Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Laser cooling of ion beams is a promising technique to achieve ultracold ion beams of unprecedented brilliance in storage rings. Recent experiments at the ESR/GSI have shown that laser cooling at relativistic beam energies is feasible, opening the route towards laser cooling at future storage rings such as SIS300/FAIR. In this talk we present recent results on laser cooling of C3+ ion beams at the ESR. The results presented show that with laser-cooling space-charge dominated ion beams are observed with at least one order of magnitude smaller momentum spread than attained with electron cooling. This allows to reach the regime of strong coupling, which is a prerequisite for beam crystallization. Based on these results we present new experiments planned at ESR and CSR which will take full advantage of all-optical beam diagnostics that will allow to overcome the limited resolution of standard ion beam diagnostics. In combination with all-optical cooling schemes which do not rely on initial electron cooling of the ion beam, laser cooling is one of the most promising candidates for cooling ion beams at ultra-relativistic energies accessible at the future FAIR facility.

We describe the radiosynthesis of two new [⁹⁰Y]-DOTA-based maleimide reagents, suitable for the mild radiolabeling of L-RNAs and peptides modified with thiol-bearing linkers. The synthesis procedure of both maleimide-bearing 90Y complexes, [{(2S)-2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl}tetraacetato][⁹⁰Y]yttrate(1-)([⁹⁰Y]3) and [{(2S)-2-(4-{[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butanoyl]amino}benzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl]tetraacetato}[⁹⁰Y]yttrate(1-)([⁹⁰Y]4), was optimized in terms of an easy purification method via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Application as well as reactivity of both maleimide reagents were initially evaluated by the prelabeling of glutathione (GSH) and a thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA as model substances. In comparison to the N-aryl maleimide-bearing complex [⁹⁰Y]3, N-alkyl maleimide-bearing complex [⁹⁰Y]4 showed an increased hydrolytic stability at pH g 7. A slightly higher reactivity was found for [⁹⁰Y]3 by prelabeling of 0.1 and 1 μg glutathione, respectively, in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at room temperature. In terms of very high radiochemical yields, the direct radiolabeling of DOTA-L-RNA conjugate with [⁹⁰Y]YCl₃ proved to be more suitable than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA derivative with [⁹⁰Y]4.

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Objectives: A common chelator for radioisotopes of Y and the lanthanides is DOTA. However, the elevated temperatures necessary to achieve sufficient radiochemical yields may be a drawback, especially for the radiolabeling of thermally sensitive molecules such as DOTA-modified antibodies. A promising alternative to the “direct” radiolabeling of DOTA conjugates (“postlabeling”) is the use of so-called “prelabeling” agents. Here, we present the synthesis of two novel [⁹⁰Y]-DOTA-based maleimide reagents, [⁹⁰Y]2 and [⁹⁰Y]3, suitable for the mild radiolabeling of thiol-bearing peptides or thiol-modified L-RNAs. Application and reactivity of both maleimide reagents were evaluated by the labeling of glutathione (GSH) and a thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA as model substances.
Methods: L‑RNA [sequence: 5’‑(1-hydroxy-7,8-dithia-tetradecyl) UGACUGACUGAC‑3’, MW 4124] was synthesized at NOXXON Pharma AG (Germany). (S)‑p‑NH₂‑Bn‑DOTA was purchased from Macrocyclics (USA). ⁹⁰Y was purchased as [⁹⁰Y]YCl₃ from QSA Global GmbH (Germany). Measurements of ⁹⁰Y were done in the ⁹⁰Y channel of a dose calibrator ISOMED 2000 (Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden, Germany) by measuring the bremsstrahlung. The compounds were characterized by HPLC, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
Results: A straightforward method to synthesize [⁹⁰Y]‑MAD [⁹⁰Y]2 and [⁹⁰Y]‑MABD [⁹⁰Y]3 is to initially complex [⁹⁰Y]Y³⁺ with (S)‑p‑NH₂‑Bn‑DOTA and to subsequently transform the purified complex [⁹⁰Y((S)‑p‑NH₂‑Bn‑DOTA)]- into the corresponding maleimides by using activating agents. The scheme illustrates the subsequent preparation of [⁹⁰Y]‑MAD‑GSH and [⁹⁰Y]‑MABD‑GSH and the ⁹⁰Y-labeling of an L‑RNA via the pre- and postlabeling approach. In comparison to the N‑aryl maleimide [⁹⁰Y]‑MAD, N‑alkyl maleimide [⁹⁰Y]-MABD showed an increased hydrolytic stability at pH ≥ 7. A slightly higher reactivity was found for [⁹⁰Y]‑MAD by prelabeling of 0.1 and 1 μg glutathione, respectively in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at room temperature. In terms of high radiochemical yields, the direct radiolabeling of DOTA-L-RNA with [⁹⁰Y]YCl₃ proved to be more suitable than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA derivative with [⁹⁰Y]‑MABD.
Conclusions: We could demonstrate the applicability of maleimide reagents [⁹⁰Y]‑MAD and [⁹⁰Y]-MABD for the prelabeling approach. Both reagents showed a high potential for that purpose. Concerning high radiochemical yields, the direct labeling of DOTA‑l‑RNA with [⁹⁰Y]YCl₃ proved to be more efficient than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer l‑RNA with [⁹⁰Y]‑MABD at low activity levels. With regard to ⁹⁰Y‑labeling of thermally sensitive molecules prelabeling could have more advantages than the direct radiolabeling, due to the milder labeling conditions.

Objectives: Tumor cells are characterized by their loss of growth control resulting from alterations in regulating pathways of the cell cycle, e.g., a deregulated cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) activity and/or expression. In 80% of tumors the cell cycle relevant Cdk4-cyclin D1/retinoblastoma (pRb) cascade is altered. Hence, appropriately radiolabeled Cdk4 inhibitors are discussed as promising molecular probes for imaging cell proliferation processes and tumor visualization by PET. This work describes the synthesis and radiopharmacological evaluation of two ¹²⁴I-labeled Cdk4 inhibitors as potential radiotracers for imaging of Cdk4 in vivo.
Methods: Reference substances and labeling precursors 1 and 2 were prepared with minor modifications according to literature procedures. Radioiodination was performed through regioselective destannylation reaction under mild conditions using [¹²⁴I]NaI and Iodogen® as the oxidizing agents (Fig. 1). ¹²⁴I-labeled radiotracers [¹²⁴I]CKIA and [¹²⁴I]CKIB were used in cell uptake studies. Biodistribution and small animal PET studies were carried out.
Results: Treatment of a solution containing labeling precursors 1 or 2 (5 mg/ml) with [¹²⁴I]NaI (29.0 to 275.0 MBq) in Iodogen® precoated tubes gave radiolabeled Cdk4 inhibitors [¹²⁴I]CKIA and [¹²⁴I]CKIB in radiochemical yields of up to 35% after removal of Boc protecting group and final HPLC purification. Both compounds were isolated in high radiochemical purity exceeding 95%. The specific radioactivity (A_s) was 25-35 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis. The lipophilicity (logP) was determined to be 2.77±0.13 for [¹²⁴I]CKIA and 1.99±0.03 for [¹²⁴I]CKIB, respectively. Both compounds remained stable in buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and ethanol after 24 h at 37°C. In vitro radiotracer uptake studies in human tumor cells using [¹²⁴I]CKIA showed substantial uptake in adenocarcinoma HT-29 (1264±84 %ID/mg protein) and squamous cell carcinoma FaDu cells (1429±229 %ID/mg protein) after 2 h at 37°C (A_s:25 GBq/μmol). A significantly lower uptake was detected at 4°C (HT-29: 383±38 %ID/mg protein, FaDu: 437±25 %ID/mg protein). Biodistribution studies of [¹²⁴I]CKIA and [¹²⁴I]CKIB showed rapid blood clearance in rats. [¹²⁴I]CKIA and [¹²⁴I]CKIB were mainly accumulated and metabolized by liver. Both radiotracers were administered intravenously to mouse FaDu xenograft tumor model and imaging studies were performed on a small-animal PET scanner confirming a high radioactivity concentration in the liver and intestine for both compounds. No radioactivity was found in the brain. PET showed only little uptake of both radiotracers in the tumor.
Conclusions: The radiosynthesis of two ¹²⁴I-labeled Cdk4 inhibitors has been developed. Both radiotracers were obtained in reproducible radiochemical yields and purity enabling detailed radiopharmacological characterization. Small-animal PET and autoradiography studies showed only low tumor uptake. Further studies are needed to search for more suitable derivatives of these substances as radiotracers for imaging Cdk4 by means of PET.

Objectives: Radiopharmaceuticals are usually synthesised by reaction of simple radiolabeled compounds with a non-radioactive precursor. Afterwards the labeled precursor compound undergoes frequently a deprotection reaction. The resulting reaction mixture is often quite complex and needs HPLC purification to isolate the labeled target compound in high chemical and radiochemical purity. In some cases the composition of the reaction mixture is such complex, that an off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) step is carried out before HPLC purification to separate matrix components and/or interfering solvents. This SPE prepurification of the reaction mixture is difficult to automate and needs special hardware and solvents for rinsing and eluting the SPE cartridge. Additionally, remote controlled synthesis modules become more complex.The general aim of the present work is to develop a process, which allows the pre-cleaning of reaction mixtures from disturbing matrix components by online SPE using HPLC. In detail it results from the need to improve the radiochemical purity of [¹⁸F]FDOPA and to reduce the solvent content of dimethylformamide (DMF) during manufacturing of the serotonin transporter radioligand [¹⁸F]FMeMcN 5652.
Methods:
The figure shows the scheme of the HPLC hardware, whereas a pre- or guard-column is used as pre-clean-up-column (X) instead of an injection loop. The selectivity of the packing material of both columns (III & X) can be selected in accordance with the separation requirements.The process includes following steps:1. Injection valve (I) in “load position”, The reaction mixture is transferred from the reaction vessel (IX) onto the pre-clean-up-column. The diameter of the packing material of the pre-clean-up-column is in the range, which allows the feeding by gas overpressure. The disturbing matrix components are passed to waste and the target compound is retained.2. The rinsing liquid is filled into the reaction vessel and rinse out the dead volume of the pre-clean-up-column. The target compound is cleaned-up and concentrated.3. Injection valve in “inject position”, The target compound is back flushed out of the pre-clean-up-column onto the separation column (III) by the HPLC mobile phase. The finely purification takes place on the separation column. The eluate is fractionated and the target compound is collected in the common way.For the purification of [¹⁸F]FDOPA from the critical radiochemical impurity [¹⁸F]fluoride a pre-clean-up-column filled with polymer-based reversed phase (RP) material is used. The finely separation was performed on a silica-based RP column.In case of [¹⁸F]FMeMcN 5652 production the clean-up from the solvent, needed for the radiolabeling, and the finely separation is carried out on columns filled with silica-based RP materials.
Results:
...........................................................................[18F]FDOPA............................[18F]FMeMcN
HPLC purification method
...........................................................................[18F]Fluoride [%].....................DMF [mg/ml]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Injection loop.........................................................7.7 (n=93)..............................1.4 (n=5)
Pre-clean-up-column............................................1.4 (n=25)..............................< 0.001 (n=4)

Conclusions: Using the interlinked on-line SPE / HPLC system, reaction mixtures of radiopharmaceutical synthesis can be cleaned up and disturbing matrix components can be separated from the target compound more efficiently.

Objectives: The routine ¹⁸F labeling of biomacromolecules like peptides and proteins mainly exploits the use of bifunctional labeling precursors, also referred to as prosthetic groups. 2-[¹⁸F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) is the most important clinical PET radiotracer, but only very few examples using readily available [¹⁸F]FDG as a building block for the radiosynthesis of ¹⁸F-labeled compounds. The present study describes the use of [¹⁸F]FDG as a ¹⁸F building block for the direct labeling of various aminooxy-functionalized peptides via chemoselective oxime formation. The potential of this novel peptide labeling reaction was expemplified by means of various neurotensin NT(8-13) derivatives.
Methods: The labeling reaction was performed using a 0.9% NaCl solution of [¹⁸F]FDG and aminooxy-functionalized peptide at different concentrations in a mixture of MeOH/H²O at 80 °C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was analyzed by radio-HPLC to determine the radiochemical yield of the conjugation reaction (Fig. 1).
Results: Direct labeling of aminooxy-functionalized peptides with [¹⁸F]FDG was strongly dependent on the amount of used peptide. Monomeric NT(8-13) derivative gave best radiochemical yields of up to 80% based upon [¹⁸F]FDG. More complex dimeric and tetrameric neurotensin derivatives gave lower radiochemical yields at comparable peptide concentrations. Increase of [¹⁸F]FDG activity also lowered radiochemical yield due to an increasing competitive reaction with glucose originating from the [¹⁸F]FDG solution. Depending on the size of the used peptide, separation of [¹⁸F]FDG-labeled peptide from glucose-labeled peptide is possible by semi-preparative HPLC. The formation of isomers during the aminooxy-aldehyde conjugation reaction between [¹⁸F]FDG and aminooxy-functionalized peptides in aqueous media leads to the formation of isomers according to literature reports.
Conclusions: For the first time, readily available PET radiotracer [¹⁸F]FDG was shown to be a suitable prosthetic group for direct labeling of aminooxy-functionalized peptides with fluorine-18 under mild conditions. The reaction is especially suitable for small peptides. However, application of larger peptides seems to be limited by increasing separation difficulties of the corresponding glucose-peptide conjugate.

