDML); HPC I/O in the Data Center Workshop (HPC-IODC); First Workshop \Machine Learning on HPC Systems" (MLHPCS); First International Workshop on Monitoring and Data Analytics (MODA); 15th Workshop on Virtualization in High-Performance Cloud Computing (VHPC).

The 25 full papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected. They cover all aspects of research, development, and application of large-scale, high performance experimental and commercial systems. Topics include high-performance computing (HPC), computer architecture and hardware, programming models, system software, performance analysis and modeling, compiler analysis and optimization techniques, software sustainability, scientific applications, deep learning.

In the last decade, several national and European funding programs addressed the resource potential of mine wastes (including tailings and metallurgical slag dumps), with a clear focus on the development of new sources for critical raw materials (CRM). The European Commission defined CRMs as highly important for the European high tech industry. European and national resource strategies refer to this definition and include the development of new CRM sources as one of their main objectives. The German Federal Ministry for Research and Education (BMBF) funded the program “r3 –strategic metals and minerals – innovative technologies for resource efficiency” that started in 2012. The aim of the program was to ensure the domestic supply of strategically significant metals and minerals. Suitable projects had to act in the fields of recycling and substitution of raw materials as well as in the field of reduced material consumption. Urban mining and the evaluation of resource efficiency were further topics that suited the program. The Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF) and the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology (UMSICHT) worked already together in different projects about mine waste characterization and resource extraction in r3.
The Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology pursues the objective of developing innovative technologies for the economy so that mineral and metalliferous raw materials become more available, undergo highly efficient processes and recycle in an environmentally
friendly manner. As a part of the national strategy for raw materials in 2011, the German government initiated the HIF. It is a constituent part of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and works in close collaboration with TU Bergakademie Freiberg. The HIF is a core member of the European EIT RawMaterials network, having played a decisive role in its establishment. Fraunhofer UMSICHT is a pioneer for sustainable energy and raw materials management by supplying and transferring scientific results into companies, society and politics. The dedicated UMSICHT team researches and develops, together with partners, sustainable products, processes and services. Together with industry and public partners, such as the Geological Survey of Germany (BGR), UMSICHT and HIF founded the r³-mine-waste-cluster in order to determine a realistic mine waste
potential for Germany and give a reliable resource estimation for secondary raw materials. Nowadays, however, there is a political and public interest beyond the potential of valuable metals from mine wastes. After the catastrophic tailings accident in Vales Corrego do Feijão mine, Brazil, the social pressure to lower these risks raised on the mining industry, on the mine waste owners (e.g. states) and on the politics. With the new Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management a new set of guidelines was developed in order to avoid these accidents in the future. “The International Council
on Mining and Metals (ICMM), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) share a commitment to the adoption of global best practices on tailings storage facilities. They have co-convened this global tailings review to establish an international standard.” Their environmental risks and at the same time their high potential as a source for (critical) raw materials make mine waste projects a complex exercise. There is a need for solutions that respect environmental, technical, civil and economic issues and provide holistic and sustainable approaches. In order to validating and adjusting different approaches, the HIF coordinates the recomine-alliance. Local stakeholders representing environmental, technical, scientific, governmental and civil institutions assemble in recomine for a development of holistic mine waste solutions for a worldwide application.

We study numerically localised short-circuits in Li||Bi liquid metal batteries. In the prototype of a classical, three liquid-layer system, we assume a perceptible local deformation of the Li-salt interface. We find that there exists always a critical current at which a Li-droplet is cut off from this hump, and transferred to the Bi-phase. In a second case, we assume that the molten Li is contained in a metal foam, and that a small Li-droplet emerges below this foam due to insufficient wetting. This droplet is deformed by Lorentz forces, until eventually being pinched off. Here, the critical current is slightly lower than in the three layer system, and both, a droplet transfer and complete short-circuits are observed. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our simulations for experimentally observed short-circuits and non-faradaic Li-transfer.

