Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

We present results on laser cooling of heavy ion beams at ESR and discuss prospects for laser cooling at CSRe.

We present results on laser cooling of ion beams at storage rings and discuss their relevance for future facilities.

In order to understand what happens when jets of hot, streaming gas are ejected at high speed into the cosmos, we are bound to rely on m easuring the radiation emitted by the particles in the jet. Astrophysical jets can originate from a variety of sources such as stars, black holes and even galaxies. In such jets, the plasma flow can become unstable, generating characteristic patterns of p article flows. Using our particle-in-cell code PIConGPU utilizing the complete TITAN supercomputer system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we were able, for the first time, to not only simulate the particle dynamics but also the radiation emitted during the formation of such an instability, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.

We present a particle-in-cell simulation of the relativistic Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (KHI) that for the first time delivers angularly resolved radiation spectra of the particle dynamics during the formation of the KHI. This enables studying the formation of the KHI with unprecedented spatial, angular and spectral resolution. Our results are of great importance for understanding astrophysical jet formation and comparable plasma phenomena by relating the particle motion observed in the KHI to its radiation signature. The innovative methods presented here on the implementation of the particle-in-cell algorithm on graphic processing units can be directly adapted to any many-core parallelization of the particle-mesh method. With these methods we see a peak performance of 7.176 PFLOP/s (double-precision) plus 1.449 PFLOP/s (single-precision), an efficiency of 96% when weakly scaling from 1 to 18432 nodes, an efficiency of 68.92% and a speed up of 794 (ideal: 1152) when strongly scaling from 16 to 18432 nodes.

We present live visualization of large-scale plasma simulations with PIConGPU.

We present results of our PIConGPU KHI simulation on TITAN at ORNL.

One of the key requirements to using laser cooling at future high energy storage rings is to address the entire and initially broad spectrum of a bunched ion beam with a single cooling laser system.
Recent experiments at ESR have shown that this can indeed be realized by scanning the frequency of a single cw laser over a broad frequency range.
By this technique, each part of the phase space of the ions in the bucket potential can be subjected to the same cooling force, resulting in efficient cooling over the whole bucket acceptance.
Cooling times are thus limited prominently by the duration of the frequency scan and can be in the order of seconds.
In my talk I will present recent results from our experiments at ESR but will also give an outlook on what to do next - and how large-scale beam dynamics simulations can help in making the best use of laser cooling.

Simulations of laser plasma interaction face several challenges. The most important one is having predictive capabilities. While qualitative agreement between experiments and simulations is frequently seen, quantitative agreement is scarce. Predictive capability requires defining your simulated system as accurately as possible and using numerical methods that do not alter your results in an unphysical manner. I'll present how these requirements influence your simulation codes and what role next-generation computers play in the game.

An overview of our Petaflop simulations on the ORNL TITAN HPC system.

A summary of data analysis and simulations with regard to the Helmholtz Beamline at XFEL

We present first results on radiative signatures of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in relativistic streams. Large-scale simulations enable us to follow particle trajectories through turbulent plasma flows by computing the radiation of the charged particles inside the plasma. This allows imaging the plasma particle flow with unprecedented resolution by detecting the far field radiation coming from the plasma. Our results bring forward the understanding of the complex dynamics of plasmas especially in situations where direct plasma probing is impossible.

With new compute hardware existing today, interactive simulations of large-scale plasma dynamics have become possible. Moreover, speed ups of two orders of magnitude allow to integrate new physics into our simulations. I will present recent advances in particle-in-cell codes running on GPUs and other hardware platforms and discuss applications in laser-driven particle acceleration, ultra-short plasma phenomena at solid density and astrophysics.
Following the lessons learned from these examples I will show how gaming and file sharing may pave a path towards Exascale simulations and what the Zebra fish might have to do with this.

An overview of laser cooling experiments at ESR/GSI and CSRe/IMPCAS Lanzhou.

An overview of our work on crystalline ion beams and how it applies to large-scale storage rings.

A history and outlook of laser cooling of relativistic ion beams

We present new results on PIConGPU, a GPGPU implementation of a relativistic 3D3V particle-in-cell implementation. We show weak and strong scalings for PIConGPU on large GPU clusters and discuss the techniques used to achieve such scalability.
We furthermore introduce new physics and analysis modules added to PIConGPU that have previously not been seen in laser-plasma interaction simulations. The new analysis modules help to better conduct large parameter surveys and increase the usability of the code. One of the special features of these analysis models is that all of them are in-memory and thus allow for live generation of simulation videos at frames per second time step rates. The new physics modules focus on the generation of radiation during the laser-plasma interaction and the inter-particle interactions.
We finally discuss new techniques to scale PIConGPU and other particle-in-cell codes to Exaflop performance and the possible benefits of such extreme scaling performance.

Utilizando la técnica de Espectrometría de Masas con Aceleradores se ha determinado la relación entre el radionucleido ¹⁰Be (T_½ = 1,39 Ma) y su isótopo estable ⁹Be en siete muestras de sedimentos submarinos. Estas muestras, con relaciones isotópicas ¹⁰Be/⁹Be del orden de 10^-8, constituyen un primer perfil de 275 m de profundidad cercano al punto donde confluyen las placas tectónicas de Nazca, Antártica y Sudamericana. Debido a su decaimiento, la concentración del ¹⁰Be disminuye con la edad del sedimento, y esta última, se espera que se corresponda linealmente con la profundidad de los mismos. Sin embargo, en este trabajo se encontraron discontinuidades en la concentración de ¹⁰Be entre los 100 y 150 metros y entre los 200 y 250 metros de profundidad con un comportamiento opuesto al esperado. Este resultado es consistente con un perfil de sedimentos estratificado en capas de edades semejantes producido por un proceso de plegamiento.

Using the accelerator mass spectrometry technique, the ratio between the radionuclide ¹⁰Be (T_½ = 1.39 Ma) and its stable isotope ⁹Be in seven submarine sediment samples has been determined. These samples, with ¹⁰Be/⁹Be isotopic ratios of the order of 10^-8, constitute a first 275 m-deep profile near the point where Nazca, Antarctica and South American tectonic plates join each other. Due to the decay of ¹⁰Be, its concentration decreases with the age of the sediment, which is expected to vary linearly with the depth. However, in this study we found discontinuities in the ¹⁰Be concentration between 100 and 150 meters and between 200 and 250 meters of depth. This result is consistent with a stratified sediment profile in layers with similar ages produced by a plication process.

The particle-in-cell code PIConGPU provides the feature of calculating angular resolved radiation spectra in the far field based on Liénard-Wiechert potentials for all macro particles of a plasma simulation. In order to verify the physics of our code we present a series of physics test scenarios, which compare numerical results to analytic solutions of nonlinear Thomson scattering at relativistic electrons. These scenarios range from single particle and electron bunch tests to full-scale laser-plasma simulations that include the collective effects of a plasma, as well as coherent and incoherent superposition of radiation of many particles. For the calculated test cases good agreement to the theoretical results with respect to absolute spectral intensities was found in all observation directions. In an electron density scan of a laser-plasma scenario, we reproduce a second-harmonic intensity scaling also observed in experiment.

We present angularly resolved spectra from a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) simulated at an unprecedented spatial, spectral and angular resolution.
This KHI simulated is a model of those KHIs expected to occur in active galactic nuclei and the afterglow of gamma-ray bursts. Our 3D, fully relativistic particle-in-cell simulation is initialized with two neighboring, counter-propagating plasma streams with initially sharp surfaces. During the simulation, a relativistic KHI extending over 9 vortices at an unprecedented resolution of 0.06 classical skin depths developed. The strong magnetic fields occurring in the KHI are a possible mechanism behind the non-thermal electromagnetic emissions from gamma-ray bursts. By simulating the far field radiation of this collisionless plasma shock using Liénard-Wiechert potentials, we obtained spectra for one quarter of the full sky map. Unique radiation signatures were linked to the particle dynamics during the formation of the relativistic, fully-3D KHI.

The long sought after ground-state hyperfine transition in lithium-like bismuth 209Bi80+ was observed for the first time using laser spectroscopy on relativistic ions in the experimental storage ring at the GSI Helmholtz Centre in Darmstadt. Combined with the transition in the corresponding hydrogen-like ion 209Bi82+, it will allow extraction of the specific difference between the two transitions that is unaffected by the magnetic moment distribution in the nucleus and can therefore provide a better test of bound-state QED in extremely strong magnetic fields.

Abstract: The longitudinal dynamics of RF-bunched and electron cooled ion beams have been studied at the experimental cooler storage ring (CSRe), at IMP Lanzhou. By RF-bunching the ion beam at the 50th and 100th harmonic of the revolution frequency, the longitudinal momentum spread and the bunch length of the 22Ne10+ ion beam with an energy of 70 MeV/u were measured by the new resonant Schottky pick-up and the capacitive pick-up, respectively. A minimum momentum spread of Δp/p=1.6×10−5 has been reached with less than 107 ions stored in the ring. By using the harmonic potential extracted from the Taylor expansion and the real sinusoidal potential of the bucket, the trend of momentum spread and synchrotron frequency as well as the bunch length as a function of beam current can be interpreted very well. According to this experiment, the RF-buncher is suitable for upcoming experiments on laser cooling of relativistic heavy ion beams at the CSRe.

Laser cooling is one of the most promising techniques to reach high phase-space densities for relativistic heavy-ion beams. Preparations for laser cooling of relativistic lithium-like ions, such as C 3+ and N 4+ , are being made at the experimental cooler storage ring (CSRe) in Lanzhou, China. In December 2011, a new buncher was installed and tested with a 70 MeV u-1 22 Ne 10+ ion beam by electron cooling at the CSRe. The longitudinal momentum spread of the bunched ion beam was measured by the new resonant Schottky pick-up. As a result, d” p / p ~‰ˆ 2 x— 10^-ˆ’5 has been reached at ion numbers less than 107 . According to this test result, the RF-buncher is suitable for the upcoming experiment of laser cooling at the CSRe. Laser cooling of heavy-ion beams will also be applied at future storage ring facilities, e.g. FAIR in Darmstadt, and HIAF in Lanzhou.

The valence state of uranium has been confirmed for the three sodium uranates NaUVO3/Rn](5f1), Na4UVIO5/[Rn](5f0), and Na2UVI2O7/[Rn study on Na2U2O7 has confirmed a monoclinic rather than rhombohedral structure with evidence for two distinct Na sites. DFT calculations of the NMR parameters on the nonmagnetic compounds Na4UO5 and Na2U2O7 have permitted the differentiation between the two Na sites of the Na2U2O7 structure. The linear thermal expansion coefficients of all three compounds have been determined using high-temperature X-ray diffraction: αa = 22.7 × 10–6 K–1, αb = 12.9 × 10–6 K–1, αc = 16.2 × 10–6 K–1, and αvol = 52.8 × 10–6 K–1 for NaUO3 in the range 298–1273 K; αa = 37.1 × 10–6 K–1, αc = 6.2 × 10–6 K–1, and αvol = 81.8 × 10–6 K–1 for Na4UO5 in the range 298–1073 K; αa = 6.7 × 10–6 K–1, αb = 14.4 × 10–6 K–1, αc = 26.8 × 10–6 K–1, αβ = −7.8 × 10–6 K–1, and αvol = −217.6 × 10–6 K–1 for Na2U2O7 in the range 298–573 K. The α to β phase transition reported for the last compound above about 600 K was not observed in the present studies, either by high-temperature X-ray diffraction or by differential scanning calorimetry.

Inherent and acquired resistance to targeted therapeutics continues to emerge as a major clinical obstacle. For example, resistance to EGF receptor targeting occurs commonly, more so than was expected, on the basis of preclinical work. Given emerging evidence that cancer cell-substrate interactions are important determinants of therapeutic sensitivity, we examined the impact of cell-fibronectin interactions on the efficacy of the EGF receptor antibody cetuximab, which is used widely for lung cancer treatment. Our results revealed the potential for cell-fibronectin interactions to induce radioresistance of human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cell adhesion to fibronectin enhanced tumor cell radioresistance and attenuated the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of cetuximab. Both in vitro and in vivo, we found that cetuximab treatment led to a remarkable induction of fibronectin biosynthesis. Mechanistic analyses revealed the induction was mediated by a p38-MAPK-ATF2 signaling pathway and that RNAi-mediated inhibition of fibronectin could elevate the cytotoxic and radiosensitizing potential of cetuximab. Taken together, our findings show how cell adhesion blunts cetuximab, which, by inducing fibronectin, generates a self-attenuating mechanism of drug resistance.

