Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

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41421 Publications

Electron spin resonance in sine-gordon spin chains in the perturbative spinon regime

Zvyagin, S. A.; Kolezhuk, A. K.; Krzystek, J.; Feyerherm, R.

We report the low-temperature multi-frequency ESR studies of copper pyrimidine dinitrate, a spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic chain with alternating g-tensor and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, allowing us to test a new theoretical concept proposed recently by Oshikawa and Affleck [Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5136 (1999)]. Their theory, based on bosonization and the self-energy formalism, can be applied for precise calculation of ESR parameters of S=1/2 antiferromagnetic chains in the perturbative spinon regime. Excellent quantitative agreement between the theoretical predictions and experiment is obtained.

Keywords: EPR; electron paramagnetic resonance; electron spin resonance; high magnetic field; ESR

  • Physical Review Letters 95(2005), 017207-1-4

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7849
Publ.-Id: 7849


Integral equation approach to dynamo experiments and inverse problems

Xu, M.; Stefani, F.; Gerbeth, G.

The dynamo action is generally believed to be the origin of cosmic magnetic field generation. Usually, the numerical treatment of dynamo actions is carried out in the framework of the differential equation approach. In the present work, an integral equation approach is developed to simulate the dynamo actions with arbitrary geometries in general and the von Karman sodium experiment in particular. It is found that the lid layers in VKS experiment facility have an ambivalent effect on the efficiency of the dynamo. The induced magnetic field obtained recently by the integral equation approach shows a good agreement with the experimental result. The integral equation approach demonstrates a number of practical advantages: robust, numerically stable, fast and accurate. These features make it a good forward solver for inverse problems of dynamo experiment and other technical applications of magnetohydrodynamics. A test example to infer the velocity field of Riga dynamo experiment is presented.

Keywords: Dynamo

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Kolloquium der Forschergruppe Magnetofluiddynamik, TU Ilmenau, 23.11.2005, Ilmenau, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7848
Publ.-Id: 7848


Autoradiographic studies with rhenium-188-HEDP of bone metastases and skeleton

Liepe, K. F.; Geidel, H.; Bergmann, R.; Barth, M.; Runge, R.; Kotzerke, J.

Aim: Dose calculation (MIRDOSE) based on a homogeneous distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the bone metastases and a 50% uptake in the trabecular and cortical bone. In this study we investigated the uptake in bone metastases and skeleton using autoradiography.
Methods: In previous studies a new model for osteoblastic bone metastases was developedand evidenced by histological examination and bone scan. In 15 Copenhagen rats (age 9 +/- 2 month) 100,000 of MatLyLu R-3327 prostate camcer cells were given intra-osseous. Rhenium-188-HEDP (Re-188-HEDP) i.v. (189 +/- 31 MBq) was administrated 17 +/- 1 days after tumor cell application and 2 days later the animals were killed. By all 15 investigated animals macroscopic tumor mass was visualized. Frozen slices were produced (Cryopolycut, Leica, 40µm thickness) and following autoradiographic studies were performed (BAS 500, FuJi; resolution of 0.5 µm). By means of ROI's the uptake of Re-188-HEDP could be estimated in normal skeleton and bone metastases.
Results: In the bone metastases a tumour to muscle ratio (T/M) of 48 +/- 7 and a tumour to non-tumour ratio (T/NT) of 9.7 +/- 1.5 (7.5 to 11.7) was found. The distribution in the metastases was inhomogeneous with a minimal T/NT of 7.0 +/- 1.0 (4.9 to 8.5) and a maximal T/NT of 17.4 +/- 2.7 (11.6 to 22.6). The ratio between the trabecular and cortical bone in non-tumour bone was 68.6 +/- 7.2% to 31.4 +/- 7.2%.
Conclusion: In the study a high and strong inhomogeneous distribution of bone seeking radiopharmaceutical in bone metastases was found. This fact could favour high beta energy radionuclides for a more homogeneous dose distribution in bone metastases. The MIRDOSE calculation underestimates the bone marrow dose, the uptake in the trabecular bone is higher than in the cortical part. The higher uptake in the trabecular bone decreases the hypothetic dose reduction effect of low beta energy radionuclides to the bone marrow.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Annual Congress of the EANM, 15.-19.10.2005, Istanbul, Turkey
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 32(2005)Suppl. 1, S111

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7847
Publ.-Id: 7847


Auswerteverfahren für die quantitative Analyse von Follow-Up Untersuchungen mittels PET bei onkologischen Fragestellungen

van den Hoff, J.

kein Abstract..

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop: Einsatz der PET in der Bestrahlungsplanung, 11.-12.11.2005, Homburg/Saar, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7846
Publ.-Id: 7846


HR-TEM observation of the interfacial diffusion zone in magnetron sputtered Ni-Ti thin films deposited on different Si substrates

Martins, R. M. S.; Beckers, M.; Mücklich, A.; Schell1, N.; Silva, R. J. C.; Mahesh, K. K.; Braz Fernandes, F. M.; (Editors)

NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) thin films have been recognized as promising materials in the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Previous studies on the NiTi/Si(100) interface have shown that during high temperature deposition there exist interfacial diffusion and chemical interactions at the interface where Ni and Ti silicides form [1]. Since the NiTi film required for MEMS applications is usually a few micrometers thick, a relatively thin reaction layer could have significant adverse effects on shape memory properties. An intermediate SiO2 layer was found to serve as an effective diffusion barrier but at the expense of film adhesion [2].

For the present study, NiTi thin films were prepared by magnetron co-sputtering from NiTi and Ti targets in a specially designed chamber mounted on the 6-circle goniometer of the ROssendorf BeamLine (ROBL-CRG) at ESRF, Grenoble (France) [3-5]. The depositions were made at a temperature of  470°C on Si(100), Si(111) and poly-Si substrates and a detailed High-Resolution TEM (Philips TEM CM300) analysis of the interfacial structure has been performed. When NiTi is deposited on Si(100) substrate, a considerable diffusion of Ni into the substrate takes place, resulting in the growth of semi-octaeder NiSi2 silicide (Fig. 1). In the case of NiTi deposited on Si(111), there appears an uniform thickness plate, due to the alignment between substrate orientation and the [111]-growth front (Fig. 2). For NiTi deposited on poly-Si, the diffusion is inhomogeneous. Preferential diffusion is found along the columnar grains of poly-Si, which are favorably aligned for Ni diffusion (Fig. 3). These results show that for the NiTi/Si system, the morphology of the diffusion interface is strongly dependent on the type of substrates.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Microscopy in motion, 08.-10.12.2005, Lisboa, Portugal

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7845
Publ.-Id: 7845


Sorption of Am(III) onto 6-line- ferrihydrite and its alteration products:Investigations by EXAFS

Stumpf, S.; Stumpf, T.; Dardenne, K.; Hennig, C.; Foerstendorf, H.; Klenze, R.; Fanghänel, T.

For the long-term performance assessment of nuclear waste repositories, knowledge about the interactions of actinide ions with mineral surfaces such as iron oxides is imperative. The mobility of released radionuclides is strongly dependent on the sorption/desorption processes at these surfaces and on their incorporation into the mineral structure. In this study the interaction of Am(III) with 6-line-ferrihydrite (6LFh) was investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. At low pH values (pH 5.5), as well at higher pH values (pH 8.0), Am(III) sorbs as a bidentate corner-sharing species onto the surface. Investigations of the interaction of Am(III) with Fh coated silica colloids prove the sorption onto the iron coating and not onto the silica substrate. Hence, the presence of Fh, even as sediment coating, is the dominant sorption surface. Upon heating, Fh is transformed into goethite and hematite as shown by TEM and IR measurements. The results of the fit to the EXAFS data indicate the release of sorbed Am(III) at pH 5.5 during the transformation and likely a partial incorporation of Am into the Fh transformation products at pH 8.0.

Keywords: EXAFS; Am(III); FHO

  • Environmental Science & Technology 40(2006)11, 3522-3528
    ISSN: 0013-936X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7844
Publ.-Id: 7844


Structure of [UO2Cl4]2- in Acetonitrile

Servaes, K.; Hennig, C.; van Deun, R.; Goerller-Walrand, C.

The complex formation of uranyl UO2 2+ with chloride ions in acetonitrile was studied by UV-vis and U LIII EXAFS spectroscopy.
The investigations unambiguously point to the existence of a [UO2Cl4]2- species in solution with D4h symmetry. The distances in the U(VI) coordination sphere are U-Oax ) 1.77 ± 0.01 Å and U-Cl ) 2.68 ± 0.01 Å.

Keywords: Uranium; EXAFS; [UO2Cl4]2-

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7843
Publ.-Id: 7843


First EXAFS measurements of U(IV)in the Room Temperature Ionic Liquid [BuMeIm][Tf2N]

Hennig, C.; Scheinost, A.; Cannes, C.; Nikitenko, S.; Le Naour, C.; Trubert, D.; Polopov, I.; Sherrand, C.; May, I.; (Editors)

The unique properties of water-stable room temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) create an opportunity to obtain the fundamental data on actinide chemistry without interference from the hydrolysis reactions. These solvents also offer the possibility to develop the new processes for the recovery and purification of actinides.The contribution reports the first EXAFS measurements of UCl62- in hydrophobic ionic liquid [BuMeIm][Tf2N], where BuMeIm+ is 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation, and in a solid complex [BuMeIm]2[UCl6]

Keywords: EXAFS; Uranium; Ionic Liquids

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Mid Term ACTINET Meeting "Ionic Liquids", 09.-10.10.2005, Strasbourg, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7842
Publ.-Id: 7842


Atomistische Simulation von Defekten in Festkörpern

Posselt, M.

Strahlungsinduzierte Defekte können die Eigenschaften von Festkörpern stark verändern. Die physikalischen Prozesse bei der Bildung und Evolution dieser Defekten laufen auf sehr unterschiedlichen Zeit- und Längenskalen ab und sind dem Experiment nur teilweise direkt zugänglich. Multiskalen-Computersimulationen tragen zum besseren Verständnis der genannten Vorgänge und ihres Einflusses auf die Materialeigenschaften bei. Die atomistische Modellierung spielt dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Im Vortrag wird das am Beispiel der ionenstrahlinduzierten Defektbildung und der Defektmigration in Silicium erläutert. Die methodischen und inhaltlichen Verbindungen zwischen diesen Untersuchungen und der atomistischen Simulation von strahlungsinduzierten Defekten im Reaktorstahl werden aufgezeigt und diskutiert.

Keywords: atomistic simulation; defect formation; defect migration; silicon; iron

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Institutsseminar des Instituts für Sicherheitsforschung des FZR, 17.11.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7841
Publ.-Id: 7841


Forschung für Mensch und Umwelt - Jahresbericht 2004

Bohnet, C.; (Editor)

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZR-421 2005
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7840
Publ.-Id: 7840


Ambivalent effects of added layers on steady kinematic dynamos in cylindrical geometry: application to the VKS experiment

Stefani, F.; Xu, M.; Gerbeth, G.; Ravelet, F.; Chiffaudel, A.; Daviaud, F.; Leorat, J.

The intention of the "von Karman sodium" (VKS) experiment is to study the hydromagnetic dynamo effect in a highly turbulent and unconstrained flow. Much effort has been devoted to the optimization of the mean flow and the lateral boundary conditions in order to minimize the critical magnetic Reynolds number and hence the necessary motor power. The main focus of this paper lies on the role of "lid layers", i.e. layers of liquid sodium between the impellers and the end walls of the cylinder. First, we study an analytical test flow to show that lid layers can have an ambivalent effect on the efficiency of the dynamo. The critical magnetic Reynolds number shows a flat minimum for a small lid layer thickness, but increases for thicker layers. For the actual VKS geometry it is shown that static lid layers yield a moderate increase of the critical magnetic Reynolds number by approximately 12 per cent. A more dramatic increase by 100 until 150 per cent can occur when some rotational flow is taken into account in those layers. Possible solutions of this problem are discussed for the real dynamo facility.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7839
Publ.-Id: 7839


Isotopic Scaling and the Symmetry Energy in Spectator Fragmentation

Le Fèvre, A.; Auger, G.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Bellaize, N.; Bittiger, R.; Bocage, F.; Borderie, B.; Bougault, R.; Bouriquet, B.; Charvet, J. L.; Chbihi, A.; Dayras, R.; Durand, D.; Frankland, F. D.; Galichet, E.; Gourio, D.; Guinet, D.; Hudan, S.; Immé, G.; Lautesse, P.; Lavaud, F.; Legrain, R.; Lopez, O.; Tukasik, J.; Lynen, U.; Müller, W. F. J.; Nalpas, L.; Orth, H.; Plagnol, E.; Raciti, G.; Rosato, E.; Saija, A.; Schwarz, C.; Seidel, W.; Sfienti, C.; Tamain, B.; Trautmann, W.; Trzciski, A.; Turzó, K.; Vient, E.; Vigilante, M.; Volant, C.; Zwiegliski, B.; Botvina, A. S.

Isotopic effects in the fragmentation of excited target residues following collisions of 12C on 112,124Sn at incident energies of 300 and 600 MeV per nucleon were studied with the INDRA 4 detector. The measured yield ratios for light particles and fragments with atomic number Z5 obey the exponential law of isotopic scaling. The deduced scaling parameters decrease strongly with increasing centrality to values smaller than 50% of those obtained for the peripheral event groups. Symmetry-term coefficients, deduced from these data within the statistical description of isotopic scaling, are near =25 MeV for peripheral and <15 MeV for central collisions.

  • Physical Review Letters (2005)94, 162701-1-162701-5

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7838
Publ.-Id: 7838


Review of Superconducting RF Guns

Janssen, D.; Büttig, H.; Lehnert, U.; Michel, P.; Murcek, P.; Schneider, C.; Schurig, R.; Teichert, J.; Xiang, R.; Staufenbiel, F.; Stephan, J.; Volkov, V.