Objectives: Phosphopeptides are very useful reagents to study signal transduction pathways related with cellular protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Phosphopeptides also have been identified as important drug candidates to both inhibit and stimulate intracellular signaling mechanisms through targeting phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine or phosphothreonine residue-binding protein domains. In this work we describe a convenient method for the mild and sufficient radiolabeling of phosphopeptides with the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 to allow radiopharmacological studies on phosphopeptide metabolism in vivo by means of positron emission tomography (PET).
Methods: Peptide syntheses were performed on peptide synthesizer (Syro I, MultiSynTech, Germany) using standard Fmoc chemistry. Radiolabeling was accomplished via conjugation of the N-terminus of Polo-box domain (PBD)-binding phosphopeptide H-Met-Gln-Ser-pThr-Pro-Leu-OH 1 and its unphosphorylated analog 2 with the bifunctional labeling agent N-succinimidyl-p-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB) (Fig. 1).
The radiolabeled phosphopeptide [¹⁸F]FB-Met-Gln-Ser-pThr-Pro-Leu-OH [¹⁸F]-1 and its unphosphorylated analog [¹⁸F]FB-Met-Gln-Ser-Thr-Pro-Leu-OH [¹⁸F]-2 were subjected to radiopharmacological evaluation involving investigation of metabolic stability in vitro and in vivo, cell uptake studies in human adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) cell lines, and small-animal PET studies in Wistar rats and NMRI nu/nu HT-29 tumor-bearing mice.
Results: Radiolabeling was achieved via ¹⁸F-fluorobenzoylation using the Bolton-Hunter-type reagent N-succinimidyl-p-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB). The optimized radiosynthesis was conducted in a 0.05 M Na₂HPO₄ buffer solution (pH 9.0) at 40°C within 30 min using low amounts of peptide precursor (0.5 mg) to afford reproducible radiochemical yields (25-29%) and high radiochemical purity (>98%) within 95-109 min including HPLC purification. Cell uptake studies in HT-29 and FaDu tumor cells revealed only very little radiotracer uptake (less than 0.6% ID/mg protein). Radiolabeled phosphopeptide [¹⁸F]-1 showed remarkable high metabolic stability in vivo (65% intact peptide after 20 min) compared to the corresponding unphosphorylated peptide [18F]-2 (<5% intact peptide after 20 min). A detailed discussion on the radiopharmacological profile in vitro and in vivo of peptides [¹⁸F]-1 and [¹⁸F]-2 will be presented.
Conclusions: We developed a reproducible synthesis for ¹⁸F-labeled phosphopeptides, and the presented method is a promising approach for studying phosphopeptide metabolism and kinetics in vivo. Furthermore, cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are currently under investigation as potential mediators to enhance cell uptake of the desired ¹⁸F-labeled phosphopeptides.

Objectives: The chemical labeling of biomolecules continues to be an important tool for the study of the cellular fate.[1] In particular the introduction of ¹⁸F into higher molecular weight compounds like peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides or antibodies represents a special challenge. Usually they can not be labelled with ¹⁸F at high specific activity directly due to the rough reaction conditions. To circumvent this problem prostetic groups were used for ¹⁸F labeling of peptides and proteins. Therefore ¹⁸F labeled small organic molecules were synthesised capable of being linked to peptides, proteins or antibodies under mild conditions. Only a handful of reactions are known for the selective introduction of these labeling agents.
Methods: Although several bioconjugation techniques are available for preparation of bioconjugates substituted with a limited number of functional groups, truly chemoselective ligation reactions are rather limited. Most ligation reactions rely on the reaction of an electrophile with a nucleophile. As biological systems are rich in diverse electrophilic and nucleophilic sites, only a few functional groups are available that exhibit orthogonal reactivity to the functional groups present. Bioorthogonal reactions like the [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition[3] were applicated for the selective radiolabeling[4] of biomolecules. The Staudinger Ligation introduced by Saxon and Bertozzi[5] exploits the smooth reaction between an azide and a phosphane to form an amide bridge between the labeling agent and the respective biomolecule.
Results: Substituted phosphanes were used as synthons for the Staudinger Ligation. The preparation of these compounds succeeds via Pd-catalyzed P-C cross coupling of iodophenyl benzoates with HPPh₂. No extensive protection group chemistry is needed for this coupling reaction.[2] The radiofluorination proceeds under standard conditions and the subsequent ligation reaction occurs under mild conditions (20 min, 50 watt microwave) that affords the respective Staudinger products in high yields.
Conclusions: Our first promising results show the potential of this labeling method for the radiofluorination of various organic model compounds and biomolecules. The experimental details will be presented.

References: [1] J. A. Prescher, C. R. Bertozzi, Nature Chem. Biol. 2005, 1, 13-21. [2] C. Mamat, A. Flemming, M. Kckerling, J. Steinbach, F. R. Wuest, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, submitted. [3] C. Mamat, T. Ramenda, F. R. Wuest, Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 2009, 6, 21-34. [4] T. Ramenda, R. Bergmann, F. Wuest, Lett. Drug Design Disc. 2007, 4, 279-285. [5] K. L. Kiick, E. Saxon, D. A. Tirrell, C. R. Bertozzi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 19-24.

Objectives: Over the last two decades, radiolabeled peptides have been widely used as promising radiotracers for tumor targeting. In recent years, bombesin and bombesin analogs have attracted much attention as high affinity and selectivity ligands for the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor. The GRP receptor was found to be overexpressed and implicated in a variety of human tumors. Radiolabeled bombesin and bombesin analogs represent an interesting class of diagnostic probes for molecular imaging of GRP receptor-expressing prostate cancer. This work is aimed at the development of an ¹⁸F-labeled bombesin analog for molecular imaging GRP receptors in prostate cancer xenografts.
Methods: Aminopentanoic acid-modified bombesin analog BX-06053011 was conjugated with the bifunctional labeling agent N-succinimidyl-4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB) in borate buffer (pH = 8.2) for 30 min at 50 °C to give the desired ¹⁸F-labeled bombesin analog [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 (Fig. 1). Tumor-targeting of radiolabeled bombesin analog [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 was evaluated in male nude mice bearing human prostate cancer (PC3) by means of biodistribution and dynamic small animal PET studies.
Results: ¹⁸F-labeled bombesin analog [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 was prepared in 30% radiochemical yield (based upon [¹⁸F]SFB) within 80 min including HPLC purification, evaporation of HPLC eluent and formulation in 0.9% saline. The radiochemical purity exceeded 95%, and the specific activity was 20 GBq/μmol. The binding affinity (KD) of fluorobenzoylated bombesin BX-00374436 was determined to be 0.7 nM. Radiotracer [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 showed reasonable metabolic stability in mouse blood, being 65% of intact radiolabeled peptide after 60 min. Tumor uptake of [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 in PC3 tumor bearing nude mice was 2.75 %ID/g after 5 min p.i., and 2.45 %ID/g after 60 min p.i. The receptor specificity of radiotracer [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 could be demonstrated by effective blocking of tumor uptake in the presence of non-radioactive BX-00374436. Dynamic small animal PET imaging confirmed specific radiotracer uptake in the PC3 tumor.
Conclusions: The present study showed that ¹⁸F-labeled bombesin analog [¹⁸F]BX-00374436 is a suitable radiotracer for molecular imaging of GRP receptor-positive prostate cancer by means of PET.

Objectives: The radiolabeling of peptides and proteins with the short-lived positron emitter ¹⁸F requires rapid and mild reaction conditions compatible with the structural and functional integrity of these biomolecules. Over the last two years several approaches have been published focusing on the application of copper(I)-mediated 1,3-dipolar [3+2]cycloaddition of azides and alkynes for labeling peptides with ¹⁸F. However, to date no ¹⁸F labeling of proteins via click chemistry has been reported. In this work we describe for the first time the application of click chemistry for ¹⁸F labeling of proteins as exemplified with azide-functionalized human serum albumin (HSA). Click chemistry was accomplished through 4-[¹⁸F]fluoro-N-methyl-N-(prop-2-ynyl)benzenesulfonamide (p[¹⁸F]F-SA) as novel alkine-containing ¹⁸F-labeled click chemistry building block.
Methods: The novel click chemistry building block p[¹⁸F]F-SA was prepared in a single step reaction in a remotely controlled synthesis module starting from readily available labeling precursor (Fig. 1).
HSA was modified with azide residues through conjugation of the lysine residues in HSA with an azide-functionalized active ester. Azide-modified HSA was subjected to digest with three different endoproteinases and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis to assess the number of introduced azide residues. Radiolabeling of modified HSA was accomplished with p[¹⁸F]F-SA in the presense of Cu(I)Br and the Cu(I) chelating ligand tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA). Radiolabeled HSA was purified with size-exclusion chromatography and analyzed with SDS-PAGE.
Results: Radiolabeled sulfonamide p[¹⁸F]F-SA could be obtained in an automated synthesis unit in radiochemical yields of 21-35% (decay-corrected) within 75 min after HPLC purification. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity was in the range of 71-128 GBq/μmol. Sulfonamide p[¹⁸F]F-SA showed favorable lipophilicity (logP = 1.6) allowing application in aqueous reaction media. Tryptic digest and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis of modified HSA revealed the introduction of an average of 28 azide residues into HSA. Click chemistry of azide-functionalized HSA (0.5 mg) with CuBr (0.2 mg) and TBTA in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) gave 31% of ¹⁸F-labeled HSA after size-exclusion chromatography.
Conclusions: The convenient radiosynthesis of p[¹⁸F]F-SA as a novel 18F-labeled sulfonamide-based click chemistry building block in an automated synthesis unit allows its wide application for a broad range of click chemistry reactions. For the first time, click chemistry could successfully be applied to the ¹⁸F labeling of proteins, which further expands the scope of click chemistry as versatile tool for radiolabeling reactions.

Objectives: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in tumour angiogenesis through their involvement in proliferation, migration and differentiation between tumour and endothelial cells. Recently, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®), Gefitinib (Iressa®) and SU11248 (Sutent®) have been radiolabelled to study tumour angiogenesis in vivo^1,2,3. The aim of the present work is the development of an sufficient radiosynthesis of 3-(4’-[¹⁸F]fluoro-benzylidenyl]-indolin-2-one 2 as derivative of potent RTK inhibitor Semaxinib® based on Knoevenagel condensation of 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde with oxindole.
Methods: Synthesis of 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde was performed by reacting [¹⁸F]fluoride with 4-trimethylammoniumbenzaldehyde triflate in an automated synthesis module (Nuclear Interface). Briefly, 15 mg of precursor dissolved in acetonitrile (1 ml) was heated with dried [¹⁸F]KF at 90 °C for 10 min. After addition of water (11 ml), 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde was purified via solid-phase extraction on a HLB-plus cartridge (250 mg, Waters). Purified 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde was eluted from the cartridge with ethanol (3 ml) and transferred into a separate reaction vial containing oxindole 1 (10 mg) and a base. Knoevenagel condensation occurred at 90 °C for 20 min (Fig. 1). The radiochemical yield of product 2 was determined by radio-HPLC.

Results: Knoevenagel condensation of oxindole 1 with 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde was optimised by screening the influence of different bases on the radiochemical yield (RCY) of the carbonyl olefination reaction. The results are summarised in Table 1. Knoevenagel condensation strongly depends on the used base. Best results could be obtained by using amine bases piperidine (18% to 29%) or diethylamine (48%). Application of stronger amine bases (DABCO, diisopropyl-ethyl amine) or weaker bases (ammonium acetate, 2,6-di-tert.-butyl pyridine) resulted in lower or no product formation. Phosphazane as a very strong base yielded 26% of desired product 2 along with formation of large amounts of non-identified side products.

Table 1. Knoevenagel condensation between 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzaldehyde and oxindole

Conclusions: Knoevenagel condensation of 4-[18F]Fluorobenzaldehyde with oxindole is a suitable labelling technique for the synthesis of radiotracer 2. Within a series of different bases, diethylamine provides highest radiochemical yields of up to 48%. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction optimised under the object of radiolabeling involving readily available 4-[18F]Fluorobenzaldehyde should be applicable for the convenient radiosynthesis of other compounds containing a benzylidene motif.

References: [1] Kil KE et al. Nucl Med Biol, 2007, 34, 153. [2] Wang JQ et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2006, 16, 4102. [3] Wang JQ et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2005, 15, 4380.

The doping of Mn in Si is attracting research attentions due to the possibility to fabricate Si-based diluted magnetic semiconductors. However, the low solubility of Mn in Si favors the precipitation of Mn ions even at nonequilibrium growth conditions. MnSi1.7 nanoparticles are the common precipitates, which show exotic magnetic properties in comparison with the MnSi1.7 bulk phase. In this paper we present the static and dynamic magnetic properties of MnSi1.7 nanoparticles. Using the Preisach model, we derive the magnetic parameters, such as the magnetization of individual particles, the distribution of coercive fields and the interparticle interaction field. Time-dependent magnetization measurements reveal aging and memory effects, qualitatively similar to those seen in spin glasses.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of surface tension on flooding phenomena in counter-current two-phase flow in an inclined tube. Previous studies by other researchers have shown that surface tension has a stabilizing effect on the falling liquid film under certain conditions and a destabilizing or unclear trend under other conditions. Experimental results are reported herein for air-water systems in which a surfactant has been added to vary the liquid surface tension without altering other liquid properties. The flooding section is a tube of 16 mm in inner diameter and 1.1 m length, inclined at 30 to 60 degree from horizontal. The flooding mechanisms were observed by using two high-speed video cameras and by measuring the time variation of liquid hold-up along the test tube. The results show that effects of surface tension are significant. The gas velocity needed to induce flooding is lower for a lower surface tension. There was no upward motion of the wave upon flooding occurrence, even for lower a surface tension. Observations on the liquid film behavior after flooding occurred suggest that the entrainment of liquid droplets plays an important role in the upward transport of liquid. Finally, an empirical correlation is proposed that includes functional dependencies on surface tension and tube inclination.