The goal of this article is to quantify the influence of truncation artifacts in the magnetic resonance (MR)-based attenuation map (MRMap) on reconstructed positron emission tomography (PET) image volumes and to propose a new method for minimizing this influence. Methods: PET data sets of 20 patients investigated in a Philips Ingenuity PET/MR were reconstructed with and without applying two different methods for truncation compensation (TC1 vendor-provided, TC2 newly developed). In this patient group, the extent of truncation artifacts and quality of the truncation compensation (TC) was assessed visually in the MRMaps. In three additional patients MRMaps generated by algorithm TC2 could be compared to the ground truth of transmission-based attenuation maps obtained with a Siemens ECAT {rm HR}^{+} scanner. The influence of truncation on regional SUVs in lesions, other hot structures (bladder, kidney, myocardium) and the arms was assessed in suitable volume of interests (VOI). Results: Truncation compensated MRMaps exhibited residual artifacts in the arms in 16 patients for algorithm TC1 and to a lesser extent in eight patients for algorithm TC2. Compared to the transmission-based attenuation maps algorithm TC2 slightly overestimated the size of the truncated arms by 0.3 cm in the radial direction. Without truncation compensation, VOIs located in the trunk showed an average {rm SUV}_{max} underestimation of less than 5.4% relative to the results obtained with TC2. Inside the patients' arms underestimations up to 46.5% were found. Conclusion: In the trunk, standardized uptake values (SUV) underestimations due to truncation artifacts in the MRMap are rather small. Inside the arms, severe SUV underestimations can occur. Therefore, reliable TC is mandatory and can be achieved by applying the newly developed algorithm TC2 which has y- elded promising results so far. Implementation of the proposed method is straightforward and should be easily adaptable to other PET/MR systems.

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiO2 from tetrakis(dimethylamino) titanium(TDMAT) and water was studied in the substrate temperature (T-S) range of 120 degrees C to 330 degrees C.
The effect of deposition temperatures on the resulting layer microstructure is investigated. Based on the experimental results, possible interaction mechanisms of TDMAT and H2O precursor molecules and the TiO2 surface at different temperatures are discussed. The TiO2 layers were characterized with respect to microstructure, composition and optical properties by glancing angle x-ray diffraction and reflectometry, x-ray fluorescence analysis, photoelectron spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. A constant layer growth with increasing number of ALD cycles was achieved for all investigated deposition temperatures, if the inert gas purge time after the H2O pulse was increased from 5 s at temperatures below 250 degrees C to 25 s for T-S >= 320 degrees C. In the investigated temperature range, the growth per cycle varies between 0.33 and 0.67 angstrom/cycle with a minimum at 250 degrees C. The variations of the deposition rate are related to a change from a surface determined decomposition of TDMAT to a gas phase decomposition route above 250 degrees C. At the same temperature, the microstructure of the TiO2 layers changes from amorphous to predominately crystalline, where both anatase and rutile are present.

Purpose: Accurate volumetric tumor delineation is of increasing importance in radiation treatment planning. Many tumors exhibit only moderate tracer uptake heterogeneity and delineation methods using an adaptive threshold lead to robust results. These methods use a tumor reference value R (e. g., ROI maximum) and the tumor background Bg to compute the volume reproducing threshold. This threshold corresponds to an isocontour which defines the tumor boundary. However, the boundaries of strongly heterogeneous tumors can not be described by an isocontour anymore and therefore conventional threshold methods are not suitable for accurate delineation. The aim of this work is the development and validation of a delineation method for heterogeneous tumors.

Methods: The new method (voxel-specific threshold method, VTM) can be considered as an extension of an adaptive threshold method (lesion-specific threshold method, LTM), where instead of a lesion-specific threshold for the whole ROI, a voxel-specific threshold is computed by determining for each voxel Bg and R in the close vicinity of the voxel. The absolute threshold for the considered voxel is then given by T-abs = T x (R - Bg) + Bg, where T = 0.39 was determined with phantom measurements. Validation: 30 clinical datasets from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer were used to generate 30 realistic anthropomorphic software phantoms of tumors with different heterogeneities and well-known volumes and boundaries. Volume delineation was performed with VTM and LTM and compared with the known lesion volumes and boundaries.

Results: In contrast to LTM, VTM was able to reproduce the true tumor boundaries accurately, independent of the heterogeneity. The deviation of the determined volume from the true volume was (0.8 +/- 4.2)% for VTM and (11.0 +/- 16.4)% for LTM.

Conclusions: In anthropomorphic software phantoms, the new method leads to promising results and to a clear improvement of volume delineation in comparison to conventional background-corrected thresholding. In the next step, the suitability for clinical routine will be further investigated. (C) 2013 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.

It is challenging to achieve luminescence from GaP due to its indirect bandgap. This restricts the application of GaP for photonic devices.
In this contribution we present the broad-band luminescence from a multi-energy-level structure based on GaP. Such optically active layer is performed by nitrogen-implantation into commercial (100) GaP wafers followed by nanosecond-range pulsed laser melting. The microstructural and optical properties of the fabricated GaPN/GaP samples were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) and photoreflectance (PR) spectroscopy. The XRD results indicate that the pulsed laser treatment leads to the recrystallization of the implantation-induced amorphous layer and the incorporation of nitrogen into the GaP lattice. The PL spectra confirm directly the formation of optically active diluted nitride layer. Moreover, the obtained multi-band PL and micro-Raman spectra suggest a local enrichment of nitrogen in the implanted layer, i.e., the formation of GaN/GaN1-xPx crystallites, which are embedded in a porous GaP1-yNy/GaP layer. Such system exhibits a wide range of strong luminescence and absorption from 380 nm to 700 nm. The structure has promising prospects in photovoltaic and white-light-emitting applications.

The paper describes radionuclide impurities (gamma-emitters and H-3) in proton irradiated O-18 enriched water from an Nb target vessel with Nb entrance window, their distribution in different synthesis steps and finally in the PET radiopharmaceuticals [F-18]Fluoride and [F-18]FDG.

We investigate a trilayer vortex system by simultaneous scanning trans-mission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and in-situ giant magnetoresistance (GMR) measurements. Our aim is to correlate the magnetic conguration of both magnetic layers with the corresponding magneto-resistance effects.
The sample is a Co/Cu/NiFe cylindrical trilayer, with 2 micrometer diameter. Top and bottom contacts allow to apply a perpendicular DC current to measure the resistance. Simultaneously the magnetic conguration of each element of the disc is imaged using STXM. This is performed at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The vortex core formation in both magnetic layers and the position of the vortex core can be controlled by applying an in-plane external magnetic eld. When the cores are at the edge, and the magnetization state resembles that of two in-plane magnetized disks, the GMR is low, as both cores move towards the center. With decreasing field the resistance increases, as the cores move beyond the center and towards the opposite side, the resistance decreases again. We investigate the resistance at different DC currents in dependency on the swept magnetic fields.

Purpose: To investigate the possibility of detecting patient mispositioning in carbon-ion therapy with particle therapy PET in an automated image registration based manner.
Methods: Tumors in the head and neck (H&N), pelvic, lung and brain region were investigated. Biologically optimized carbon ion treatment plans were created with TRiP98. From this treatment plans the reference +-activity distributions were calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Setup errors were simulated by shifting or rotating the CT. The expected + activity was calculated for each plan with shifts. Finally, the reference particle therapy PET images were compared to the "shifted" +-activity distribution simulations using the Pearson's correlation coecient (PCC). To account for dierent PET monitoring options the in-beam PET was compared to three dierent in-room scenarios. Additionally the dosimetric eects of the CT misalignments were investigated.
Results: The automated PCC detection of patient mispositioning was possible in the investigated indications for cranio-caudal shifts of 4 mm and more, except for prostate tumors. In the rather homogeneous pelvic region the generated +-activity distribution of the reference and compared PET image were to much alike. Thus setup errors in this region could not be detected. Regarding lung lesions the detection strongly depended on the exact tumor location: in the center of the lung tumor misalignments could be detected down to 2 mm shifts while resolving shifts of tumors close to the thoracic wall was more challenging. Rotational shifts in the H&N and lung region of +6 and more could be detected using in-room PET and partly using in-beam PET. Comparing in-room PET to in-beam PET no obvious trend was found. However, among the in-room scenarios a longer measurement time was found to be advantageous.
Conclusion: This study scopes the use of various particle therapy PET verication techniques in four indications. The automated detection of patients' setup errors was investigated in a broad accumulation of data sets. The evaluation of introduced setup errors is performed automatically, which is of utmost importance to introduce highly required particle therapy monitoring devices into the clinical routine.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Wachstum von Azospirillum brasilense durch die Selenoxianionen Selenat und Selenit unterschiedlich beeinflusst wird. Selenat hatte im Rahmen der untersuchten Bedingungen kein Einfluss auf das Bakterium und wurde auch nicht reduziert. Dahingegen konnte beobachtet werden, dass das Bakterium sensitiv gegenüber Selenit ist. Im über die optische Dichte der Zellkultur und die Gesamtzellproteinkonzentration dokumentierten Wachstumsverlauf wurde ersichtlich, dass die Kultur in Gegenwart von Selenit erst nach vergleichsweise langer lag-Phase wächst und auch mit der Reduktion des Selenits zu elementarem Selen beginnt. Die sphärische nanopartikuläre Form des mikrobiell gebildeten elementaren Selens konnte über verschieden mikroskopische Techniken dargestellt werden. Im Folgenden ist es gelungen die Nanopartikel durch Adaption einer aus der Literatur bekannten Methode von den Bakterienzellen zu separieren. Über Elektronenmikrokopie gekoppelt mit Elementanalysen sowie die Ramanspektroskopie konnte die Zusammensetzung und Struktur der Nanopartikel als Selen- und Schwefel-haltig analysiert werden. Zudem konnte über dynamische Lichtstreuung und Zetapotentialmessungen Aussagen über die mittlere Größe der Partikel von 400 nm und das negative Oberflächenpotential getroffen werden.

The origin of colossal magnetoresistance and colossal magnetocapacitance in a CdCr2S4 system was investigated. Thermoelectric-power and electronic spin resonance spectra reveal that the magnetic polaron is responsible for the colossal magnetoresistance in the n-type sample. The existence of magnetic polarons in the paramagnetic insulting matrix forms an intrinsic Maxwell-Wagner system, leading to the appearance of colossal magnetocapacitance. Being consistent with the evolution of magnetic polarons upon cooling, the Maxwell-Wagner system is valid around insulator-metal transition, where the resistance derived from impedance spectroscopy matches perfectly with DC resistance.

kein Abstract verfügbar

Für die Entwicklung von ⁶⁴Cu-basierten-Radiopharmaka erweisen sich makrocyclische Tetraamin-Chelatoren als überaus interessant. Sie bieten die Möglichkeit, Kupferradionuklide stabil zu binden und erlauben die Einführung von zielsuchenden Einheiten (Peptide, Proteine, Antikörper) an das Grundgerüst, um ein pharmazeutisches Targeting zu erzielen. Es ist bekannt, dass Cyclam-Monopropionsäure (TE1P) stabile Kupfer(II)-Komplexe bildet [1]. Komplexe mit Radiokupfer sind bisher nicht beschrieben worden. Dieses Chelatorsystem eignet sich für eine Mehrfachfunktionalisierung mit zielsuchenden Einheiten und damit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, multivalente Wechselwirkungen mit Rezeptoren auszunutzen. Das kann zum einen zu einer höheren Bindungsaffinität und zum anderen zu einer Erhöhung der metabolischen Stabilität führen. Exemplarisch wird als rezeptorbindende Einheit das Dodecapeptid GE11 (YHWYGYTPQNVI) verwendet, welches spezifisch am epidermalen Wachstumsfaktor Rezeptor (Epidermal-Growth-Factor-Receptor, EGFR) bindet [2].
Es werden die Synthese zur Mehrfachfunktionalisierung der Cyclam-Monopropionsäure (TE1P) mit einem EGFR-spezischen Peptid (GE11) vorgestellt sowie radiochemische Aspekte bezüglich der Markierung mit ⁶⁴Cu diskutiert. Darüber hinaus werden Aussagen zur metabolischen Stabilität und zur Bindungsaffinität gegenüber dem EGFR getroffen, um das Potenzial dieses ⁶⁴Cu-markierten Konjugats für eine radiopharmazeutische Anwendung zu bewerten.