In the first topic the superconducting RF (SRF) photo-injector projects are reviewed. The DC SC photo-injector at the Peking University Accelerator Facility, the all-niobium SRF gun of Brookhaven and the high current SRF photo-injector project of AES and Brookhaven are discussed. Special attention is paid to the project of the FZ Rossendorf. The experimental set-up with a 1.3 GHz half-cell cavity has demonstrated the stable operation of a SRF photoelectron gun for the first time. The manufacture and the warm tuning of two 3 1/2 cell niobium cavities for the new photo-injector project are finished. A new cryostat with a special tuning and cathode transfer system has been designed. The status of manufacture for different components is shown. In future it is planed to operate this SRF gun with an energy of 9.5 MeV as a low-emittance photo-injector for the ELBE accelerator. In the second topic of the review some special points are discussed, which are specific for superconducting RF guns. The advantages and disadvantages of different shapes for the first cavity cell (gun cell) are discussed. Different kinds of photo-cathodes (normal conducting, superconducting, all niobium) and their integration into a superconducting cavity are explained. Different possibilities (RF focussing, magnetic RF field (TE - mode), static magnetic field outside the cavity) are discussed for beam focussing and emittance compensation inside the superconducting cavity.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    12th International workshop on RF Superconductivity (SRF 2005), 10.-15.07.2005, Ithaca, NY, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7837
Publ.-Id: 7837


Experimental investigation and CFD simulation of horizontal air/water slug flow

Vallee, C.; Höhne, T.; Prasser, H.-M.; Sühnel, T.

For the investigation of air/water slug flow, a horizontal channel with rectangular cross-section was built at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. The channel allows the investigation of air/water co- and counter-current flows at atmospheric pressure, especially the slug behaviour. Optical measurements were performed with a high-speed video camera, and were complemented by simultaneous dynamic pressure measurements. Moreover velocity-fields were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).

A CFD simulation of the stratified co-current flow was performed using the code CFX-5, applying the Euler-Euler two fluid model with the free surface option. The grid contains 400000 control volumes. The turbulence was modelled separately for each phase using the k-ω based shear stress transport (SST) turbulence model. To achieve wave generation in such a short channel, the inlet water level had to be varied in time. For this purpose, the water level history was taken from a recorded image sequence and set as time-dependent boundary condition at the model inlet. The results show a wave formation up to slug development with closure of the whole channel cross-section and consequently an increase of the pressure level behind the slug. Despite unsteady conditions at the inlet of the test channel and simplified initial conditions in the model, the slug simulation with CFX is in good qualitative agreement with the experiment, while the slug length increases during its progression, witch was not observed in reality.

Keywords: Horizontal two-phase flow; Slug flow; High-speed video observations; Image processing; PIV; CFD

  • Kerntechnik 71(2006)3, 95-103
    ISSN: 0932-3902

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7836
Publ.-Id: 7836


Status of the 3 1/2 Cell SRF Gun Project in Rossendorf

Staufenbiel, F.; Büttig, H.; Evtushenko, P.; Janssen, D.; Lehnert, U.; Michel, P.; Schneider, C.; Schurig, R.; Teichert, J.; Xiang, R.; Möller, K.; Stephan, J.; Lehmann, W.-D.; Kamps, T.; Lipka, D.; Will, I.; Volkov, V.

This paper describes the current status of the 3 1/2 cell SRF gun. The SRF photo injector will produce short pulses with high bunch charges and low transverse emittance like the traditional photo injector. The requirement for the ELBE superconducting electron linear accelerator is to provide low emittance electron beam with 1 mA current and 9.5 MeV energy. Additionally, it will easily operate in the CW-mode caused by the low RF power losses in the superconducting material. This is an exceptional property of the mid infrared ELBE-FEL to work in such a regime. Therefore, the normal conducting copper cathode must be cooled by liquid N2 in order to preserve the temperature of the cavity at 2 K. The estimated power input from the RF field into the cathode amounts 10 W. First results of temperature distributions on the cathode respectively the cooling system by a heat load of 10 W are presented.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    12th International Workshop on RF Superconductivity (SRF 2005), 10.-15.07.2005, Ithaca, N.Y., USA
    TuP23, 30-30
  • Poster
    12th International workshop on RF Superconductivity SRF 2005, 10.-15.07.2005, Cornell University campus, Ithaca, NY, USA

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7835
Publ.-Id: 7835


Field Profile Measurement of the 3 1/2 Cell SRF Gun

Arnold, A.; Büttig, H.; Janssen, D.; Teichert, J.; Murcek, P.

The paper describes the development of a fully PC-controlled bead-pull measurement device based on LabView software. The device is part of a cavity tuning test stand and has been used successfully to measure the field profile and the shunt impedance of the prototype Nb-cavities for the 3 1/2 cell SRF-Gun project at FZ-Rossendorf.

  • Poster
    12th International workshop on RF Superconductivity (SRF 2005), 10.-15.07.2005, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7834
Publ.-Id: 7834


Programme & Projekte - Ansätze für strategisches und operatives Controlling in einer Forschungseinrichtung

Joehnk, P.

Vorlesung zum Kosten- und Finanzmanagement/Controlling an der HTW Dresden mit folgenden Schwerpunkten: Das deutsche Wissenschaftssystem, Change-Management-Prozesse, Instrumente zur Managementunterstützung, Leistungs- und Erfolgsbewertung.

Keywords: German scientific system; Change-Management-Processes

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    HTW-Vorlesungen, 22.06.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7833
Publ.-Id: 7833


X-ray grazing incidence investigations of focused ion beam interactions with a Si and GaAs surfaces

Grenzer, J.; Bischoff, L.; Posselt, M.; Pietsch, U.

We report on the study of a two-dimensional dot lattice structures which was produced on GaAs and Si (001) substrates using a Ga+ focused ion beam in normal incidence with a spot size of about 50 nm, an energy of 25 keV and a dose of 1014 cm-2. The fabricated 2D-lattice structures consist of dots of almost circular shape with an area of about 2000 nm2 and a period of 250x250 nm2. The whole implanted area has a size of less than 0.2 mm2. We have investigated the interaction of the implanted ions with the host lattice as a function of the implantation conditions using grazing incidence diffraction at the ID10 and ID1 beam lines at the ESRF. The low-dose implantation creates interstitials and vacancies below the surface generating a weak displacement field resulting in a 2D periodical strain field in case of Si substrate. For the GaAs substrate we found a much more complex scattering pattern which depends on the in-plane orientation of the 2D dot lattice with respect to the crystallographic orientation of the crystal. A much stronger scattering contrast can be found if the 2D dot lattice misaligned by 14° degree. A simulation taking the interaction between the implanted ions and the host lattice into account shows an enhanced channelling of the ions into low-index crystallographic directions. Thus the dependence of the profile of implantation damage on the crystalline structure influences the scattering patterns.

Keywords: focused ion beam implantation; X-ray grazing incidence diffraction

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG - spring meeting of the Division Condensed Matter, 27.-31.03.2006, Dresden, Germany
  • Poster
    8th Biennial Conference on High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Imaging, 19.-22.09.2006, Karlsruhe, Germany
  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten 2, 04.-06.10.2006, Hamburg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7832
Publ.-Id: 7832


Facility for simultaneous dual beam ion implantation

Kaschny, J. R.; Kögler, R.; Tyrrof, H.; Bürger, W.; Eichhorn, F.; Mücklich, A.; Serre, C.; Skorupa, W.

ABSTRACT
The dual implantation chamber (DIC) at Rossendorf Center for Application of Ion Beams in Materials Research allows materials to be implanted using two ion beams simultaneously. This facility is located at the 45o cross point of two beam lines, one from a single ended HVEE 500 kV ion implanter and the other from a HVEE 3 MV Tandetron accelerator. Each beam line is equipped with independent ion fluence and current control. The special design of the beam sweeping system, enables both ion beams to scan the target surface simultaneously in synchronous mode, i.e. both ion spots are kept at coincident positions over the target. Experiments, concerning the formation of SiC nanoclusters in Si by high dose C and simultaneous Si implantation, are reported.

Keywords: KEYWORDS: Ion implantation; Simultaneous implantation; Radiation effects; Ion beam synthesis; Si; SiC

  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 551(2005), 200-207

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7830
Publ.-Id: 7830


Quasi-particle perspective on QCD matter and critical end point effects

Bluhm, M.; Kämpfer, B.

Our quasi-particle model is compared with recent lattice QCD data at finite temperature and baryon number density with emphasis on the coefficients in the Taylor series expansion of thermodynamic observables. The inclusion of static critical end point effects into the equation of state is discussed.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7829
Publ.-Id: 7829


Sparse and uncertain SCM parameter sets – what are the consequences?

Richter, A.; Brendler, V.

The effect of parameter consistency and uncertainty (protolysis constants, equilibrium constants) in surface complexation modeling (SCM) is illustrated. As example the blind prediction of Cu(II) sorption onto goethite was selected, applying the Diffuse Double Layer Model (DDLM) as the electrostatic model requiring the smallest set of parameters.
All randomly generated normal distributed pK parameter sets did predict the experimentally determined conventional distribution coefficients KD within one order of magnitude or better. Thus, the formally large spreading of the pK values as extracted from literature is actually not critical. Concerning the uncertainty of the formation constant of the surface species the effect of using parameters linked to electrostatic models other than DDLM was investigated. In case of sparse SCM data matrices such inconsistencies may be tolerated.
We conclude, that the application of DDLM can indeed be used for estimating distribution coefficients for contaminants in well-defined mineral systems.

Keywords: sorption; surface complexation modeling; RES3T database; distribution coefficient; uncertainty; consistency

  • Abstract in refereed journal
    American Chemical society: Abstracts of scientific papers 231(2006), 99-GEOC
    ISSN: 0065-7727
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    ACS National Meeting, 26.-30.03.2006, Atlanta, United States
  • Contribution to external collection
    Barnett M.O., Kent D.B.: Adsorption of Metals by Geomedia II: Variables, Mechanisms, and Model Applications (Serioes: Developments in Earth & Environmental Sciences, Vol. 7), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2008, 978-0-444-53212-1, 267-291

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7828
Publ.-Id: 7828


Improvements of tribological properties of CrNiMo and CrCoMo alloys by nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation

Ueda, M.; Berni, L. A.; Castro, R. M.; Reuther, H.; Lepienski, C. M.; Soares, P. C.

Alloys made of CrCoMo and CrNiMo are commonly used materials with UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) as joint couple components in the orthopedic prosthesis. We have applied the plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to the samples made of these alloys to enhance their tribological properties and hence to make it possible to extend considerably their lifetime as joint components when implanted in humans. As a result, we obtained CrCoMo surface with 70% improvement in hardness and 10% in modulus of elasticity and CrNiMo surface with 250% improvement in hardness and practically no change in modulus. Peak nitrogen concentrations as high as 40% and 30% were achieved by nitrogen PHI for CrCoMo and CrNiMo, respectively. Formation Of gamma(N) phases in CrNiMo sample was clearly seen by XRD. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 200(2005), 594-597

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7827
Publ.-Id: 7827


Activity of the Rossendorf group concerning WP1 of BioCare

Möckel, D.; Enghardt, W.

Status report concerning WP1 of BioCare project

Keywords: scintillation crystals; afterglow; in-beam PET

  • Lecture (others)
    BioCare Meeting, 12.-13.10.2005, Manchester, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7826
Publ.-Id: 7826


In-situ monitoring with PET

Fiedler, F.; Enghardt, W.

Status report for ENLIGHT WP 5

Keywords: In-beam PET; Hadron Therapy

  • Lecture (Conference)
    ENLIGHT-Meeting, 18.-19.06.2005, Oropa, Italien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7825
Publ.-Id: 7825


The Feasibility of In-Beam PET for Therapeutic Beams of He-3

Fiedler, F.; Crespo, P.; Parodi, K.; Sellesk, M.; Enghardt, W.

At present in-beam PET is the only possibility for an in-situ monitoring of the particle delivery in hadron tumour therapy. It has been implemented for clinical application at the carbon ion therapy facility of the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt. Several heavy ion treatment facilities are in planning or even construction stage. They will provide a variety of ions from protons to oxygen. The application of in-beam PET requires a precise knowledge of the spatial distribution of beam induced positron emitters in the irradiated volume. For the 3He-case experiments at GSI with three monoenergetic 3He-beams of 130.03 AMeV to 207.92 AMeV and mean intensities varying from 2.0 • 108 to 3.5 • 108 ions / s have been carried out. The beams were stopped in homogeneous thick targets consisting of PMMA, graphite and water, which were placed in the centre of the field of view of the PET-scanner at the experimental carbon ion therapy at GSI. Results on the production rate and the spatial distribution of 3He-ion induced +-activity are presented and compared with data from 12C-irradiation. The accuracy and resolution for determining the range of the 3He primary beams is deduced. Furthermore, energy dependent thick target cross sections for different reaction channels leading to positron emitters have been estimated from the experimental data.

Keywords: In-beam PET; 3He; Hadron Therapy

  • Poster
    Heavy Charged Particles in Biology and Medicine - ENLIGHT meeting, 15.-19.06.2005, Oropa, Italien
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Heavy Charged Particles in Biology and Medicine - ENLIGHT meeting, 15.-19.09.2005, Oropa, Italy
    Proceedings, 192-196

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7824
Publ.-Id: 7824


In-beam PET für 3He-Strahlen

Fiedler, F.; Parodi, K.; Enghardt, W.

At the clinical heavy ion treatment facility, which is under construction in Heidelberg, beams of He will be used for tumor irradiation. These will be monitored by means of in-beam PET for quality assurance. This requires a precise knowledge of the spatial distribution of beam induced positron emitters in the irradiated volume. For this an experiment at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) with three mono-energetic {rm3He}-beams of 130.03 it A\rm M it e\rm V
to 207.92 it A\rm Mit e\rm V and mean intensities varying from 2.0 cdot 108 to 3.5 cdot 108 ions/s has been carried out. The beams were stopped in homogeneous thick targets consisting of lucite, graphite and gelatine, which were placed in the center of the field of view of the PET-scanner at the experimental carbon ion therapy at GSI [1]. Results on the production rate and the spatial distribution of {\rm3He} ion induced betaa-activity will be presented. From these, the accuracy and resolution for determining the range of the {rm3He} primary beams is deduced. Furthermore, energy dependent cross sections for different reaction channels leading to positron emitters will be estimated from the experimental data.

Keywords: 3He; In-beam PET; Heavy ion therapy

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Tagung, Berlin, Sektion Hadronen und Kerne, 09.03.2005, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7823
Publ.-Id: 7823


Beta-decay spectroscopy of 103, 105Sn

Kavatsyuk, M.; Kavatsyuk, O.; Batist, L.; Banu, A.; Becker, F.; Blazhev, A.; Brüchle, W.; Burkard, K.; Döring, J.; Faestermann, T.; Górska, M.; Grawe, H.; Janas, Z.; Jungclaus, A.; Karny, M.; Kirchner, R.; La Commara, M.; Mandal, S.; Mazzocchi, C.; Mukha, I.; Muralithar, S.; Plettner, C.; Płochocki, A.; Roeckl, E.; Romoli, M.; Schädel, M.; Schwengner, R.; Zylicz, J.

