Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) is an Earth-abundant indirect n-type semiconductor displaying a band gap of about 2.2 eV, useful for collecting a large fraction of visible photons, with frontier energy levels suitably aligned for carrying out the photoelectrochemical water oxidation reaction under basic conditions. The modification of hematite mesoporous thin film photoanodes with Ti(IV), as well as their functionalization with an oxygen evolving catalyst, leads to a six-fold increase in photocurrent density with respect to the unmodified electrode. In order to provide a detailed understanding of this behavior, we report a study of Ti-containing phases within the mesoporous film structure. Using X-ray absorption fine structure and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy, we find that Ti(IV) ions are incorporated within ilmenite (FeTiO₃) near-surface layers, thus modifying the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a FeTiO₃/α -Fe₂O₃ composite is used in a photoelectrochemical set-up for water oxidation. In fact, previous studies of Ti(IV)-modified hematite photoanodes reported the formation of pseudobrookite (Fe₂TiO₅) at the surface. By means of transient absorption spectroscopy, transient photocurrent experiments, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we show that the formation of the Fe₂O₃/FeTiO₃ interface passivates deep traps at the surface and induce a large density of donor levels, resulting in a strong depletion field that separates electron and holes, favoring hole injection in the electrolyte. Our results provide the identification of a phase coexistence with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance, allowing for the rational design of new photoanodes with improved kinetics.