Literatur:

[1] T. A. Kaden et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1986, 69, 2081. [2] Z. Li et al., Faseb J. 2005,
19, 1978.

Background
For their application in the area of diagnosis and therapy, single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) offer multiple advantages over conventional antibodies and fragments thereof in terms of size, stability, solubility, immunogenicity, production costs as well as tumor uptake and blood clearance. Thus, sdAbs have been identified as valuable next-generation targeting moieties for molecular imaging and drug delivery in the past years. Since these probes are much less complex than conventional antibody fragments, bacterial expression represent a facile method in order to produce sdAbs in large amounts as soluble and functional proteins.

Results
By the combined use of high cell density cultivation media with a genetically engineered E. coli mutant strain designed for the cytoplasmic formation of proper disulfide bonds, we achieved high level of intracellular sdAb production (up to 200 mg/L). Due to a carboxyterminal hexahistidine epitope, the soluble recombinant sdAbs could be purified by one-step immobilized metal affinity chromatography to apparent homogeneity and easily radiolabeled with ^99mTc within 1 h. The intradomain disulfide bridge being critical for the stability and functionality of the sdAb molecule was shown to be properly formed in ~96% of the purified proteins. In vitro binding studies confirmed the high affinity and specificity of the expressed sdAb 7C12 towards its molecular target.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates an efficient cultivation and expression strategy for the production of substantial amounts of soluble and functional sdAbs, which may be adopted for high-yield production of other more complex proteins with multiple disulfides as well.

A comparison between object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) and cluster dynamics (CD) simulations of damage accumulation has been made in the domain of low (77–150 K) temperatures for electronirradiated and then annealed pure iron as well as at 573K temperature for neutron-irradiated high concentrated Fe–12.5 at% Cr alloy. Findings indicate that an increase in the size of the simulation box up to 300 nm × 300 nm × 300 nm in OKMC simulation and direct integration of master equation of CD provide the quantitative agreement results of these methods among themselves as well as with the experimental data of microstructure evolution of Fe–12.5 at% Cr alloy and qualitative agreement for the case of pure iron electron irradiated at 77K and then annealed at temperatures between 77 and 150 K.

Neutron irradiation at 300 °C up to 0.6 dpa of an industrial purity Fe–12at%Cr alloy gives rise to the formation of Cr-rich precipitates of radii of about 1 nm. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and atom probe tomography (APT) applied to the same material should reveal consistent characteristics of the irradiation-induced features. They roughly do so with respect to size and volume fraction, but they do not with respect to the composition of the precipitates or clusters. The discrepancy was expressed in terms of the Porod invariant of nuclear SANS. This quantity can be determined directly by integrating the measured nuclear difference scattering cross section or, alternatively, estimated from the APT results. Both
estimates were compared taking into account all potential sources of deviation including error propagation. We have found that the deviation is significant and can be progressively removed by artificially reducing the Fe fraction in the Cr-rich clusters with respect to the measured value. A well-known effect of this kind is the different evaporation fields of Cr-rich clusters and the Fe-rich matrix and resulting ion trajectory overlaps in APT. State-of-the-art consideration of this effect indicates, however, that it is not sufficient to remove the observed discrepancy.

PIConGPU is a fully relativistic 3D3V particle-in-cell (PIC) code for studing laser-plasma physics. Todays GPUs can be used as hardware accelerators, approaching a new era of fast in situ plasma simulations.

PIC codes became the working-horses for theoretical studies of laser-plasma interactions. PIConGPU has been developed for ion and electron acceleration experiments as well as for studing plasma instabilities. It is accompanied by a still-growing set of live-analysis plugins, e.g. far-field radiation diagnostics and live 3D imaging.

With its outstanding performance up to 8 PFlops/s on the TOP2 supercomputer Titan (Oak Ridge National Lab), PIConGPU is one of the Gordon-Bell-Prize finalists 2013. It has been shown that it runs efficiently on up to 18,000 GPUs, utilizing a total of 50 million multi-processors.

Its OpenSource development is carried out by the Junior Group Computational Radiation Physics at the Institute for Radiation Physics at HZDR in close collaboration with the Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) of the Technical University Dresden (TUD).

Networks of silicon nanowires possess intriguing electronic properties surpassing the predictions based on quantum confinement of individual nanowires. Employing large-scale atomistic pseudopotential computations, as yet unexplored branched nanostructures are investigated in the subsystem level, as well as in full assembly. The end product is a simple but versatile expression for the bandgap and band edge alignments of multiply-crossing Si nanowires for various diameter, number of crossings, and wire orientations. Further progress along this line can potentially topple the bottom-up approach for Si nanowire networks to a top-down design by starting with functionality and leading to an enabling structure.

A 235U and a 242Pu parallel-plate fission ionization chamber will be used to investigate fast neutron-induced fission cross sections at the Center for High-Power Radiation Sources at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. To optimize the chamber parameters extensive Geant4 simulations with GEF code generated fission observable inputs have been used. Pile-up effects had to be included due to the high α-activity of the plutonium targets. For the determination of targets surface density and homogeneity an α-spectroscopy setup was developed and simulations related to that will also be presented.

This paper describes a novel methodology for designing alternative human–machine interfaces (HMI) dealing with the industrial process control visualization and plant monitoring. The system is based on a multiagent approach in order to allow visualizations using nonconventional display devices (e.g., power-wall or table) combined with the natural user interaction (NUI) paradigm. This type of HMI solution could form an optional extension to current systems employed in a plant monitoring. Namely the utilization of a virtual reality creates new opportunities for the HMI system use cases, where an enhanced visualization and interaction can improve decision making strategies in complex processes. An immersive plant personnel training or realistic process visualizations are examples where the usage of the third dimension can be helpful. Nevertheless, the development of nonconventional HMI increases the complexity of the industrial information system environment. The question is how to adapt the system design for the nonconventional HMI, in a contrast with the conventional solutions. We applied the multiagent approach, which leads to a more robust and less-coupled component structure. An experimental prototype was implemented on the top of the proposed methodology. A simulation of an absorption refrigeration process was used as a process model on top of which the prototype was designed. Interoperability was gained via the automation standard of OPC UA. Furthermore, in order to optimize our NUI agent, a user testing application was developed for the evaluation of exploratory interaction tasks in a power-wall display scenario. The proposed framework provides fundamental guidelines for designing and developing a new generation of HMI systems.

Ion beams offer advantages over conventional treatment modalities, such as photons. Because of the way ions deposit their energy on their path through tissue they allow for an increased dose deposition in the tumor volume and reduce the collateral damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. However, small changes in the irradiated volume will lead to a misalignment of the deposited dose maximum and the tumor. Therefore, a dose monitoring system is highly desirable. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was clinically applied for example between 1997 and 2008 at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum fuer Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany, for monitoring the dose delivered by 12-C beams. Due to inherent limitations of this method, a direct quantification of the delivered dose is not feasible. Therefore, another approach currently under investigation monitors the dose by means of the detection of prompt $\gamma$-rays. A Compton camera may be a feasible technical solution for such a monitoring system. To set up a clinical monitoring system a comprehensive simulation of the creation of secondary radiation as well as of the detection process is required. Furthermore, a sophisticated reconstruction of the data is essential. This paper will show the capability of the reconstruction to image also events measured by means of a Compton camera gamma-rays having energies of 4.4 MeV.

These notes have been prepared as support to a short course on compositional data analysis. The first version dates back to the year 2000. Their aim is to transmit the basic concepts and skills for simple applications, thus setting the premises for more advanced projects. The awareness of problems related to the statistical analysis of compositional data analysis dates back to a paper by Karl Pearson (1897), which title began significantly with the words "On a form of spurious correlation". The aim of these notes is to summarize the last stages of research on this topic, focusing on the practical aspects necessary for a statistical modelling of these kind of data. The notes are based both on the monograph by John Aitchison, "Statistical analysis of compositional data" (1986), and on recent developments that complement the theory developed there. These notes have been updated over the years, and frequent updates will be still required in the near future, as the theory presented here is a field of active research.

In crystalline rock, the dominant transport medium for radionuclides is groundwater flowing through subsurface fractures. Since groundwater is containing microorganisms, fracture surfaces support biological growth of microbial communities. The formed subsurface microbial communities have a significant effect on the adsorption capacity of host rock formations by forming a barrier between the rock surface and the groundwater. But how do these microbial communities influence the mobilization or immobilization of radionuclides in the case of a nuclear incident? As known from experiments performed on biofilms from the underground rock characterization facility tunnel ONKALO in Finland and from the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden, microbes can significantly affect subsurface biogeochemical interactions, leading to the immobilization and (bio-)adsorption of radionuclides. Under the ambient conditions in the Äspö HRL (neutral pH of the groundwater, high amount of ferrous iron in the groundwater, aerobic conditions) the uptake of radionuclides like U(VI) and Np(V) was determined to be 85% and 95%, respectively due to the abundant surface area of the bacteriogenically formed ferrihydrite.

In order to define the influence of microbial communities and their relevance in the safety assessment of a nuclear waste repository some important points have to be considered;

• We have to characterize the possible microbial diversity during changing geochemical conditions (Eh, pH, T, p, chemical composition of the groundwater) in an opened and closed deposit. Bioaccumulation experiments performed on selected microbes using different radionuclides have to emphasize at least on aerobic conditions.
• Information about the sources for electron donors and electron acceptors for microbial activity are needed.
• To estimate the relevance of microbial process, we have to know more about the kinetic of microbial growth. Therefor we have to trace the effect of microbial metabolism and growth in a geochemical system using a generalized kinetic rate law. We need to estimate biofilm growth for process description, including different scales and different types of radionuclides. What are the parameters, which are needed for modeling the kinetic of microbial growth? The aim of the modeling will be a quantification of microbial processes and the assessment of microbially mediated retention of radionuclides.

In crystalline rock, the dominant transport medium for radionuclides is groundwater flowing through subsurface fractures. Since groundwater is containing microorganisms, fracture surfaces support biological growth of microbial communities, the so-called biofilms. The microbial diversity of these biofilms depends on the microbial consortia and the chemical composition of the fracture water. Subsurface biofilms have a significant effect on the adsorption capacity of host rock formations by forming a barrier between the rock surface and the groundwater. They can significantly affect subsurface biogeochemical interactions, leading to the immobilization and adsorption of radionuclides.

Microbial studies were performed to evaluate the relevance of microbial processes for the immobilization of radionuclides in a deep crystalline repository for high-level radioactive waste. Studies were performed in Olkiluoto, in the underground rock characterisation facility ONKALO in Finland, and in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden.
Massive 5–10-mm thick biofilms were observed in both sites attached to tunnel walls where groundwater was seeping from bedrock fractures. In experiments the effect of uranium on biofilms was studied on site in the ONKALO tunnel by adding UO2(ClO4)2 with a final U-concentration of 1.0×10-5 M to the fracture water in a self constructed flow cell by using detached biofilm samples. Biofilm specimens collected for transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that uranium in the biofilm was immobilized intracellularly in microorganisms as needle-shaped uranyl phosphate minerals, similar to meta-Autunite (Ca[UO2]2[PO4]2•10-12H2O). In contrast, thermodynamic calculation of the theoretical predominant fields of uranium species and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the formation of aqueous uranium carbonate species Ca2UO2(CO3)3 and Mg2UO2(CO3)3 was predicted due to the high concentration of carbonate in the groundwater.
At the Äspö HRL (Sweden) Gallionella ferruginea dominated biofilms associated with bacteriogenic iron oxides (BIOS) and groundwater were sampled from an in situ continuous flow cell, which has been installed in a cavity of the main access tunnel. In laboratory sorption experiments UO2(ClO4)2 and NpO2ClO4 were added to the BIOS biofilms in groundwater under aerobic conditions adjusting a final U(VI) concentration of 1.9×10-5 M.U(VI) and 3.27×10-5 M Np(V). The results of the experiments showed that in the BIOS biofilm the ferrous iron-oxidizing and stalk-forming bacterium Gallionella ferruginea is dominating the sorption process. The stalk represents an organic surface upon which Fe oxyhydroxides can precipitate. Under the given pH conditions the uptake of uranium (85%) and Np (95%) depends predominantly on the high amount of ferrihydrite precipitated onto the stalks. The results showed that the combination of the biological material and Fe oxides created an abundant surface area for bioaccumulation and adsorption of radionuclides.