The surface morphology of Si(100) induced by 1200 eV Ar+ ion bombardment at normal incidence with and without Fe incorporation is presented. The formation of nanodot patterns is observed only when the stationary Fe areal density in the surface is above a threshold value of 8×10¹⁴ cm^-2 . This result is interpreted in terms of an additional surface instability due to locally nonuniform sputtering in connection with the presence of a Fe rich amorphous phase at the peak of the nanodots. At Fe concentrations below the threshold, smoothing dominates and pattern formation is inhibited. The transition from a k^-2 to a k^-4 behavior in the asymptotic power spectral density function supports the conclusion that under these conditions ballistic smoothing and ion-enhanced viscous flow are the two dominant mechanisms of surface relaxation.

B ions into Mg and Mg ions into B substrates were implanted in triple mode, i.e. each sample was sequentially implanted at three different energies starting from the highest one (80-150 keV range) to the lowest one (40-70 keV range). The energies and fluencies in each particular batch were simulated to yield a possibly large region in which the Mg:B ratio corresponds to stoichiometric MgB2 compound. These structures were next annealed using high intensity hydrogen plasma pulses of energy densities between 1.5 and 4.0 J/cm(2), or furnace annealed at 350-600 degrees C in a stream of flowing Ar-4%H-2 mixture. The simulated profiles were in fair agreement with those derived from the RBS measurements. Magnetically modulated microwave absorption (MMMA), magnetization and resistance measurements showed that the superconducting transition onset temperature T-c(onset) shifted from about 13 K in the best magnesium sample implanted with single-energy B ions, to 22-28 K for multi-energy!
implantation treatments. Respective shift in Mg-implanted boron samples was from about 33.3 K to 36.5 K. However, broadening of the transition to the superconducting state is observed for the multi-energy treatment in both cases. Possible reasons for these effects and proposed means to improve the method are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights

joining of carbon type ceramics with other materials presents an important challenge, especially in view of ITER technology. The crucial problem in joining is wettability of such ceramics with copper. In our previous works we succeeded in improving wettability using two-steps procedure, i.e.: pre-treatment of the ceramics surface with Ti ions implantation and/or deposition of metallic Ti using high intensity pulse plasma treatment followed in both cases by the deposition of additional, thicker Ti layers using the Arc PVD technique. In the present work we performed successful experiments in which two-steps procedure is reduced to the one step using exclusively the pulse plasma pre-treatment in various combinations of the number of pulses and their energy density. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Titanium aluminides are promising light weight materials for several high-temperature applications, e.g., in aero engines but due to their insufficient oxidation resistance at temperatures above roughly 800 degrees C they cannot be used yet despite of their good mechanical high-temperature properties. The oxidation behavior of TiAl-alloys can be improved significantly by adding small amounts of fluorine into the subsurface zone of the components (microalloying). One possibility to apply fluorine to the surface of complex TiAl-components is the PI³-technique (plasma-immersion-ion-implantation). The use of an Ar/CH₂F₂-plasma for the F-PI³ into small coupons led to a positive effect which was as good as the beamline implantation of elemental fluorine gas into samples of the same geometry. Turbine blades, as examples for real TiAl-components, were implanted with an optimum set of parameters. Post-exposure investigations like scanning electron microscopy revealed a thin protectiv!
e alumina scale on the surface of the implanted samples in contrast to a thick mixed oxide scale (TiO₂/Al₂O₃) growing on untreated samples during high-temperature oxidation in air. The high-temperature oxidation resistance of several TiAl-alloys was improved by plasma-immersion-ion-implantation of fluorine. Small coupons showed a much lesser oxidation during high-temperature exposure after fluorine treatment than untreated samples. The performance of turbine blades for the low pressure compressor of a new generation of jet engines was also improved. Fluorine treated samples are covered with a thin, protective alumina scale after high-temperature exposure in air instead of a fast growing, nonprotective mixed oxide (TiO₂/Al₂O₃) scale which is found on untreated samples.

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is used to investigate the electrostatic force between a conductive probe and nanostructured Si with shallow or buried selectively doped regions under ambient conditions. A unique KPFM model correlates the measured Kelvin bias with the calculated Fermi energy, and thus allows quantitative dopant profiling. We show that due to an asymmetric electric-dipole formation at the semiconductor surface the measured Kelvin bias is related with the difference between Fermi energy and respective band edge, and independent of the probe potential.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Lösungsvorschlag für die Einbindung eines Dokumentenmanagementsystems in den Beschaffungsprozess des Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf vorgestellt. Nach einer eingehenden Analyse der Prozessabläufe bei der Beschaffung und der am Standort vorhandenen IT-Landschaft wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit den zukünftigen Anwendern und einer beratenden externen Firma ein Konzept erarbeitet, durch dessen Umsetzung das Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in der Lage ist, seinen Beschaffungsprozess zu optimieren.

Die Schwachstelle aller Klebverbindungen ist die Grenzschicht zwischen Klebstoff und Substrat. Aus diesem Grund ist eine Optimierung hinsichtlich Klebstoffauswahl und Oberflächenvorbereitung/-vorbehandlung des Substrats unerlässlich, um definiert und sicher zu kleben.

The magneto-transport properties of nanocomposite C:Co (15 and 40 at.% Co) thin films are investigated. The films were grown by ion beam co-sputtering on thermally oxidized silicon substrates in the temperature range from 200 to 500 °C. Two major effects are reported: (i) a large anomalous Hall effect amounting to 2 μΩ cm, and (ii) a negative magnetoresistance. Both the field-dependent resistivity and Hall resistivity curves coincide with the rescaled magnetization curves, a finding that is consistent with spin-dependent transport. These findings suggest that C:Co nanocomposites are promising candidates for carbon-based Hall sensors and spintronic devices.

Wire-mesh sensors are flow imaging devices and allow the investigation of multiphase flows with high spatial and temporal resolution. This type of sensor was introduced about ten years ago at Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany and since then it has been successfully employed to investigate several single phase and two-phase flow phenomena. The sensor can be seen as a hybrid solution in between intrusive local measurement of phase fraction and tomographic cross-sectional imaging. It comprises of two set of wires stretched over the cross-section of a vessel or pipe. The planes of wires are perpendicular to each other with a small axial separation between them, thus forming a grid of electrodes. The associated electronics measures an electrical property of the flowing media at each crossing point in a very fast and multiplexed manner. The wire mesh subdivides the flow channel cross section into a number of independent sub-regions, whereas each crossing point represents one sub-region. Each of the measured signals reflects the constitution of the flow within its associated sub-region, i.e. each crossing point acts as local phase indicator. Hence, the set of data obtained from the sensor directly represents the phase distribution over the cross-section and no reconstruction procedure, e.g. by solving an inverse problem as usual in tomography, is needed in order to determine cross-sectional phase distributions. The first generation of wire-mesh sensors is based on conductivity measurements, thus being able to investigate electrically conducting fluids only. Typically air-water and steam-water flows have been investigated. Recently, the capacitance wire-mesh sensor has been developed and tested, which allow the investigation of non-conducting fluids such as oil or organic liquids. The newest systems are able to produce up to 10,000 images per second. Sensors can be constructed to operate under temperatures up to 286 °C and pressures up to 7 MPa. First this article reviews the measuring principle of wire-mesh sensors. In addition, measurement results of the application of a new-developed capacitance wire-mesh sensor to investigate two-phase gas-oil flow are presented. Furthermore, the use of a wire-mesh sensor for the investigation of a simulated three-phase flow in a laboratory setup is described and discussed. Thus, the wire-mesh sensor can considered as a simpler and inexpensive alternative to investigate either two-phase gas-liquid or three-phase gas-liquid-liquid flows. The good accuracy achieved in the permittivity measurement allows the wire-mesh system to securely distinguish even each of the three phases of a gas-oil-water flow.

Liquid-liquid flows are present in a wide range of industrial processes; however they have not been studied as intensively as gas-liquid flows. The interest in two-phase liquid-liquid flows have increased recently mainly due to the petroleum industry where oil and water are often produced and transported together for long distances. Nevertheless, the frictional pressure gradient in oil-water pipe flow not rare cannot be predicted by correlations developed for gas-liquid flow. The dispersed flow pattern is common in crude oil transmission pipelines and offshore pipelines, with either oil or water as the dominant phase. An interesting feature of dispersed flow is that it can behave as a non-Newtonian fluid. There are several works on drag reduction in single and gas-liquid two-phase flows, but only few on liquid-liquid flow. Drag reduction phenomenon in oil-water flows without the addition of any drag reduction agent has been detected in previous works, but the physics behind the phenomenon is yet not well understood. This work’s main goal is the experimental study of the drag reduction phenomenon in dispersed oil-water flow. Pressure gradients were measured during the flow of oil (860 kg/m³ density and 100 mPa.s viscosity) and water. The experimental work was performed in a 12-m-long 2.62-cm-i.d. horizontal glass pipe. A new wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance (permittivity) has been employed in this study. The sensor consists of two layers made of 8 steel wires each separated 1 mm from each other. It is able to discriminate fluids having different relative permittivity values in a multiphase flow and was used to measure local, transient and time-and-space averaged phase fraction distributions in the flow cross-section. A high-speed video camera and the Quick Closing Valves technique were used to compare and validate the signals of the wire-mesh sensor.

Gittersensoren ermöglichen räumlich und zeitlich hochaufgelöste Untersuchungen von Mehrphasenströmungen. Solche Sensoren können damit für viele strö-mungsdiagnostische Probleme in der Forschung und Industrie eingesetzt werden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den neu entwickelten Kapazitäts-Gittersensor, welcher auf der Messung der elektrischen Permittivität (Kapazität) basiert. Neben der Beschreibung des Messprinzips und der dazugehörigen Messelektronik wird auch ein ausgewähltes Anwendungsbeispiel der Visualisierung einer Gas-Öl-Zweiphasenströmung präsentiert.

Applying an external static magnetic field to laser beam welding may lead to a change in geometry of the weld seam. Since the most common influence of a magnetic field acting on an electrically high conducting fluid is the generation of a Lorentz force, the outcome of such experiments is a strong indication of the presence of electric current in the melt pool. Owing to the static nature of the magnetic field, induction is restricted to the movement of the liquid metal and therefore negligible, leaving thermoelectricity as the sole potential source of current. The present work discloses analytically that the current may indeed originate from a gradient of thermoelectric power. Based on the examples iron and aluminum, key features of the current distribution are determined numerically together with an investigation of the dependence of the distribution on material properties. By carrying out welding experiments in the heat conduction mode, validation is achieved of the thermoelectric source of the current and of basic properties of its contribution.

NiO has great potential applications in spin valves, magnetooptical sensors, optical fibers, solar thermal absorbers, and in nonvolatile resistive random access memory devices. In our study NiMnO and NiMnLiO films have been grown on double-side polished r-plane sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We measured the complex Voigt angle using the polarized light from a HeCd laser, a Glan Taylor polarizer, a Hinds PEM-100 [1] and two Lock-Ins. The Voigt effect is a second order magnetooptic effect [2]. The polarization state of light after transmission through a sample consisting of ca. 1 μm thick, weak ferromagnetic NiO thin on purely diamagnetic r-plane sapphire substrates has been modelled using the 4x4 matrix formalism [3] in dependence of an external magnetic field applied in-plane, i.e. in Voigt configuration. The modelling results revealed that for the diamagnetic sapphire substrate the Voigt angle depends parabolically on the external magnetic field and that the weak ferromagnetic NiO thin films change the parabolic dependence of the Voigt angle in the range of ±0.1 T to a flat-top shape in agreement with the experimentally determined Voigt angle.

[1] http://www.hindsinstruments.com/.
[2] R. Carey and B.W.J. Thomas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7,
2362-2368 (1974).
[3] M. Schubert, Phys. Rev. B 53, 4265 (1996).

Different fluences of Mn ions have been implanted into 200 nm thick, n-type conducting amorphous Si films on a cold stage cooled by liquid N2 with a Mn concentration in Mn_xSi_1-x ranging from x=0.0006 to 0.088. Magnetic measurements reveal paramagnetism in all the films at temperatures down to 2 K. The field dependent magnetization curves were well fitted by Brillouin functions, indicating that the magnetically active Mn ions are on Mn_I ²⁺ interstitial sites with J=5/2. Only a small percentage of the implanted Mn ions contribute to the magnetization, indicating that the magnetic moments are quenched for most of the Mn ions, which was attributed to the nonuniform distribution of Mn ions in amorphous Si. Positive magnetoresistance due to ordinary magnetoresistance was observed at 5 K in the highest fluence Mn implanted amorphous Si film, indicating the lack of magnetic scattering of the conducting electrons by the implanted Mn²⁺ ions.

