Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Zur Validierung von CFD-Codes bei reaktornahen Versuchsbedingungen wird derzeit das Heißstrang-Modell in der Druckkammer der TOPFLOW-Anlage in Betrieb genommen.
Vorversuche fanden bereits an einem horizontalen Luft/Wasser-Strömungskanal bei Atmosphärendruck statt. Es wurden optische Messungen mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeits-Kamera durchgeführt, die durch synchronisierte dynamische Druckmessungen ergänzt wurden. Außerdem wurden Geschwindigkeitsfelder in einem Schwall mit PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) gemessen.
Zur Validierung des Codes CFX-5 wurden Nachrechnungen durchgeführt. Diese stimmten mit dem Experiment qualitativ gut überein. Zudem wurde eine Vorrausrechnung zum Heißstrang-Modell gezeigt.

For the investigation of air/water stratified flow, a horizontal channel with rectangular cross-section was build at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf. The channel allows the investigation of air/water co- and counter-current flows under atmospheric pressure, especially the slug behaviour.
Optical measurements were performed with a high-speed video camera, and were complemented by simultaneous dynamic pressure measurements. An interface capture technique was developed, which allows to plot the time dependent water level in each cross-section. Further, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements where presented, which shows the flow pattern inside of a slug.

We report on the performance of photoconductive THz emitters based on an interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal finger structure. In every second period of this structure optical excitation is inhibited. Thus carrier acceleration is unidirectional over the whole device area. Excitation with amplified laser pulses leads to THz amplitudes of 6 kV/cm. Saturation of the emission due to screening of the bias field was observed for excitation densities in the 1018 cm-3 range.

The evolution of sp² hybrids in amorphous carbon (a-C) films deposited at different substrate temperatures was studied experimentally and theoretically. The bonding structure of a-C films prepared by filtered cathodic vacuum arc was assessed by the combination of visible Raman spectroscopy, x-ray absorption, and spectroscopic ellipsometry, while a-C structures were generated by molecular-dynamics deposition simulations with the Brenner interatomic potential to determine theoretical sp² site distributions. The experimental results show a transition from tetrahedral a-C (ta-C) to sp² -rich structures at ~500 K. The sp² hybrids are mainly arranged in chains or pairs whereas graphitic structures are only promoted for sp² fractions above 80%. The theoretical analysis confirms the preferred pairing of isolated sp² sites in ta-C, the coalescence of sp² clusters for medium sp² fractions, and the pronounced formation of rings for sp² fractions >80%. However, the dominance of sixfold rings is not reproduced theoretically, probably related to the functional form of the interatomic potential used.

Coherent spin waves in exchange biased bilayers have been excited by ultrafast photomodulation of the exchange bias anisotropy. Vector and time resolved Kerr effect was employed to trace the trajectory of the magnetization vector of the ferromagnetic layer in real time on the picosecond timescale. Photoinduced easy axis precession in CoFe/IrMn samples with different IrMn thicknesses, thus, different exchange bias fields, has been studied. The antiferromagnetic thickness dependence of the decay rate of the induced precession was investigated as a measure of the effective magnetic damping in the system.
The observed increase of the extracted effective damping parameter is proportional to the square of the exchange bias field. Two-magnon scattering of the coherent spin precession of the ferromagnetic layer at local interfacial fluctuations of the exchange bias field can account for an additional dissipation mechanism. The two-magnon damping field in exchange bias systems is proportional to the square of the exchange bias field. Hence, there is time-domain evidence of two-magnon damping involved in magnetic relaxation processes of photoexcited exchange coupled bilayers.

He ion irradiation has been demonstrated to be a versatile tool not only for interfacial mixing in the case of Co/Pt mulilayers [1] but also for low temperature L10-ordering of FePt alloys [2]. L10 ordered NiMn films are due to the high blocking temperature and if exchange coupled to a ferromagnetic material due to the large shift filed a promising candidate for magnetic sensor applications. However, for the creation of the L10 phase an annealing is required. The corresponding thermal budget should be as low as possible to impede the detrimental effect of fast Mn diffusion. In order to reduce the thermal budget for A1 - L10 phase transformation the potential of ion induced vacancy formation has been exploited.
Magnetron sputtered film stacks of 5nm Ta/50(15)nm NiMn/20nm Fe20Ni80 /5nm Ta deposited at Si/SiO2 substrates were subsequently irradiated with He+ ions (30 keV, 10^15-3*10^16cm-2, RT or 250°C). The transition from the paramagnetic NiMn phase (fcc) to the chemically ordered, antiferromagnetic tetragonal L10 phase during annealing (100-500°C, Vacuum) was studied by in-situ X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. A small L10 fraction (< 15%) is already available after deposition. The transformation to a dominating L10 (LRO-parameter S > 0.5) ordered NiMn film takes place between 250-300°C irrespective of the irradiation. Annealing at elevated temperatures (T > 400°C) leads to a loss of L10 ordering due to a complete intermixing of the NiMn and the Permalloy films. A benefit of ion iradiation is the improvement of the crystallinity and the degree of <111> texture in the NiMn films already after low fluence (10^15 cm-2) implantation.