Experimental and theoretical β-decay properties of 103, 105Sn are discussed.

Keywords: Nuclear structure; beta decay; online mass separator; gamma-gamma coincidences

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ENAM 2004, 12.-16.9.2004, Pine Mountain, GA, USA
    Eur. Phys. J. A 25, s01, 139-141

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7822
Publ.-Id: 7822


Beta-decay studies near 100Sn

Karny, M.; Batist, L.; Banu, A.; Becker, F.; Blazhev, A.; Burkard, K.; Brüchle, W.; Döring, J.; Faestermann, T.; Górska, M.; Grawe, H.; Janas, Z.; Jungclaus, A.; Kavatsyuk, M.; Kavatsyuk, O.; Kirchner, R.; La Commara, M.; Mandal, S.; Mazzocchi, C.; Miernik, K.; Mukha, I.; Muralithar, S.; Plettner, C.; Płochocki, A.; Roeckl, E.; Romoli, M.; Rykaczewski, K.; Schädel, M.; Schmidt, K.; Schwengner, R.; Żylicz, J.

The β-decay of 102Sn was studied by using high-resolution germanium detectors as well as a Total Absorption Spectrometer (TAS). A decay scheme has been constructed based on the γ-γ coincidence data. The total experimental Gamow-Teller strength BGTexp of 102Sn was deduced from the TAS data to be 4.2(9). A search for β-delayed γ-rays of 100Sn decay remained unsuccessful. However, a Gamow-Teller hindrance factor h = 2.2(3), and a cross-section of about 3nb for the production of 100Sn in fusion-evaporation reaction between 58Ni beam and 50Cr target have been estimated from the data on heavier tin isotopes. The estimated hindrance factor is similar to the values derived for lower shell nuclei.

Keywords: Nuclear structure; beta decay; online mass separator; gamma-gamma coincidences

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ENAM 2004, 12.-16.9.2004, Pine Mountain, GA, USA
    Eur. Phys. J. A 25, s01, 135-138

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7821
Publ.-Id: 7821


In-situ X-Ray Diffraction of GaSb while Normal Incidence Sputtering

Keller, A.; Facsko, S.; Plantevin, O.; Carbone, D.; Metzger, T. H.; Gago, R.

Because of today’s micro- and optoelectronics need for functional structures in submicron range the research in creating those structures gained much interest during the past years. In order to produce such nanometer sized devices there are two complementary approaches: the “top-down” and the “bottom-up” approach. The first case is represented by conventional processes like lithography, whereas the latter one makes use of self-organization phenomena. It has been shown that low energy (typically 0.1 – 10 keV) ion sputtering induces such a self-organized process at the irradiated surface which leads to the formation of periodic structures of size ranging from 10 to 100 nm [1]. This way periodic ripple patterns can be achieved for oblique ion beam incidence and hexagonally ordered dot arrays for normal incidence. The evolution of ripple structures on different semiconductor, metal and other surfaces has been studied extensively during the last decades [2]. Although both effects can be described by the same theoretical approach based on the Bradley-Harper model [3], the formation of nanodots has been discovered only very recently [4].
In the presented work, the evolution of GaSb(001) surface under normal incidence ion sputtering has been studied in-situ by surface sensitive X-ray techniques. The Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) and Grazing Incidence Diffraction (GID) measurements have been performed at the beam line ID01 at the ESRF. These techniques were used to study the temporal evolution of the dots for ion energies from 100 to 1000 eV. With GISAXS the morphology and the correlation of the dots could be observed, with GID information about the dots shape, crystalline structure and present strain was obtained.

[1] M. Navez, D. Chaperot and C. Sella, C. R. Acad. Sci. 254 (1962), 240
[2] G. Carter and V. Vishnyakov, Phys. Rev. B 54 (1996), 17647; C. Boragno et al., Phys. Rev. B 68 (2003), 094102; S. Habenicht, Phys. Rev. B 63 (2001), 125419
[3] R. Bradley and J. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988), 2390; B. Kahng, H. Jeong and A.-L. Barabási, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001), 805
[4] S. Facsko et al., Science 285 (1999), 1551; F. Frost, A. Schindler and F. Bigl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000), 4116

  • Lecture (others)
    6th Autumn School on X-ray scattering from surfaces and thin layers, 18.-21.09.2005, Smolenice, Slovenska Republica

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7819
Publ.-Id: 7819


Self-organized Ordered Nanostructures by Ion Beam Sputtering

Facsko, S.

In the series of self-organized processes for the fabrication of nanostructures the pattern forma-tion during ion erosion of surfaces has attracted much interest in the last years. In the continuous sputtering process, induced by the bombardment with low-energy ions, periodic surface patterns appear in form of ripples under off-normal incidence or arrays of hexagonally ordered dots at normal incidence. The dimension of the pattern is related to the size of the typical collision cas-cade and lies in the range of ten to tens of nanometers, depending on ion energy. The self-organization mechanism relies on the interplay between a surface instability caused by the sput-tering, and surface diffusion processes. Regular ripple and dot array morphologies have been produced in this way on very different materials including semiconductors, insulators, and met-als, demonstrating the universality of the mechanism.

  • Lecture (others)
    Instituts-Kolloqium, 25.10.2005, Wien, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7817
Publ.-Id: 7817


Correlation between blood compatibility and physical surface properties of tinanium-based coatings

Tsyganov, I.; Maitz, M. F.; Wieser, E.; Richter, E.; Reuther, H.

Layers of Ti nitride, Ti oxynitrides TiNxOy and Ti oxide were produced by means of metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (MePIIID) from a plasma produced by cathodic arc evaporation of Ti under addition of nitrogen and/or oxygen to the ambient near the substrate. The phase composition and structure of the layers are strongly dependent on the relation of the gases partial pressure. To study the correlation between blood compatibility and physical properties of the coating the thrombocyte adhesion and fibrinogen adsorption on the surface as well as wettability and surface energy were investigated. Thrombocyte adhesion and fibrinogen adsorption are lower for TiNxOy than for TiO2. This correlates with a lower hydrophobicity and higher polar component of the surface energy for TiNxOy. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: titanium-based coatings; blood compatibility

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 200(2005), 1041-1044
    ISSN: 0257-8972

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7816
Publ.-Id: 7816


In-situ stability study of nitrocarburized 304 stainless steel during heating

El-Rahman, A.; El-Hossary, F.; Prokert, F.; Negm, N.; Schell, N.; Richter, E.; Möller, W.

Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) has been employed for nitrocarburizing 304 stainless steel. The sample was treated at relatively low gas pressure of nitrogen and acetylene in the range of 10(-3) mbar. The microstructure variation, the austenite lattices spacing and the phase transformations were studied in-situ during heating up to 800 degrees C and after cooling, using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS), optical microscopy and hardness profile measurements have been used before and after thermal treatment to analyse the nitrocarburized layer. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: stainless steel; nitrocarburizing; heat treatment

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 200(2005), 602-607
    ISSN: 0257-8972

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7815
Publ.-Id: 7815


Status and Future Prospects of SRF gun developments

Teichert, J.

Most of the proposed electron accelerator projects for FELs, ERLs, or 4th generation light sources require electron beams with an unprecedented combination of high-brightness, low emittance and high average current. In all of the projects photo guns will be applied: DC-photoguns, normal conducting RF photoguns (NC-guns), and superconducting RF photoguns (SRF-guns). While the concepts of DC- and NC-guns are well proofed, the SRF gun development still possesses a high risk. Challenges are the thermal and contaminant isolation needed between the cathode and superconducting cavity, the choice of the right photocathode and its life time, the difficulty of coupling high-average power into the gun, and beam excitation of higher order cavity modes. But in combination with SRF-linacs, the SRF-guns are best solution for high current and CW operation is simply possible. Thus, several R&D projects of SRF-gun have been launched. The talk will give an overview of the history and progress of the SRF-gun development. In detail the technical concept, performance, and status of the Rossendorf superconducting rf gun project, a collaboration of BESSY, DESY, MBI and FZR, will be presented.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    36th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop Nanobeam 2005, 17.-21.10.2005, Kyoto, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7814
Publ.-Id: 7814


A multiple field multiple size group model for poly-dispersed gas-liquid flows, part 1. model concepts and equations

Shi, J.-M.; Zwart, P.; Frank, T.; Krepper, E.; Lucas, D.; Rohde, U.; Prasser, H.-M.

A Multiple Field Multiple Size Group Model for industrial poly-dispersed gas-liquid flows has been developed in the commercial code CFX10.0. This model is based on the multi-fluid approach and the population balance method and is efficient for solving large-scale industrial flow problems. Compared with the previous CFX Multiple Size Group Model, the current model is applicable for inhomogeneous flow. In the first part, the model concepts and governing equations are presented.

Keywords: multi-fluid model; poly-disperse; population balance; gas-liquid

  • Lecture (Conference)
    3rd Joint CFX & FZR Workshop on Multiphase Flows: Simulation, Experiments and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7813
Publ.-Id: 7813


Sixfold ring clustering in sp2-dominated carbon and carbon nitride thin films: A Raman spectroscopy study

Abrasonis, G.; Gago, R.; Vinnichenko, M.; Kreissig, U.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.

The atomic arrangement in sp2-dominated carbon (C) and carbon nitride (CNx) thin films has been studied by Raman spectroscopy as a function of substrate temperature and, in the case of CNx, different N incorporation routes (growth methods). In this way, materials composing graphitelike, fullerenelike (FL), and paracyanogenlike structures have been compared. The results show that each type of arrangement results in a characteristic set of the Raman spectra parameters, which describe the degree of aromatic clustering, bond length, and angle distortion and order in sixfold structures. In the case of C films, the atomic structure evolves with substrate temperature from a disordered network to nanocrystalline planar graphitic configurations, with a progressive promotion in size and ordering of sixfold ring clusters. Nitrogen incorporation favors the promotion of sixfold rings in highly disordered networks produced at low temperatures, but precludes the formation of extended graphiticlike clusters at elevated substrate temperatures (>700 K). In the latter case, N introduces a high degree of disorder in sixfold ring clusters and enhances the formation of a FL microstructure. The formation and growth of aromatic clusters are discussed in terms of substrate temperature, N incorporation, growth rate, film-forming sources, and concurrent bombardment by hyperthermal particles during growth.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7812
Publ.-Id: 7812


Comparison of the Solution Behaviour of a Pyrite/Calcite Mixture in Batch and Unsaturated Sand Column

Kuechler, R.; Noack, K.

The successful application of reaction transport algorithms to calculating the chemical evolution of natural systems requires accurate methods to compute the rates of mineral/fluid surface reactions. Regarding the transport of radio-nuclides in mining dumps the dissolution of minerals is of special importance. The use of a kinetic rate law of the mineral dissolution verified for unsaturated conditions will allow a realistic modeling of the mineral weathering in the environment. Dissolution rates of minerals in an aqueous solution are determined by surface reaction rates, the morphology of the mineral’s surface and, in case of the unsaturated zone, by the degree of the water saturation. For this process, it is decisive which portion of the particle surfaces is in con-tact with percolating water. To study the differences of mineral dissolution under saturated and unsaturated conditions batch and column experiments were carried out with a pyrite/calcite mixture. The experimental results were verified by calculations. Comparing the dissolution in batch with that in the column experiment, which was performed with a water flow velocity of 0.64 cm/d and analyzed in the region with a water saturation of 0.11, one can conclude that only the small portion of about five per cent of the grain surface is chemically reactive in this unsaturated flow.

Keywords: pollutant transport; unsaturated soil; pyrite/calcite dissolution; transport modelling

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7811
Publ.-Id: 7811


Development of a neutron time-of-flight source at the ELBE accelerator

Klug, J.; Altstadt, E.; Beckert, C.; Beyer, R.; Freiesleben, H.; Greschner, M.; Grosse, E.; Junghans, A. R.; Naumann, B.; Noack, K.; Schneider, S.; Seidel, K.; Wagner, A.; Weiss, F.-P.

The ELBE electron beam at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, Dresden, with energies up to 40 MeV, can be used to produce a beam of intense neutron pulses in a liquid-lead radiator, where bremsstrahlung photons created by the electrons produce neutrons in (gamma,xn) reactions. The 5 ps electron beam pulses create very short neutron pulses, giving an energy resolution of less than 1 % with a flight path of 3.9 m. A beam repetition rate of 1.6 MHz enables measurements with neutron energies from 200 keV to 10 MeV – an interval where neutron cross section measurements are needed for fission, fusion, and transmutation. The neutron beam will be shaped by a 2.4 m long collimator made from borated polyethylene and lead, reducing the background of scattered neutrons and of photons at the sample position. Monte Carlo simulations with MCNP4C3 were performed to optimise the collimator composition. About 92 % of the neutrons at the experiment site retain their correct energy-to-ToF correlation. The neutron energy resolution is 0.4 % (FWHM) at the maximum intensity. For neutron-capture gamma rays, a BaF2 scintillation detector array of up to 60 crystals is being built, whereas for neutron detection, Li-glass scintillators and a 1 m2 plastic scintillator wall will be used.

Keywords: photoneutron source; collimator design; MCNP simulations

  • Contribution to proceedings
    New Trends in Nuclear Physics Applications and Technology, 22.06.2006, Pavia, Italy
    Journal of Physics: Conference Series 41, 296

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7810
Publ.-Id: 7810


Gerichtete Erstarrung von Pb-Sn-Legierungen unter Einwirkung eines rotierenden Magnetfeldes

Eckert, S.; Willers, B.; Michel, U.

Bereits seit einiger Zeit ist bekannt, dass man durch gezieltes Rühren einer erstarrenden, metallischen Schmelze mit mechanischem Antrieb oder mit Hilfe zeitabhängiger Magnetfelder in aktiver Weise Einfluss auf die Gefügeausbildung nehmen kann. Diese sogenannte, erzwungene Konvektion begünstigt beispielsweise globulitisches gegenüber dendritischem Wachstum und bewirkt eine Kornfeinung. Allerdings können Strömungen im Schmelzbad während der Erstarrung auch unerwünschte Makroseigerungen hervorrufen.
Der Einsatz elektromagnetischer Felder zum Rühren des Schmelzbades ist vor allen Dingen aus zweierlei Gründen attraktiv: (a) diese Methode bietet die Möglichkeit einer völlig kontaktlosen Einflussnahme und (b) eine unmittelbare und einfache Kontrolle der Intensität der Strömung kann über die elektrischen Regelparameter Strom und Frequenz vorgenommen werden. Zusätzlich sind verschiedene Arten von Magnetfeldern (Wanderfelder, pulsierende Felder, statische Felder) im Prinzip beliebig kombinierbar. Damit ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, grundsätzlich verschiedene Strömungsmuster je nach Bedarf zu erzeugen.
Das Ziel unserer Forschung besteht in der Anwendung maßgeschneiderter Magnetfelder während der Erstarrung zur effizienten Herstellung homogener, feinkörniger, globulitischer Gefüge. Zunächst soll mit Hilfe von Modellexperimenten, die die Komplexität des Problems überschaubar halten, mehr Informationen über die physikalischen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Erstarrung metallischer Legierungen und einer erzwungenen Konvektion in der Restschmelze gesammelt werden. Dazu wurden Pb-Sn-Legierungen in einer einfachen zylindrischen Geometrie unter Einwirkung eines rotierenden Magnetfeldes (RMF) gerichtet erstarrt.