We present a search for the e⁺e^- decay of a dark photon, also known as U vector boson, in inclusive dielectron spectra measured by HADES in the 3.5 GeV p+p and p+Nb reactions, as well as the 1.756 GeV/u Ar+KCl reaction. An upper limit on the kinetic mixing parameter squared ε² at 90% CL has been obtained for the mass range M_U = 0.02 - 0.55 GeV/c² and is compared with the present world data set. For masses 0.03 - 0.1 GeV/c², the limit has been lowered with respect to previous results, allowing now to exclude a large part of the parameter region favoured by the muon g -2 anomaly. Furthermore, an improved upper limit of 2.3x10^-6 has been set on the helicity-suppressed direct decay of the eta meson, η-> e⁺e^-, at 90% CL.

A high-statistic data sample of Ar(1.76 AGeV)+KCl events recorded with HADES is used to search for a hypertriton signal. An upper production limit per centrality-triggered event of 1.04 x10^-3 on the 3σ level is derived. Comparing this value with the number of successfully reconstructed Λ hyperons allows to determine an upper limit on the ratio N _³HΛ /N_Λ, which is confronted with statistical and coalescence-type model calculations.

The mechanism by which oxygen bound in UO₂ ²⁺ exchanges with that from water under strong alkaline conditions remains a subject of controversy. Two recent NMR studies independently revealed that the key intermediate species is a binuclear uranyl(VI) hydroxide, presumably of the stoichiometry [(UO₂(OH)₄ ²⁻)(UO₂(OH)₅ ³⁻)]. The presence of UO₂(OH)₅ ³⁻ in highly alkaline solution was postulated in earlier experimental studies, yet the species has been little characterized. Quantum-chemical calculations (DFT and MP2) show that hydrolysis of UO₂(OH)₄ ²⁻ yields UO₃(OH)₃ ³⁻ preferentially over UO₂(OH)₅ ³⁻. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to study the uranium(VI) speciation in a highly alkaline solution supporting the existence of a species with three U−O bonds, as expected for UO₃(OH)₃ ³⁻. Therefore, we explored the oxygen exchange pathway through the binuclear adduct [(UO₂(OH)₄ ²⁻)(UO₃(OH)₃ ³⁻)] by quantum-chemical calculations. Assuming that the rate-dominating step is proton transfer between the oxygen atoms, the activation Gibbs energy for the intramolecular proton transfer within [(UO₂(OH)₄ ²⁻)(UO₃(OH)₃ ³⁻)] at the B3LYP level was estimated to be 64.7 kJ mol⁻¹. This value is in good agreement with the activation energy for “yl”−oxygen exchange in [(UO₂(OH)₄ ²⁻)(UO₂(OH)₅ ³⁻)] obtained from experiment by Szabó and Grenthe (Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 4928−4933), which is 60.8 ± 2.4 kJ mol⁻¹. Both the presence of UO₃(OH)₃ ³⁻ and the scenario of an “yl”−oxygen exchange through a binuclear species in strong alkaline solution are supported by the present study.

In random dynamical systems, e.g. described by stochastic differential equations, it is often difficult to infer the parameters. The main difficulty is that one hand no likelihoods can be computed, excluding Maximum Likelihood, EM or Bayesian Methods and on the other hand the system is random, excluding simple least squares comparison of the observations with expected trajectories of the dynamical system. We have developed a new R-package ”SysStat” containing general approaches for estimation in stochastic systems based on simulation rather than likelihood computation using approximate Bayes and approximate quasi-likelihood methods finding good approximations based on informed user choices and simulations of the models with varying parameters. The user choice especially includes finding functions of the data with high information contend in the sense of high quasi-likelihood. Although both methods are not directly applicable to dynamic systems, there are systematic ways of constructing such informative statistics for stochastic differential equation models, allowing to construct informative functions for the local dynamic and translating these functions to informative statistics of the global dynamic by time averaging. This allows to estimate parameters of dynamic stochastic models efficiently. Our main aim is the modeling of bioleaching processes, but the method has a more general applicability for various types of processes in the geosciences including stationary and transient, spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal processes and will thus be demonstrated with simple to understand toy examples.

Ziel: Sigma-1-Rezeptoren (S1R) regulieren eine Vielzahl physiologischer Prozesse. Störungen in den S1R-vermittelten Signalkaskaden werden mit Hirn-, Herz-, und Krebserkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. Die PET-basierte Validierung von S1R als Biomarker und Zielstruktur für neuartige Therapiekonzepte ist somit von hohem Interesse. Wir haben mit (S)-F-18-Fluspidin und (R)-F-18-Fluspidin S1R-spezifische Radiotracer entwickelt, deren Eignung für die In-vivo-Bildgebung von S1R zu evaluieren ist.

Methodik: Die beiden Radiotracer wurden ausgehend von den enantiomerenreinen Tosylat-Präkursoren in einem automatisierten Prozess synthetisiert. Die Pharmakokinetik der Hirnaufnahme wurden mittels dynamischer PET Studien unter Kontrollbedingungen (n=3/Enantiomer) und bei S1R-Blockade (SA4503, n=3/Enantiomer) an Ferkeln untersucht. Zeit-SUV-Daten wurden für 24 Hirnregionen ermittelt. Die kinetische Modellierung und Berechnung der Verteilungsvolumina (VD) erfolgte nicht-linear (1-, 2-Kompartiment-Modell) und durch graphische Linearisierung (Logan plot).

Ergebnisse: (S)- und (R)-F-18-Fluspidin wurden mit hoher spezifischer Aktivität (710 ± 424 GBq/µmol) synthetisiert. Die initial gemessene Hirnaufnahme beider Radiotracer ist vergleichbar. Zu späten Untersuchungszeiten wurden für das (R)-F-18-Fluspidin signifikant höhere Werte für SUV ermittelt. S1R-Inhibition reduziert in allen Hirnregionen SUV und den Rezeptorbindungsparameter k3 beider Radiotracer signifikant um ~65% bzw. 70-90%. Die mit Logan plot ermittelten VD-Werte sind unter S1R-Blockade ebenfalls signifikant vermindert und korrelieren unter Kontroll- und Blockadebedingungen mit den durch nicht-lineare Analyse ermittelten VD-Werten.

Schlussfolgerungen: Mit (S)-F-18-Fluspidin und (R)-F-18-Fluspidin liegen zwei S1R-spezifische Radiotracer vor, die aufgrund ihrer verschiedenen Pharmakokinetik für die diagnostische und therapiebegleitende Bildgebung unterschiedlicher Krankheitsprozesse geeignet sein könnten.

The FELBE user facility located at the Helmhotz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf operates two free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we discuss the basic parameters of the FELs and the experimental opportunities at the facility. The FELs are based on the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE, which provides short (picosecond) electron bunches with energies up to 35 MeV at a 13 MHz repetition rate. The two FELs of FELBE (FELBE stands for FEL@ELBE) are equipped with two undulators, one for the mid-infrared spectral range (wavelengths 4 – 21 µm) and one for the far-infrared or THz range (wavelengths 18 – 250 µm).
The key feature which distinguishes FELBE from other FEL user facilities is the possibility of “quasi cw” operation (meaning a continuous train of pulses, also called micropulses), made possible by the superconducting accelerator cavities. The FEL thus provides picosecond optical pulses at a repetition rate of 13 MHz. In this mode, the average power can reach up to 30 W (depending on the wavelength) corresponding to more than 1 µJ pulse energy. Additionally FELBE can be operated in a macrobunch mode and, via pulse-picking, a 1 kHz mode.
The two FELs can be synchronized to a number of tabletop femtosecond and picosecond lasers, enabling two-color experiments from the near-infrared to the THz frequency range. The main techniques at FELBE are pump-probe spectroscopy [1-3] and time-resolved photoluminescence [4]. Furthermore there is a lab devoted to near-field microscopy [5]. Spectroscopy with FELBE radiation is also possible in pulsed high magnetic fields up to 70 T (150 ms magnetic pulse duration) [6].
At the ELBE accelerator a new electron beamline, providing for femtosecond electron bunches with up to nC bunch charges and repetition rates in the 1-200 kHz regime has been constructed and is corrently tested. The electrons will be used for the generation of broad band and narrow bandwidth coherent THz pulses in the frequency range between 0.1 THz – 3 THz. The current status of this project is presented.
FELBE is operated as a user facility, i.e., scientists from other institutions are invited to submit short research proposals and apply for beamtime.

References

[1] D. Stehr et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 051104 (2008).
[2] E.A. Zibik, et al., Nature Mat. 8, 803 (2009).
[3] S. Winnerl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 237401 (2011).
[4] J. Bhattacharyya et al., Rev. Sci. Instr. 82, 103107 (2011).
[5] S.C. Kehr et al., Nature Comm. 2, 249 (2011).
[6] O. Drachenko et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 073301 (2009).

The enantiomers of the potent σ₁ ligand fluspidine (1) were prepared by using chiral preparative HPLC. Synthesis of racemic tosylate 2 and subsequent separation of enantiomers yielded (R)-2 and (S)-2 in excellent enantiomeric purities. The fluspidine enantiomers (R)-1 and (S)-1 were synthesized from (R)-2 and (S)-2 by nucleophilic substitution with tetra-n-butyl-ammonium fluoride, affording (R)-1 with 99.6% ee and (S)-1 with 96.4% ee. Tosylates (R)-2 and (S)-2 can also serve as precursors for the radiosynthesis of enantiomerically pure radiotracers ¹⁸F](R)-1 and [¹⁸F-1.

The continuously-measuring, multispectral airborne Sun and aureole photometers FUBISS-ASA and FUBISSASA2 were developed at the Institute for Space Sciences of the Freie Universität Berlin in 2002 and 2006 respectively, for the retrieval of aerosol optical and microphysical parameters at wavelengths ranging from 400 to 900 nm. A multispectral near-infrared direct sun radiometer measuring in a spectral range of 1000 to 1700 nm has now been added to FUBISS-ASA2. The main objective of this NIR extension is to enhance the characterization of larger aerosol particles, as Mie scattering theory offers a more accurate approximation for their interaction with electromagnetic radiation, if both the VIS and NIR parts of the spectrum are considered, than it does for the VIS part only. The spectral transmissivity of atmospheric models was computed using the HITRAN2008 database in order to determine local absorption minima suitable for aerosol retrieval. Measurements were first carried out aboard the research vessel FS Polarstern on its transatlantic voyage ANT-XXVI/1. Additional measurements were performed from the Sphinx High Altitude Research Station on the Jungfraujoch and in the nearby Kleine Scheidegg locality during the CLACE2010 measurement campaign. Aerosol optical parameters derived from VIS aureole and direct sun measurements were compared to those of simulated aerosol mixtures in order to estimate the composition of the measured aerosol.

Most planets of the solar system are accompanied by a magnetic field with a large scale structure. These fields are generated by the dynamo effect, the process that provides for the transfer of kinetic energy from a flow of a conducting fluid into magnetic energy. In case of planetary dynamos it is generally assumed that these flows are driven by thermal and/or chemical convection but other driving sources like libration, tidal forcing or precession are possible as well. Precessional forcing, in particular, has been discussed since long as an at least additional power source for the geodynamo. A fluid flow of liquid sodium, solely driven by precession, will be the source for magnetic field generation in the next generation dynamo experiment currently under development at the Helmholz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). In contrast to previous dynamo experiments no internal blades, propellers or complex systems of guiding tubes will be used for the optimization of the flow properties. However, in order to reach sufficiently high magnetic Reynolds numbers required for the onset of dynamo action rather large dimensions of the container are necessary making the construction of the experiment a challenge. At present state a small scale water experiment is running in order to estimate the hydrodynamic flow properties in dependence of precession angle and precession rate. The measurements are utilized in combination with numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic case as input data for kinematic simulations of the induction equation. The resulting growth rates and the corresponding critical magnetic Reynolds numbers will provide a restriction of the useful parameter regime and will allow an optimization of the experimental configuration.