[1] C. Chappert, H. Bernas, J. Ferre, V. Kottler, J.-P. Jamet, Y. Chen, E. Cambril, T. Devolder, F. Rousseaux, V. Mathet, H. Launois, Science 280, 1919 (1998).
[2] H. Bernas, J.-P. Attane, K.-H. Heinig, D. Halley, D. Ravelosona, A. Marty, P. Auric, C. Chappert, Y. Samson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 077203 (2003).

Due to the high uniaxial anisotropy L10-ordered FePt is currently the most favoured candidate for future high density storage applications. However, in order to achieve the L10-phase either the deposition or post deposition annealing at temperatures above typically 500°C is required. Many attempts ranging from alternating monolayer deposition [1], different seed or cap layers [2] or doping with third elements [3] have been tried to reduce the ordering temperature with various degree of success.
Here we report on the L10-ordering of stoichiometric 30-125 nm thick FePt films which have been magnetron co-sputtered from elemental targets on SiO2/Si substrates with a deposition rate of (0.30-0.2) Å/s at various temperatures. Surprisingly, already for a deposition at 350°C the films are well chemically ordered in the tetragonal L10 structure with a long- range order parameter S=0.8-0.9 which has been determined by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. The films exhibit a polycrystalline fiber texture with mean grain sizes of 12-18 nm and a random orientation distribution confirmed by pole figures measurements. In contrast, FePt films deposited at room temperature exhibit the fcc A1-phase with a mean grain size of (5.0 - 0.5) nm. In a sequence of annealing steps with successively increased temperatures, the A1 - L10 transition has been obtained between 300-400°C. After annealing at 400°C the films show nearly complete L10 ordering with S values equivalent to the films deposited at 350°C. During annealing the mean grain size grows to 10-12 nm. Using textured seed layers L10 ordered FePt films with preferred orientation can be realized. One of the key issues in observing the L10-ordering already at rather low temperatures is a combination of low deposition rate and low-energy ion irradiation during deposition.

[1] T. Shima, T. Moriguchi, S. Mitani, K. Takanashi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 288 (2002).
[2] Z. L. Zhao, J. Ding, K. Inaba, J. S. Chen, J. P. Wang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2196 (2003).
[3] T. Maeda, T. Kai, A. Kiktsu, T. Nagase, J.-I. Akiyama, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 2147 (2002).

The fabrication of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) by transition-metal (TM) doping of ZnO has attracted tremendous interest within the last 3 years. However, there are still vivid discussions if the ferromagnetic state stems from Zener-interaction between diluted TM ions or from magnetic secondary phases. In order to prove or exclude the possible formation of TM-secondary phases in ZnO we have investigated iron doping, since Fe-ZnO (n-type) DMS are theoretically predicted to exhibit ferromagnetism [1].
For these investigations Fe-ions have been implanted with an ion energy of 180 keV (projected range Rp=80 nm) at 420 K into ZnO single crystals. Two fluences of either 0.4 or 4x1016 ions per cm2 were chosen which correspond to 0.5 and 5 at%, respectively. The samples were characterized by CEMS (conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction) using synchrotron radiation, RBS (Rutherford back scattering), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) magnetometry.
For the as implanted sample a high solubility of Fe was found, e.g. 100% for the low fluence and ~90% for the high fluence sample. The ionic states are 2+ and 3+ but none of the ionic fractions could be clearly determined to occupy substitutional lattice sites. The high fluence implanted sample exhibits ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature as was observed by CEMS and SQUID. However, CEMS and XRD measurements confirm that the origin of the ferromagnetic behavior is due to Fe-nanocluster formation. These nanoclusters show the magnetic moment and hyperfine field of metallic bcc-Fe. After annealing the samples at 800°C secondary phases (mainly zinc ferrite clusters) form and no ferromagnetic behavior could be detected. For the low fluence implanted sample neither as-implanted nor after annealing a ferromagnetic behavior could be detected although after annealing the Fe-ions develop a 2+ state suggesting an occupation of substitutional lattice sites.