Keywords: solidification; convection; CET; macrosegregation; rotating magnetic field

  • International Foundry Research 58(2006)2, 38-46

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7809
Publ.-Id: 7809


Improvement of high temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl

Schütze, M.; Donchev, A.; Yankov, R.; Richter, E.

Keywords: high temperature corrosion; TiAl; ion implantation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    14.th Int. Conf. Surface Modification of Materials by Ion Beams, 05.-09.09.2005, Kusadasi, Turkey

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7808
Publ.-Id: 7808


Microstructure of nitrogen implanted stainless steel after wear experiments

Manova, D.; Hirsch, D.; Richter, E.; Mändl, S.; Neumann, H.; Rauschenbach, B.

Keywords: ion implantation; nitrogen; stainless steel; wear; structure

  • Poster
    14.th Int. Conf. Surface Modification of Materials by Ion Beams, 05.-09.09.2005, Kusadasi, Turkey

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7807
Publ.-Id: 7807


Elaboration de Siliciures de Fer par Bombardement Ionique

Ayache, R.; Boubelleou, A.; Richter, E.; Kermiche, F.

Keywords: ion beam synthesis; FeSi2

  • Poster
    2.nd Algerian Crystallography Congress, 17.-21.04.2005, Constantine, Algeria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7806
Publ.-Id: 7806


Stellar rates for the 26Mg(p,y)26Al reaction studied via AMS

Arazi, A.; Faestermann, T.; Fernandez, J.; Kurz, K.; Korschinek, G.; Poutivtsev, M.; Richter, E.; Wallner, A.

Keywords: nuclear reaction; AMS

  • Lecture (Conference)
    10th International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, 05.-10.09.2005, Berkeley, California, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7805
Publ.-Id: 7805


Hitzbeständige TiAL-Legierungen

Richter, E.

Keywords: TiAl; high temperature corrosion

  • Lecture (others)
    Werkstoff-Forum, 11.-15.04.2005, Hannover, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7804
Publ.-Id: 7804


Correlation between PIII nitriding parameters and corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel

Mändl, S.; Manova, D.; Neumann, H.; Pham, M. T.; Richter, E.; Rauschenbach, B.

In this work, nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment of austenitic stainless steels 1.4301 and 1.4571 was performed to investigate the influence of the process conditions on the corrosion properties. Short treatment, high voltage and high temperature result in a decreased corrosion potential while no correlation to layer thickness, nitrogen concentration or lattice expansion was found. Except for the possibility of small CrN agglomerates at high temperatures, no direct explanation for the results can be provided and it is argued that intrinsic stress accumulation and relaxation may be responsible.

Keywords: plasma immersion ion implantation; stainless steel; nitriding; corrosion

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 200(2005), 104-108

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7803
Publ.-Id: 7803


Ion implantation and transient melting: A new approach to formation of superconducting MgB2 phases

Piekoszewski, J.; Kempinksi, W.; Stankowski, J.; Prokert, F.; Richter, E.; Stanislawski, J.; Werner, Z.; Szymczyk, W.

An attempt to synthesize superconducting MgB2 inter-metallic compound from the liquid state is presented. The process consists of two steps. In the first one, boron ions are implanted into a magnesium substrate. In the second one, the near-surface region of such system is melted by short, intense hydrogen plasma pulses without necessity of annealing in Mg vapor. A magnetically modulated microwave absorption method was used to detect superconducting regions in the obtained MgB2 layer. Percolation between nano-regions (islands) of MgB2 has not been observed. However, a superconducting state of the insulated islands has been experimentally proven with transition temperatures TC as high as 31 K.

Keywords: ion implantation high energy pulse melting; superconductivity; MgB2; phase formation; XRD

  • Acta Physica Polonia A 106(2004), 861-868

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7802
Publ.-Id: 7802


Low Energy Ion Beam Synthesis of SiNanocrystals for Nonvolatile Memories –Modeling and Process Simulations

Müller, T.

es ist kein Abstrakt vorhanden.

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZR-439 2005
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7801
Publ.-Id: 7801


Structural and optical properties of beta-FeSi2 phase prepared by ion beam synthesis

Ayache, R.; Bouabellou, A.; Eichhorn, F.; Richter, E.

Semiconducting iron disilicide (β-FeSi2) was prepared by ion beam synthesis (IBS) in (111)Si P-type by implantation at 440 ˚C of 195 KeV Fe ions with a dose of 2.1017 Fe+/cm2 followed by annealing in a N2 atmosphere at 900 ˚C for 4 h. Characterization of samples included Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pole figure, and Raman spectroscopy. A mixture of β-FeSi2 and α-FeSi2 was observed in the as-implanted state. A Photoluminescence (PL) measurement at 12K indicates the luminescence peak at the energy of about 0.81 eV corresponding to the band gap energy of β-FeSi2 phase.

Keywords: ion beam synthesis; FeSi2; phase formation; RBS

  • Reviews on Advanced Materials Science 8(2004), 97-100

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7800
Publ.-Id: 7800


Magnesium suppression for 26Al measurements using AlO-ions

Arazi, A.; Faestermann, T.; Fernandez, J. O.; Frischke, D.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Maier, H. J.; Richter, E.; Rugel, G.; Wallner, A.

Measuring the resonance strengths of the 25Mg(p,γ)26Al reaction at energies of astrophysical interest poses a very difficult task for the usual prompt γ-ray detection method. Here we describe an alternative method in which targets are first irradiated and the produced 26Al nuclei are off-line counted by means of AMS. An overall efficiency of 4 × 10−5 could be achieved extracting AlO− from the ion source. For this purpose, a careful chemical treatment of the samples and the use of a gas filled magnet were necessary.

Keywords: astrophysics; magnesium

  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 223-224(2004), 259-262

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7799
Publ.-Id: 7799


Development and biocompatibility of hard Ti-based coatings using plasma immersion ion implantation assisted deposition

Mukherjee, S.; Maitz, M. F.; Pham, M. T.; Richter, E.; Prokert, F.; Möller, W.

The hard Ti-based coating TiAlN has been produced by plasma immersion ion implantation-assisted deposition (PIIIAD) on austenitic stainless steel. In PIIIAD, the substrate is exposed to cathodic arc plasma comprising of metallic ions corresponding to the cathode composition, and the substrate is biased pulsed negative. The pulsed bias of the substrate renders alternate phases of deposition (during the bias off time) and implantation and deposition (during bias on time), thereby controlling deposition temperature, reduction of compressive stresses, increase of crystallinity and enhancing adhesion of coating to substrate. The deposition has been carried out in a neutral as well as reactive nitrogen environment, which leads to nitrogen-containing coatings. In addition to TiAlN, also, Ti, TiN and TiAl were produced to investigate the effect of the different elements. All the coatings are tested for their suitability as biocompatible coatings, and hence, the adherence of osteoblast progenitor cells to these coatings was investigated in correlation with deposition parameters and surface morphology. The results identify the coatings that are wear resistant and suitable for orthopaedic implants.

Keywords: Titan coatings; plasma immersion ion implantation; ion assisted deposition; biocompatibility

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 196(2005), 312-316

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7798
Publ.-Id: 7798


Carbon ion implantation in pure aluminium at low fluences

Foerster, C. E.; Fitz, T.; Dekorsy, T.; Prokert, F.; Kreißig, U.; Mücklich, A.; Richter, E.; Möller, W.

This work presents selected results from carbon ion implantation into pure Al matrix. The carbon ions were implanted with an ion energy of 25 keV and fluences of 1×1021 and 2×1021 C+/m2 at room temperature (RT) and elevated temperature of 400 °C. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis (GIXRD), Raman spectroscopy and high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) show the formation of embedded Al4C3 precipitates with carbon concentrations below its stoichiometric level. At RT ion implantation, the Al4C3 precipitates have an average grain size in the order of 2–4 nm. For carbon ion implantation at 400 °C, the precipitates grow up to approximately 20 nm in diameter and are randomly distributed in the implanted region. The carbon excess, not bound in the Al4C3 precipitates, forms highly disordered C–C clusters of approximately 0.2–0.4 nm in size. Implantation at a temperature of 400 °C reduces drastically the carbon clusters content due to the growth of the Al4C3 precipitates.

Keywords: plasma immersion ion implantation; carbon ion; aluminium; phase formation

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 192(2005), 317-322

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7797
Publ.-Id: 7797


Wear reduction in AISI 630 martensitic stainless steel after energetic nitrogen ion implantation

Mändl, S.; Fritzsche, B.; Manova, D.; Hirsch, D.; Neumann, H.; Richter, E.; Rauschenbach, B.

A significant wear reduction by several orders of magnitude is the common result for austenitic stainless steels after energetic nitrogen implantation at medium temperatures around 380 °C. In contrast, martensitic stainless steels are rarely investigated. In this investigation, one steel grade, stainless steel AISI 630/DIN 1.4542, is treated using low energy nitrogen implantation at 380 and 600 °C, high voltage nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) and combined carbon/nitrogen PIII at 380 °C. Using PIII, an expanded martensitic lattice extending several micrometers into the sample was observed, whereas Fe4N and CrN were formed after low energy implantation at 380 and 600 °C, respectively. All samples show a hardness of up to 2000 HV and a wear reduction by two orders of magnitude. Additional metallographic cross-sections confirm the microstructure derived from XRD data.

Keywords: ion implantation; stainless steel; nitrogen

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 195(2005), 258-263

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7796
Publ.-Id: 7796


The role of lid layers on the performance of von Karman type dynamos

Stefani, F.; Xu, M.; Gerbeth, G.

The von Karman sodium (VKS) experiment is intended to investigate the hydromagnetic dynamo effect in a highly turbulent flow. Although much effort has been spent in the optimization of the flow structure and the lateral boundary conditions in order to minimize the critical magnetic Reynolds number, no dynamo effect has been seen in the recent experiments. The measured induced magnetic fields deviate significantly from the computed ones. In order to understand these experimental result, we focus on the role of lid layers, i.e. layers of liquid sodium between the impellers and the end walls of the cylinder. It is shown that static lid layers yield a moderate increase of the criticial Rm by approximately 12 per cent. A more dramatic increase by 100 until 200 per cent can occur when some rotational flow is taken into account in those layers. Possible solutions of this grave problem are discussed for the real dynamo facility.

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminarvortrag, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physique, 03.11.2005, Lyon, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7795
Publ.-Id: 7795


Industrial CFD Applications of Free Surface and Cavitating Flows

Zwart, P.-J.; Höhne, T.; Vallée, C.

The FZR performed parallel experimental and numerical investigations in order to better understand the mechanisms leading to slug formation. For the CFD simulation, the code CFX-5 was used, applying the two fluid model with the free surface option. The qualitative agreement between calculation and experiment is encouraging and shows that CFD can be a useful tool in studying slug flow.

Keywords: Horizontal two-phase flow; Slug flow; CFD

  • Contribution to proceedings
    VKI Lecture Series, 27.04.2005, Rhode-Saint-Genèse, Belgium
    VKI Lecture Series 4.1

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7793
Publ.-Id: 7793


CFD analyses for stirred tank reactor: mixing behaviour of different density liquids

Hristov, H. V.; Prasser, H.-M.; Kryk, H.; Hessel, G.; Schmitt, W.

The aim of this work is to numerically assess the dynamics of the mixing process of two different density liquids in a stirred tank reactor. The mixing of different density liquids is common operation in the process industry which occurs when a higher density liquid is injected into a tank filled with a lighter density one or in the case of impeller malfunctioning when such a system of different density liquids can get stratified. The process might prove to be of significant importance, particularly in the case of reacting liquids for large-scale reactors operating in the industry.
The CFD analyses, performed with the CFX-5 numerical package, were carried out for a non-baffled stirred tank reactor, mechanically agitated by a Pfaudler impeller. Although the non-baffled vessel posses an axi-symmetric behaviour on macromixing scale, the process was regarded as three dimensional in order to demonstrate the local instabilities associated with the blade passage. The dynamic mixing behaviour of two miscible liquids with different densities was numerically predicted from initially stratified conditions to complete mixing. The gas phase was involved in the simulations to investigate the effect of the free surface deformation on the mixing process, which was modelled using the free surface model. The multicomponent model was applied to the liquid phase in which the two different density liquids were present. The suitability of the different turbulence models was also addressed but the k-ε turbulence model was finally employed. The numerical simulations were performed on different size grids to ensure obtaining of grid independent results. However, the grid elements size was kept relatively low because of the dynamic behaviour of the liquid surface central vortex. Additionally, the impeller acceleration was taken into account.
The accuracy of the numerical predictions was evaluated experimentally using a video visualisation technique. The initially stratified lighter (alcoholic) coloured component and the heavier (water) transparent one were brought into motion by the rotating impeller. The mixing process was captured by a digital camcorder and subsequently the images were digitally processed. The procedure was repeated for a number of different initial concentrations of the lighter liquid to obtain the colour-calibration curve. The numerical predictions were evaluated at several locations, close to the vessel central line and wall, for which the optical distortions were minimal. Since the video visualisation technique provides the integral mixing curves at the chosen locations, the predicted concentration values were exported and averaged along the lines corresponding to these locations.
The hydrodynamics of the above described system is of particular concern for many chemical and biochemical reactions engineered to take place in stirred tank reactor. Although the initial conditions were to some extend idealised in order to avoid some complications raised by the presence on an injection, the studies showed strong influence on the density difference on the homogenisation.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop on Multi-Phase Flow: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Dresden, Germany
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Workshop on Multi-Phase Flow: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Dresden, Germany
    Proceedings, CD-ROM

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7792
Publ.-Id: 7792


Compact Terahertz cyclotron resonance spectrometer in high magnetic fields

Drachenko, O.; Rylkov, V. V.; Leotin, J.