Microminiature Hall probes (MHP) may be used as magnetic field transducers, with virtually no change of sensitivity with temperature, for applications at room and cryogenic temperatures. The probes have a nominal active sensing area of 90x90 µm and are based on Sn-doped n-InSb/i-GaAs MBE-grown heterostructures. Previously MHPs were intensively tested [1] and shown to be appropriate for various applications in the temperature range 50 mK- 300 K and in pulsed magnetic fields up to 52 T (of 120 ms pulse duration). The latest probes, with overall dimensions of 150x750 µm, are the smallest encapsulated Hall probes currently available and can be placed in areas not previously accessible to commercial packaged sensors. The new MHP modification has recently been tested in pulsed magnetic fields above 75 T using a new 9 MJ dual-coil magnet designed and fabricated at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The inner coil, having a bore of 20 mm, produced a 10 ms pulse on top of the 30 T background field from the outer coil of 100 ms duration. Tests over the range 300 K to 78 K yielded a remarkably linear Hall voltage up to 76.7 T, with a temperature independent sensitivity of 2.3 µV/mT (at an input current of 5 mA). The Hall-device input resistance was less than 0.4 ohms and < 1.5 ohms including the 80 mm long MHP copper wires.

The generation of pulsed magnetic fields is limited by the Lorentz force on the conductor and by ohmic heating. A large coil can give higher field (and/or longer pulse duration), but for a single coil this may require high power that cannot be supplied by a feasible source. Power can be kept within acceptable limits by using a system of multiple coils. Pulsed field coils can be energized either by a pulsed power supply or a pulsed energy source. The energy or power supplies tend to be the most expensive part of the installation and a combination of high power and high energy is extremely expensive. In a multi-coil system , the increased design freedom allows to optimize the strength, pulse duration and heating of the coil, and to optimize the selection of materials and power supplies; one can so also minimize damage in case of coil failure. Because of the increased number of parameters, systematic insight into their mutual dependence is helpful in order to converge to an optimized design. Since the local optima are relatively weak, for the final design any standard method of pulsed coil design can be used. In this paper we will discuss strategies to determine the optimum choice for the design of inner- and outer-coil and how to optimize their design in relation to the supply type used. In particular, we will consider energy-limited capacitor banks and power-limited supplies. The approach will use scaling arguments and modeling tools as the PMDS package originally developed in Leuven. Optimization of coil systems is demonstrated with practical examples, such as the successful 87 T pulsed dual coil system in Dresden, and the design of the future ‘ARMS’ successor in Toulouse

The discovery of superconductivity (SC) in FeAs-layered systems has triggered enormous activities on this field of solid state physics. Up to now a variety of compounds based on the two families RFeOAs (R = rare-earth element) and AFe₂As₂ (A = Ba, Sr, ...) were found with transition temperatures up to 57 K. A main feature of these compounds is, that SC occurs in close proximity to magnetic order, which suggests, that magnetic fluctuations play a crucial role in the formation of the superconducting ground state. In the system EuFe₂As₂ even two different types of magnetic order have been found. At 190 K a Fe spin density wave (SDW) forms, which is accompanied by a structural phase-transition. Below 19 K a second magnetic phase transition is observed, where Eu²⁺-irons order antiferromagnetically. Band structure calculation suggest, that both magnetic lattices are predominantly decoupled. A detailed study of Eu_1-xK_xFe₂As₂ indicates the complete suppression of the SDW order for x = 0.5 and the simultaneous development of SC below 32 K. In the contribution, we present magnetoresistance measurements carried out at the Hochfeldmagnetlabor Dresden on polycrystalline samples of Eu_0.5K_0.5Fe₂As₂ in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. We could determine the complete temperature dependence of the upper critical field H_c2(T), at temperatures down to 1.5 K. The initial slope µ₀dH_c2/dT in the proximity of T_c(H = 0) varies between -1.60 T/K (0.1 Rn) and -1.75 T/K (0.9 Rn), dependent on the used criterion, and is rather small compared to other pnictides of the same family. A comparison of our results with the Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg (WHH) model indicates that the upper critical field in Eu_0.5K_0.5Fe₂As₂ is not Pauli limited. Moreover, the experimentally estimated critical field µ₀H_c2(T → 0) of 45 T is significant higher than the value of 38 T expected for orbital limiting in the WHH model.

We present the magnetoconductance of carbon nanostructures (including carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene nanoribbons) in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 Tesla. Applying a magnetic field to such systems provides an efficient tool to investigate the band structure near the charge neutrality point. From the study of magnetoconductance in carbon nanotubes, we show how axial magnetic field as well as curvature, spin-orbint coupling, and Zeeman splitting modify the bandstructure of carbon nanotubes. Preliminary results on graphene and graphene nanoribbons are also reported, and technical issues to measure magnetoconductance of nanostructures in pulsed magnet facility are discussed.

Systems located close to a quantum critical point are of high interest, because low lying quantum fluctuations (QF’s) can lead to new physical phenomena. The compound CeTiGe crystallizes in the CeFeSi structure type, which presents some (2D) character enhancing QF’s. Our first detailed investigations of C_p(T), Chi(T), and rho(T) at low temperatures for CeTiGe indicate that it is a new paramagnetic heavy fermion system with an enhanced Sommerfeld - coefficient gamma₀ ≈ 0.3 J/(K²mol). Further analyses using the Coqblin-Schrieffer (CS) model showed that the whole J = 5/2 multiplet is involved in the formation of the ground state. The CS - model predicts a broad s-shaped magnetization at high fields and to study this we extended our investigation to measurements under high magnetic field. Here we present the results of magnetization measurements M vs. B in fields up to 14 T performed in a commercial Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS®) and additional data obtained in pulsed high fields up to 60 T performed at the Dresden high magnetic field laboratory (HLD). Instead of the expected behavior these measurements revealed a steplike metamagnetic transition (MMT) at a critical field of μ₀H_c ≈ 12.5 T of the size ΔM ~ 0.74 μ_B/Ce for T = 1.4 K. Thus CeTiGe is the second paramagnetic Ce - based Kondo lattice besides CeRu₂Si₂ showing a clear MMT below 20 T. In contrast to CeRu₂Si₂, CeTiGe shows a hysteresis at the MMT. We shall further present the effect of substitution La for Ce on this metamagnetic transition.

AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel has been nitrocarburized in N-2 and C2H2 ambient using high-voltage plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) technology. The use of different PIII treatment times revealed important hints with respect to the microstructural, mechanical and corrosion properties of the nitrocarburized layer. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) shows the presence of nitride (gamma(N) and CrN) and carbide (gamma(c) and Fe3C) phases. Glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS) has been used to characterize the elemental depth profiles in which the thickness of the modified layers is derived. Dynamic microindentation method is used for the study of mechanical performance of the nitrocarburized layer as well as the untreated material. The microhardness has been increased to a maximum value of more than nine times compared to that of the untreated one. The corrosion performance is characterized by potentiodynamic polarization technique and was found to be t! reatment time dependent.

Ion implantation manufacture of superconducting magnesium diboride films of the MgB2 stoichiometry (B: Mg = 2:1 composition) by boron implantation in Mg wafers requires a precise knowledge of the implantation process properties, in particular of the partial sputtering yields of Mg atoms by B ions. To verify these yields experimentally we deposited thin Mg films on glassy carbon platelets and implanted them with high fluences of 40, 60, and 80 keV B+ ions. He-backscattering (RBS) spectrometry was used to determine before- and after-implantation depth profiles of Mg and B. The sputtering yields turned out to be small enough (<0.1 atoms per ion) to neglect sputtering in simulations of the implanted profiles. The results of the simulations have been compared to RBS spectra recorded on samples treated with 3 energies/fluencies optimised for a wide plateau of the B:Mg = 2:1 stoichiometric composition.

We report resistivity, Hall and upper critical field Bc2(T) data for arsenic deficient LaO0.9F0.1 FeAs1-δ in a wide temperature and high field range up to 60 T. These disordered samples exhibit a slightly enhanced transition temperature of T_c = 29.0 K and a significantly enlarge slope dB_c2/dT = –5.4 T/K near T_c. The high-field B_c2(T) data obtained from resistance measurements in pulsed magnetic fields follow up to about 30 T the WHH (Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg) curve for the orbital limited upper critical field, but show a clear flattening above 30 T. This flattening is interpreted as the onset of Pauli-limited behavior with B_c2(0) ~ 63 to 68 T. We compare our results with B_c2(T) data reported in the literature for clean and disordered samples. Whereas clean samples show no Pauli-limiting behavior for fields below 60 to 70 T as measured so far, the hitherto unexplained flattening of B_c2(T) for applied fields H||ab observed for several disordered closely related systems as Co-doped BaFe₂As₂ or (Ba,K)Fe₂As₂ (obtained from a Sn-flux) is interpreted as a manifestation of Pauli-limiting behavior. The corresponding enhanced Maki parameters point to significant paramagnetic effects in these disordered FeAs-based superconductors. Consequences of our results are discussed in terms of disorder effects within the frame of conventional and unconventional superconductivity. The enhancement of the upper critical field slope near Tc by strong disorder provides evidence for an important attractive intraband contribution to s-wave pairing of Cooper pairs in disordered Fe pnictides at relatively high transition temperatures.

We report the magnetic characterization of ZnO nanopowders with an average grain size of about 50 nm prepared by sol-gel method. At room temperature, ZnO nanopowders exhibit diamagnetism like bulk ZnO. However, strong paramagnetism was observed at 4 K. With increasing temperature, ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition happens at around 90 K. Paramagnetism changes to diamagnetism at around 100 K, which is due to the competition between the paramagnetism from defects and diamagnetism from the bulk ZnO. Our work clearly demonstrates that the interaction betweeen the defects is short-range. Thus the interaction between the defects is weak due to low defect concentration. It is suggested that a high defect concentration is needed for room temperature ferromagnetism.

Charge transport properties of polyimide films implanted with 80 keV Co ions at two different fluences (series I: 1.25 x 10(17) ions/cm(2), series II: 1.75 x 10(17) ions/cm(2)) are studied in detail. For series I, the temperature dependence of surface resistivity fits Mott's equation very well. It is on the insulating side of the insulator-metal transition (IMT). However, for series II, the temperature dependence of surface resistivity is not in agreement with Mott's equation. It is on the metallic side of IMT. The magnetotransport properties of these two series are also studied. No significant magnetoresistive effect is observed for series I at both 5K and 300 K. For series II, an obvious magnetoresistive effect is observed at 5K, while there is no magnetoresistive effect at 300 K. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is applied to confirm the actual fluence for these two series.

We modify the electrical properties of polyimide (PI) films by irradiation with 80 keV Xe ions. The surface resistivity of irradiated PI film at room temperature decreases remarkably from 1.2 x 10(14) Omega/square for virgin PI film to 3.15 x 10(6) Omega/square for PI film irradiated by 5.0 x 10(16) ions/cm(2), and the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the treated films is well-fit using Mott's Equation. The irradiated PI film structure is studied using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. The concentration of O in the irradiated layer decreases with increasing fluence, while the variation of N concentration is negligible. Graphite-like carbon-rich phases are created in the irradiated layers, leading to the modification of the electrical properties. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fragestellungen: Die neue Technologie der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung verspricht die Realisierung von kompakten und ökonomisch effektiven Therapieanlagen. Die dabei zur Anwendung kommenden Hochintensitätslaser führen, verglichen mit den heute in der Strahlentherapie eingesetzten Beschleunigern, zu viel kürzeren Teilchenpulsen mit geringerer Wiederholfrequenz, aber viel größerer Pulsdosisleistung. Vor einem klinischen Einsatz der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung müssen deshalb die Konsequenzen bezüglich dosimetrischer Erfassung und Strahlenwirkung auf menschliches Gewebe untersucht werden. Im Beitrag werden die weltweit ersten systematischen Zellbestrahlungen mit Laser beschleunigten Elektronen vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Methodik: Die Experimente wurden am Lasersystem JETI in Jena durchgeführt.
Das Lasersystem, bisher nur für physikalische Einzelschussexperimente benutzt, wurde für die Durchführung von Routine-Zellbestrahlungen angepasst und ein geeignetes Dosimetriesystem für die ultrakurz gepulsten Elektronen mit einer Energie bis zu 20 MeV entwickelt. Über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Monaten wurden Zellen von je zwei humanen Normal- und Tumorgeweben bestrahlt. Zur Erfassung der Strahlenwirkung wurden die residuellen Doppelstrangbrüche (24 h nach Bestrahlung) und der Anteil des klonogenen Zellüberlebens bestimmt. Der Effekt jeder applizierten Dosis wurde zunächst durch Bestrahlung mehrerer Zellproben an einem Tag doppelt bestimmt und jede Dosis-Effekt-Kurve an zwei weiteren Tagen wiederholt. Parallel dazu wurden Referenzbestrahlungen mit kontinuierlicher 200 kV Röntgenstrahlung durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Auf dem Weg zur klinischen Anwendung der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung sind die erfolgreichen systematischen in vitro Zellbestrahlungen ein erster wichtiger Schritt. Obwohl die hohen Anforderungen für Patientenbestrahlung noch nicht vollständig erfüllt sind, wurde über mehrere Wochen ein für Zellbestrahlungen ausreichend stabiler, reproduzierbarer Elektronenstrahl erzeugt. Die dosimetrische Überwachung erlaubte eine kontrollierte Bestrahlung der Zellen mit einer vorgegebenen Dosis. Für alle vier Zelllinien wird eine deutlich niedrigere biologische Wirksamkeit der ultrakurz gepulsten, Laser beschleunigten Elektronenstrahlen nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse der beiden biologischen Endpunkte sind dabei konsistent.
Schlussfolgerungen: Gegenwärtige Experimente untersuchen die Ursache der reduzierten Strahlenwirkung für Laser beschleunigte Elektronen. Erste Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Pulsdosisleistung, der mittleren Dosisleistung und dem Energiespektrum werden vorgestellt.
Die Arbeit wird gefördert durch das BMBF 03ZIK445.