[1] K. Sato, H. Katayama-Yoshida, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, L334 (2001)

In order to prepare epitaxially oriented Fe nanoparticles near the surface of a single crystalline host material the method of ion beam synthesis has been explored. Two different host matrices, i. e., MgO(001) and Y:ZrO2(001), were employed to study the influence of the lattice misfit, the solubility and the host oxidizing/reducing properties on the formation of the Fe nanoparticles. The Fe ions were implanted at a primary energy of 100 – 110 keV (mean projected range: 50 nm) with a constant fluence of 6x1016 cm-2 at implantation temperatures varying between 25 °C and 1000°C. Structural and magnetic characterization was performed by means of CEMS (conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), RBS (Rutherford back scattering), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and MOKE (magneto-optical Kerr effect).
For MgO substrates the fraction of metallic Fe increases from 28% (25°C) to 60% (800°C) as a function of implantation temperature, whilst the Fe depth profile remains the same. For an implantation temperature of 800°C fcc Fe nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 5 nm and an exclusive orientation relationship of -Fe(111)//MgO(111) and -Fe[220]//MgO[220] have been found. However, for an implantation temperature of 1000°C, the amount of Fe incorporated in the calculated depth profile is strongly reduced due to an enhanced mobility and diffusion of the Fe ions in the matrix material. The remaining Fe is found to be in the 3+ oxidation state.
Also in Y:ZrO2 the fraction of metallic Fe increases with increasing implantation temperature reaching 96% at 1000 °C. However, the nanoparticles formed are mainly bcc with a mean diameter of 13 nm. The dominant epitaxial relation is Fe(110)//Y:ZrO2(001) and Fe[001]//Y:ZrO2[100]. The ferromagnetic behavior is reflected by a magnetic hyperfine field of 330 kOe and a hysteretic magnetization reversal. No in-plane anisotropy could be detected.

In order to investigate the relation between shape anisotropy and unidirectional anisotropy in exchange biased lines, the magnetic domain configuration during magnetization reversal was studied as a function of the ratio between both anisotropy contributions. For that purpose a number of glass / Ta 7nm / PtMn 20nm / CoFe 4nm / Ta 4nm samples were sputter deposited. By means of either optical lithography and physical etching or focus ion beam (FIB) milling several line pattern in the range between 0.5 and 2.5 µm width and 20 µm length have been prepared. In order to modify the ratio between both anisotropy contributions the exchange bias field strength was reduced by means of 5 keV He+ ion irradiation. The domain structure during magnetization reversal was then investigated by means of magnetic force microscopy. For the as-prepared samples a mono-domain magnetization state with the magnetization direction aligned along the exchange bias field direction was found regardless of its shape. After irradiation, i. e., reduction of the unidirectional anisotropy, the situation has changed completely. The homogeneous magnetization state broke up into small domains with 360° domain walls in between. The appearance of these domain walls was only observed for the descending branch of the magnetization reversal. In addition it was found that the number of domain walls created depends strongly on the stripe width and orientation.

Pure magnetic patterning by means of ion beam irradiation of magnetic thin films and multilayers result from a post deposition local modification of the interface structure with only minor effects on the film topography. In the study presented here a 50 keV fine focused Co ion beam was used to change the coupling in a Ni81Fe19/Ru/Co90Fe10 structure from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic on a micron scale. Thereby an artificial structure with locally varying interlayer coupling and therefore magnetization alignment is produced. High-resolution full-field x-ray microscopy is used to determine the magnetic domain configuration during the magnetization reversal process locally and layer resolved due to the element specific contrast in circular x-ray dichroism. In the magnetically patterned structure there is in addition to the locally varying interlayer exchange coupling across the Ru layer also the direct exchange coupling within each ferromagnetic layer present. Therefore the magnetization reversal behaviour of the irradiated stripes is largely influenced by the surrounding magnetic film. We found that at the boundaries between irradiated and non-irradiated areas magnetic domain walls form during magnetization reversal with a magnetization component perpendicular to the film plane. This can be explained by the stray field generated by this domain wall which is partially compensated by a corresponding domain wall in the second ferromagnetic layer with opposite direction. It is expected that a pure magnetic patterning, as demonstrated here, can provide an additional degree of freedom in tailoring the overall magnetic properties of thin multilayer structures.