In this paper we present a very compact cyclotron resonance (CR) spectrometer based on a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade laser emitting at 11.4m. We show its operation under magnetic fields up to 60T and in temperatures up to 80K. We, finally, illustrate our spectrometer with the measurements of InAsxSb1-x alloy.

Keywords: Quantum Cascade Lasers; Magnetic fields; Cyclotron Resonance; InAsSb alloys

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The Joint 30th International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and 13th International Conf, 19.-23.09.2005, Williamsburg, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7791
Publ.-Id: 7791


Electron-phonon interaction in quantum cascade lasers probed by Landau level spectroscopy

Drachenko, O.; Leotin, J.; Sirtori, C.; Page, H.; Semtsiv, M. P.; Ziegler, M.; Dreßler, S.; Müller, U.; Masselink, W. T.

Resonant electron-LO phonon assisted depopulation of the lower lasing state is one of the common approaches to ensure population inversion and gain of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) [1]. As a consequence, understanding of the dominating energy relaxation channels is important for development and optimizing of the active region of QCLs, especially built with new or modified materials. In this work we present a method to study the energy of the phonon modes responsible for nonradiative energy relaxation of electrons in the active zone of QCLs. The method is based on the spectrum analysis of the oscillations pattern of QCLs emission intensity as a function of magnetic field applied along the growth direction. These oscillations known as intersubband magnetophonon resonance (IMPR) originate from the resonant phonon assisted scattering of electrons from the upper lasing state into the Landau ladders of lower subbands whenever it is allowed by energy conservation [2] (Fig.1). The IMPR oscillations are periodic in the reciprocal magnetic field. Each lower subband and each phonon mode results in a maximum of the oscillation spectra. Each maximum corresponds to resonant scattering of electrons into the first Landau level of one of the bottom subbands, therefore the difference between intersubband and cyclotron energies gives the energy of phonon modes ensuring the relaxation.
In our experiments we have studied three sets of samples. The first two ones are GaAs/AlGaAs QCLs with different Al concentration in the barriers (33% and 45%) [3]. We clearly demonstrated that in the case of high Al concentration the relaxation via AlAs-like LO phonon can be significant (Fig. 2.). The third set is a In0.73Ga0.27As/AlAs short-wavelength QCL [4]. In this case we found that in spite of the high Al concentration in the barriers and the low GaAs contents in the wells, the nonradiative energy relaxation happens principally via GaAs-like or InAs-like (or mixed modes) phonon emission, while a clear signature of AlAs-like phonons was not observed.

[1] J. Faist et al., IEEE J. Quantum Electronics 38, 533 (2002).
[2] D. Smirnov et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 125317, (2002); D. Smirnov et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 121305(R) , (2002)
[3] P. Kruck et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 3340 (2000) ; H. Page et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 3529 (2001)
[4] M. P. Semtsiv et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1478 (2004).

Keywords: Quantum Cascade Lasers; Phonon spectroscopy; Landau Levels; Magnetic fields

  • Lecture (Conference)
    8th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells ITQW’2005, 11.-17.09.2005, North Falmouth, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7790
Publ.-Id: 7790


Experimental and analytical investigations for debris transport phenomena in multidimensional water flow

Alt, S.; Seeliger, A.; Krepper, E.; Grahn, A.

The investigations of insulation debris generation and transport gain in importance regarding the reactor safety research for PWR and BWR considering all types of LOCA as well as short and long term behaviour of emergency core coolant systems.
The background of experimental investigations consists of the generation of a wide data base developing and validating the CFD-models for the description of particle transport phenomena in flow (e.g. drift, subsidence, sedimentation, resuspension, agglomeration and head loss at hold-up devices) under various geometric and fluidic boundary conditions. Separate effect experiments for the investigation of particle transport phenomena in multidimensional water flow, sedimentation and resuspension processes were carried out at plexi glass test facilities (Column, Ring Channel) using modern flow measurement and digital image processing technologies. The behaviour of gravitating insulation particles in aqueous solution (sink rates or settling velocities) and sedimentation processes were observed at the test facility “Column” in 2D-geometry. Experiments for the determination of 2D-transport behaviour of different particle sizes in horizontal carrier flow were realised at facility “Ring Channel”. Experimental results were generated with constant cross section area along the whole channel length as well as with varied cross section areas (e.g. barriers) and strainers.
Model developments for CFD simulations of insulation material transportation, suspension, resuspension and the clogging and penetration at strainers are described. The check of model parameters and functions based on the separate effect experiments.
The paper includes the presentation of experimental results generated at the facilities, the theoretical concepts for modelling these phenomena with CFD-codes and the comparison between simulated and measured data.

Keywords: insulation debris transport; cfd modelling; comparison to experiments

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), Paper 116, 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France
  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7789
Publ.-Id: 7789


Air-water flow in a vertical pipe with sudden changes of superficial water velocity

Krepper, E.; Prasser, H.-M.; Frank, T.

For further model development and the validation of CFD codes for two-phase flow applications experiments were carried out with a sudden change of the superficial velocity of water in a vertical pipe of 51.2 mm diameter. Measurements of the cross sectional gas volume fraction distributions were taken by two wire-mesh sensors (24x24 points, 2500 Hz) mounted in a short distance (16 mm) behind each other. This sensor assembly was placed 3030 mm downstream of the gas injection. The change of the superficial water velocity was jump-like reduced and in a second series of tests jump-like increased. The tests enable the observation of the restructuring process of bubbly flow between two steady state conditions. The experimental results for tests showing a monodisperse bubble size distribution were compared to CFD calculations using the code CFX-5. Applying the two fluid approach, the momentum interaction between the liquid and gas phase was considered. For the experimental conditions of dispersed bubbly flows without or with neglectable bubble coalescence & breakup the main flow features observed in the experiments could be reproduced qualitatively and quantitatively by the numerical simulation. Further research will be undertaken for the investigation of flow regime transition from gaseous phase volume fraction wall peak to core peak dominated flows. Further investigations will also include compressibility effects for the disperse bubbly phase.

Keywords: two phase measurement technique; experiments; two phase flow; cfd modelling; euler/euler approach; bubble forces

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France
  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7788
Publ.-Id: 7788


Two fluid model LES of a bubble column

Reddy Vanga, B.; Lopez De Bertodano, M.; Krepper, E.; Zaruba, A.; Prasser, H.-M.

The hydrodynamics of a rectangular bubble column operating in the dispersed bubbly regime has been numerically investigated using a two-fluid model Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Experimental data was obtained to validate the numerical model. LES computational fluid dynamic calculations of the transient flow for the bubble column were performed to account for the turbulence in the liquid phase. The computational mesh is of the same scale as the bubble size. The sub-grid scale Reynolds stresses were calculated using the Smagorinsky model. Furthermore, the effect of the bubbles on the turbulence in the continuous phase was modeled using Sato’s eddy viscosity model for bubble-induced turbulence. LES facilitates the direct numerical resolution of length scales that play an important role in the transport of bubbles, avoiding the need for constitutive models like the turbulent diffusion force to account for diffusion of the gas phase under the influence of the large eddies. Mean quantities, in particular the void fraction and the average velocity of the bubbles, were computed by averaging over a time period that was longer than the dynamic time scales of the turbulence. A systematic analysis of the effect of the interfacial momentum transfer terms on these quantities has been conducted. The bubble column was locally aerated using a sparger located in the center of the bottom plate. The model was validated with experimental data (Reddy Vanga, 2004) obtained using wire-mesh tomography measurements for void fraction and bubble size distributions. The experiments were performed for various aspect ratios (height of water column to width ratio) and superficial gas velocities.

Keywords: Two-Fluid Model; Large Eddy Simulations; Bubble Column; Lift Force; Wall Force

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France
  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7787
Publ.-Id: 7787


Numerical investigations for insulation particle transport phenomena in water flow

Krepper, E.; Grahn, A.; Alt, S.; Kästner, W.; Kratzsch, A.; Seeliger, A.

The investigation of insulation debris generation, transport and sedimentation gains importance regarding the reactor safety research for PWR and BWR considering the long term behaviour of emergency core coolant systems during all types of LOCA. The insulation debris released near the break during LOCA consists of a mixture of very different particles concerning size, shape, consistence and other properties. Some fraction of the released insulation debris will be transported into the reactor sump where it may affect emergency core cooling. Open questions of generic interest are e.g. the sedimentation of the insulation debris in a water pool, possible re-suspension, transport in the sump water flow, particle load on strainers and corresponding difference pressure.
A joint research project in cooperation with Institute of Process Technology, Process Automation and Measuring Technology (IPM) Zittau deals with the experimental investigation and the development of CFD models for the description of particle transport phenomena in coolant flow. While experiments are performed at the IPM-Zittau, theoretical work is concentrated at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf.
In the present paper the basic concepts for CFD modelling are described and first results including feasibility studies are shown. During the ongoing work further results are expected.

Keywords: insulation debris transport; cfd methods; comparison to experiments; strainer clogging model

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2005, 05.-08.09.2005, Bled, Slovenia
  • Lecture (Conference)
    23rd CADFEM Users Meeting 2005, 09.-11.11.2005, Bonn, Germany
  • Contribution to proceedings
    23rd CADFEM Users Meeting 2005, 09.-11.11.2005, Bonn, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7786
Publ.-Id: 7786


CFD modeling of subcooled flow boiling for nuclear engineering applications

Koncar, B.; Krepper, E.; Egorov, Y.

In this work a general-purpose CFD code CFX-5 was used for simulations of subcooled flow boiling. Some important modelling issues were investigated: heat flux partitioning, turbulence modelling and non-drag forces. The subcooled boiling model, available in a custom version of CFX-5, has been used here. The special treatment of the wall boiling boundary, based on analytical temperature wall function, assures the grid invariant solution. The calculations been validated against the published experimental data of high-pressure flow boiling in a vertical pipe covering a wide range of conditions (relevant also to the pressurized water reactor).

Keywords: cfd methods; two phase flow; boiling; comparison to experiments

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference "Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2005", 05.-08.09.2005, Bled, Slovenia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7785
Publ.-Id: 7785


Inhomogeneous MUSIG model – a population balance approach for polydispersed bubbly flows

Frank, T.; Zwart, P.; Shi, J.-M.; Krepper, E.; Lucas, D.; Rohde, U.

Many flow regimes in Nuclear Reactor Safety (NRS) Research are characterized by multiphase flows, where one of the phases is a continuous liquid and the other phase consists of gas or vapour of the liquid phase. In the range of low to intermediate volume fraction of the gaseous phase the multiphase flow under consideration is a bubbly or slug flow, where the disperse phase has to be characterized by an evolving bubble size distribution due to bubble breakup and coalescence processes. The paper presents a generalized inhomogeneous Multiple Size Group (MUSIG) Model, where the disperse gaseous phase is divided into N inhomogeneous velocity groups (phases) and where each of these groups is subdivided into M bubble size classes. Bubble breakup and coalescence processes between all bubble size classes are taken into account by appropriate models. The derived inhomogeneous MUSIG model has been validated against experimental data from the TOPFLOW test facility at the Research Center Rossendorf (FZR). Comparisons of gas volume fraction and velocity profiles with TOPFLOW-074 testcase data are provided, showing the applicability and accuracy of the model for polydispersed bubbly flow in large diameter vertical pipe flow.

Keywords: cfd methods; two phase flow; bubble size classes; comparison to experiments

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2005, 05.-08.09.2005, Bled, Slovenia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7784
Publ.-Id: 7784


Investigation of flashing-induced instabilities at CIRCUS test facility with the code ATHLET

Schäfer, F.; Manera, A.

The CIRCUS test facility has been built to study the start-up phase of a natural-circulation BWR. During the start-up so called flashing-induced instabilities can arise. These instabilities are induced by flashing, due to steam production in the long adiabatic riser section, which is placed above the core to enhance the flow rate. Flashing occurring in the riser causes an unbalance between driving force and pressure losses in the natural-circulation loop, giving rise to flow oscillations.

This paper gives an overview about experimental results and the physics of the instabilities. The thermo-hydraulic code ATHLET is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of the CIRCUS test facility and the results of the calculations are compared with the experimental data.

This work is part of the NACUSP project (Natural Circulation and Stability Performance of BWRs) within the European-Union 5th Framework Programme.

Keywords: BWR; ATHLET; CIRCUS; flow instabilities

  • International Journal of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology 2(2006)3, 209-218
    ISSN: 1741-6361

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7783
Publ.-Id: 7783


Accurate determination and benchmarking of radiation field parameters relevant forpressure vessel monitoring. A review of some REDOS project results

OšMera, B.; Boehmer, B.; Ballesteros, A.; Konheiser, J.; Kyncl, J.; Hordosy, G.; Keresztúri, A.; Belousov, S.; Ilieva, K.; Kirilova, D.; Mitev, M.; Smutný, V.; Polke, E.; Zaritsky, S.; Töre, C.; Ortego, P.

Plant life management needs a reliable estimation of radiation field parameters, including their uncertainty, to avoid the use of conservative approaches. The particular objectives of the REDOS project are the improvements of the RPV monitoring, the improvement of the neutron – gamma calculation methodologies through the LR-0 engineering benchmarks for WWER-1000 and WWER-440, and the accurate determination of radiation field parameters in the vicinity and over the thickness of the RPV. This paper is mainly devoted to the comparison and analysis of the experimental and calculated LR-0 data (WP-3). The LR-0 benchmark data consist of neutron spectra (WWER-440 Mock-ups) and neutron + photon spectra (WWER-1000 Mock-up) in several points from the barrel simulator to the outer surface of RPV and evaluated integral fluxes, space – energy indices, like the spectral indices and attenuation factors in measuring points.

Keywords: reactor; neutron; gamma; benchmark; WWER-1000; WWER-440; REDOS; LR-0

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Twelfth International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, 08.-13.05.2005, Gatlinburg, Tennesse, United States
  • Journal of ASTM International 4(2007)10
    DOI: 10.1520/JAI100379
    ISSN: 1546-962X
  • Contribution to proceedings
    12 th International Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry, 08.-13.05.2005, Gatlinburg, United States, 08.-13.05.2005, Gatlinburg, United States
    Reactor Dosimetry: 12th International Symposium, West Conshohocken: ASTM, 978-0-8031-3412-6

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7782
Publ.-Id: 7782


Optisches Koppelelement für eine Durchflusszelle

Arnold, T.; Großmann, K.; Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, ein optisches Koppelelement zur mikroskopischen Charakterisierung von Proben in Durchflusszellen zu entwickeln, um einen direkten Kontakt des Objektivs mit der Durchflusslösung zu vermeiden und dabei die Verluste in der numerischen Apertur des Objektivs so gering wie möglich zu halten.