The family of quasi-2D superconductors kappa–(BEDT–TTF)₂X are model systems for strongly correlated low–dimensional metals. Recently, the unusual normal–conducting state — characterized by a line of anomalies T* (in the order of 40 K) — has attracted considerable attention: a ”pseudo-gap”behavior in analogy to the high-T_c cuprates, a crossover from an incoherent ”bad” metal to a coherent Fermi–liquid regime, and a density–wave–type phase transition have been suggested as possible scenarios. To investigate the possibility of a magnetic origin we carried out detailed transport measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. For two different compounds, X = Cu[N(CN)2 ]Br and Cu(NCS)2 , we observed a maximum in the relative magnetoresistance change right around T* . This indicates the significance of magnetic degrees of freedom which are coupled to the transport properties. Also, for the first time we were able to determine the magnetic–field dependence of T* showing a small negative shift with increasing field. We discuss the implications of our experimental data for possible models explaining the anomalous normal–conducting state.

The large effective masses characterizing heavy-fermion metals enable, at sufficiently high magnetic fields and low temperatures, paramagnetically-driven first-order superconducting (SC) phase transitions, as well as phase transitions to non-uniform SC states with spatially modulated order parameters along the field direction. Here, we present a non-perturbative theory of these phase transitions, which reliably determines the stable SC phases, treats properly the corresponding finite jumps of the order parameter, and can account for various unusual features reported recently for some heavy-fermion superconductors. It is found that for quasi-2D heavy-fermion metals, such as CeCoIn₅, at high magnetic fields oriented perpendicular to the highly conducting planes, the compensation effect of the Fulde-Ferrel (FF) modulation is too weak to prevent a first-order phase transition from the normal to the uniform SC state. No modulated FF phase can be therefore stabilized at fields below H_c2 in this material. The calculated thermodynamic properties are in good quantitative agreement with the experimentally derived phase diagram [1] and the sharp additional damping of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations observed at H_c2 in CeCoIn₅ [2]. For 3D heavy-fermion metals, such as URu2Si2, the FF modulation stabilizes, under a decreasing magnetic field, a non-uniform SC state via a second-order phase transition from the normal state. However, at a slightly lower field the modulated phase becomes unstable, transforming to a uniform SC state via a first-order transition. The sharp onset of the SC order parameter calculated for this double-stage scenario of the SC transition, including fluctuation effect, is found to be in good agreement with dHvA results in the SC state of URu₂Si₂ [3].

In recent years,....

Ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Aufgabenstellung und eines kompakten Überblicks über die TOPFLOW Versuchsanlage wird im Vortrag auf die in den Jahren 2006 bis 2009 realisierten Arbeitsschwerpunkte eingegangen. Detailliert werden die notwendigen anlagentechnischen Erweiterungen im Bereich des TOPFLOW Drucktankes sowie die Konstruktion und der Aufbau der Testsektion beschrieben. Des Weiteren enthält der Vortrag ausführliche Informationen zur Spezialmesstechnik und zur Versuchsmatrix. Eine Zusammenfassung der gegenwärtigen Arbeitsaufgaben und ein Ausblick schließen den Vortrag ab.

Ausgehend von einer Darstellung der versuchstechnischen Aufgaben und einem kurzen Überblick über die TOPFLOW Anlage wird der aktuelle Stand der Arbeiten zum Projekt erläutert. Insbesondere in den Bereichen Kondensations- und Verdampfungsexperimente sowie zur schnellen Röntgentomographie werden die 2008 und 2009 durchgeführten Arbeiten detailliert beschrieben. Zu den Experimenten mit Phasenübergang an freien Oberflächen wird auf die Designphase des Testbassins und die in den vergangenen Jahren durchgeführten kleinskaligen Versuche zum impinging jet eingegangen. Eine Zusammenfassung und ein Ausblick auf die zukünftigen Arbeitsaufgaben schließen den Vortrag ab.

A new silanization method for SiO2 surfaces has been developed for Si-based light emitters which are intended to serve as light sources in smart biosensors relying on fluorescence analysis. This method uses a special silanization chamber and is based on spraying and spin coating (SSC) in nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 10 min. It avoids processes like sonication and the use of certain chemicals being harmful to integrated light emitters. The surface of a SiO2 layer serving as a passivation layer for the light emitters was hydrolyzed to silanols using an in situ-hybridization chamber and catalyzed with MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfone acid hydrate) buffer solution. Subsequently, the substrates were silanized with the SSC method using two coupling agents as (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APMS), and N0-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl)-diethylenetriamine (triamino-APMS). The structure of the SiO2 surface, the APMS and the triamino-APMS layers was controlled and characterized
by Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show a covalent binding of the silane coupling agents on the surface. Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the roughness of the surface. The silanized samples exhibit smooth and densely covered surfaces. Finally, the suitability of the SSC method was verified on real light emitters.

The physical limits of downscaling the SiO₂ thickness of rare earth implanted metal-oxynitride-oxide-semiconductor based light-emitters are explored by investigating the drop down of the electroluminescence power efficiency with decreasing SiO₂ thickness of Tb-implanted devices. It will be experimentally shown that there is a dark zone with an extension of about 20 nm behind the injecting interface in which the hot electrons have not yet gained enough kinetic energy in order to excite the Tb³⁺ luminescence centers. In addition, replacing the host matrix SiO₂ by SiON results in a decrease of power efficiency by two orders of magnitude which is consistent with experimental data about the hot energy distribution in these media.

The oxidation from PtIICl42− to PtIVCl62− in HCl aq. was studied in situ by combining electrochemistry with XAFS spectroscopy. During the oxidation of PtIICl42−, isosbestic points were observed in Pt LIII and LII XANES spectra as a function of time, indicating that the Pt(II/IV) redox equilibrium is the only reaction in the system. The Pt LIII and LII X-ray absorption edge energies of the initial PtIICl42− are 11562.9 and 13271.8 eV, respectively, while those of the electrolyzed species are 11564.6 and 13273.7 eV which are identical with those of a PtIVCl62– reference sample. The coordination of the electrolyzed species was characterized by structural parameters derived from the EXAFS curve fit, and identified to PtIVCl62–.

The generation of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) by ion-beam implantation of magnetic centres into semiconducting materials has experienced renewed interest since the generation of magnetic thin films from the Cobalt-doped wide-gap semiconductor TiO2. Since the magnitude of the magnetic moment in such films is strongly varying and since the implementation in a standard, Silicon-based semiconductor device is challenging, we have concentrated on the binary and fully integrable system Vanadium:Silicon. Vanadium form several binary compounds in Silicon at higher doping concentrations; the most well characterised structures have the compositions V:Si= 3:1, 5:3, 6:5, 1:2, and bear the potential to exhibit magnetism. At higher dilution, Vanadium may form point defects in the crystalline Silicon host matrix. Here, we investigate different combinations of substitutional and interstitial vanadium atoms in crystal matrix as well as its diffusion. Spin dependent density functional band-structure calculations with the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW)-method (with Abinit, VASP) in LDA and GGA have been carried out to investigate magnetism for all configurations. For special structures also the all-electron full-potential local-orbitals (FPLO)-method (with FPLO) have been used, to confirm the magnetic properties. At the same time first experiments (RBS, XRD, SQUID) have been arranged to support the simulations.

Azurite is a natural mineral with a chemical structure Cu₃(OH)₂(CO₃)₂. This compound has been proposed as a model substance for the 1D distorted diamond chain where a frustrated triangular quantum magnet consisting of Cu S=1/2 atoms arranged alternately to form infinite chains along the b axis. The magnetic behavior of this compound reflects the existence of both monomers and dimers made of S = 1/2 Cu. A magnetization plateau at 1/3 of the saturization magnetization is observed in M vs H measurements between 11 and 30 T due to saturization of the monomers. For fields above the plateau, the magnetic field energy exceeds the dimer bonding and thus the dimers cant and then align with the field. The magnetic structure and the detailed phase diagram in temperature and field are largely unknown or controversial. A recent report [1] in the specific heat behavior suggests a more complicated structure than previously thought. In addition, recent ultrasound measurements [2] indicate significant magnetoelastic coupling must be taken into account. We have acquired interesting results on magnetic torque, magnetostriction and thermal expansion. We have demonstrated that significant, anisotropic magnetostriction is evidenced in azurite, giving us an indication of the magnetically induced structural distortions.

In first part of my presentation I will talk about recent development of the high-fi eld electron spin resonance (ESR) facility at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The unique feature of the facility is a combination of the free electron laser (1.2 – 75 THz) and pulsed (up to 65 T) magnetic fields. In the low-frequency range the FEL facility is complemented by conventional radiation sources allowing for ESR experiments down to 30 GHz. In second part of my talk I will present results of ESR studies of the spin-ladder compound (C₅H₁₂N)₂CuBr₄ (known as BPCB). Angular, temperature dependences, as well as the frequency-fi eld diagram of magnetic excitations have been studied in detail. The energy gap in center of the Brillouin zone (16.46 K), was observed directly, confirming the presence of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. A small (~140 mK) splitting between the gapped modes can be accounted by a weak interladder coupling. In addition, the temperature evolution of the ESR excitation spectrum revealed a highly unusual behavior, whose peculiarities are discussed.

The quasibinary intermetallic compound Er₂(Co_0.4Fe_0.6)₁₇ (hexagonal Th₂Ni₁₇-type structure) is a ferrimagnet with T_C = 1170 K and M_s = 21 μ_B/f.u. The magnetic anisotropy is of easy-axis type at low temperatures, changing to an easy-plane anisotropy near room temperature. In the present work, the magnetization was measured in fields up to 60 T along the easy c axis. A first-order transition was observed at 47 T with a magnetization jump of 9 μ_B/f.u. Er2(Co0.4Fe0.6)17 is an ideal model system for high-field experiments since the observed transition admits an unambiguous quantitative interpretation. This is because the compound also undergoes a first-order magnetization process at 1.5 T enabling an independent direct determination of the anisotropy constants. A further advantage is the smallness of the 3d contribution to the anisotropy, which can be neglected altogether. With these parameters the observed high-field magnetization curve was successfully modeled.

We report results of sound-velocity and sound-attenuation measurements in the triangularlattice quasi-two-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet (AFM) Cs₂CuCl₄ (T_N = 0.6 K) in magnetic fields up to 18 T applied along the a axis. The possibility for a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons in the AFM phase and a proximity to the spin liquid state at low temperatures beyond the AFM phase has been suggested for this compound. The longitudinal acoustic c₁₁ mode shows pronounced anomalies in sound velocity and sound attenuation at low temperatures and in applied magnetic field. Below 1.5 K, this mode demonstrates a softening with increasing field, followed by an increase of the sound velocity close to the saturation field, Bs approx 8.5 T. The ultrasonic results are analyzed with a theory based on exchange-striction coupling. There is good qualitative agreement between theoretical results and experiment.

We present new specific-heat data for two different YNi₂B₂C single crystals grown by a zone-melting method. The two samples (T_c,A = 15.26(4)K, T_c,B = 15.6(1) K) were studied in magnetic fields up to B = 9 T in the temperature range from T = 0.35 . . . 20 K, using both a relaxation and a heat-pulse method. In the superconducting state (B = 0) we find an uncommon dependence of the electronic contribution to the specific heat, C_el(T), strengthening the assumption of a multiband nature of the superconducting state of YNi₂B₂C. A quantitative analysis of C_el(T) evidences multiple electronic contributions from electrons with very different electron-phonon coupling strengths, thus exhibiting several different superconducting energy gaps Δ(T,B = 0). This feature is in agreement with recent de Haas–van Alphen results [1] and point-contact spectroscopy data [2].

Quantum spin systems present a broad range of exotic phenomena upon the application of external magnetic field. High-field properties of numerous low-dimensional Heisenberg models are actively studied theoretically, but still poorly understood experimentally due to the lack of proper materials with feasible saturation fields. Recently, we proposed a bundle of vanadium compounds that show the physics of spin-1/2 frustrated square lattice model at the energy scale of 5–10 K. In this contribution, we present experimental results for high-field properties of these materials.
Magnetization curves of five frustrated square lattice compounds were recorded in either static or pulsed magnetic fields. Most of the compounds show the saturation at 15–25 T and present the ideal energy scale for high-field studies. The values of the saturation fields are in remarkable agreement with the previous estimates of individual exchange couplings, based on thermodynamic measurements in low fields. The consistency of the low-field and high-field results confirms the interpretation of the materials within the frustrated square lattice model, despite the actual crystal symmetry is low, and numerous non-equivalent exchange couplings are possible. The change of the frustration ratio within the same compound family enables to study the change of the magnetization curve as the frustration is enhanced. We show that the increase of the frustration ratio leads to the enhanced bending of the magnetization curve. This result agrees with the recent theoretical study of the model [1] and is further supported by the direct comparison of the experimental magnetization curves and simulations for finite-size clusters.

We have measured the temperature and frequency-dependant transmission and phase shift through LuNi₂B₂C thin films on MgO substrates at terahertz frequencies. From the measured data, we could accurately determine the complex dielectric constant, epsilon, the complex optical conductivity, sigma, and the penetration depth, lambda. Comparing our measured results with theory, we find strong deviations from the standard one-band BCS predictions. These deviations can be attributed to the multiband nature of the superconducting state in LuNi₂B₂C.

