Sodium-Metal Chloride Batteries

Sodium-metal chloride batteries operate at 300°C with liquid sodium as anode and Ni, Fe, Zn or other heavy metal chlorides as cathode. Sodium-beta´-aluminate is employed as ceramic electrolyte, and molten NaAlCl₄ as secondary electrolyte filling the cathode compartment.

Ni-based cells, which are also known as ZEBRA, or Na-NiCl₂ cells are produced in Switzerland by the company HORIEN.

Publications

• Johnson, N.; Buntoengpesuchsakul, C.; Schmidt, O.; Weber, N.; Heinz, M.V.F.; Staffell, I.
  The cost of sodium‑zinc molten salt batteries for grid-scale energy storage
  Journal of Energy Storage 159(2026) 121663