Messungen mit leitfähigkeitsbasierter Nadelsondensysteme sind gängige Messverfahren für hochtransiente Zweiphasenströmungen. Leitfähigkeits-Nadelsonden eignen sich jedoch nicht zur Untersuchung nichtleitender Fluide bzw. Mehrphasenströmungen. Um dieses Problem zu behandeln, kann die kombinierte Leitfähigkeits- und Permittivitäts- bzw. Kompleximpedanzmessung eingesetzt werden. Dafür wird in diesem Beitrag eine Impedanznadelsonde und eine dazugehörige Messelektronik vorgestellt. Erste vielversprechende Ergebnisse von Messungen an ausgewählten organischen Fluiden werden dargestellt und diskutiert.

In this work we present a method to study the energy of the phonon modes responsible for nonradiative energy relaxation of electrons in the active zone of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). The method is based on the analysis of the oscillations pattern of QCLs emission intensity as a function of magnetic field applied along the growth direction. We studied first GaAs/AlGaAs QCLs with different Al concentration in the barriers (33% and 45%). We demonstrated that in the case of high Al concentration the relaxation via AlAs- like LO phonon can be significant. We have also shown that in case of In0.73Ga0.27As/AlAs short-wavelength QCL in spite of the high Al concentration in the barriers and the low GaAs contents in the wells, the nonradiative energy relaxation happens principally via GaAs-like or InAs-like (or mixed modes) phonon emission, while a clear signature of AlAs-like phonons was not observed.

The influence of density differences on the mixing of the primary loop inventory and the Emergency Core Cooling (ECC) water in the downcomer of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) was analysed at the ROssendorf COolant Mixing (ROCOM) test facility. ROCOM is a 1:5 scaled model of a German PWR, and has been designed for coolant mixing studies. It is equipped with advanced instrumentation, which delivers high-resolution information for temperature or Boron concentration fields.

An experiment with 5 % of the design flow rate in one loop and 10 % density difference between the ECC and loop water was selected for validation of the CFD software packages CFX-5 and Trio_U. Two similar meshes with approximately two million control volumes were used for the calculations. The effects of turbulence on the mean flow were modelled with a Reynolds stress turbulence model in CFX-5 and LES approach in Trio_U. CFX-5 is a commercial code package offered from ANSYS Inc. and Trio_U is a single-phase CFD tool which is developed by the CEA-Grenoble, France.

The results of the experiment and of the numerical calculations show that mixing is dominated by buoyancy effects: At higher mass flow rates (close to nominal conditions) the injected slug propagates in the circumferential direction around the core barrel. Buoyancy effects reduce this propagation. The ECC water falls in an almost vertical path and reaches the lower down¬comer sen¬sor directly below the inlet nozzle. Therefore, density effects play an important role during natural convection with ECC injection in PWRs. Both CFD codes were able to predict the observed flow patterns and mixing phenomena quite well.

In a Pressurized Water Reactor, negative reactivity is present in the core by means of Boric acid as a soluble neutron absorber in the coolant water. The main functions of the boric acid are to compensate for the fuel burn up and Xenon poisoning during normal operation and to provide the required sub-criticality of reactor shutdown during refueling and maintenance. During a so called Boron Dilution Transient (BDT), the borated coolant water is diluted by mixing with unborated water. The resulting decrease in the boron concentration leads to an insertion of positive reactivity in the core, which may lead to a reactivity excursion. The associated power peak may damage the fuel rods.

The most severe BDT involves scenarios in which a slug of unborated water has been formed in a cold leg in a stationary (Main Coolant Pumps are down) primary circuit. An inadvertent start-up of the MCP of the affected loop causes the transport of the unborated slug into the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV). The resulting positive reactivity insertion in the core is governed by the degree of mixing of the unborated slug and the borated water in the cold leg, the downcomer and the lower plenum. This mixing of borated and unborated water is an important process, because it mitigates and determines the degree of reactivity insertion.

The objective of the present study is to develop a validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for the prediction of the boron concentration distribution in the RPV as function of time during a BDT. This CFD model has been validated using the measurement data from the Rossendorf coolant mixing model (ROCOM) experiment. The ROCOM test facility represents the primary cooling system of a KONVOI type of PWR (1300 MWel). The linear scale of the ROCOM experimental facility is 1:5. The RPV is connected with four circulation loops.