The first observation of NMR in the pulsed high magnetic field at the Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD), Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) is reported. The new spectrometer that operates at up to 3:0 GHz is described, as well as its implementation in the pulsed field facility. Free induction decays and spin echo experiments on ¹H and ^63,65Cu will be described and discussed in terms of sensitivity and resolution.

Tetragonal UPtSi₂ has recently been characterized as moderately mass enhanced antiferromagnetic compound, which in various physical properties and in low magnetic fields reveals a resemblance to URuSi₂ [1-3]. In contrast to URuSi₂ with the order parameter still unknown, UPtSi₂ was shown to order antiferromagnetically below T_N = 32 K in zero magnetic field [1]. Here, we present an extensive study of the behaviour of UPtSi₂ in high magnetic fields. We have examined single crystalline UPtSi₂ with resistivity and magnetization measurements in pulsed and static magnetic fields up to 50 T. Initially, and as it is typical for antiferromagnets, in these measurements we find the antiferromagnetic phase transition at T_N = 32 K in zero field to shift downwards with increasing field for both crystallographic axes. However, below ~15 K and for magnetic fields B parallel to the a axis we see this transition to split up, forming a new and distinct high field phase between ~38 T and 45 T. Similarly, with the magnetic field applied parallel to the c axis we also find a splitting resulting in a new high field phase between 24 T and 31 T. Moreover, below 5 K our measurements along c axis show even more structure, indicating the presence of at least one more high field phase between 29 T and 33 T. Altogether, our data reveal a rich high field magnetic phase diagram, which closely resembles the observations made for URuSi₂ [4]

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) using helium or argon plasmas has been employed for porous layers creation on metal surfaces. These void structures may show unique characteristics which offer potential for medical applications such as metal-based drug-eluting stents. The paper addresses the influence of implantation parameters on surface morphology, cavity characteristics and mechanical properties of stainless steel stents. Argon and/or helium PIII processing of stainless steel samples has been performed at ion energies ranging from 5 to 35 keV, ion fluence of more than 1e17 cm-2, and substrate temperature in the range 50 – 400°C. Scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and elastic recoil detection analysis have been employed for sample characterization. Argon PIII treatment at elevated temperatures of 200 – 350°C leads to spongy structure formation of a size of 1-2 micron. Helium implantation results in a surface roughening and creation of voids in high concentration with size in the range 300 – 500 nm as well as nano-scale cavities (5-50 nm). So, varying the ion species (helium or argon), ion energy and fluence, and substrate temperature has been found to produce either void or sponge like structures at the nano- (~10 nm) to micro-scale (~1 micron). The best mechanical properties have been obtained in the stainless steel samples implanted at elevated temperature (higher than 250°C). Surface flaking and cracks formation have been greatly reduced by subsequent post-implantation annealing at temperatures of 600 – 800°C.

The local bonding structure of titanium aluminum nitride (Ti1-xAlxN) films grown by dc magnetron cosputtering with different AlN molar fractions (x) has been studied by x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) recorded in total electron yield mode. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) shows the formation of a ternary solid solution with cubic structure (c-Ti1-xAlxN) that shrinks with the incorporation of Al and that, above a solubility limit of x similar to 0.7, segregation of w-AlN and c-Ti1-xAlxN phases occurs. The Al incorporation in the cubic structure and lattice shrinkage can also be observed using XANES spectral features. However, contrary to GIXRD, direct evidence of w-AlN formation is not observed, suggesting a dominance and surface enrichment of cubic environments. For x>0.7, XANES shows the formation of Ti-Al bonds, which could be related to the segregation of w-AlN. This study shows the relevance of local-order information to assess the atomic structure of Ti1-xAlxN solutions.

[Ni(phen)(fum)] comprises of weakly bound covalent-layers containing Ni(II) ions forming a spatially anisotropic square lattice with pronounced intradimer exchange coupling. Susceptibility studies performed from 1.8 to 300 K revealed significant differences between field and zero-field cooling below 10 K suggesting the presence of easy-axis anisotropy. Specific heat, investigated in zero magnetic field from 0.3 to 20 K, did not reveal any lambda-like anomaly only a tiny hump was observed at about 1.2 K. The amount of magnetic entropy removed down to 1.2 K supports the notion of magnetic low dimensionality. The specific-heat data are dominated by a round anomaly at 4.2 K which was analyzed within limiting models of a paramagnet with E/D = 0.27 and D/k_B = -13.4 K and antiferromagnetic S = 1 dimers with D/J = -0.8 and D/k_B = -5.3 K. The analysis indicates the importance of introducing an interdimer coupling responsible for the formation of magnetic order on the square lattice.

The spin relaxation of Gd₂(fum)₃(H₂O)₄·3H₂O, an S = 7/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet was investigated by ac-susceptibility measurements at temperatures from 2 to 30 K, frequencies from 100 Hz to 10 kHz, and magnetic fields up to 3 T. It was found, that the magnetic field induces thermally activated relaxation over an energy barrier E_B/k_B approx 55 K. Subsequent investigation of the specific heat, magnetic entropy, magnetization, and shape of the electron-spin-resonance line yielded consistent values of the g-factor g = 2.0, single-ion anisotropy D/k_B approx 0.23 K, and exchange interaction J/k_B approx 0.12 K. The knowledge of these characteristic parameters allows to discuss the origin of the observed relaxation behavior. In particular, resonance trapping of low-energy phonons, recently proposed in Ni₁₀ magnetic molecules [1] will be considered.

A systematic multi-frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) study of the spin-ladder material (C₅H₁₂N)₂CuBr₄ (known as BPCB) and its deuterated analog have been performed at temperatures down to 1.3 K in magnetic fields up to 16 T. The energy gap in the magnetic excitation spectrum at k = 0, Delta/k_B = 16.45 K, was observed directly, confirming the existence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in this compound. A small (» 140 mK) splitting between the levels of the excited spin-triplet confirmed the presence of a weak interladder coupling. The temperature evolution of the ESR excitation spectrum in BPCB revealed its very unusual behavior, whose origin is discussed.

Since 2007, the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory operates as a user facility, providing unique experimental capabilities in pulsed fields. The HLD offers a variety of measurement techniques, such as electrical transport, magnetization, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance. A particular feature of the laboratory is the next-door free-electron-laser installation used for high-field infrared spectroscopy, cyclotron and electron spin resonance (ESR) in pulsed fields. Additionally, experimental techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and calorimetry are being adapted for their use in pulsed magnetic fields. The HLD maintains design programs for pulsed-power supplies and pulsed magnets focusing on the development of benchmark equipment for scientific and industrial use as well. Recently, the HLD has reached magnetic fields of up to 87 T. This field range is accessible now for experiments in advanced materials research. Several 60 T and 70 T magnets are regularly used by in-house and external users as well. A two-coil 100 T prototype and a long-pulse (1000 ms) 60 T magnet are ready for their first tests. The HLD participates in the EuroMagNET II program, a coordinated research initiative which supports users of European high-magnetic field installations. The in-house research program of the FZD is dedicated to electronically correlated systems, comprising material classes such as heavy-fermion compounds, novel and high-Tc superconductors, confined metallic nanostructures and low-dimensional spin systems as well.

We have studied the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect of the borocarbide superconductor LuNi₂B₂C both in the normal and in the superconducting state by use of the field-modulation method at high magnetic fields up to 15 T and at low temperatures down to 0.5 K. Starting in the normal state we were able to observe dHvA oscillations deep inside the superconducting state with only a minor additional damping of the oscillation amplitudes. Only close to the upper critical field we find a slightly stronger damping. However, in this region we also observe a strong peak effect which hampers the analysis and complicates the interpretation. We compare our results with recent theories and discuss the possibilities of determining the magnetic-field-dependent gap for different bands with this method. Nevertheless, the apparent correlation between the occurence of the peak effect and the extra damping might be attributet to suppression of vortex-lattice order associated with the enhanced flux-line pinning in this region.

The hexagonal compound UCuGe is an antiferromagnet (AFM) with T_N = 48 K. In this study we report on results of sound-velocity and sound-attenuation measurements performed on a single crystal of UCuGe at different frequencies, in the temperature range 1.3 K > T > 295 K, and in a magnetic fields up to 18 T applied along the c axis (hard axis). The temperature dependences of the sound velocity and attenuation display a pronounced anomaly at T_N suggesting a large magnetoelastic coupling. A double-peak structure is observed in the sound velocity at T_N which might be due to frustration. In the paramagnetic state (T > T_N), both acoustic characteristics show large frequency-dependent changes revealing the presence of unusual relaxation processes. No hysteresis in the field dependence of the sound velocity in the AFM state is observed confirming that the compound UCuGe has a single-domain state.

We report on measurements of the complex conductivity of LaEuCu-oxide super-conductors in a wide frequency range (10 - 50000 cm^-1) and for temperatures 4 K < T < 300 K. High-quality films on transparent substrates have been used for the investigations. We discuss the temperature and frequency behavior of the complex conductivity for several samples with different Eu concentrations.

We report on X-band electron spin resonance studies (ESR) of the quasi-one-dimensional anisotropic S = 1 Heisenberg antiferromagnet compound Ni(tn)₂NO₂BF₄ (or NTNB for short). The presence of interacting S = 1/2 chain-end states is clearly observed in the ESR spectra even in nominally pure samples, visible as a g ~ 2 main peak with several satellites. The data are analyzed in the frame of the theory proposed by Batista et al. [Phys. Rev. B 60, R12533 (1999)]. The ESR angular dependence revealed a pronounced anisotropy, whose origin can be explained assuming the presence of the field-induced staggered magnetization.

Electron spin resonance and magnetization studies of the quasi-two-dimensional spin system [Cu(pyz)₂(HF₂)]PF₆ have been performed in static and pulsed magnetic fields up to 50 T. It is argued that the magnetization is governed by the two-dimensional nature of spin correlations due to the large anisotropy of the exchange couplings (J_perp/J = 0.01, where J is the in-plane and J_perp is the interlayer exchange parameters). The magnetization saturates at the critical fields 37.1 T and 34.3 T for magnetic field applied perpendicular and parallel to the direction, respectively. The frequency-field diagram of the magnetic excitations changes dramatically below the Néel temperature (T_N = 4.38 K). Our observation reveals an easy-plane type of the magnetic anisotropy. The exchange field (H_E = 18.5 T) and out-of-plane anisotropy field (H_A = 0.05 T) were calculated using a mean-field-theory approximation.

Rh₁₇S₁₅ (Miasite) is a 4d-electron metal which displays superconductivity below T_c = 5.4 K at zero field, with an upper critical field value B_c2 = 19.2 T at T = 0.07 K. Above T_c, Rh₁₇S₁₅ is a paramagnet. The crystallographic structure (Pm3m) of Rh17S15 features a nearest-neighbor Rh-Rh distance even less than in elementary (fcc) Rh, resulting in a high density of 4d-electron states at the Fermi level [1]. In our contribution, we report on measurements of the specific-heat and resistivity in fields up to 14 T and of the magnetic susceptibility in fields up to 20 T of a polycrystalline sample of Rh₁₇S₁₅. Our data allow us to map out the complete superconducting phase diagram. The existence of narrow 4d band states (and thus of strong electronic correlations that seem not to provide magnetic correlations) is supported by the found moderately high electronic contribution to the specific-heat of about 100 mJ/molK2 and favors the existence of a strong superconducting interaction. Together with the remarkably high upper critical field (exceeding the Pauli limit by a factor of two), these facts make Rh₁₇S₁₅ a likely candidate for unconventional superconductivity.

We report the first observation of superconductivity in heavily p-type doped germanium at ambient pressure conditions. Using Ga as dopant, we have produced a series of Ge:Ga samples by ion-beam implantation and subsequent short-term (msec) flash-lamp annealing. The combination of these techniques allows for Ga concentrations up to 6 %, i.e., a doping level which is clearly larger than the solubility limit and not accessible to any other method so far. Transport measurements reveal superconducting transitions with T_c up to 0.5 K. In more detail, we observe a strong dependence of the superconducting critical parameters on the annealing conditions. Further, we find a strong anisotropy of the superconducting critical field reflecting the two-dimensional character of the superconducting state in the ~ 60 nm thin Ge:Ga layer. We find critical magnetic in-plane fields following a linear temperature dependence up to a maximum field which is even larger than the Pauli-Clogston limit. Ge:Ga appears to be a superconductor in the extreme type-II limit with a very small Cooper-pair density. After its finding in Si [1] and diamond [2], our work reports another unexpected observation of superconductivity in doped elemental semiconductors.

The interplay between conduction and localized electrons in mixed-valence materials has received great attention and remain to be a hot topic. The de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) technique in combination with band-structure calculations is one of the best methods to investigate the multiband Fermi surfaces inherently present in these compounds. Here, we present a dHvA study of the nonmagnetic mixed-valence compound YbCoIn₅. This material has the same crystal structure as the heavy-fermion superconductors CeCoIn₅ and CeIrIn₅ [1,2]. Our dHvA measurements thus allow a comparative investigation of the electronic properties of these highly interesting isostructural compounds. The dHvA signal was measured by use of a capacitive torque cantilever in a He³ cryostat in fields up to 13 T as well as in a dilution refrigerator down to 20 mK and up to 18 T. A number of different dHvA branches could be resolved. Besides their angular dependence, we as well determined the effective masses of the different bands by following the temperature-dependent amplitude change of the dHvA oscillations. In contrast to the heavy fermions CeCoIn₅ and CeIrIn₅, the effective masses for YbCoIn5 are in the range from 0.7 to 2.0 m₀.