Liquid metal batteries could potentially serve as a means of large-scale energy storage. The anodes of such batteries consist of liquid metals, while their cathodes consist of a liquid metal alloy. The electrodes are separated by a liquid electrolyte layer, which needs to be thin to yield a low electrical resistance and a high power output. Motion in a liquid metal battery could cause the electrodes to locally displace the electrolyte and come in contact with each other, thus shorting the battery. An electric current through a battery can subject its liquid constituents to magnetohydrodynamical instabilities. The Tayler Instability (TI) was demonstrated at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden – Rossendorf. In this experiment, the magnetic field outside of a liquid GaInSn column was successfully used as an indicator of the flow [1]. The setup is now being modified to measure the vertical velocity component of the flow with ultrasonic (US) transducers in order to validate numerical simulations. As the US measurement system’s sensitivity to electrical and radio frequency noise from the current source poses an additional challenge, noise suppression mechanisms are being implemented. Furthermore, the relation between the aspect ratio of the column and the critical current, at which the TI first occurs, as well as the interfacial behavior in a two-phase system will be investigated.

Reference
[1] M. Seilmayer, F. Stefani, T. Gundrum, T. Weier, G. Gerbeth, M. Gellert, G. Rüdiger, Physical Review Letters 108, 244501 (2012).

Laser ion acceleration provides for compact, high-intensity ion sources in the multi-MeV range. Using a pulsed high-field solenoid, for the first time high-intensity laser-accelerated proton bunches could be selected from the continuous exponential spectrum and delivered to large distances, containing more than 109 particles in a narrow energy interval around a central energy of 9.4 MeV and showing ≤30  mrad envelope divergence. The bunches of only a few nanoseconds bunch duration were characterized 2.2 m behind the laser-plasma source with respect to arrival time, energy width, and intensity as well as spatial and temporal bunch profile.

The FELBE user facility located at the Helmhotz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf operates two free-electron lasers (FELs). The FELs are based on the superconducting electron linear accelerator ELBE, which provides short (picosecond) electron bunches with energies up to 35 MeV at a 13 MHz repetition rate. Here we discuss the basic parameters of the FELs and the experimental opportunities at the facility.

Liquid metal batteries (LMBs), containing a stable density stratification of a heavy metal, a salt-electrolyte and a light-weight metal on the top are recently discussed as a possible means for large scale electricity storage.
Due to their completely liquid interior, LMBs are susceptible to fluid dynamic instabilities. One example is the current driven Tayler instability (TI), which will set the liquid interior in motion. Consequences of a sufficiently strong flow are electrode/electrolyte deformations, which may lead to a direct contact of the electrodes and – consequently – a battery failure.
While a simulation of the TI in astrophysical plasmas may be carried out by directly solving the induction equation, the typical very low magnetic Prandtl numbers of liquid metals makes it impossible to use this approach in our case.
For the simulation of the TI in one liquid metal electrode, we couple the Navier-Stokes-equation with a Poisson equation for the electric potential complemented by a magnetic field calculation using Biot-Savart’s law. This integro-differential formulation is implemented in the open source library OpenFOAM. Simulation matches fairly well the results obtained by a recent TI experiment. Further studies on the TI, as the influence of the batteries aspect ratio, helical flows as well as countermeasures to avoid the instability are discussed.

Purpose: To estimate the relaxation time changes during Q2TIPS bolus saturation caused by magnetization transfer effects and to propose and evaluate an extended model for perfusion quantification which takes this into account.
Method: Three multi inversion-time pulsed arterial spin labeling sequences with different bolus saturation duration were acquired for five healthy volunteers. Magnetization transfer exchange rates in tissue and blood were obtained from control image saturation recovery. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) obtained using the extended model and the standard model was compared.
Results: A decrease of obtained CBF of 6% (10%) was observed in grey matter when the duration of bolus saturation increased from 600 to 900 ms (1200 ms). This decrease was reduced to 1.6% (2.8%) when the extended quantification model was used. Compared with the extended model, the standard model underestimated CBF in grey matter by 9.7, 15.0, and 18.7% for saturation durations 600, 900, and 1200 ms, respectively. Results for simulated single inversion-time data showed 5–16% CBF underestimation depending on blood arrival time and bolus saturation duration.
Conclusion: Magnetization transfer effects caused by bolus saturation pulses should not be ignored when performing quantification as they can cause appreciable underestimation of the CBF.

A mid-infrared oscillator FEL with a design wavelength range from 4 to 50 μm has been commissioned at the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin, Germany, for applications in molecular and cluster spectroscopy as well as surface science. The accelerator consists of a thermionic gridded electron gun, a subharmonic buncher and two S-band standing-wave copper structures. The device was designed to meet challenging specifications, including a final energy adjustable in the range of 15 to 50 MeV, low longitudinal emittance (< 50 keV-psec) and transverse emittance (< 20 Pi mm-mrad), at more than 200 pC bunch charge with a micro pulse repetition rate of 1 GHz and a macro pulse length of up to 15 μs. Two isochronous achromatic 180 degree bends deliver the beam to the undulators, only one of which is presently installed, and to the beam dumps. Calculations of the FEL gain and IR-cavity losses predict that lasing will be possible in the wavelength range from less than 4 to more than 50 μm. First lasing was achieved at a wavelength of 16 μm in 2012*. We will describe the FEL system design and performance, provide examples of lasing, and touch on the first anticipated user experiments.

*W. Schoellkopf et al., MOOB01, Proc. FEL 2012

The occurrence of a PTS in a reactor vessel is an important phenomenon for assessing nuclear reactor safety. New experiment was conducted at HZDR, focused on thermal mixing processes in the cold leg and the downcomer of two-phase PTS case. Present work reports CFD analysis of steady-state air-water case. CFD analysis was conducted with two turbulence-modeling approaches, RANS and LES. Multiphase situation was modeled with VOF approach. Simulations were performed using the ANSYS Fluent 12 package. Comparison of computed temperatures results and measurements along the thermo-couple lines revealed results depend on the turbulence model used.

The current project focuses on stratified two-phase flows with heat and mass transfer across a moving interface due to direct contact condensation (DCC) in horizontal pipes or channels.

The bifunctional chelating agent 2-[4,7-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononan-1-yl]acetic acid, DMPTACN-COOH, has been found to bind strongly to copper(II), resulting in a radiocopper(II)-ligand complex that exhibits high in vivo stability. The pendant carboxylic acid group enables this derivative to be conjugated to the N-terminal amino acid residues of peptides. Exploiting this, two stabilized bombesin (BBN) derivatives, ßAla-ßAla-[Cha¹³,Nle¹⁴]BBN(7-14) and ßhomo-Glu-ßAla-ßAla-[Cha¹³,Nle¹⁴]BBN(7-14) have been coupled to DMPTACN-COOH and radiolabeled with the positron emitter copper-64 (⁶⁴Cu-1 and ⁶⁴Cu-3). The in vitro binding characteristics of the [⁶⁴Cu]Cu-labeled bombesin conjugates in gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) over-expressing prostate cancer (PC-3) cells have been evaluated. Biodistribution studies performed in Wistar rats indicate a specific uptake in the GRPR-rich pancreas and rapid renal elimination for both ⁶⁴Cu-1 and ⁶⁴Cu-3. Small animal PET imaging studies performed in NMRI nu/nu mice bearing the human prostate tumor PC-3 demonstrated a very high degree of tumor accumulation for ⁶⁴Cu-1 and ⁶⁴Cu-3. Incorporation of a single additional glutamic acid residue within the spacer between bombesin and the radiolabeled complex (⁶⁴Cu-3) leads to a higher tumor-to-muscle uptake ratio (amounting to >30 at 100 min post injection) compared to ⁶⁴Cu-1.

The application of ultra-small super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) as versatile diagnostic probes for multimodal imaging in biomedicine, including via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), requires hydrophilic and biocompatible surface coatings. Herein, we describe the development of USPIONs stabilised by octylamine-modified polyacrylic acid (OPA) and the subsequent conjugation of a ⁶⁴Cu(II) chelator, N-(4-aminophenyl)-2-[4,7-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononan-1-yl]acetamide (amino-dmptacn), for radioactivity-based detection. Transmission electron microscopic analysis and dynamic light scattering measurements confirmed the monodispersity and stability of the OPA-USPIONs in aqueous media and revealed a hydrodynamic size of ca. 15 nm. Furthermore, the biocompatibility and cellular uptake efficiency of the functionalised USPIONs was investigated in a range of normal and tumour cell lines. The results clearly show a cell type- as well as time-dependent internalisation of the OPA-USPIONs via active energy-dependent pathways. Biocompatibility of OPA-USPIONs in the concentration range of 10–50 μg mL⁻¹ was demonstrated, while impairment of cellular viability was observed for human umbilical vein endothelial cells at 100 μg mL⁻¹. Upon exposure to human serum, several biomolecules cover the negatively-charged surface of the nanoparticles and a biomolecular corona is formed. Nonetheless, the nanoparticles represent a promising platform for the future development of a bimodal PET-MRI tumour-imaging agent.

Proton beams by their well-confined energy-loss in matter are a promising tool for the improvement of radiotherapy of cancer and are currently under intense medical investigation. Wider clinical use, however, is limited by the complexity and expense of current proton and ion accelerators. Compact laser driven proton therapy accelerators are discussed as a promising alternative, yet require substantial development in reliable beam generation and transport, but also in dosimetric protocols as well as validation in radiobiological studies.
In our talk, we will present the first direct and dose controlled comparison of the radiobiological effectiveness (RBE) of intense proton pulses from a laser driven accelerator with conventionally generated continuous proton beams, showing no dependence of the RBE on the different beam properties [1]. Controlled dose delivery, precisely online and offline monitored for each of the ~ 4000 proton pulses, resulted in an unprecedented relative dose uncertainty of below 10%, using approaches scalable to radiotherapy applications.
In parallel to the development of laser driven proton therapy accelerators, an advancement in instrumentation for laser driven protons is essential. Most importantly, these new diagnostic tools need to speedwise match the repetition rates of state-of-the-art high power laser systems and need to be adapted to the harsh plasma environment of laser based accelerators, not neglecting their fitment to the properties of laser accelerated proton pulses such as the high flux and the broad energy spectrum.
We will present three types of scintillator-based detectors, all being optimized for specific stages of the experimental chain: a one-dimensional space- and energy-resolved detector for online spectral stability control of the acceleration performance [2], a two-dimensional space- and energy-resolved detector for source characterization measurements, and a three-dimensional detector for precise dose verification in a water-equivalent medium with regards to medical quality assurance [3].