Artificial spin ices are periodic arrangements of interacting nanomagnets that have been successfully used to investigate emergent phenomena in the presence of geometric frustration. Recently, it has become clear that artificial spin ices equally have the potential to be used as building blocks for creating functional materials, such as magnonic crystals and ratchets, in addition to supporting a large number of programmable magnetic states. In this context, we investigate the magnetization dynamics in a system exhibiting asymmetric magnetostatic interactions owing to locally broken structural symmetry. We find that this gives rise to a rich spectrum that can be tuned through an external field. We also determine the evolution of the observed excitation modes, starting with building blocks and evolving into larger arrays, highlighting the role of symmetry breaking in defining the mode spectrum of the system. Concurrently, the increasing complexity of the spectrum leads to the existence of a large number of modes over a narrow range of frequencies. These results contribute to the understanding of magnetization dynamics in spin ice systems beyond the kagome and square ice geometries with a view towards the realization of reconfigurable magnonic crystals based on spin ices.

Detection of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who do not benefit from standard chemoradiation (CRT) is an important medical need. Radiomics using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising approach. In this retrospective study of 184 patients with locally advanced ESCC. 152 patients from one center were grouped into a training cohort (n = 100) and an internal validation cohort (n = 52). External validation was performed with 32 patients treated at a second center. Primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS), secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and local control (LC). FDG-PET radiomics features were selected by Lasso-Cox regression analyses and a separate radiomics signature was calculated for each endpoint. In the training cohort radiomics signatures containing up to four PET derived features were able to identify non-responders in regard of all endpoints (DFS p < 0.001, LC p = 0.003, OS p = 0.001). After successful internal validation of the cutoff values generated by the training cohort for DFS (p = 0.025) and OS (p = 0.002), external validation using these cutoffs was successful for DFS (p = 0.002) but not for the other investigated endpoints. These results suggest that pre-treatment FDG-PET features may be useful to detect patients who do not respond to CRT and could benefit from alternative treatment.

Nowadays, due to the internal combustion engine industry's orientation towards downsizing, modern efficient cooling systems with lower power consumption, small size and high compactness are essential. To improve these items, applying precision cooling and boiling phenomenon are inevitable. Having an appropriate coolant flow velocity which leads to utilize only the advantages of boiling heat transfer has always been a challenge. Two experimental test rigs, one for modeling and accurate prediction of subcooled flow boiling and the other for measurement and validation of coolant velocity in a water jacket by particle image velocimetry method are set up. An accurate and robust empirical correlation for modeling of subcooled flow boiling which occurs in the water jacket is developed. Then, through a three dimensional thermal analysis, the heat transfer parameters such as heat flux and temperature distribution of the internal combustion engine cylinder block and head are obtained numerically. Finally, as the main achievement of this study, a diagram is presented which combines the concept of precision cooling and subcooled flow boiling and gives the minimum coolant velocity in terms of heat flux. Without going into detail thermo-fluids analysis, this provides a convenient tool to determine the minimum velocity of the coolant flow over the different regions of the internal combustion engine water jacket wall to keep it at its allowable temperature range.

The n-type doping of Ge is a self-limiting process due to the formation of vacancy-donor complexes (DnV with n ≤ 4) that deactivate the donors. This work unambiguously demonstrates that the dissolution of the dominating P4V clusters in heavily phosphorus-doped Ge epilayers can be achieved by millisecond-flash lamp annealing at about 1050 K. The P4V cluster dissolution increases the carrier concentration by more than three-fold together with a suppression of phosphorus diffusion. Electrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements in conjunction with secondary ion mass spectrometry, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and theoretical calculations enabled us to address and understand a fundamental problem that has hindered so far the full integration of Ge with complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor technology.