A detailed CFD model of the RPV including the inlet nozzles, the downcomer, and the lower plenum has been developed to predict the mixing of unborated and borated water in this RPV. The validation of the model has been achieved by comparison of the calculated and measured relative boron concentration at the core inlet plane as function of time. In spite of the complicated spatial, temporal, and geometrical aspects of the flow in the RPV, the agreement between the calculated and the experimental data is good. In the ROCOM03 experiment, the minimal relative boron concentration measured at the core inlet is 64% and the calculated minimum value is 60%.

The emission of K+ and ± mesons has been studied in the asymmetric collision system Au+C and in the inverse reaction C+Au at 1.0A GeV (and at 1.8A GeV for C+Au only) in order to extract the effective source rapidities based on their distribution in the pt-y plane. The extracted source rapidity of K+ mesons is about ys/ybeam=0.25 at both incident energies [y(Au)=0,y(C)=ybeam]. This corresponds to a reaction volume consisting of the C nucleus and a tube cut out of the Au nucleus. In clear contrast, the source rapidities of ± mesons vary from ys/ybeam=0.5 in peripheral collisions (corresponding to NN interactions) to about ys/ybeam<0.33 in central reactions. The multiplicities of K+ and are compared to symmetric collision systems and, together with detailed transport model calculations, are used to study the sensitivity to the nuclear equation of state.

The Forschungszentrum Rossendorf and the Technische Universität Dresden are working together in a networking project for the construction and the use of a compact time-of-flight facility. The aim is to investigate the energy dispersive interaction of fast neutrons with materials. The planned time-of-flight experiments with pulsed neutrons will be carried out at the radiation source ELBE. First results for the design of a neutron radiator are presented. The distribution of the energy disposal of the used electron beam from the radiation source ELBE, the temperature in the neutron radiator and the expected particle spectra and fluxes at the measuring position were calculated by means of radiation-transport and finite-elements programs. Considerations for the design of the beam dump are discussed.

A new facility for the production of polarised bremsstrahlung has been built
at the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of the Forschungszentrum
Rossendorf. The bremsstrahlung facility and the setup for photon-scattering
experiments are designed such that the background radiation due to scattering
of photons and production of neutrons is minimised. The sensitive setup in
connection with electron energies up to 20 MeV and average currents up to 1 mA
delivered by the ELBE accelerator enables novel experiments using
photon-induced reactions. First results of photon-scattering experiments are
presented.

Carbon nitride (CNx) thin films were grown by direct N-2/Ar ion beam sputtering of a graphite target at moderate substrate temperatures (300-750 K). The resulting microstructure of the films was studied by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The images showed the presence of curved basal planes in fullerenelike arrangements. The achievement and evolution of these microstructural features are discussed in terms of nitrogen incorporation, film-forming flux, and ion bombardment effects, thus adding to the understanding of the formation mechanisms of curved graphitic structures in CNx materials. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

Microorganisms can mobilise radionuclides/metals through autotrophic and heterotrophic leaching, chelation by microbial metabolites and siderophores, and methylation, which can result in volatilisation. Conversely, immobilisation can result from sorption to cell components or exopolymers, intracellular sequestration or precipitation as insoluble organic and inorganic compounds. In this talk, we will present the last results about the spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of interaction mechanisms between radionuclides and bacterial strains isolated from extreme habitats, including uranium mining waste piles. Some of the isolated strains could be used as templates for the formation of metallic nanoparticles (Pd, Au).

Ausgehend von der Hintergrundkonzentration in den Eintrag von Uran in geochemische und biologische Systeme, wird über die Bestimmung der Speziation des Urans in kontaminierten Wässern, die aus dem ehemaligen Uranerzbergbau resultieren, berichtet.

Trigonal-bipyramidal Re(III) complexes with tetra-dentate/monodetate NS3/P ‘4+1’-coordination are inter-esting agents for the development of rhenium-188 com-plexes for potential therapeutic application. In order to understand relationships between the structure of rhenium-188 ‘4+1’ complexes and their in vitro stability we synthesized a series of rhenium model complexes 1, 2 and determined their stability in human plasma.
The complexes were prepared as described in [1] using various combinations of NS3 derivatives and mono-dentate phosphorus(III) ligands.
Since instability in aqueous solution always leads to the formation of perrhenate, we determined the amount of perrhenate formed after 1h, 24 h and 48 by TLC.
By means of physico-chemical parameters of the corres-ponding non-radioactive rhenium complexes we tried to find factors which may govern the formation of complexes showing high in vitro stability.
Finally, the most stable representative 3 was studied in 188Re labeling experiments with a phosphine-arginine-tyrosine model conjugate using the water-soluble N-hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl ester of the monodentate phosphine.