[1] K. Zeil, et al.: Dose-controlled irradiation of cancer cells with laser-accelerated proton pulses, Appl. Phys. B (2012)
[2] J. Metzkes, et al.: A scintillator-based online detector for the angularly resolved measurement of laser-accelerated proton spectra, Review of Scientific Instruments, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 123301 (2012)
[3] F. Kroll, et al.: Preliminary investigations on the determination of three-dimensional dose distributions using scintillator blocks and optical tomography, Med. Phys. 40, 082104 (2013)

Alkaline Komplexe stellen eine der größten und vielversprechendsten Bezugsquellen zur Deckung des zukünftigen Bedarfs an Schweren Seltenen Erden (heavy rare earths, HREE) dar. Neben der oft starken Anreicherung an HREE, sind diese auch an weiteren sogenannten kritischen Metallen angereichert, so zum Beispiel Nb, Ta, Zr, aber auch Ga können erheblich angereichert sein. Diese sehr ungewöhnliche und oft variable Anreicherung einer großen Anzahl von Metallen ist verbunden mit einer ebenso vielfältigen Erzmineralogie und einer oft sehr komplexen Architektur der Lagerstättenkörper. Dies stellt eine Herausforderung für den Abbau und für die spätere Aufbereitung dar.
Zur effizienten Nutzung solcher komplexer Lagerstätten sollen geometallurgische Modelle eingesetzt werden. In geometallurgischen Modellen werden die räumliche Diversität und Variabilität aller Parameter, die für Gewinnung, Aufbereitung und metallurgische Raffination Relevanz haben gemeinsam dargestellt und geometallurgische Domänen definiert. Relevante Parameter sind insbesondere die chemische, mineralogische und mineralchemische Zusammensetzung, aber auch das Mikrogefüge. Basierend auf einem solchen multikriteriellen geometallurgischen Modell können dann Gewinnung und Verarbeitung des Lagerstätteninhalts optimal aufeinander abgestimmt werden. .
Genaue Betrachtung der geologischen Gegebenheiten im Gelände und am Bohrkern, sowie eine flächendeckende Beprobung sind essenziell für das makroskopische Verständnis des Erzkörpers. Mikrotexturen, Mineralogie und Metallverteilung, sowie Mineralassoziationen, Korngröße und Freilegungsgrad sind Schlüsselparameter für die Charakterisierung der Erze und Aufbereitungsprodukte und können mithilfe von Rasterelektronenmikroskop-basierte Bildbearbeitung erfasst und für die Erstellung des geometallurgischen Models genutzt werden.
Die Anwendbarbeit und der Nutzen eines solchen Models sind hier am Beispiel des Norra Kärr Alkalinen Komplexes beispielhaft illustriert. Das Vorkommen befindet sich in Südschweden, ca. 300 km südwestlich von Stockholm und 15 km nördlich der Stadt Gränna. Mit einer Oberflächenausdehnung von ca. 350 m x 1100 m und nachgewiesene Ressourcen von 41.6 Mt @ 0.57 % TREO mit 51 % HREO ist das Vorkommen sehr gut exploriert und zeigt erhebliche texturelle und kompositionelle Variabilität. Die Mineralisation findet sich in stark deformierten und verfalteten Aegirin Nephelin-Syeniten. Minerale der Eudialytgruppe sind Haupterzträger, mit Mosandrit und Britholit in untergeordneten Mengen. Die Lagerstätte eignet sich aufgrund seiner Variabilität und des sehr guten Erkundungsstandes sehr gut für eine geometallurgische Modellierung.

The scientific program and curent status of the planned accelerator laboratory in the Felsenkeller shallow-underground facility in Dresden, Germany, are reviewed.

Resonance strengths in the supernova reaction 40Ca(α,γ)44Ti have been studied by activation, using underground counting in the Dresden Felsenkeller.

Nuclear reaction studies by in-beam gamma-spectroscopy with a low expected signal counting rate are best performed in a low-background environment. At gamma-ray energies above 3 MeV that are typical of many nuclear reactions, the background is given by cosmic-ray effects. Thick layers of rock absorb cosmic-ray muons and thus attenuate these effects.

At the Felsenkeller underground site in Dresden, shielded by 47 m of rock, the cosmic-ray muon flux is reduced by a factor of 30. It has recently been shown that additional active shielding brings the total background suppression factor to several hundred, creating an attractive environment for nuclear reaction studies for astrophysics and applications.

A 5 MV Pelletron tandem accelerator with double charging chains was recently purchased for installation in Felsenkeller and has already been transported to Dresden. Recent progress of the project will be reviewed, and an outlook will be given.

The very neutron-rich oxygen isotopes O-25 and O-26 are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The unbound states are populated in an experiment performed at the R3B-LAND setup at GSI via proton-knockout reactions from F-26 and F-27 at relativistic energies around 442 and 414 MeV/nucleon, respectively. From the kinematically complete measurement of the decay into O-24 plus one or two neutrons, the O-25 ground-state energy and width are determined, and upper limits for the O-26 ground-state energy and lifetime are extracted. In addition, the results provide indications for an excited state in O-26 at around 4 MeV. The experimental findings are compared to theoretical shell-model calculations based on chiral two- and three-nucleon (3N) forces, including for the first time residual 3N forces, which are shown to be amplified as valence neutrons are added.

Vorgestellt wird eine einfache und schnelle kolorimetrische und UV/VIS spektroskopische Methode für den Nachweis metallischer Ionen bzw. Ionenkomplexe in wässriger Lösung. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf der Aggregation S-Layer funktionalisierter Goldnanopartikel in Gegenwart einer zu detektierenden Zielspezies. Dabei kommt es aufgrund der Kopplung der Plasmonen zu spektralen Verschiebungen im sichtbaren Bereich des optischen Spektrums. Diese Änderungen können mit dem bloßen Auge durch den Farbumschlag der Lösung von rot nach blau verfolgt werden. Am Beispiel von Arsen(V) und der Funktionalisierung sphärischer Goldnanopartikel mit Oligomerstrukturen des Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 soll das Potential dieses Nachweissystems aufgezeigt werden. In Kombination mit photometrischen Untersuchungen und einer nachfolgenden Signalauswertung lassen sich auf diese Weise Konzentrationswerte für Arsen(V) unterhalb der von der Europäischen Union geforderten Grenzwerte für Arsen im Trinkwasser (~10 ppb) nachweisen.

Bubble characteristics in a 3-D gas-fluidized bed have been measured using noninvasive ultrafast electron beam X-ray tomography. The measurements are compared with predictions by a two-fluid model based on kinetic theory of granular flow. The effect of bed material (glass, alumina and LLDPE, dp ~1mm), inlet gas velocity and initial particle bed height on the bubble behavior is investigated in a cylindrical column of 0.1m diameter. The bubble rise velocity is determined by cross correlation of images from dual horizontal planes. The bubble characteristics depend highly upon the particle collisional properties. The bubble sizes obtained from experiments and simulations show good agreement. The LLDPE particles show high gas hold-up and higher bubble rise velocity than predicted on basis of literature correlations.
The bed expansion is relatively high for LLDPE particles. The X-ray tomography and two-fluid model results provide in-depth understanding of bubble behavior in fluidized beds containing different granular
material types.

In the case of the accidental release of long-lived radionuclides, e.g., actinides, into the environment, knowledge of their behavior in bio-systems is necessary to asses and to prevent radiological and chemical induced adverse health effects. This includes knowledge of the bioavailability and chemo-/radiotoxicity of these elements for/onto cells, which are governed to a large extent by their speciation [1,2]. In order to gain a better process understanding, we study the interaction of trivalent actinides/lanthanides with mammalian cells on a cellular level combining biochemical and analytical methods. Results of these studies can contribute to the estimation of low dose effects and the development of new decontamination strategies.
The cellular tolerance of FaDu cells (human squamous cell carcinoma cell line) toward Eu(III) as an analog for trivalent actinides as well as its uptake into the cells has been studied as a function of the Eu(III) concentration and nutrient composition. To differentiate between chemotoxic and radiotoxic effects of Eu(III), 152Eu (β-, ε) was applied as radioactive tracer besides europium with natural isotope composition. The Eu(III) speciation in the cell culture media has been investigated by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy as well as by solubility studies in combination with ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, cation and anion analysis. These results are used to correlate cytotoxicity and uptake of Eu(III) on/into the cells with its chemical speciation in the nutrient. Presently, we are studying the interaction of Eu(III) with NRK-52E cells (rat kidney epithelial-like cells). The results of these studies will be discussed and compared to those obtained with FaDu cells.
From the studies with FaDu cells it was concluded that the Eu(III) cytotoxicity onto these cells depends on the Eu(III) concentration and is influenced by its chemical speciation. This was also reported, for instance, for the toxicity of U(VI) onto rat kidney cells [3]. In the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) as nutrient component, Eu(III) is stabilized in solution by complexation with serum proteins as strong complexing agents and shows a low cytotoxicity. In contrast to that, in the absence of FBS, Eu(III) forms hardly soluble species that are dominated by phosphate ligands. In this binding form, Eu(III) exerts a significantly higher cytotoxicity. The presence of an excess of citrate, as strong complexing ligand, influences the Eu(III) speciation and decreases its toxicity in the absence of FBS. Independent of its speciation, Eu(III) seems to be predominantly bound to the cell surface and does not significantly enter the cells. Under the applied experimental conditions, the tolerance of FaDu cells versus Eu(III) appears to be not significantly influenced by the presence of 152Eu, indicating no additional radiotoxic effect.

[1] Ansoborlo, E. et al., Biochimie 88, 1605 (2008).
[2] Bresson, C. et al., J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26, 593 (2011).
[3] Carrière, M. et al., Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17, 446 (2004).

The past fifteen years have seen a rapid development of novel techniques to generate and detect ultra-short and high power THz pulses. The availability of these pulses with electric field strength in the few 10 to
100 MV/m regime has led to a number of exciting experiments in particular in the field of non - linear THz spectroscopy and THz control experiments.
One class of these THz generation techniques utilizes highly charged, ultra short electron bunches accelerated to relativistic speed in linear particle accelerators [1]. A variety of different source concepts allows to shape the THz pulses from single cycle/broad band pulses to multicycle/narrow - bandwidth pulses with polarizations ranging from radial to linear. One main attraction of accelerator- based THz originates from the fact that the THz generation process does not take place in a medium but in the ultra - high vacuum of the accelerator, so that the THz pulse energy can hence theoretically much easier up scaled than in any of the table top sources available today. Additionally it could recently be shown that coherent THz radiation can be generated residually and in parallel to the femtosecond X - ray pulses in 4th generation X-ray light sources such as FLASH [2,3,and 4] and LCLS [5]. This opens up the exciting opportunity to perform naturally synchronized THz pump X-ray probe experiments on few femtosecond time scales [2,3,and 5]. An overview over different THz facility projects will be presented and experimental opportunities and challenges ranging from atomic physics, condensed matter to biophysics will be discussed.

[1]G.L. Carr et. al., High power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons,Nature420(2002), 153.
[2] M. Gensch et. al., New infrared undulator beamline at FLASH, Infrared Phys. Technol.51(2008), 423.
[3]U. Fruehling et.al., Single-Shot THz-field-driven X-ray streak camera,Nat. Photon.3(2009), 523.
[4] F. Tavella, N. Stojanovic, G. Geloni, M. Gensch, Few-Femtosecond timing at Fourth-Generation X-ray Lightsources,Nat. Photon.5(2011), 162.
[5]D. Daranciang et. al.,Single cycle terahertz pulses with > 0.2 V/angstrom field amplitudes via coherent transition radiation, Appl. Phys.
Lett.(2011), 141117.

The past fifteen years have seen a rapid development of novel techniques to generate and detect ultra-short and high power THz pulses. The availability of these pulses with electric field strength in the few 10 to 100 MV/m regime has led to a number of exciting experiments in particular in the field of non - linear THz spectroscopy and THz control experiments.
One class of these THz generation techniques utilizes highly charged, ultra short electron bunches accelerated to relativistic speed in linear particle accelerators [1]. A variety of different source concepts allows to shape the THz pulses from single cycle/broad band pulses to multicycle/narrow - bandwidth pulses with polarizations ranging from radial to linear. One main attraction of accelerator- based THz originates from the fact that the THz generation process does not take place in a medium but in the ultra - high vacuum of the accelerator, so that the THz pulse energy can hence theoretically much easier up scaled than in any of the table top sources available today. Additionally it could recently be shown that coherent THz radiation can be generated residually and in parallel to the femtosecond X - ray pulses in 4th generation X-ray light sources such as FLASH [2,3,and 4] and LCLS [5]. This opens up the exciting opportunity to perform naturally synchronized THz pump X-ray probe experiments on few femtosecond time scales [2,3,and 5]. An overview over different THz facility projects will be presented and experimental opportunities and challenges ranging from atomic physics, condensed matter to biophysics will be discussed.

[1]G.L. Carr et. al., High power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons,Nature420(2002), 153.
[2] M. Gensch et. al., New infrared undulator beamline at FLASH, Infrared Phys. Technol.51(2008), 423.
[3]U. Fruehling et.al., Single-Shot THz-field-driven X-ray streak camera,Nat. Photon.3(2009), 523.
[4] F. Tavella, N. Stojanovic, G. Geloni, M. Gensch, Few-Femtosecond timing at Fourth-Generation X-ray Lightsources,Nat. Photon.5(2011), 162.
[5]D. Daranciang et. al.,Single cycle terahertz pulses with > 0.2 V/angstrom field amplitudes via coherent transition radiation, Appl. Phys.
Lett.(2011), 141117.