An optimized equipment design for natural gas processing and liquefaction plants becomes increasingly difficult with changing process conditions: Particularly low values of surface tension create rising challenges on the design of phase separators and column internals. The TERESA test rig at HZDR was designed to allow the investigation of multi-phase thermohydraulics and phase separator performance under critical fluid properties in industrial dimensions. A versatile pipe test section is available in DN200 and equipment internals may be tested in a sectional DN300/DN500 test separator. The applied test fluid shows a high vapor-liquid density difference between 1470 and 940 kg/m³, viscosity as low as 0.12 mm²/s, and surface tension down to 1.3 mN/m. Volumetric liquid and vapor flow rates may be varied up to 9 and 530 m³/h in the test rig, respectively.

Background: Studies indicate that all left-sided breast cancer patients benefit from the deep inspiration breath hold technique (DIBH), however, not all patients experience the same benefit. A meta-analysis performed by Latty et al. reviewed 18 studies evaluating DIBH, which demonstrated a relative reduction of mean dose (Dmean) to the heart ranging from 26.2% to 75% as compared to irradiation in free breathing. However, as most papers report averages rather than patient-by-patient analyses, outliers remain unidentified. Thus, a lack of data and knowledge exists in determining selection criteria to predict individual patient benefit from DIBH.

Methods: We are planning to establish a large retrospective database of breast cancer patients treated with deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) radiotherapy techniques. Data will be collected anonymized from all participating centres. A detailed analysis of:

1. Differences in OAR sparing by anatomical conditions
2. Differences in OAR sparing by used DIBH techniques (free breathing, RPM, surface scanning with camera or laser systems etc)
3. Differences in OAR sparing by fractionation schedules (normalized to EQD2)
4. Differences in OAR sparing by PTV volumes and CTV definitions

but not limited to, will be performed.

Discussion: Patient data will be stratified according to different anatomical conditions (such as large breasts vs. small breasts), radiation techniques, fractionation schedules and PTV volumes (for e.g. chest wall after mastectomy vs. breast only vs. breast and lymphatics etc). This multicentre database will allow for the first time an in depth analysis of the impact of DIBH. It will enhance our knowledge on outliers and will provide selection criteria to predict individual patient benefit from DIBH.

Micro- or nano-structured ferromagnetic layers often possess superior electrocatalytic properties but are difficult to manufacture in general. The present work investigates how a magnetic field can possibly support local cone growth on a planar electrode during electrodeposition, thus simplifying fabrication. Analytical and numerical studies were performed on conical structures of mm size to elaborate the influence of the magnetic forces caused by an electrode-normal external field. It is shown that, beside the Lorentz force studied earlier in the case of single cones [1], the magnetic gradient force enabled by the field alteration near the ferromagnetic cathode significantly supports cone growth. Detailed studies performed for sharp and flat single cones allow conclusions to be drawn on the support at different stages in the evolution of conical deformations. Furthermore, the influence from neighboring cones is studied with arrays of cones at varying distances apart. Nearby neighbors generally tend to mitigate the flow driven by the magnetic forces. Here, the support for cone growth originating from the magnetic gradient force is less heavily affected than that from the Lorentz force. Our results clearly show that the magnetic field has a beneficial effect on the growth of ferromagnetic conical structures, which could also be useful on the micro- and nanometer scales.

Wire mesh flooding point measurements at low surface tension < 10 mN m-1 were conducted using a refrigerant as model fluid. A new method for the calculation of wire mesh capacity was developed based on experimental data from literature and data from this study. In comparison to the well-known and widely adapted K-value method given in the Gas Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) Engineering Databook and various other sources, the new method yields 3-38 % reduced wire mesh cross-sections for fluid systems at pressures above 20 bar(g) while retaining an inherent safety margin.

Tailored conditioning and control of flashing feeds in industrial applications requires knowledge of the evolving flow morphology and phase fractions along the feed pipe. Design methods obtained from reference systems (e.g. water/air) are hardly applicable for commercial scales and critical fluid properties (e.g. high vapor densities, low surface tension). In this study, the flow morphology of flashing feeds in a novel refrigerant test rig at critical fluid properties was analyzed using wire-mesh sensors at two locations along the feed pipe and experimental data from the water/air system.

Vortrag der GSB vor dem AGBR