  • Patent
    Patentanmeldung 10 2005 051 406 A1
  • Patent
    PCT-Anmeldung PCT/DE2006/001806

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7781
Publ.-Id: 7781


Messsensor

Arnold, T.; Großmann, K.; Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

Messsensoren, die sich innerhalb einer durchstrahlbaren Probe befinden, können mikroskopisch visualisiert werden.

  • Patent
    Patentanmeldung 10 2005 051405 A1
  • Patent
    PCT-Anmeldung PCT/DE2006/001805
  • Patent
    DE 10 2005 051 405 B4 - 23. Aug. 2007

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7780
Publ.-Id: 7780


Mikroskopzusatz

Arnold, T.; Großmann, K.; Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

Es soll die Anpassung der Kryotechnik an das Mikroskop für die Messung von lebenswissenschaftlichen, aquatischen und mikrobiellen Proben und in Kopplung mit der Fluoreszenzmikroskopie erreicht werden.

  • Patent
    Patentanmeldung 10 2005 051 386 A1
  • Patent
    PCT-Anmeldung PCT/DE2006/001804

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7779
Publ.-Id: 7779


Anordnung zur Messung der lokalen elektrischen Impedanz und der Temperatur in Fluiden

Schleicher, E.; Da Silva, M. J.; Hampel, U.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Anordnung zur schnellen und gleichzeitigen Messung der lokalen elektrischen Impedanz und der Temperatur in Fluiden vorzuschlagen.

  • Patent
    DE 10 2005 046 662 B3 - 22. März 2007
  • Patent
    PCT / DE2006 / 0001590

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7778
Publ.-Id: 7778


Channeling X-rays at the ELBE radiation source

Wagner, W.; Azadegan, B.; Panteleeva, A.; Pawelke, J.; Enghardt, W.

A new setup for the measurement of electron channeling radiation has been taken into operation at the ELBE radiation source. First experiments at electron energies of 14.6 and 17 MeV using diamond type-IIa crystals were aimed at the verification of the dependence of the yield of channeling radiation on the crystal thickness. While the dissipative approach assuming an experimentially decreasing occupation function with an ernergy-dependent characteristic occupation length (locc) is able to describe the yield up to a thickness of about 2locc multiple scattering remarkable influences the yield at larger crystal thickness

  • Lecture (Conference)
    International Workshop on Charged and Neutral Particle Channeling Phenomens, Channeling 2004, 02.-06.11.2004, Frascati, Italy
  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena, 02.-06.11.2004, Rome, Italy
    Proceedings of SPIE, International Conference on Charged and Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena, 5974 (Dec. 2005), B1-B9

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7777
Publ.-Id: 7777


Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von freigesetztem Isolationsmaterial in ruhender und horizontaler Kühlmittelströmung

Alt, S.; Hampel, R.; Kästner, W.; Lischke, W.; Seeliger, A.; Krepper, E.; Grahn, A.

The paper includes the description of separate effect test facilities used for investigations with regard to the fragmentation and the transport behaviour of different insulation materials in multidimensional aqueous flow. The instrumentation of the rigs is specified, in particular modern digital image processing technologies. First experimental results are shown and discussed generated at three acrylic glass test facilities. The experimental data will be use for CFD-modelling and validation. The anticipated modeling concepts are presented and their feasibility is demonstrated. During the ongoing work further results are expected.

Keywords: insulation materials; experiments

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2005, 10.-12.05.2005, Nürnberg, Germany
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2005, 10.-12.05.2005, Nürnberg, Germany
    CD-ROM

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7776
Publ.-Id: 7776


Can we predict critical heat flux in fuel assemblis by CFD methods?

Burtak, F.; Krepper, E.

The presentation describes the industrial needs for the nuclear fuel elemet design particularly concerning the mixing vanes of spacer grids. Actual informations can be gained only by very expensive experiments. The actual state and the capabilities of CFD to support this process is referred.

Keywords: fuel elements; hot channel; critical heat flux; experiments; CFD simulations

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2005, 10.-12.05.2005, Nürnberg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7775
Publ.-Id: 7775


Practical calculation of bubble column flow with CFX-5

Frank, T.; Krepper, E.; Eickenbusch, H.

The presentation describes the setup of a multiphase simulation on the example of the simulation of a bubble column. The results are compared to experiments performed in the FZR applying high speed video and a wire mesh sensor. The comparison shows, that the correct simulation of the non drag forces is essential to reproduce the correct flow pattern. Considering all forces, an excellent agreement toe the measured results can be achieved.

Keywords: CFX; multiphase CFD; bubble column; measurements; bubble forces

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop on Multi-Phase Flow: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Rossendorf, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7774
Publ.-Id: 7774


WWER radial reflector modeling by diffusion codes

Petkov, T.; Mittag, S.

The two commonly used approaches to describe the WWER radial reflectors in diffusion codes, by albedos on the core-reflector boundary and by a ring of diffusive assembly size nodes, are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the first approach are presented first, then the Koebke's equivalence theory is outlined and its implementation for the WWER radial reflectors is discussed. Results for the WWER-1000 reactor are presented. Then the boundary conditions on the outer reflector boundary are discussed. The possibility to divide the library into fuel assembly and reflector parts and to generate each library by a separate code package is discussed.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    15-th Symposium of AER, 03.-07.10.05, Znojmo, Czech Republic
  • Contribution to proceedings
    15th Symposium of AER, 03.-07.10.05, Znojmo, Czech Republic
    Proceedings, Budapest: Kiadja a KFKI Atomenergia Kutató Intézet, 963-372-6328, 39-50

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7773
Publ.-Id: 7773


Mathematical models in the DYN3D-FLOCAL code – consequences on reactor analysis results

Rohde, U.; Grundmann, U.

The lecture gives an introduction into the computational modeling of transients in nuclear reactors. The physical models and numerical methods used in the code DYN3D for the simulation of reactivity initiated accidents in Light Water Reactors are briefly described. The importance of correct numerics for nuclear safety analysis is outlined. Examples are given, how numerical errors and not properly chosen methods can influence the results of transient analyses. Particularly, the importance of low-diffusive numerical schemes for the modelling of transport phenomena like transport of low-borated slugs of coolant is stressed.

Keywords: nuclear reactor simulations; reactivity initiated accidents; physical models; numerical methods; 3D neutron kinetics; thermal hydraulics; nuclear reactor safety

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Course on Mathematical Modelling, 24.11.2005, Plzen, Czechia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7772
Publ.-Id: 7772


Solarstrahlungskarten und Erträge von PV-Anlagen: Ergebnisvergleich in Sachsen

Drews, A.; Heinemann, D.; Rindelhardt, U.

Während bei großen PV-Anlagen (etwa > 100 kW) die Messung der Einstrahlung in Modulebene inzwischen zum Standard der installierten Messtechnik gehört, sind die Betreiber von kleineren Anlagen zur Überwachung der korrekten Funktion ihrer Anlage auf den Vergleich mit externen Daten angewiesen. Dazu werden von verschiedenen Anbietern z. B. monatliche Überprüfungen der Erträge unter Berücksichtigung der meist aus Satellitendaten bestimmten lokalen Globalstrahlung und der konkreten Anlagenkonfiguration vorgeschlagen. Andererseits werden auch monatliche bzw. jährliche Einstrahlungskarten veröffentlicht, die es jedem Anlagenbetreiber grundsätzlich ermöglichen eigene Einschätzungen der erzielten Erträge vorzunehmen. Das letztgenannte Vorgehen soll anhand einiger Anlagen aus Sachsen verifiziert werden.
Die Untersuchungen wurden für das Jahr 2004 vorgenommen. Dazu stand der vom DWD erstellte Solarstrahlungsatlas zur Verfügung. Er basier auf den Bodenmessungen von fast 40 über Deutschland verteilten Messstationen. Da diese Messungen nicht flächendeckend sind, werden sie mit aus Satellitendaten abgeleiteten Globalstrahlungsinformation kombiniert.
Eine zweite Einstrahlungskarte wurde an der Universität Oldenburg aus Satellitendaten erzeugt. Sie wurde (ausschließlich) aus Bildern des meteorologischen Satelliten Meteosat-7 mit einer für Deutschland angepassten Version der Heliosat-1 Methode abgeleitet. Die räumliche Auflösung der Karte beträgt ca. 5 x 5 km.
Für die Verifikation wurden aus über 200 PV-Anlagen in Sachsen die 20 Anlagen mit den höchsten Jahreserträgen in 2004 ausgewählt. Dieses Auswahlprinzip garantierte, dass nur (verschattungsfreie) Anlagen mit optimaler Ausrichtung sowie in technisch einwandfreien Zustand einbezogen wurden. Die Erträge der Anlagen lagen durchweg über 900 kWh/kW, ihre räumliche Verteilung ist im Bild 1 zu sehen.
Die Einstrahlung im Jahr 2004 wich in Sachsen nur geringfügig vom solaren ""Normaljahr" ab (Globalstrahlung in Dresden ca. 4% über langjährigem Mittelwert). Nach beiden Karten treten in Sachsen (abgesehen von den höheren Mittelgebirgsregionen) Einstrahlungen zwischen 1040 und 1100 kWh/m² auf, als Gebiet höchster Einstrahlung wird übereinstimmend ein Gebiet westlich von Meißen ausgewiesen. Letztere stimmt auch mit den Werten der Bodenstationen überein. Für die übrigen Gebiete treten zwischen den Karten teilweise Unterschiede in der Einstrahlung von mehr als einer Klasse (20 kWh/m²) auf.
Der Vergleich der Standorte der betrachteten PV-Anlagen mit den von den Karten angegebenen Einstrahlungsgebieten (unterteilt nach Klassen mit 20 kWh/m² führte zu einem überraschenden Ergebnis: Die Anlagenstandorte scheinen eher gleichverteilt als mit den Einstrahlungsgebieten korreliert.
Ein belastbarer Vergleich von jährlichen Einstrahlungen aus Karten mit den Erträgen von (gut orientierten und technisch einwandfreien) PV-Anlagen an konkreten Standorten ist offenbar nicht ohne weiteres möglich.
Als mögliche Ursachen kommen – neben Fehlern in der Datenbasis der Karten - Interpolationsfehler und eine zu starke Generalisierung bei der grafischen Darstellung in Betracht. U.U. muss auch auf monatliche Einstrahlungskarten zurückgegriffen werden, um eine bessere Verifikation der Anlagenerträge zu erreichen.

Keywords: Photovoltaic; performance

  • Contribution to proceedings
    21. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 08.-10.03.2006, Staffelstein, Germany
    Tagungsband "Photovoltaische Solarenergie", Regensburg: OTTI, 450-455
  • Poster
    21. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 08.-10.03.2006, Staffelstein, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7771
Publ.-Id: 7771


Betriebserfahrungen mit der ersten sächsischen Photovoltaik-Megawattanlage in Meerane

Rindelhardt, U.; Schröder, A.

Im Jahr 2004 wurde in Meerane die erste Megawatt-Anlage in Sachsen in Betrieb genommen. Sie liegt in einer vom DWD ermittelten "Sonneninsel" westlich von Chemnitz. Die Anlage befindet sich in einem Gewerbegebiet südlich von Meerane hinter einer Lärmschutzwand an der Autobahn A4. Auf einer Fläche von 2,5 Hektar wurden insgesamt 417 Tische zur Aufnahme der Module errichtet, die Gesamtleistung beträgt 1066 kW. Die Anlage wurde im April 2004 in Betrieb genommen, eine komplette Datenerfassung (einschließlich Einstrahlung und Modultemperatur) erfolgte ab August 2004. In den ersten Monaten traten mehrfach Abschaltungen der Wechselrichter, ausgelöst durch zu geringen Isolationswiderstand des PV-Generators, auf. Ab August 2004 lief die Anlage weitgehend fehlerfrei.
Der Wechselrichter-Wirkungsgrad lag durchgehend bei 95 %, und das Performance Ratio bei 0,76.
Im Zeitraum August 2004 bis Juli 2005 wurde ein normierter Ertrag von 927 kWh/kW erreicht (siehe Bild 1). Durch aufgetretene technische Störungen trat ein Verlust von etwa 20 kWh/kW auf, so dass bei störungsfreiem Betrieb ein Ertrag von 950 kWh/kW erreicht worden wäre. Da der betrachtete Zeitraum bezüglich der Einstrahlung als "Normaljahr" angesehen werden kann, kann auch künftig im Mittel mit diesem Ertrag gerechnet werden.

Keywords: Photovoltaic; power plant

  • Poster
    21. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 08.-10.03.2006, Staffelstein, Deutschland
  • Contribution to proceedings
    21. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 08.-10.03.2006, Staffelstein, Germany
    Tagungsband "Photovoltaische Solarenergie", Regensburg: OTTI, 275-279

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7770
Publ.-Id: 7770


CFD-modelling of subcooled boiling and application to simulate a hot channel of a fuel assembly

Krepper, E.; Egorov, Y.

The paper contributes to the advanced CFD simulation of subcooled boiling in forced convective flows, with special attention given to the momentum transfer between continuous liquid and vapour bubbles. A wall boiling model, implemented in CFX-5 (Egorov, Menter, 2004) and based on the two-fluid approach, is used here together with the state-of-the-art model correlations for the non-drag forces, available in CFX-5. The paper describes the main concepts of modelling mass, heat and momentum transfer between the phases. Published experimental results for flow in a pipe are used for the model validation.
The model is applied to the simulation of subcooled boiling flow in a hot channel of a fuel rod bundle. Influence of mixing vanes, attached to the spacer grids of fuel assembly in order to enhance the heat transfer, is taken into account. The simulation results demonstrate the capability of the model to estimate the effects of geometrical design on the flow physics.

Keywords: cfd modelling; boiling; phase transition

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop on Multi-Phase Flow: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7769
Publ.-Id: 7769


Numerical investigations of insulation debris transport phenomena in water flow

Grahn, A.; Krepper, E.

The paper includes the description of separate effect test facilities used for investigations with regard to the fragmentation and the transport behaviour of different insulation materials in multidimensional aqueous flow. The instrumentation of the rigs is specified, in particular modern digital image processing technologies. First experimental results are shown and discussed generated at three acrylic glass test facilities. The experimental data will be use for CFD-modelling and validation. The anticipated modeling concepts are presented and their feasibility is demonstrated. Particularly a model for description of the behaviour of a strainer is presented.