The metal-organic compound [Cu(pyz)₂(HF₂)]X with X = PF₆ exhibits a quasi-cubic lattice of copper ions (S = ½), but the magnetic properties show a predominantly two-dimensional (2D) nature due to a large anisotropy in the exchange couplings. The magnetic entropy and the antiferromagnetic ordering, eventually occurring at about 4 K, were investigated by specific-heat measurements. For this we established a continuous relaxation-time technique, using a single relaxation process to get specific-heat data over a wide temperature range. The calorimetric investigations, performed between 2 and 100 K and in magnetic fields up to 14 T, have revealed a non-monotonic field dependence of the ordering temperature. The results are as expected from the model for an S = ½ two-dimensional square-lattice quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet with an additional weak interlayer exchange (via Cu-F-H-F-Cu bonds). In comparison to the X = BF₄ compound, the antiferromagnetically ordered phase extends into much higher temperatures. In a more detailed analysis, we can extract all exchange interactions with an interlayer coupling ten times higher than in X = BF₄. Thus, the 2D character is significantly reduced in X = PF₆.

The high-T_c superconductivity in ReFeAsO_1−xF_x (Re=Rare earths) with a maximum T_c of about 55 K has attracted great interest. LaFeAsO_1−xF_x is the first-discovered superconducting compound in this class of materials, and has been intensively studied so far. We have performed resistivity measurements on polycrystalline samples of LaFeAsO_1−xF_x with different T_c’s and obtained the superconducting-to-normal state transition at various temperatures with 60 T pulsed magnetic fields. At the normal state, the under-doped samples show a positive magnetoresistivity ~ 30% at 60 T while for the optimally-doped sample, the magnetoresitivity effect is almost negligible. In the superconducting state, the magnetoresistance shows a broad transition, which is often observed in polycrystalline samples consisting of randomly oriented anisotropic grains. The temperature dependence of H_c2 (T) for all LaFeAsO_1−xF_x samples with different T_c’s do not follow the conventional Werthammer-Helfand-Hohenberg (WHH) behavior, and shows an almost linear temperature dependence down to ~ 0.1 T_c. A strong deviation of H_c2 (T) from the WHH prediction will be discussed in terms of a multiband effect and a Pauli paramagnetic limiting effect.

Particles of U(V) and U(VI) were observed in vivo in a living multispecies biofilm by a combined laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) approach. The fluorescent uranium particles were located at the bottom and at the edges of biofilms colonies and ranged in size from up to 20 µm in length to 7 µm in width. Laser fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to identify these uranium particles. They showed either a characteristic fluorescence spectrum in the wavelength range of 415-475 nm, indicative for U(V), or in the range of 480-560 nm, which is typical for U(VI). The particles of U(V) as well as U(VI) were simultaneously observed in the biofilms. For U(VI) the particles were attributed to biologically mediated precipitation and for U(V) to redox processes taking place within the biofilm. The detection of U(V) in a living multispecies biofilm was interpreted as a short-lived intermediate of the U(VI) to U(IV) redox reaction. The presence of U(V) clearly shows that the U(VI) reduction is not a two electron step but that only one electron is involved.
LIFS was also applied to study the alteration of a depleted uranium (DU) disk in contact with synthetic pore water. The pore water used was a calcium phosphate solution (2.5 × 10-3 M Ca, 1 × 10-3 M P) and should mimic fertilized agricultural soil. The storage of the DU disk in calcium phosphate solution for 12 month led to the formation of a thin film of a secondary uranium mineral on the metallic DU. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) was applied to spectroscopically characterise the reaction product. TRLFS provided its unequivocal identification as meta-autunite based on the positions of the fluorescence emission maxima at 487.8, 502.0, 523.6, 547.0, 572.1, and 600.6 nm and fluorescence lifetimes of 410 ± 15 and 3300 ± 310 ns. These results highlight the enhanced performance and sensitivity of the TRLFS technique for mineralogical characterization of thin surface films. Furthermore, they demonstrate that the dissolution of uranium from DU projectiles under the conditions described here is limited by the development and solubility of a meta-autunite secondary phase.

Wear-resistant Ti–B–N coatings have been deposited by reactive arc evaporation of Ti–TiB2 compound cathodes in a commercial Oerlikon Balzers Rapid Coating System. Owing to the strong non-equilibrium conditions of the deposition method, a TiN–TiBx phase mixture is observed at low N2 partial pressures, as determined by elastic recoil detection analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. The indicated formation of a metastable solid solution of B in face-centered cubic TiN gives rise to a maximum in hardness (>40 GPa) and wear resistance on the expense of increased compressive stresses. A further saturation of the nitrogen content results in the formation of a TiN–BN nanocomposite, where the BN phase fraction was tailored by the target composition (Ti/B ratio of 5/3 and 5/1). However, the amorphous nature of the BN phase does not support self-lubricious properties, showing friction coefficients of 0.7 ± 0.1 against alumina. The effect of an increased bias voltage on structure and morphology was investigated from -20 to -140 V and the thermal stability assessed in Ar and air by simultaneous thermal analysis up to 1400 °C.

The actinide(IV) hexanuclear M₆(mu₃-O(H))₈(HCOO)₁₂(LT)₆ complexes were prepared (LT = H₂O or CH₃OH). HCOO- acts as a bridging ligand, which prevents formation of polynuclear hydrolysis species of U(IV) hydrous oxide colloids at least until pH 3.25, and stabilizes the nano-sized clusters in solution. The charge of the hexamer is balanced by the O/OH ratio of the mu3-bridges.

The recently discovered class of high Tc superconducting pnictides has led to very intense research efforts over the last year. Despite the efforts, there is still no consensus about such fundamental problems as the gap symmetry or the pairing mechanism. Measurements of the critical field Bc2 can help to find an answer. In practice, accurate measurements of Bc2 near the zero temperature limit are often hampered by the large critical fields, which promotes these systems as good candidates for high field experiments. One method to obtain Bc2 is by measuring electric transport in magnetic fields. So far, most studies of this kind are performed on polycrystaline samples where the interpretation of the resistance curves is not straightforward and assumptions about the anisotropy are based on the width of the transition. We present transport measurements of Bc2 in fields up to 60 T on single crystals of F-doped SmFeAs(O,F) and oxygen-deficient SmFeAsO1-δ. From the measurements for different orientations we were able to extract the anisotropy in the upper critical field, which show a significant temperature-dependence below Tc. We compare our results with data obtained on polycrystaline samples and discuss our data in terms of superconducting gap symmetries

CdCr2O4 is a geometrically frustrated Heisenberg "pyrochlore" magnet with an incommensurate antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering below TN = 7.8 K. At low temperatures a metamagnetic phase transition at 28 T in this compound is followed by a very wide magnetization plateau with one half of the full moment of S = 3/2 Cr3+ (three spins up and one spin down); the fully polarized state appears above approximately 90 T. Because of the strong spin-lattice coupling some magnetic phase transitions in CdCr2O4 are accompanied by structural distortions. Such spin-lattice coupling can be especially well investigated by ultrasound techniques. We have performed ultrasonic experiments on a high-quality CdCr2O4 single crystal at low temperatures and in pulsed magnetic fields up to 64 T. In our experiments, a longitudinal acoustic mode propagates along the [111] crystallographic direction and the magnetic field is applied in the same direction. A hysteretic minimum followed by a jump in the sound velocity and a peak in the attenuation are observed at 28 T for temperatures below the AF phase transition. An abrupt softening of the acoustic mode is detected at 59 T, where the magnetization plateau terminates. The above-mentioned anomalies get smoother at higher temperatures. The observed behavior of the acoustic characteristics demonstrates a crucial role of the spin-lattice coupling, which leads to lattice instabilities in this geometrically frustrated antiferromagnet in applied magnetic field. Our experimental results will be discussed in the framework of recent theories. Specifically, we construct a simple model, which gives quantitative description of the temperature
variations of the sound velocity in the vicinity of zero-field transition.

The hexagonal intermetallic compound UCuGe is an antiferromagnet with TN = 48 K. In magnetic fields of 38 – 45 T, applied along the hexagonal c axis, a spin-flop phase transition in this compound has been observed at 4.2 K [1]. We report on sound-velocity and sound-attenuation results obtained on a UCuGe single crystal at different frequencies. Thereby, a longitudinal ultrasonic wave was propagated along the [001] direction with static (up to 18 T) and pulsed (up to 57 T) magnetic fields applied along the same direction. The temperature dependences of the sound velocity and of the attenuation display a pronounced anomaly at TN, which is evidence for a strong magneto-elastic interaction. The pulse-field measurements at 4.2 K show a minimum in the sound velocity followed by a jump-like anomaly at 37 T, and another kink-like anomaly at 45-46 T. These anomalies are clearly connected with known field-induced spin re-arrangements and can be attributed to the symmetry changes at the start and end of the spin-flop transition. In the paramagnetic state (T > TN), the temperature dependences for both acoustic characteristics show large frequency-dependent changes. The observed linear frequency dependence of these changes reveals the presence of unusual relaxation processes. The origin of these anomalies will be discussed.

We report on measurements of the complex conductivity of cuprate superconductors at terahertz frequencies in fields up to 10 T. High-quality films of La2-xCexCuO4 and La2-xEuxCuO4 with different doping levels on transparent substrates have been used for our investigations. The measurements have been performed in the transmission mode. We discuss the behavior of the complex conductivity as a function of temperature, frequency, and magnetic field. We have found a small but distinctive optical magnetoresistance. We also realized some signatures of the pseudogap in the terahertz spectral range in magnetic field.

We report on observation of the magneto-acoustic Faraday effect in paramagnetic Tb₃Ga₅O₁₂ (TGG). This effect is the acoustic analog of the magneto-optical Faraday rotation. In cubic crystals, such as TGG, the two transverse sound waves propagating along the [100] direction are doubly degenerated. The magnetic field applied along the propagation direction breaks the time-reversal invariance and, therefore, lifts the degeneracy and induces a polarization rotation. This can be detected in the sound attenuation as oscillations as function of magnetic field, where each period corresponds to a polarization rotation of pi. Here, we present magneto-acoustic measurements performed at T = 1.4 K in fields up to 20 T in the frequency, f, range from 30 to 330 MHz. Indeed, we observed oscillations in the sound attenuation due to the Faraday effect. Theoretical studies predict an f² dependence of the Faraday rotation [1], whereas we observe a linear dependence. Such behavior has also been reported for CeAl2 in the paramagnetic phase [2]. We observed a softening of the sound velocity with increasing field with a minimum at about 19 T. At the same field the attenuation oscillations cease. These results can be attributed to a crystal-field level crossing. With the appropriate choice of crystal-field parameters an effective theory predicts this level crossing to occur at ~20 T. Taking the magneto-elastic interaction into account, the theory reproduces the qualitative features of our data.

We report on results of acoustic measurements in the triangular-lattice low-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet (AFM) Cs2CuCl4 (TN = 0.6 K) at high magnetic fields. At low temperature, the magnetic ordering in this compound has been the subject of intensive experimental and theoretical studies. This is caused by the possible occurrence of a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons in the AFM phase and the proximity to a spin-liquid state beyond it. The Cu2+ in Cs2CuCl4 are arranged in planar triangular lattices within the bc plane. The magnetic inter-plane interaction along the a axis is much weaker than the in-plane interaction. Therefore, the material can be regarded as magnetically low dimensional. We measured the sound velocity and attenuation of the longitudinal acoustic c22 mode, i.e., the sound wave propagating along the b axis, in fields up to 15 T applied along the same direction and for temperatures between 0.3 and 7 K. We found that below 1.5 K this mode softens with increasing magnetic field, whereas in the vicinity of the critical field, at about 8.9 T, the sound velocity increases again. Near this field, the sound attenuation attains a maximum and both acoustic characteristics depend strongly on frequency. We analyzed our results in the framework of an effective quantum theory based on the exchange-striction coupling. The theoretical results agree qualitatively with our data.

Most of the modern permanent magnet materials are based on the combination of a 3d transition metal (T) and a rare earth (R). The inter-sublattice exchange field binds the high magnetic moment of the former with the high anisotropy of the latter, either ferri- or ferromagnetically. Applying high external magnetic field one can break down the ferrimagnetic ground state and drive the system towards ferromagnetic order via a non-collinear intermediate phases. This manifests itself in peculiarities of the magnetization curve. In some cases the value of the exchange field can be extracted form those experiments [1, 2]. Here we report on a magnetization measurement on single crystals of Ho2Fe17 in the fields up to 60 Tesla. Magnetization measured in the basal plane shows jumps. The highest one, measured along [100] is observed at about 55 Tesla . Considering that both R and T moments rotation is constrained within the basal plane we describe observed curve shape.

Plunging jets play an important role in nuclear reactor safety research. In the actual paper the case of the strainer clogging issue is considered. During a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) insulation debris might be released near the break. Fractions of the released insulation debris can be transported into the reactor sump, where it may perturb/impinge on the emergency core cooling systems. According to the considered scenario, the water ejected by the anticipated break falls several meters on to the sump water surface. On its way, the jet is mixed with air. Furthermore, air bubbles are entrained by the impinging jet. The entrained gaseous bubbles will rise and have an additional influence on the flow field. The jet-induced flow into the sump will sensitively influence the fiber transport.
In the CFD calculations presented in the paper the consequences of the entrained air on the liquid flow field, on the fibre deposition and on the temperature mixing are investigated and compared to experiments.