Bor ist ein starker Absorber für thermische Neutronen und wird dem Kühlmittel von DWR zugesetzt, um die Überschussreaktivität des Reaktorkerns zu kompensieren. Die unbeabsichtigte Verringerung der Borkonzentration, die sog. Borverdünnung, im Kern hat deshalb eine Reaktivitätserhöhung zur Folge und könnte im Extremfall die Rekritikalität des abgeschalteten Reaktors nach sich ziehen.

Inert, so-called “4+1” trigonal-bipyramidal coordinated mixed–ligand complexes of the trivalent technetium and rhenium with tetradentate and monodentate ligands proved to be more stable than the pentavalent “3+1” mixed–ligand complexes with the (M=O)3+ core. They have appeared not to undergo a substitution in vivo with SH groups of such species as cysteine or glutathione [1].
In the presented paper we describe the synthesis of novel 99mTc(III) and 188Re(III) complexes containing the tripodal chelator 2,2’,2’’-nitrilotris(ethanethiol), NS3, and a dendritic modified monodentate isocyanide, CN-R(den). The reaction course was monitored with TLC and the radiochemical purity was monitored by HPLC. As a reference compound we have synthesized also the non-radioactive rhenium(III) complex which has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR.

The title compound, [Re(C7H12NO2S3)(C18H15P)]center dot C3H6O, crystallizes from a solution in chloroform - acetone - cyclohexane with enantiomers disordered equally over each molecular site. Hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl groups form dimers in the crystal structure.

Force field parameters for the modeling of oxotechnetium(V) and oxorhenium(V) complexes with amine, amide, imine, carboxylate and thiolate donors have been derived and optimized with 131 published solid state structures. An automated procedure, based on a simplex algorithm, was used to optimize the 35 sets of metal-dependent structural parameters for each metal ion. These were introduced into the established MOMEC97 force field. The application of the new force field in the prediction of a novel radio-pharmaceutical’s structure was successful; the predicted structures of the two isomers compared well with the corresponding crystal structures obtained (RMS around the metal core: 0.153 and 0.035 Å, respectively).

We introduce a model of rotating magnetic field with a weak axial gradient which approximates the field generated by a slightly conical and sufficiently long inductor. The axial variation of the free-space field is assumed to be weak and its amplitude is approximated by the first linear term of expansion in a power series of the axial coordinate. This allows us to obtain an analytic solution for the azimuthal harmonics of the induced scalar electric potential and the azimuthal driving force in a cylinder of finite length. The results are verified by comparison with a numerical solution obtained by a Chebyshev-tau method.

This work is part of efforts to develop chelating agents for stable binding and easy conjugation of rhenium-188 to biologically interesting structures. Starting from the well-known high in vivo stability of [188ReO(DMSA)2]- we want to exploit this coordination system for the design of 188ReO(V) chelates which are stable towards re-oxidation to perrhenate and towards ligand exchange under all conditions of radiopharmaceutical procedures and applications. Therefor a new type of tetradentate ligand has been synthesized by bridging two molecules of N,N’-diisobutyl-2,3-dimercaptosuccinamide with N-(3-aminopropyl)propane-1,3-diamine. The resulting stereoisomeric tetrathiolato S4 ligand of the composition (iBu)2N(O)C-C(SH)-C(SH)-C(O)NH-(CH2)3–NH-(CH2)3–NHC(O)-C(SH)-C(SH)-C(O)N(iBu)2 forms anionic five-coordinated oxorhenium(V) complexes by ligand exchange reaction of NBu4[ReOCl4] in methanol. Without addition of base the compounds will be isolated as “betain”, [ReO(S4)], with the protonated nitrogen of the bridge as internal “counter ion”. Two representatives have been fully characterized both in solid and solution states and found to adopt the expected square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The equatorial plane is formed by four thiolate sulfur atoms, whereas the oxygen occupies the apical position. The orientation of the metal oxo group is exo in relation to the carbamido groups in both isomers. Both complexes are stereoisomeric regarding the junction of the triamine chain.