Keywords: insulation material; flow behaviour; experiments; cfd methods

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop on Multi-Phase Flow: Simulation, Experiment and Application, 31.05.-03.06.2005, Rossendorf, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7768
Publ.-Id: 7768


Application of Best Practice Guidlines for the use of computational fluid dynamics in the reactor safety analysis

Höhne, T.

Die Kühlmittelvermischung in Druckwasserreaktoren ist für zum einen für die Reaktorsicherheit, zum anderen aber auch die wirtschaftliche Betriebsführung von Bedeutung. Bei Borverdünnungsstörfällen ist die Vermischung des unterborierten Kühlwassers mit dem vorliegenden Kühlmittelinventar auf dem Weg zum Reaktorkern einzige effektive Schutzmechanismus gegen einen Reaktivitätsstörfall. Im Notkühlfall bestimmt die Vermischung die thermische und damit mechanische Belastung der Druckbehälterwand.

Im Projekt FLOMIX-R wurde eine breite und einzigartige experimentelle Datenbasis zur Kühlmittelvermischung geschaffen. An drei europäischen Versuchsanlagen wurden Experimente zur Kühlmittelvermischung in unterschiedlichen Situationen durchgeführt – Vermischung unter stationären Betriebsbedingungen, Vermischung eines Pfropfens unterborierten Wassers beim Pumpenstart und Vermischung kalten Notkühlwassers. Dank räumlich und zeitlich hochauflösender Messtechnik wurden Einsichten in die Details der Vermischungsphänomene gewonnen. Darüber hinaus wurden Messdaten zur Kühlmittelvermischung an einer realen Reaktoranlage (KKW Paks in Ungarn) verfügbar gemacht.

Die umfangreichen Messdaten bieten eine Grundlage für die Validierung von CFD-Codes. Im Projekt wurden ausgewählte Experimente durch eine Reihe von Projektpartnern mit den CFD-Codes CFX und FLUENT nachgerechnet. Dabei wurde zur Qualitätssicherung nach sogenannten ”Best Practice Guidelines” (BPG) vorgegangen. Die BPG stellen eine Strategie zur Minimierung numerischer Fehler dar. Erst nach einer erfolgten Fehlerminimierung kann die Qualität physikalischer Modelle, insbesondere von Turbulenzmodellen, bewertet werden. Im Rahmen der Anwendung der BPG wurden wichtige Erfahrungen zum Einfluss der Berechnungsgitter, der numerischen Verfahren, der Randbedingungen und der Geometrie gewonnen. Zur Bewertung der Güte der Modelle wurden quantitative Vergleiche zwischen Rechnung und Messung durchgeführt. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass CFD-Methoden für eine ingenieurtechnische Anwendung auf Probleme der turbulenten Vermischung reif sind, aber viele Detailprobleme noch zu klären sind.

Keywords: Best Practice Guidelines; CFD; ROCOM; Coolant Mixing

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Course Mathematical Modelling, 24.11.2005, Pilsen, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7767
Publ.-Id: 7767


Simulation of molten salt reactor dynamics

Krepel, J.; Rohde, U.; Grundmann, U.

Dynamics of the Molten Salt Reactor - one of the 'Generation IV' concepts - was studied in this paper. The graphite-moderated channel type MSR was selected for the numerical simulation of the reactor with liquid fuel. The MSR dynamics is very specific because of two physical peculiarities of the liquid fueled reactor: the delayed neutrons precursors are drifted by the fuel flow and the fission energy is immediately released directly into the coolant. Presently, there are not many accessible numerical codes appropriate for the MSR simulation, therefore the DYN3D-MSR code was developed based on the FZR in-house code DYN3D. It allows calculating of full 3D transient neutronics in combination with parallel channel type thermal-hydraulics. By means of DYN3D-MSR, several transients typical for the liquid fuel system were analyzed. Those transients were initiated by reactivity insertion, by overcooling of fuel at the core inlet, by the fuel pump start-up or coast-down, or by the blockage of selected fuel channels. In these considered transients, the response of the MSR is characterized by the immediate change of the fuel temperature with changing power and fast negative temperature feedback to the power. The response through the graphite temperature is slower. Furthermore, for big MSR cores fueled with U233 the graphite feedback coefficient can be positive. In this case the addition of erbium to the graphite can ensure the inherent safety features. The DYN3D-MSR code has been shown to be an effective tool for MSR dynamics studies.

Keywords: MSR; molten; salt; reactor; dynamics

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2005, 05.-08.09.2005, Bled, Slovenia
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Nuclear Energy for New Europe 2005, 05.-08.09.2005, Bled, Slovenia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7765
Publ.-Id: 7765


The Feasibility of In-Beam PET for Therapeutic Beams of 3He

Fiedler, F.; Crespo, P.; Parodi, K.; Sellesk, M.; Enghardt, W.

At present in-beam PET is the only possibility for an in-situ monitoring of the particle delivery in hadron tumor therapy and there is a unique clinical implementation at the Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt. Several heavy ion treatment facilities are under construction, which will provide a large variety of ions from protons to oxygen. This requires a precise knowledge of the spatial distribution of beam induced positron emitters in the irradiated volume. For the 3He-case experiments at GSI with three mono-energetic 3He-beams of 130.03 AMeV to 207.92 AMeV and mean intensities varying from 2E8 to 3.6E8 ions/s has been carried out. The beams were stopped in homogeneous thick targets consisting of PMMA, graphite and water, which were placed in the center of the field of view of the PET-scanner at the experimental carbon ion therapy at GSI. Results on the production rate and the spatial distribution of 3He ion induced beta+-activity will be presented and compared with data from 12C-irradiation. From these, the accuracy and resolution for determining the range of the 3He primary beams is deduced. Furthermore, energy dependent thick target cross sections for different reaction channels leading to positron emitters will be estimated from the experimental data.

Keywords: In-beam PET; heavy ion therpay; therapy monitoring

  • Contribution to proceedings
    IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference, 23.-29.10.2005, Fajardo, Puerto Rico
    Conference Record 2005
  • Lecture (Conference)
    IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium & Medical Imaging Conference, 23.-29.10.2005, Fajardo, Puerto Rico
  • IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 53(2006)4, 2252-2259
    DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2006.877854
    ISSN: 0018-9499
    Cited 40 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7764
Publ.-Id: 7764


Experimental investigation of the hydrodynamics of confined bubble plumes in water and viscous media

Reddy Vanga, B. N.; Zaruba, A.; Krepper, E.; Prasser, H.-M.; Lopez De Bertodano, M. A.

Wire-mesh tomography measurements of void fraction and bubble size distribution in a rectangular bubble column 10 cm wide and 2 cm in depth have been conducted. Experiments were performed in an air-water and ethylene glycol system with the column operating in the dispersed bubbly flow regime. Experiments were performed for plumes with different aspect ratios (ratio of the height of the stationary liquid column to the width of the test section) between 2.2 to 13. The behaviour of the long plumes (larger aspect ratio) was found to be significantly different than that of the short plumes (aspect ratios 2 to 4). The oscillating nature of the bubble plume is preserved over the entire height of the water column for the short plumes. The longer plumes are characterized by two distinct regions, the near injector oscillating region and a further downstream region where the flow attains a ‘fully developed’ condition and the bubbles rise in a string like motion spread throughout the cross-section of the bubble column. The void fraction distribution in the oscillating region of the long plume exhibits a center-peak profile. A ‘wall peak’ has been observed in the measured void fraction profiles (for higher gas flow rates) in the downstream fully developed region of the long plume. The effect of column height and superficial gas velocity on the void distribution has been investigated. This paper presents the measurement principle and the experimental results for short and long plumes in an air-water system and for short plumes rising in viscous media. The results of the visualization experiment characterizing the structure of the bubble plume and the oscillation frequency of the bubble plumes are reported. Bubble velocities in the non-oscillating region of the long plume have been calculated using digital image processing of high-speed camera images.

Keywords: bubble column; bubble plume; wire-mesh sensor; image processing

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France
    Proceedings on CD-ROM, #456

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7763
Publ.-Id: 7763


Sorption von Uran an Geomaterialien - Experiment und Modellierung

Hollenbach, B.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Transportverhalten von U(VI) bei der Migration durch Quarz und Gibbsit untersucht. Experimentell erfolgte diese Untersuchung in Säulenversuchen unter ungesättigten Bedingungen. In die Betrachtung wurden 3 Säulen mit unterschiedlichen Quarz- und Gibbsit- Anteilen einbezogen. (Säule 1: Quarz, Säule 2: Gibbsit/Quarz = 1/10, Säule 3: Gibbsit/Quarz = 1/4)
Die aufgebrachte Kontaminationslösung hatte eine Urankonzentration von 5 x 10-6 mol/L. Aus den Ergebnissen der Kationenanalyse des Eluats konnte eine Durchbruchskurve des Urans aufgezeichnet werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgte jedoch nur ein Durchbruch des Urans in der Quarzsäule. Das Geomaterial der Säule 1 (Quarz) und der Säule 3 (Gibbsit/Quarz: 1/4) wurde im Anschluss an die Sorptionsuntersuchung in Scheiben a 0,5 cm geschnitten. Nach einem Säureaufschluss erfolgte die Bestimmung der Urankonzentration in den einzelnen Scheiben. Im Ergebnis erkennt man, dass die Retardierung des Urans durch zwei Prozesse erfolgte: Adsorption an der Mineraloberfläche und Präzipitation einer Festphase. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beinhaltete die Vorausberechnung der U(VI)-Migration durch die Säulen mit Hilfe des Programms MCOTAC. Diese Berechnung erfolgte für die Quarzsäule und es zeigte sich eine gute Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse aus Experiment und Modellierung.

  • Other report
    Hochschule für Wirtschaft und Technik Dresden: Diplomarbeit (Studiengang Chemieingenieurwesen), 2005
    68 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7762
Publ.-Id: 7762


Experimental investigations on bubble turbulent diffusion in a vertical large-diameter pipe by means of wire-mesh sensors and correlation techniques

Manera, A.; Prasser, H.-M.; Lucas, D.

Experiments with air-water flows have been carried out in a vertical pipe of ~194 mm diameter and 9 m long and a wide range of superficial liquid and gas velocities has been covered. At a distance of 7.6 m from the air injection, two wire-mesh sensors are installed, located at a distance of 63.3 mm from each other. The wire-mesh sensors measure sequences of instantaneous two-dimensional gas-fraction distributions in the cross-section in which they are mounted with a spatial resolution of 3 mm and a frequency of 2500 Hz. The spatial cross-correlations of the gas-fraction signals have been evaluated and on their basis turbulent diffusion coefficients have been estimated.
It is found that for a given liquid superficial velocity a sudden increase of the diffusion coefficient takes place when the superficial gas velocity is increased above a certain value. The abrupt increase of the diffusion coefficient occurs in correspondence of the transition from mono- to bimodal bubble size distributions.
The experimental diffusion coefficients are compared with the prediction of the Sato’s model (experimental gas-fraction profiles and bubble size distributions are given as input). Even if this model has been developed for bubbly flow, the general trends are well captured also in the churn-turbulent regime.

Keywords: Two-phase flow; eddy diffusivity; cross-correlation; bubble-induced turbulence

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France
  • Lecture (Conference)
    The 11th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (NURETH-11), 02.-06.10.2005, Avignon, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7761
Publ.-Id: 7761


Strategies for the start-up procedure of natural circulation Boiling Water Reactors

Manera, A.

The economy of existent NPP designs suffers for the complexity of the safety systems (which have to be redundant and diversified). Nuclear reactors can be made more competitive and reliable by adopting a simpler design and passive safety systems. Following this philosophy, the design of natural-circulation BWRs was developed. In this type of reactors the coolant circulation is gravity-driven and is ensured as long as heat is produced in the core (if a sufficient water level is maintained) without the need of any active system. The elimination of the recirculation systems (pumps and related piping and components) simplifies the design and excludes a whole series of transients and initiating events that can lead to accidents (pump trips, LOCAs due to failures of the recirculation piping, etc.). Unfortunately, natural circulation systems may exhibit thermal-hydraulic instabilities under low-power and low-pressure conditions. Hence, appropriate start-up procedures have to be planned in order to avoid flow oscillations. In the paper strategies for the start-up of natural circulation BWRs are discussed.

Keywords: BWRs; natural circulation; start-up

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2005, 10.-12.05.2005, Nürnberg, Germany
    CD-ROM
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2005, 10.-12.05.2005, Nürnberg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7760
Publ.-Id: 7760


Out-of-phase flashing-induced instabilities in a natural circulation two-phase system with parallel channels

Manera, A.

For the first time flashing-induced out-of-phase oscillations are observed in a natural circulation loop operated at low pressure. Both regular (symmetric) and irregular oscillations patterns have been found. Simulations with the best-estimate thermal-hydraulic code ATHLET (developed by GRS, Germany) have been performed to get deeper insight in the phenomenology of the instability.
The main characteristics of the flow oscillations are illustrated and the relation between fluid travelling time and oscillation period is studied.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    4th International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, 26.-30.06.2005, Gdansk, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7759
Publ.-Id: 7759


Integritätsbewertung von Reaktordruckbehältern

Viehrig, H.-W.