The past fifteen years have seen a rapid development of novel techniques to generate and detect ultra-short and high power THz pulses. The availability of these pulses with electric field strength in the few 10 to
100 MV/m regime has led to a number of exciting experiments in particular in the field of non - linear THz spectroscopy and THz control experiments.
One class of these THz generation techniques utilizes highly charged, ultra short electron bunches accelerated to relativistic speed in linear particle accelerators [1]. A variety of different source concepts allows to shape the THz pulses from single cycle/broad band pulses to multicycle/narrow - bandwidth pulses with polarizations ranging from radial to linear. One main attraction of accelerator- based THz originates from the fact that the THz generation process does not take place in a medium but in the ultra - high vacuum of the accelerator, so that the THz pulse energy can hence theoretically much easier up scaled than in any of the table top sources available today. Additionally it could recently be shown that coherent THz radiation can be generated residually and in parallel to the femtosecond X - ray pulses in 4th generation X-ray light sources such as FLASH [2,3,and 4] and LCLS [5]. This opens up the exciting opportunity to perform naturally synchronized THz pump X-ray probe experiments on few femtosecond time scales [2,3,and 5]. An overview over different THz facility projects will be presented and experimental opportunities and challenges ranging from atomic physics, condensed matter to biophysics will be discussed.

[1]G.L. Carr et. al., High power terahertz radiation from relativistic electrons,Nature420(2002), 153.
[2] M. Gensch et. al., New infrared undulator beamline at FLASH, Infrared Phys. Technol.51(2008), 423.
[3]U. Fruehling et.al., Single-Shot THz-field-driven X-ray streak camera,Nat. Photon.3(2009), 523.
[4] F. Tavella, N. Stojanovic, G. Geloni, M. Gensch, Few-Femtosecond timing at Fourth-Generation X-ray Lightsources,Nat. Photon.5(2011), 162.
[5]D. Daranciang et. al.,Single cycle terahertz pulses with > 0.2 V/angstrom field amplitudes via coherent transition radiation, Appl. Phys.
Lett.(2011), 141117.

An innovative light water reactor concept, which holds a great promise of improving the fuel utilization, has emerged recently based on an idea of the “breed & burn” mode of operation. The novel concept, named PTVM LWR, is a pressure tube type reactor of similar design to ACR-1000, but differing in two aspects. First, the inter-fuel channels spacing, surrounded by the calandria tank, contains a low pressure gas instead of heavy water moderator. Second, the fuel channel design features an additional/external tube (designated as moderator tube) connected to a separate moderator management system. The moderator management system is designed to vary the moderator tube content from “dry” (gas) to “flooded” (light water filled). The moderator variation results in a neutron spectral shift, which allows the implementation of the “breed & burn” mode of operation. In this talk, the novel reactor core design and the physical principles underlying its operation will be described and discussed. Finally, possible research lines for future investigation and continuous design developments will be discussed.

Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest article will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.

the oral contribution gives an overview about the structure of the HIF, its tasks, infrastructure an research topics

In the present study we investigated the interaction of selenium with Azospirillum brasilense as well as Bacillus and Lysinibacillus strains from a uranium mining waste pile. The biosynthesis of hardly soluble nanospheric Se(0) was observed for A. brasilense only in the presence of Se(IV) under aerobic conditions. After isolation of the Se(0) from the biomass, the characteristics of the nanoparticles were intensively studied by different techniques, namely HG-AAS, ICP-MS, PCS and SEM-EDX. In summary A. brasilense produced very homogeneous nanospheres with highly negative surface charge and a size of 410 ± 110 nm. The Bacillus and Lysinibacillus strains are able to induce red Se(0) nanoparticles after one day of incubation with Se(IV).

Bei einem Kühlmittelverluststörfall eines Druckwasserreaktors wird in der Anfangsphase die Freisetzung von Bruchstücken des Isolationsmaterials postuliert, die zu Ablagerungen an den Sumpfansaugsieben führen. Neben diesem physikalischen Vorgang, der durch die Strömungsdynamik beeinflusst wird, laufen im nachfolgenden Sumpfumwälzbetrieb Korrosionsprozesse von verzinkten Einbauten mit unterschiedlicher Intensität ab. Durch strömungsinduzierte Korrosion mit dem borsäurehaltigen Kühlmittel wird der schützende Zinküberzug im Leckstrahlbereich lokal sehr schnell aufgelöst und die sich bildenden Rostprodukte können die Notkühlung durch Einlagerung in die Faserablagerungen bis hin zur Verblockung erheblich stören. Die als Gegenmaßnahme vorgesehene Rückspülung beseitigt zwar dieses Problem. Jedoch werden im weiteren Verlauf durch Korrosion relativ großer verzinkter Flächen im borsäurehaltigen Kühlmittel bei ca. 50 °C im Reaktorsumpf höhere Konzentrationen an gelöstem Zink erreicht. An den durch die Nachzerfallswärme aufgeheizten Brennelementen im Kern des Reaktors können sich Ablagerungen an Hüllrohren bzw. Abstandshaltern bilden, die die Kernkühlung in der Spätphase beeinträchtigen.
Experimente mit Zn-haltigen Borsäurelösungen in einem Batch-Reaktor zeigen, dass dieser Effekt nicht auf einem schnellen Ausdampfen des Wassers an sehr heißen Oberflächen beruht, sondern durch eine Abnahme der Löslichkeit von Zinkborat mit steigender Temperatur verursacht wird, die auch bei niedrigen Aufheizraten zu beobachten ist.
Zur Untersuchung der an einem einzelnen Brennstab auftretenden Effekte wurde eine Laborversuchsanlage mit einem elektrisch beheizten Heizelementmodul (DWR-Hüllrohr) errichtet, bei der die Vorgänge der Zn-Auflösung, Zn-Korrosionsprodukt-Abscheidung und Temperierung durch getrennte Kreisläufe entkoppelt sind. Die elektrische Leistung des Heizelements wurde vergleichbar mit einem Brennstab nach der Schnellabschaltung des Reaktors gewählt und der Temperaturgradient über das Heizelement durch die Flussrate im Ringraum zwischen Heizelement und Glasohr realisiert, wobei die Flächen von Ringraum und Heißkanal eines Brennelements vergleichbar sind. Die Hauptmenge der mobilen partikelförmigen Produkte wird mit einem Filter abgeschieden, während die am Heizelement anhaftenden Abscheidungen nach Demontage zugänglich sind. Die Aufheizbedingungen der Zn-haltigen Lösung beeinflussen nicht nur die Menge der gebildeten festen Zn-Korrosionsprodukte sondern auch deren Art. Dabei können verschiedene Zn-borate entstehen, die sich im Zn:B-Verhältnis, in der Abgabetemperatur und dem Gehalt des Wassers, in den Raman-Spektren und auch in ihrem Wiederauflöseverhalten bei niedrigerer Temperatur unterscheiden.

Like in visual photography the images of infrared-thermographic (IRT) measurements suffer distortion effects. In real measurements outside the laboratory quite often the point of view of the IRT camera is angular to the inspected surface. Thus a photogrammetric digital image processing of the results yielding deformation-true information is indispensable for a correct data interpretation and data use in mapping. Naturally for the montage of large true to scale image plans the rectified quality of all single images is a major requirement. With the help of newly developed optic-thermal markers an automatic image processing with marker matching and rectification of IRT image stacks can be realized. Active IRT is successfully used for damage investigations on mural paintings. But also for the investigation on building history and energetic inspection of buildings and monuments the non destructive and even contactless IRT evolved to a indispensable tool. However, those investigations happen on large objects and require several single IRT inquiries before the object is completely scanned in sufficient resolution. Actually developed software now enables seamless image conjunction of the IRT images by post-treatment and matching. Also, as e.g. in standard routine in active IRT, large image stacks have to be handled in parallel.

Slurry bubble column (SBC) reactors find a wide range of application in the chemical process, pharmaceutical and biochemical industries, etc. Over the past decades, various experimental and numerical studies have been done in an attempt to capture the impact of solids in terms of solid concentration and solid particle size on various hydrodynamic propertices1-4. However, still the knowledge about the possible effects of solids on the gas-liquid system is not understood clearly. Due to this lack of clear understanding on the influence of the solid particles, the prediction of the complex flow behavior of gas-liquid-solid flows in slurry bubble column reactor becomes very difficult. In most of numerical investigations5-6, the gas flow behaviour was predicted considering the uniform suspension of the solids in the liquid phase, i.e. the slurry phase was modeled as a single pseudo-homogeneous phase. The assumption of a pseudo-slurry phase may probably be reasonable for smaller particles where particle Reynolds number, ReP, is below 0.3 and stokes law assumption is valid. However, for larger particles, where ReP is higher than 0.3, the effect of the solid phase on the liquid cannot be neglected. Furthermore, all the available correlations for slurry viscosity7-8 consider only the effect of Cs, neglecting the effect of particle size and superficial gas velocity. In the present work, an attempt has been made to study the effect of viscosity in two-phase (air / water + glycerol) system and compared with the apparent (slurry) mixture viscosity in three-phase (air / water +glass particles) system on the hydrodynamic parameters like gas holdup at approximately same viscosities under similar operation conditions.

Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of global concern. Due to its high vapor pressure Hg is a very mobile element and therefore is evident in all environmental compartments and can be both, intra-hemispherically and interhemispherically dispersed.
In order to understand the global mercury cycle and the anthropogenic impact on it, a large number of research activities have been carried out in recent years. On the one hand mercury species in ambient air have been scope of various studies with the objective to characterize the contemporary mercury fate and behavior in the global atmosphere. On the other hand, historical records of mercury in a variety of archives have been used to estimate human impacts on the biogeochemical cycling of mercury.
The first objective of this study was to contribute information on the worldwide distribution and trend of atmospheric mercury. For this the atmospheric species Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM), Reactive Gaseous Mercury (RGM), Total Particulate Mercury (TPM) and mercury in precipitation have been analyzed in remote areas in both, the Northern and the Southern Hemisphere. In order to ensure the determination of reliable data, the establishment of compliant and reliable sampling and analytical set-ups capable for remote sampling areas was the first milestone for this part of the study.
One other intent of the study was to answer the question under which constraints mercury records in peat bogs and lacustrine sediments reflect atmospheric deposition rates and thus can be used to estimate human impacts on the biogeochemical cycling of mercury. With the atmospheric mercury data obtained, contemporary deposition rates were calculated and compared to existing historical mercury records in ombrothrophic peat bogs and lacustrine sediments to test the reliability of these geochemical archives.
The atmospheric data show that there is a significant diurnal and spatial variability of the different species, mainly controlled by meteorological conditions and biogeochemical processes in soils.
The new data contribute to the the existing small data set from remote areas, especially from the Southern Hemisphere, and are a helpful complementary approach to the few stationary sites established for long period observations. Particularly for the region of South America no baseline measurements in remote areas have been performed before. The results provide basic information about the worldwide distribution and trend in atmospheric mercury dynamics.
The calculated mercury wet deposition of 1.3 – 3.5 μg m−2 a−1 found for the different sampling sites in Patagonia show a much better correlation to the Hg accumulation rate found in the lacustrine sediment and evidence that the uncorrected accumulation rates in the upper part of peat bogs and thus the assumed contemporary atmospheric flux might be overestimated.

Reaction paths of the Isobutane oxidation and main reaction products are summarized to identify processes which are influencing the TBHP yield. 13 levers to improve the selectivity could be identified. Several reaction models of the isobutane oxidation from literature are analyzed concerning the reaction conditions and the elementary chemical reactions used.
Furthermore a first flow chart for the micro reactor design is presented. The results of the first meeting with Linde Engineering are discussed and safety issues are pointed out.
The results of DSC experiments concerning the decomposition of TBHP are presented.