This paper reports an analysis of the electroluminescence (EL) spectra changing, charge trapping and EL quenching during operation of the multicolor Eu implanted metal-oxide-silicon light-emitting devices (MOSLEDs). The nature of the changing of the light-emitting color in the MOSLED is discussed. It is shown that the EL life time of the Eu implanted MOSLED is considerably longer than that of high-efficiency MOSLEDs with Tb and Ge implanted oxide. It is demonstrated that a reduced EL intensity, enhanced negative charge trapping and a good EL stability are associated with enhanced clustering in the Eu implanted oxide during high-temperature furnace annealing. The comparison with the operation of the MOSLED fabricated by using the flash lamp annealing technique is performed.

The Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD) is a user facility which provides external users with the possibility of performing diverse experiments in pulsed magnetic field. Various experimental techniques, such as electrical transport, magnetization, ultrasound and magnetic-resonance measurements are available or are under installation at the HLD [1]. A particular feature of the laboratory is a nearby free-electron laser facility which enables high-field infrared spectroscopy in pulsed magnetic fields.
A 50 MJ modular capacitor bank with a maximum charging voltage of 24 kV is used to energize the pulsed magnets at the HLD. At present, a variety of pulsed magnets are in operation in the laboratory. I report on current status of the pulsed magnet program and recent progress at the HLD. I consider various issues of design, fabrication, and performance of the non-destructive pulsed magnets. Further magnet-technology developments and the route to 100 T are discussed.
In the second part of my talk I will present some ultrasonic results obtained at the HLD. This includes a magneto-acoustic study of the quantum S = 1 spin-chain magnet NiCl2-4SC(NH2)2 (DTN) near the quantum critical points and some recent ultrasonic results for CdCr2O4, a geometrically frustrated magnet with a metamagnetic phase transition at 28 T followed by a very wide magnetization plateau with one half of the full moment of S = 3/2 Cr3+. I discuss a possible application of the infrared radiation produced by next-door free electron lasers for photoacoustic spectroscopy.

Magnetic semiconductors with high Curie temperatures are very promising materials for spintronic applications. An approach to fabricate GaMnAs is the Mn-implantation of GaAs followed by pulsed laser annealing (PLA) [1,2]. We investigated the influence of the Mn concentration and PLA conditions, e.g. number of laser pulses, on the structural and magnetic properties of (001)-oriented GaMnAs. Results from heatflow calculations helped us to understand the PLA process. Using SQUID magnetometry, we reveal a strong decrease of the saturation magnetization with increasing number of laser pulses. Zero field cooled/ field cooled measurements were performed to investigate the magnetization of the annealed GaMnAs layer. We found a spontaneous magnetization below the Tc and a large out-of- plane anisotropy. HR-XRD measurements revealed a lattice expansion normal to the surface after implantation. In dependence on the number of pulses, PLA decreases the strain (1 pulse) or overcompensates the strain (10 and 100 pulses). We conclude that Mn-implantation into GaAs followed by 1 laser pulse allows for the fabrication of strongly anisotropic, diluted magnetic GaMnAs. The drawback of the Mn-implantation is the loss of As from the GaAs surface as detected by means of Auger electron spectroscopy. Co-implantation with suitable elements is a possible approach to countervail the magnetic properties of annealed GaMnAs.

[1] M. A. Scarpulla, O. D. Dubon, K. M. Yu, O. Monteiro, M. R. Pillai, M. J. Aziz, and
M. C. Ridgway, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 1251 (2003).

[2] M. A. Scarpulla, R. Farshchi, P. R. Stone, R. V. Chopdekar, K. M. Yu, Y. Suzuki, and
O. D. Dubon, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 073913 (2008).

Der Bericht beschreibt die Arbeiten zur CFD-Modellentwicklung zur Beschreibung des Fasertransportes in einer Wasserströmung, die im Unterauftrag der Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz erfolgten. Während die experimentellen Arbeiten zu dieser Thematik in Zittau durchgeführt wurden, lag der Schwerpunkt der theoretischen Arbeiten in Rossendorf.
Im Arbeitspunkt EZ 1 des Projektantrages ist die Erweiterung der Einzeleffektuntersuchungen vorgesehen. Die entsprechenden Modellansätze zum Partikeltransport sind im Kapitel 3.1. beschrieben. Die Modellanpassung und Validierung ist in 3.2 und 3.3 dargestellt.
Der Fasertransport in einer Wasserströmung wird durch Jet-Phänomene bestimmt. Untersuchungen dazu sind im EZ3.1 des Projektantrages: „3D-Phänomene infolge Blasenmitriss“ vorgesehen und die Modellansätze und der Vergleich zu Experimenten in den Kapiteln 4.1 bis 4.3 dargestellt. Des Weiteren wird der Einfluss auf den Ausgleich der Temperatur für den Fall untersucht, dass der Jet kälter als die Wasservorlage im Tank ist. Dieser Abschnitt entspricht damit der EZ3.2 des Antrages: „3D-Phänomene infolge Temperaturdifferenzen“. Im Kapitel 4.4 wird auf die Strömungsvorgänge in der Zittauer Strömungswanne eingegangen und damit der Punkt EZ4 des Antrages: „Integraluntersuchungen“ bearbeitet.
Kapitel 5 beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Sieb-Modells, das die Faser-Kompaktierung berücksichtigt und auf der Darcy-Gleichung basiert. Die Modellparameter werden an Experimenten in Zittau justiert. Diese Experimente wurden für verschiedene Materialien durchgeführt und mit deren Hilfe ein Koeffizientenkatalog erstellt. Das Modell wurde in den CFD-Code CFX implementiert und anhand einiger Anwendungsbeispiele demonstriert.

The investigation of Mn in Ge was motivated by its potential application as spintronics material. Recently various groups realized that two phases of Mn in Ge:Mn, prepared by ion implantation and MBE [1], coexist: diluted Mn ions and a Mn-rich secondary phase. Usually the Mn-rich secondary phase is believed to be responsible for the observed ferromagnetism. In this contribution, we provide direct evidence for the dilution of Mn in Ge by electrical and magneto-transport investigation. Mn ions were implanted into semi-insulating Ge wafers. We observed p-type conductivity in the implanted surface layer with the thermal activation energy similar to that of heavily doped Ge [2]. The observed anomalous Hall effect (AHE) cannot be explained by the presence of Mn5Ge3 clusters, since the AHE does not mimic the hysteresis of magnetic moments probed by SQUID. We propose that the dilution of Mn in Ge results in a large spin-splitting of the valence band, however the concentration of diluted Mn is not large enough to develop ferromagnetic coupling. [1] Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 061907 (2006); Phys. Rev. B 77, 045203 (2008). [2] Phys. Rev. 100, 659 (1955), Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 177203 (2003).

The groundwater bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456) isolated at a depth of 70 m in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory secretes a pyoverdin-mixture with four main components (two pyoverdins and two ferribactins). The dominant influence of the pyoverdins of this mixture could be demonstrated by an absorption spectroscopy study.
The comparison of the stability constants of U(VI), Cm(III), and Np(V) species with ligands simulating the functional groups of the pyoverdins results in the following order of complex strength: pyoverdins (PYO) > trihydroxamate (DFO) > catecholates (NAP, 6­HQ) > simple hydroxamates (SHA, BHA). The pyoverdin chromophore functionality shows a large affinity to bind actinides.
As a result, pyoverdins are also able to complex and to mobilize elements other than Fe(III) at a considerably high efficiency. It is known that EDTA may form the strongest actinide complexes among the various organic components in nuclear wastes. The stability constants of 1:1 species formed between Cm(III) and U(VI) and pyoverdins are by a factor of 1.05 and 1.3, respectively, larger compared to the corresponding EDTA stability constants. The Np(V)-PYO stability constant is even by a factor of 1.83 greater than the EDTA stability constant. The identified Np(V)-PYO species belong to the strongest Np(V) species with organic material reported so far. All identified species influence the actinide speciation within the biologically relevant pH range.
The metal binding properties of microbes are mainly determined by functional groups of their cell wall (LPS: Gram-negative bacteria and PG: Gram-positive bacteria). On the basis of the determined stability constants raw estimates are possible, if actinides prefer to interact with the microbial cell wall components or with the secreted pyoverdin bioligands. By taking pH 5 as an example, U(VI)-PYO interactions are slightly stronger than those observed with LPS and PG. For Cm(III) we found a much stronger affinity to aqueous pyoverdin species than to functional groups of the cell wall compartments. A similar behavior was observed for Np(V). This shows the importance of indirect interaction processes between actinides and bioligands secreted by resident microbes.

The mould filling process of aluminium investment casting consists basically of the flow in a U-bend showing a high pouring velocity at the beginning and decreasing velocity values during the course of the process. The high velocities during the starting phase are supposed to cause distinct problems like bubble or inclusion entrapment.
We present results on the design and application of a DC magnetic field to control the pouring velocity. Numerical 3d transient calculations were performed to simulate the filling process and the effect of the magnetic field. In parallel, model experiments with a plexiglas model have been performed using the low melting eutectic GaInSn. Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry was applied to carry out detailed velocity measurements in the model. These measurements served for the validation of the numerical calculations, thus allowing to scale up the simulations to the realistic aluminium casting process.
The developed DC field system has been tested under industrial conditions. The amplitude of the DC field was tuned during the process as the braking action is only needed during the first part of the process. In this way, a clear reduction of the peak velocities is obtained without a significant prolongation of the overall filling time. A multitude of investment casting units have been produced showing a significant diminishment of defects due to the magnetic field control of the pouring process.

In this work, we will concentrate on the impact of the argon bubbles in the liquid metal concast mould with and without employed static magnetic field. An inhomogeneous Eulerian–Eulerian multi-phase model built-in commercial CFX software was adopted, taking into account the effect of different bubble sizes. The calculations show that argon gas bubbling increases the probability of an asymmetric instability and even unbalances the two-roll flow pattern in the slab mould with increasing mass flow rate of the gas. On the other hand, magnetic fields are an attractive contactless possibility in order to influence the liquid steel flow in the mould of the continuous casting process. For the magnetic field control, a steady magnetic field is applied either over the mould span or just focussed to the nozzle region. The simulations show that the magnetic field primarily damps the local velocities in the mould with complex consequences on the local flow structure.

The magnetorotational instability (MRI) plays an essential role in the formation of stars and black holes. By destabilizing hydrodynamically stable Keplerian flows, the MRI triggers turbulence and enables outward transport of angular momentum in accretion discs. We present the results of a liquid metal Taylor-Couette experiment under the influence of helical magnetic fields that show typical features of MRI at Reynolds numbers of the order 1000 and Hartmann numbers of the order 10. Particular focus is laid on an improved experiment in which split end caps are used to minimize the Ekman pumping.

A traveling magnetic field (TMF) driven convection and its transition from a laminar to a time-dependent flow is studied by means of ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry and numerical simulations.
The experimental setup comprises a cylindrical cavity containing the electrically conducting model fluid GaInSn and a system of six equidistant coils, which are fed by an out-of-phase current to create an up- or downward directed TMF. Hence, a Lorentz force is induced in the melt which leads to meridional flow patterns. For numerical simulations commercial codes (Opera/Fidap) and a spectral code are used. The characteristic parameters of the magnetohydrodynamic model system are chosen close to the conditions used for Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) crystal growth.
The axisymmetric basic flow and its dependence on the dimensionless shielding parameter S are examined. It is shown that, for S>10, the flow velocity decreases significantly, whereas almost no influence is found for a smaller shielding parameter. The critical Reynolds number for the onset of instability is found in the range of 300-450. Good agreement between experimental results and the numerical simulations is achieved.

We report on the development of a lead target fort he pulsed neutron source at ELBE.

We report a systematic study of the cyclotron resonance absorption of two-dimensional holes in strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells under high magnetic fields up to 60 Tesla. The energies of the CR transitions are traced as a function of magnetic field. A remarkable CR line splitting was evidenced when the resonant field exceeds 20 T. We analyze our data with a 4x4 Luttinger Hamiltonian including strain and QW potentials using two different methods to calculate Luttinger parameters for ternary alloys.

Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation and cyclotron resonance were studied for high mobility p-type Ge channels in strained Ge/Si1-xGex quantum wells (well width was 7.5 nm). The samples were grown on Si (001) substrates by gas source MBE. The width of the quantum wells was 7.5 nm. Pulsed high magnetic fields up to 50 T were employed for the measurement. Fine quantum oscillations were observed in rxx, although the quantum Hall plateaux in rxy were slightly deformed due to the pulsed field measurements. Reflecting the quantum effect in the nearly degenerate valence bands, the Fourier transform of the oscillatory spectra consist of several peaks. From the temperature dependence of the oscillation amplitude of a peak at B = 11 T, the effective mass was obtained as 0.17 m0. Cyclotron resonance was measured for two samples with different Ge concentration x which provides different strain. Sample A is the same as the one studied in the transport experiment (x = 0.41), and the sample B has the larger Ge content (x = 0.53). Photon energy was varied in the range between 10 – 17 meV using a FEL of ELBE. Two well-defined resonance peaks were observed in both samples. The effective mass obtained from the peak at the low field side at the lowest photon energy (10.5 meV) is 0.175 m0 and 0.154 m0 for samples A and B, close to the value obtained from the Shubnikov de-Haas experiment. However, the photon energy vs. resonance field Br curves are strongly non-linear in the higher energy. They are super-linear below photon energy of 14.1 meV and a sudden jump of the Br is observed at 16.5 meV, implying the existence of a prominent break of the curves. These results should be analyzed by the calculation of Landau levels in the degenerate valence bands of the quantum wells with strain.