Der RDB ist Teil der druckführenden Umschließung eines Kernreaktors und schließt den Reaktorkern mit nahezu dem gesamten radioaktiven Inventar ein. Er fungiert als Hauptbarriere gegen den Austritt von Radioaktivität in der Umgebung, er ist vielfältig mit anderen Komponenten eines Kernreaktors verflochten und sein Ausfall ist nicht durch andere Komponenten kompensierbar. Während des Betriebes kommt es zu zeitabhängigen Veränderungen der Eigenschaften des RDB, die unter dem Begriff Alterung zusammengefasst werden. Im engeren Sinne ist Alterung dabei als die Degradation der Werkstoffeigenschaften infolge von Temperatur (thermische Alterung), Korrosion, Verschleiß oder Bestrahlung (Strahlenversprödung) aufzufassen. In einem weiteren Sinne ist Alterung auch als konzeptionelle und technologische Alterung zu verstehen, die letztlich aus der Weiterentwicklung von Wissenschaft und Technik resultiert. Derartige Alterungserscheinungen sind zu erfassen und durch geeignete Gegenmaßnahmen zu kompensieren oder wenigstens angemessen zu berücksichtigen, um Betriebsdauer und Sicherheitsniveau der Anlage abzusichern. Die uneingeschränkte Nutzung eines RDB bis zum Ende der Betriebsdauer des KKWs auf einem unverändert hohen Sicherheitsniveau ist nur durch ein ganzheitliches und umfassendes Programm von Maßnahmen und Instrumentarien zu gewährleisten. Entscheidend werden dafür die Weichen bereits bei der Auslegung gestellt, indem hochzähe, strahlenversprödungsresistente Werkstoffe verwendet werden, die Neutronenbelastung durch einen ausreichend breiten Wasserspalt reduziert wird, die fortschreitende Materialalterung durch ein gut konzipiertes repräsentatives Überwachungsprogramm erfasst und Herstellung und Konstruktion gute Prüfbarkeit ebenso wie die Vermeidung von Spannungsdiskontinuitäten absichern. Betriebliche Maßnahmen können die Beanspruchung bei Betrieb oder im Störfall reduzieren, die Neutronenflussdichte durch ein geeignetes Beladeregime senken oder mit aktualisierten Überwachungsprogrammen die Charakterisierung des Materialzustandes verbessern. Als ultimo ratio steht die Ausheilglühung zur Verfügung, deren Praktikabilität inzwi-schen bereits erwiesen ist. Mit vergleichsweise geringem Aufwand, aber hoher Effektivität sind Überwachungsmaßnahmen einzusetzen. Die wiederkehrende ZfP mit verfeinerten Methoden, die immer kleinere Fehler mit Sicherheit nachzuweisen gestatten, liefert eine realistische Grundlage für die Belastungsanalyse, deren Konservativität mit verbesserten FEM-Modellen herabgesetzt werden kann. Diesem Ziel dienen auch genauere Neutronenfluenzbestimmungen oder die Qualifizierung des Messsystems zur Kontrolle der Betriebsbelastungen. Schließlich erweist sich nicht zuletzt die Einführung neuer Konzepte zur Sprödbruchsicherheitsanalyse als wertvoll. Als ein hinsichtlich seiner Einführung bereits fortgeschrittenes Beispiel dieser Art wurde das Master-Curve-Konzept nach Wallin vorgestellt. Dieses Konzept wird gegenwärtig zur Bestimmung einer bruchmechanisch definierten Übergangstemperatur benutzt, mit der die KIc-Universalkurve der Regelwerke materialspezifisch auf der Temperaturachse positioniert werden kann. Die so ermittelten Referenztemperaturen liegen ca. 40 - 60 K niedriger als die bisher verwendeten Referenztemperaturen, die auf den NDT- oder den Charpy-V-Übergangstemperaturen beruhen. Auf diese Weise kann eine unnötige Konservativität der Bewertung abgebaut werden. Das wurde bereits in realen Anwendungsfällen zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen.

Keywords: nuclear power plant; reactor pressure vessel; operation time; integrity assessment; pressurized thermal shock; fracture toughness; Master Curve Concept; neutron embrittlement; surveillance programme; trend curve; aging; thermal annealing

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    124. Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Dresden der Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V., 27.10.2005, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7758
Publ.-Id: 7758


Molecular characterization of uranium(VI) sorption complexes on iron(III)-rich acid mine water colloids

Ulrich, K.-U.; Rossberg, A.; Foerstendorf, H.; Zänker, H.; Scheinost, A.

To investigate the molecular structure of U(VI) species associated with colloids forming by the gradual flooding of abandoned uranium mines, we mixed acid mine water rich in Fe(II/III) and U(VI) with near-neutral groundwater at oxic conditions. Iron K-edge and U LIII-edge Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were applied to elucidate the structure of the surface complexes at the molecular level. Since the resulting colloidal bulk consisted mainly of 2-line ferrihydrite, we tested by simplified batch experiments the influence of other matrix ions such as sulfate, silicate, and carbonate on the U(VI) sorption structure at the ferrihydrite surface.
In all samples, U(VI) was bound to ferrihydrite by formation of a mononuclear, edge sharing inner-sphere complex. Monte Carlo simulation yielded a slightly tilted orientation of the UO22+ pentagonal bipyramid relative to the edge sharing Fe(O,OH)6 octahedron. This tilted orientation allows to attribute a previously unexplained EXAFS peak at a distance of ~2.87 Å to a third O-atom of the Fe octahedra at the ferrihydrite surface. The experimental results allow us to reject formation of ternary U(VI) sulfate, silicate, and carbonate surface complexes as source of this peak. Furthermore, both spectroscopic approaches do not give convincing evidence for the formation of ternary U(VI) carbonato surface complexes at pH 5.5 and pH 8.0 and U(VI) concentrations of ≤ 0.012 mM. At U(VI) concentrations of ≥ 0.05 mM, however, ATR-FTIR spectra show an increased splitting of the symmetric and antisymmetric carbonate stretching modes due to a frequency shift which can be assigned to a bidentate linkage of carbonate to the adsorbed UO22+, hence suggesting formation of a ternary surface complex at these experimental conditions. At the higher U(VI) concentrations, the formation of ternary complex species and changes of the coordination may cause a decrease in U(VI) binding strength with increasing carbonate concentration. These effects should be considered in hydrogeochemical scenarios of elevated pCO2 conditions prevalent in many groundwater aquifers.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7757
Publ.-Id: 7757


Sektionsberichte Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2005 - Sektion 2: Thermo- und Fluiddynamik

Schaffrath, A.; Rohde, U.; Prasser, H.-M.; Scheuerer, M.

Der Beitrag dokumentiert die Vorträge und Poster der Sektion Thermo- und Fluiddynamik der Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2005. 17 Vorträge und 1 Poster der Sektion gliederten sich in 3 Themenblöcke: Analytische Thermohydraulik für bestehende Reaktoren, analytische Methoden für künftige Reaktoren sowie Experimente und Betriebsverhalten.

Keywords: nuclear technology; thermodynamics; fluid mechanics; analytical methods; experiments; operational behaviour

  • atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power (2005)10, 594-606
    ISSN: 1431-5254

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7756
Publ.-Id: 7756


Speciation of colloid-born uranium by EXAFS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Ulrich, K.-U.; Rossberg, A.; Scheinost, A.; Foerstendorf, H.; Zaenker, H.; Jenk, U.

wird nachgereicht

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology UMH IV, 11.-16.09.2005, Freiberg, Germany
    Uranium in the Environment. Mining Impact and Consequences (B.J. Merkel, A. Hasche-Berger, eds.), Berlin: Springer, 3-540-28363-3, 137-148
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Uranium Mining and Hydrogeology UMH IV, 11.-16.09.2005, Freiberg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7755
Publ.-Id: 7755


Nuclear-structure and nuclear-astrophysics experimentsat the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE

Schwengner, R.; Rusev, G.; Dönau, F.; Erhard, M.; Grosse, E.; Junghans, A. R.; Kosev, K.; Nair, C.; Nankov, N.; Schilling, K. D.; Wagner, A.

The superconducting electron accelerator ELBE at Rossendorf delivers electron beams of energies up to 20 MeV with average currents up to 1 mA for experiments using photon-induced reactions. The bremsstrahlung facility installed at this accelerator and the experimental area were designed such that the production of neutrons and the scattering of photons from surrounding materials is strongly reduced.
We have investigated the nuclides {92}Mo, {98}Mo, {100}Mo and {88}Sr in photon-scattering experiments at electron energies from 6 to 13 MeV. Several hundred dipole transitions were observed in each of the nuclides. The experimental dipole-strength distributions of the nuclei are compared with calculations on the basis of a quasiparticle-random-phase approximation for deformed nuclei. Statistical approaches to the correction of level feeding and decay branches are presented.
We have studied the {92}Mo(\gamma,n), {92}Mo(\gamma,p) and {92}Mo(\gamma,\alpha) reactions at various electron energies via photoactivation experiments. The deduced activation yields are compared with theoretical predictions.

Keywords: Photon scattering; Photoactivation; dipole-strength distributions; QRPA calculations

  • Contribution to proceedings
    XVI International School on Nuclear Physics, Neutron Physics and Nuclear Energy, 19.-26.09.2005, Varna, Bulgaria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7754
Publ.-Id: 7754


Entwicklung von Radiometallverbindungen für die nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik und Therapie

Stephan, H.; Juran, S.

kein Abstract.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Institutskolloquium, 24.10.2005, Heidelberg, Deutschland
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Kolloquium Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, 20.10.2006, Zittau, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7753
Publ.-Id: 7753


Dendritic encapsulation of radiometals by glcydendrimers having a cyclam-core

Stephan, H.; Röhrich, A.; Steinbach, J.; Geipel, G.; Bernhard, G.

The dendritic encapsulation of radionuclides opens a promising way for the development of novel imaging and therapeutic agents. On the one side, there is the opportunity to enhance the stability of the encapsulated radionuclide by increasing generation of the dendrimer. Most importantly, the biodistribution can be influenced by grafting a multitude of suitable biomolecules on the periphery of the dendritic skeleton. Recently, we could show that the grafting of polyethylene glycol arms on the cyclam core leads to both a higher complex stability and an increasing shielding effect for copper(II).
In this contribution the synthesis of two novel glycodendrimers 1 and 2 having a cyclam-core (cf. Fig. 1) will be presented. The complex formation of these glycodendrimers with copper(II) has been studied by UV-VIS and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (TRLFS) measurements showing the formation of stable 1:1 complexes.
The metal complexes of these water-soluble glycodendrimers appear very attractive in view of binding of the diagnostically and therapeutically relevant radionuclides 64/67Cu, 99mTc and 186/188Re.

  • Poster
    BioNanoMaT "Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Medicine and Technologies", 23.-24.11.2005, Marl, Deutschland
  • Contribution to proceedings
    BioNanoMaT "Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Medicine and technologies", 23.-24.11.2005, Marl, Deutschland
    Book of Abstracts, 57

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7752
Publ.-Id: 7752


Darstellung und Charakterisierung von Nanopartikeln auf der Basis von [Ti2W10PO40]7- und Chitosan

Stephan, H.; Meißner, T.; Bergmann, R.; Rode, K.; Kraus, W.; Emmerling, F.

Polynuclear metal compounds may have considerable potential as metallic drugs. Certain polyoxomatelates have been recognized to efficiently penetrate into tumour cells and to act as anti-tumour agents. Among a great variability of different metal-oxygen clusters formed, the Keggin type [XW12O40]x-, seems to be one of the most important compounds for medical applications. The structural characterization of two Keggin cluster anions will be reported (cf. Fig. 1). The lacunary sites of these polyanions are surrounded and stabilized by potassium cations and/or water molecules that form a hydrogen bond network with terminal and point-bridged oxygens of the cluster anion leading to a highly symmetric structure in the solid state.
The hydrolytic stability of the cluster anion [TiW11CoO40]8- is rather poor under physiologically relevant conditions. The degradation of the cluster structure has been observed at a pH of 7.4. In contrast to this, [Ti2W10PO40]7- is very stable under these conditions. This cluster anion rapidly forms associates with the biopolymer chitosan in the nanometer size range. These particles show a high hydrolytic stability. Interestingly, the cell uptake of [Ti2W10PO40]7- in tumor cell lines FaDu (human squamous carcinoma) and HT-29 (human adenocarcinoma) is remarkably enhanced in the presence of chitosan. Deposited in targeted cells, such heavy metal clusters have promising properties to be used in Photon Activation Therapy (PAT).

  • Poster
    BioNanoMaT "Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Medicine and Technologies", 23.-24.11.2005, Marl, Deutschland
  • Contribution to proceedings
    BioNanoMaT "Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Medicine and Technologies, 23.-24.11.2005, Marl, Deutschland
    Book of Abstracts, 67

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7751
Publ.-Id: 7751


Fluid flow analysis under the influence of a travelling magnetic field - simulation and experiment

Galindo, V.; Grants, I.; Lantzsch, R.; Gerbeth, G.; Pätzold, O.

A traveling magnetic field (TMF) system for the application to the VGF growth of GaAs is under development. We report on model studies related to the fluid flow caused by the TMF.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DGKK-Arbeitskreis Angewandte Simulation in der Kristallzüchtung - 4. Workshop, 03.-04.11.2005, Heigenbrücken, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7750
Publ.-Id: 7750


Experimental investigation of the influence of Lorentz forces on local mass transfer and near wall turbulence by means of electrodiffusion probes

Adolphe, X.; Martemianov, S.; Piteau, A.; Weier, T.; Gerbeth, G.

Electrodiffusion probes have been applied in order to study the influence of a magnetic field on the near wall mass transfer and the near wall hydrodynamics.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Joint 15th Riga and 6th PAMIR International Conference on MHD, 27.06.-01.07.2005, Riga, Latvia
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Joint 15th Riga and 6th PAMIR International Conference on MHD, 27.06.-01.07.2005, Riga, Latvia
    2(2005), 151-154

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7749
Publ.-Id: 7749


Riga dynamo experiments

Gailitis, A.; Lielausis, O.; Platacis, E.; Gerbeth, G.; Stefani, F.

A review of the Riga dynamo experiment is given focusing mainly on the measured turbulent properties of the flow-induced magnetic field.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Joint 15th Riga and 6th PAMIR International Conference on MHD, 27.06.-01.07.2005, Riga, Latvia
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Joint 15th Riga and 6th PAMIR International Conference on MHD, 27.06.-01.07.2005, Riga, Latvia
    1(2005), 15-24

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7748
Publ.-Id: 7748


Applications of AC and DC magnetic fields in metallurgical and crystal growth processes

Cramer, A.; Eckert, S.; Galindo, V.; Priede, J.; Gerbeth, G.

A summary on magnetic field applications in the fields of melt extraction, aluminum casting, electromagnetic levitation and float-zone crystal growth is given.

  • Contribution to external collection
    H. Wada, H.J. Schneider-Muntau (Hrsg.): Materials Processing in Magnetic Fields, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2005, 157-168

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7747
Publ.-Id: 7747


How to actualize reversals in dynamo experiments?

Xu, M.; Gerbeth, G.; Günther, U.; Stefani, F.

The theoretical connection between field reversals and the occurrence of exceptional points in the dynamo operator spectrum is examined.

  • Poster
    IGA 2005 Scientific Assembly, 18.-29.07.2005, Toulouse, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7746
Publ.-Id: 7746


Magnetic field details of the Riga dynamo experiment

Gailitis, A.; Lielausis, O.; Platacis, E.; Gerbeth, G.; Gundrum, T.; Stefani, F.

The back-reaction mechanism of the Riga dynamo is examined. It shows in particular a leading action of the induced magnetic field on the azimuthal velocity component, which finally results in a very smart increase of the motor power in case of the finally saturated magnetic field.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    IAGA 2005 Scientific Assembly, 18.-29.07.2005, Toulouse, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-7745
Publ.-Id: 7745


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