In case of incorporation, radionuclides represent a serious health risk to humans due to their (radio-)toxicity. Thus, the determination of their speciation and transport on a molecular level is crucial for the understanding of the transport, metabolism, deposition and elimination in the human organisms. In case of oral ingestion of contaminated food or radioactive substances the first contact medium in the mouth is the aqueous biofluid saliva which contains inorganic ions (mainly Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, CO32-, PO43-) and numerous biomolecules, mainly proteins. One of the major proteins in saliva is the digestive enzyme α-amylase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the α-1,4 glycosidic linkages of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen. [1]
In this study the speciation of curium(III) and europium(III) in saliva as the first contact medium at oral incorporation was investigated with time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). For TRLFS measurements, fresh saliva samples from human sources have been spiked in vitro with Eu(III) or Cm(III). The identification of the dominant species was achieved by a comparison of the spectroscopic data with reference spectra obtained from synthetic saliva and the main single components of the biofluid. In the pH range from 6.8 to 7.4 similar spectra were obtained. With respect to reference data, the spectra indicate the formation of a ternary metal complex containing phosphate and carbonate anions and, in addition, a coordination of organic matter, namely α-amylase, to the central metal cation is suggested.
To get more information about the binding behavior of α-amylase various investigations with Eu(III) as inactive analog for An(III) were carried out with porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) which serves as model system for various α-amylase species. Sorption experiments showed a high affinity of Eu(III) to α-amylase in a wide pH range, namely between pH 4 and 8. The analysis of binding isotherms demonstrated that up to 3 Eu3+ ions are bound to one enzyme molecule. Hence, the Eu3+ ions seem to replace the Ca2+ ions, a well-known mechanism in biological systems. The effect of Eu3+ on enzyme activity was determined with the α-amylase assay method by Bernfeld [2]. Eu3+ shows a strong inhibition effect on the enzyme activity, but in the presence of Ca2+ in excess the enzyme activity remains nearly unaffected. This effect might be useful for the refinement of decontamination strategies.

[1] Edgar, W. M., Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. British Dental Journal 1992, 172, 305-312
[2] P. Bernfeld, Methods in Enzymology 1955, 149-158

The ELBE facility (Electron Linear accelerator with high Brightness and low Emittance) is being upgraded towards a Center for High Power Radiation Sources in conjunction with Terawatt & Petawatt femtosecond lasers. The topological facility expansion and an increased number of radiation sources made a replacement of the former personnel safety system (PSS) necessary. The new system based on failsafe PLCs was designed to fulfil the requirements of radiation protection according to effective law, where it combines both laser and radiation safety for the new laser based particle sources. Conceptual design and general specification was done in-house, while detailed design and installation were carried out in close cooperation with an outside firm.
The article describes architecture, functions and some technical features of the new ELBE PSS. Special focus is on the implementation of IEC 61508 and the project track. The system was integrated in an existing (and mostly running) facility and is liable to third party approval. Operational experience after one year of run-time is also given.

For the investigation of the isobutane oxidation a micro reactor is planned. For its design, the conversion of isobutane has been calculated as a function of temperature and time by a kinetics found in literature to estimate reaction times. Low temperatures (< 130°C) are leading to high residence times. To realize those high residence times, very low isobutane flows are needed which cannot be realized exactly in the case of a capillary reactor of 10 m (< 1 µl/min). So for low temperatures a 100 m capillary has to be used, whereas for higher temperatures a 10 m capillary is sufficient. The gas - liquid relations of some taylor flows at comparable conditions (10 µl flow rate) - realized by hexane and nitrogen - have been studied.
Furthermore the separation of the most important isobutane oxidation products has been presented. Liquid products (DTBP, acetone, TBHP, t-butanol, methanol, formic acid ) are separated by GC-MS using a StabiloWax Column, gaseous components of the medium (isobutane, carbon dioxide, oxygen etc.) are separated by GC-TCD and GC-MS.

Terahertz-induced intra-exciton transitions are studied in semiconductor quantum-well systems under the influence of a constant magnetic field. A systematic description is developed to include carrier–carrier interactions, terahertz transitions, and magnetic-field effects to the exciton-correlation dynamics. When a magnetic field is present, the exciton states and energies are changed directly and parametrically via the center-of-mass momentum of excitons. The numerical results show that both effects influence the terahertz spectroscopy. Especially, the transition between 1s- and 2p-exciton states is shown to depend strongly on both magnetic field and center-of-mass momentum.

Im Hinblick auf die Wirksamkeit von Barriensystemen potentieller Endlager wurden Sorptionsprozesse von Selenationen an γ-Aluminiumoxid untersucht.
Zunächst wurden Untersuchungen zur Charakterisierung der Mineralphase durch Einsatz von Zeta-Potential-Messungen und Röntgenbeugungsspektroskopie durchgeführt. Dabei wurde bestätigt, dass es sich bei dem eingesetzten Feststoff um eine reine Oxidphase handelt, und es wurde widerlegt, dass es beim Kontakt des Minerals mit Wasser zur Bildung von Hydroxiden kommt. Zusätzlich zu diesen Ergebnissen konnte für das verwendete Oxid ein isoelektrischer Punkt bei pH = 9,5...9,6 ermittelt werden.
Ein weiterer wichtiger Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bestand darin, Erkenntnisse zur Sorption von Selenationen am γ-Al2O3 durch die Anwendung von Batch-Experimenten zu gewinnen. Im Zuge dieser Experimente sollte die Abhängigkeit der Sorption vom pH-Wert und der Konzentration der Hintergrundelektrolyten Natriumchlorid und Magnesiumchlorid untersucht werden. Dies geschah durch den Einsatz von Zeta-Potential-Messungen und spektroskopischen Daten, welche über ICP-MS ermittelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sorption sowohl mit steigendem pH-Wert als auch mit steigender Konzentration der Hintergrundelektrolyten verringert wird. Dabei deuten beide Methoden darauf hin, dass es sich bei den durch Sorptionsprozesse gebildeten Komplexen um outersphärische Komplexe handelt.
Eine äußerst wichtige Frage im Hinblick auf die Immobilisierung der Selenationen durch Sorption war die ihrer Reversibilität. Nur, wenn die Sorption irreversibel verläuft, können austretende Kontaminanten immobilisiert und somit ihre Freisetzung in die Umwelt verhindert werden. Die Ergebnisse der IR Spektroskopie weisen darauf hin, dass die stattfindenden Sorptionsprozesse vorwiegend zu relativ schwach gebundenen Selenationen an der Mineraloberfläche führen. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass γ Aluminiumoxid im Hinblick auf die Immobilisierung von radioaktivem Selen-79 im Endlager nur geringe Rückhalteeigenschaften besitzt.

Vortrag zu Berufsmöglichkeiten in der Endlagerforschung im Rahmen eines Seminars des Bachelor-Studienganges "Geowissenschaften" an der Universität Heidelberg.

Background of the experimental and methodical work is a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) in a PWR. During a LOCA, the leakage water jet as well as the water in the containment can lead to corrosion of galvanized installations (e.g. grates). That means a change of consistency and chemical properties of the coolant during the sump recirculation operation, in particular an increase of the zinc concentration (Zn ions) and the pH-value. Furthermore, it leads to separation of layer-forming zinc compounds (e.g. zinc borate) at hot spots (fouling at fuel assemblies) and/or the crystallization of zinc corrosion products out of the coolant in hot areas. This in turn causes a decrease of pH-value and consequently an increase of the corrosiveness of the coolant flow. This can come along with a chemical transformation of zinc borate to nearly indissoluble zinc oxide by thermo hydrolysis. Spalling of parts of the coating on the surface of the fuel rods could lead to the release of particles into coolant water flow. In combination with released fibrous insulation material, which can be transported into the reactor containment, containment building sump and connected systems, this process leads to pressure build up at the strainers and the spacers of the fuel assemblies and a reduction of the pump performance. In this case, efficient heat dissipation cannot be guaranteed.
In a joint research project between the Institute of Process Technology, Process Automation and Measuring Technology (IPM) of the University Zittau/Görlitz and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), the influence of different boundary conditions like the flow structures in the reactor pressure vessel, temperature distributions and the temperature gradient in the central core regions will be investigated. Therefore a test facility containing a 3x3 heated fuel rod dummy configuration was designed and constructed. The design and development of the test facility was accompanied by pre-test calculations and CFD simulations to get information about local surface and fluid temperatures under different flow conditions.
The paper includes a detailed description of the test facility and applied measuring techniques as well as an overview of all boundary conditions considered in the experiments. Main parts of the paper are the pre-calculation and the CFD simulation for the heat transfer in dependency of flow velocity and heat flux.
The investigations have been supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economy and Technology under grant nos.1501340 and 1501341.

In der Spätphase eines postulierten Kühlmittelverluststörfalles in Druckwasserreaktoren können infolge des Sumpfumwälzbetriebes Korrosionsprozesse an verzinkten Containment-Einbauten, welche mit dem austretenden borsäurehaltigen Kühlwasser in Kontakt kommen, auftreten. Dies bewirkt einen Anstieg der Zinkkonzentration im Kühlmittel. Infolge dieser physikochemischen Prozesse können sich feste Zink-Korrosionsprodukte an Heißstellen im Kühlmittelkreislauf (z. B. im Kern) abscheiden. Im Rahmen eines BMWi-Verbundprojektes (FKZ 1501430 und 1501431) wurde anhand von Experimenten an einer halbtechnischen Versuchsanlage der HS Zittau/Görlitz, bestehend aus einer Strömungsschleife mit einer beheizten Brennstabkonfiguration, und entsprechender chemischer Analysen, welche am HZDR durchgeführt wurden, die Bildung von hochporösen Zinkborat-Korrosionsproduktschichten nachgewiesen, die sich vornehmlich an Hüllrohren und Abstandshaltern ablagern und somit die Thermohydraulik im Kern beeinflussen können.

The manifold and extremely elaborate and energy as well as material consumptive process steps to separate valuable minerals from ores should prepare an ideal breeding ground for sophisticated chemical on-line analytics. Success stories are well known, but not as obvious and frequent as anticipated by scientists and entrepreneurs developing such analytical technologies. Bulk analytical methods dominate the sampling and analysis systems in operation.
Geometallurgy, often defined as the science of adapting mineral processing to mineralogy and microstructure of a particular raw material allowing to improve efficiency with existing technology, uses microanalytical methods with sophisticated spatial resolution as workhorse analytics.
We analyse the causes for this contradictory trend. Using typical mineral processing schemes we define the most promising assignment locations of chemical on-line analysis systems, prospective input of chemical data into up- and downstream control of the raw material as well as for quality control of intermediate and final products. On the other hand we will show how the actual state of the art of mineral processing technology precludes the efficiency of prospective spatially resolved chemical on-line analysis systems.

Precession has been discussed since long as a complementary energy source of homogeneous dynamo action. We delineate the present status of the preparations of the DRESDYN liquid sodium precession experiment, including numerical simulations, pressure measurements, velocity measurements, torque measurements and power measurements in a down scaled water mockup. Furthermore we give an overview about engineering and constructional aspects for the real sodium experiment.

Im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten „MEGA-Projektes“ haben sich Partner aus der Montanindustrie, Aufbereitungs-Verfahrenstechnik, dem analytischen Gerä­tebau, der geologisch-mineralogischen Forschung und der Anwendungs­forschung im Bereich optischer Technologien zusammengefunden. Dieses Kon­sortium wird gemeinsam Forschungs- und Entwicklungsaufgaben zu analy­tischen und methodischen Möglichkeiten eines XRF-Mine-Spektrometers evaluieren und direkt auf die Anwendungsfälle in Geologie, Bergbau, Aufbe­reitung und Metallurgie ausrichten. Das Ziel ist eine Optimierung der Wert­schöpfungskette von der Erkundung über die Exploration zur Aufbereitung und Metallurgie. Als erster Schritt erfolgt die Konzeption des XRF-Mine-Spektro­meters als Forschungsgerät, welches optimal an die Lösung ressourcentech­nologischer Fragestellungen angepasst ist.
Das anvisierte XRF-Mine-Spektrometer für die (ultra)schnelle Vorort Röntgen­fluoreszenzspektroskopie (XRF-Spektroskopie) wird ein Analysegerät zur Spurenelementanalyse metallischer und mineralischer Primär- und Sekun­därrohstoffe. Die Bestimmung der Spurenelemente sowie ihrer räumlichen Ver­teilung in verschiedenen Mineralen erfolgt dabei in stark inhomogenen Ma­trices. Dies gestattet neben der Bestimmung von Gesamtspurenelement­gehalten auch die Berechnung aufbereitungstechnologisch relevanter Para­meter wie Korngrößen, Verwachsungsverhältnisse und Liberalisierungsgrad. Anhand verschiedener technologisch relevanter Aufbereitungsschemata von Metallerzen und Industriemineralen wird das Optimierungspotential der ent­sprechenden Aufbereitungsprozesse durch den Einsatz des XRF-Mine-Spec­trometers aufgezeigt.

Definition of ultratrace elements,
The Universal presence of elements and the Minimum concentration of an element in a mineral phase
Analytical challenges for ultratrace element analysis
The concept of an ideal or unconditioned analysis
The Super-SIMS concept
Geochemistry of ultratrace elements