Das Projekt liefert einen Beitrag zum Kenntnisstand der Wirkung von Bestrah-lung und Umgebungseinflüssen auf den Reaktordruckbehälter und dient zur Aufrechterhaltung eines hohen Sicherheitsstandards. Bis heute ist der Me-chanismus der Versprödung von RDB-Stählen nicht vollständig verstanden. Gesichert ist die Wirkung des Neutronenfeldes auf die Zähigkeitsabnahme von RDB Stählen. Zunehmend wird aber ein synergistischer Effekt zwischen Wasserstoff und den durch Bestrahlung erzeugten nanodispersen Strukturde-fekten diskutiert.
Ziel des Projektes war es eine experimentellen Nachweis über die Wechsel-wirkung von Wasserstoff und den bestrahlungsbedingten Strukturdefekten zu erbringen, den möglichen Einfluss auf die Zähigkeitsabnahme von RDB Stäh-len zu untersuchen und Unterschiede im Verhalten gegenüber dem unbe-strahlten Zustand auszuweisen.
Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von Wasserstoff auf das Zähigkeitsverhal-ten von Reaktordruckbehälterstählen wurden einachsige Zugversuche bei verschiedenen Dehnraten an unbestrahlten und bestrahlten, wasserstoffvor- und in-situ beladenen Proben bei Raumtemperatur und 250°C durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung der mechanischen Eigenschaften wurde durch fraktografi-sche Untersuchungen der Bruchflächen ergänzt.
Mit SANS-Untersuchungen, der Analyse von Wasserstoffgehalten und Ther-modesorptions-untersuchungen wurde geprüft, ob Strahlendefekte als Haft-stellen für Wasserstoff wirksam werden.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Wasserstoff-versprödung von der chemischen Zusammensetzung des RDB-Stahles, der Fluenz bis zu der bestrahlt wurde, der Bestrahlungstemperatur und der Art der gebildeten Strahlendefekte bestimmt wird. Eine verstärkte Anfälligkeit ge-genüber Wasserstoffversprödung wird bei RT, in-situ Wasserstoffbeladung und langsamen Dehnraten sowie geringen Bestrahlungstemperaturen beo-bachtet. Bei 250°C ist eine Versprödung durch Wasserstoff nicht mehr nach-weisbar. Aus den Ergebnissen ist abzuleiten, dass bestrahlungsinduzierte De-fekte keine bevorzugten Plätze für eine höhere Aufenthaltswahrscheinlichkeit für Wasserstoff unter Betriebstemperaturen von RDB darstellen. Sie sind so-mit keine internen Quellen für Wasserstoff. Bei Betriebstemperaturen ist des-halb nicht mit einer erhöhten Versprödungsanfälligkeit zur zu rechnen. Durch die höheren Festigkeiten der bestrahlten Stähle steigt aber allgemein die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Wasserstoffversprödung.
Der Integritätsnachweis von RDB’s außerhalb des Leistungsbetriebes unter Wasserstoffwirkung ist deshalb noch zu erbringen.

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Two new octahedral cluster complexes – [Re6S8(3,5-Me2PzH)6]Br2·2(3,5-Me2PzH) (1) and [Re6Se8(3,5-Me2PzH)6]Br2·2(3,5-Me2PzH) (2), where 3,5-Me2PzH is 3,5-dimethyl-pyrazole, have been synthesized using reaction of rhenium chalcobromide complexes Cs4[Re6S8Br6]·2H2O and Cs3[Re6Se8Br6]·H2O respectively with molten 3,5-dimethylpyrazole. Both compounds synthesized were characterised by X-ray single-crystal diffraction and chemical analysis, IR and luminescent spectra.

Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin and polyphenol existing in grapes and various other plants, and one of the best known 'nutriceuticals' . It shows a multiplicity of beneficial biological effects, particularly, by attenuating atherogenic, inflammatory, and carcinogenic processes. However, despite convincing evidence from experimental and clinical studies, data concerning the role of resveratrol and other members of the large polyphenols family for human health is still a matter of debate. One reason for this is the lack of suitable sensitive and specific methods, which would allow direct assessment of biodistribution, biokinetics, and the metabolic fate of these compounds in vivo. The unique features of positron emission tomography (PET) as a non-invasive in vivo imaging methodology in combination with suitable PET radiotracers have great promise to assess quantitative information on physiological effects of polyphenols in vivo. Herein we describe the radiosynthesis of an 18F-labelled resveratrol derivative, 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-[18F]fluoro-trans-stilbene ([ 18 F]-1), using the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as a novel radiolabelling technique in PET radiochemistry for subsequent functional imaging of polyphenol metabolism in vivo. In a typical "three-step/one-pot reaction, 18F-labelled resveratrol derivative [ 18 F]-1 could be synthesized within 120-130 min including HPLC separation at a specific radioactivity of about 90 GBq/mumol. The radiochemical yield was about 9% (decay-corrected) related to [18F]fluoride and the radiochemical purity exceeded 97%. First radiopharmacological evaluation included measurement of biodistribution ex vivo and positron emission tomography (PET) studies in vivo after intravenous application of [ 18 F]-1 in male Wistar rats using a dedicated small animal PET camera with very high spatial resolution. Concordantly with data on bioavailability and metabolism of native resveratrol from the literature, these investigations revealed an extensive uptake and metabolism in the liver and kidney, respectively, of [ 18 F]-1. This study represents the first investigation of polyphenols in vivo by means of PET.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron emitting radioisotopes to obtain functional information of physiological, biochemical and pharmacological processes in vivo. The need to understand the potential link between the ingestion of individual dietary agents and the effect of health promotion or health risk requires the exact metabolic characterization of food ingredients in vivo. This exciting but rather new research field of PET would provide new insights and perspectives on food chemistry by assessing quantitative information on pharmocokinetics and pharmacodynamics of food ingredients and dietary agents. To fully exploit PET technology in food chemistry appropriately radiolabelled compounds as relevant for food sciences are needed. The most widely used short-lived positron emitters are 11C (t1/2 = 20.4 min) and 18F (t1/2 = 109.8 min). Longer-lived radioisotopes are available by using 76Br (t1/2 = 16.2 h) and 124I (t1/2 = 4.12 d). The present review article tries to discuss some aspects for the radiolabelling of food ingredients and dietary agents either by means of isotopic labelling with 11C or via prosthetic group labelling approaches using the positron emitting halogens 18F, 76Br and 124I.

Mixed - ligand model complexes of general formula [Tc-99m(O)(kappa(3) -SPh)(kappa(1)-SPh))] [X = O (1a), S (2a)] were prepared in a one-step procedure from [(TcO4-)-Tc-99m] using stannous chloride as reducing agent. Stability studies and challenge experiments with glutathione showed that complex 2a presented promising features for pursuing animal studies. The activity in the brain (% dose injected/organ) at 5 min (0.14% +/- 0.03) and 120 min (0.11% +/- 0.02) pi encouraged the synthesis of several mixed-ligand "3 + 1" oxo complexes of general formula [M(O)(kappa(3)-PNS)(kappa(1)-SL))] (M = Tc-99m, 3a-6a, Re, 3-6), in which the tridentate ligand is the heterofunctionalized phosphine 2-(diphenylphosphanyl)-N-(2-thioethyl)benzamide (PNS) and the co-ligands are different arylpiperazine derivatives (HSL1-HSL4). The Tc-99m complexes have been characterized by comparison of their retention times in the HPLC chromatogram (gamma-detection) with the retention times of the analogous Re complexes (UV detection at 254 nm). The 99mTc complexes, obtained with radiochemical purity higher than 95%, after HPLC purification, are stable in saline, 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4), rat plasma (4 h, 37 degrees C), and glutathione (10 mM solutions, 2h, 37 degrees C). Binding affinity and selectivity for 5-HT1A receptors (relative to the 5-HT2A receptor) were determined, complex 5 demonstrating the best values (IC50 for the 5-HT1A 2.35 +/- 0.02 nM; competitor 5-HT2A 372 +/- 11 nM). Biodistribution and stability studies in mice indicated a preferred hepatobiliary excretion, a high in vivo stability, but a poor brain uptake.

The structure of a steam-water flow in a vertical pipe of 195.3 mm inner diameter was studied using novel wire-mesh sensors for high-pressure / high-temperature operation (max. 7 MPa / 286 °C). Tests were carried out at pressures of 1 and 2 MPa under nearly adiabatic conditions as well as with slightly sub-cooled water. The evolution of radial gas fraction profiles and bubble-size distributions along the pipe in a high-pressure steam-water flow was measured for the first time. The experimental data allow to correlate the intensity of steam condensation in contact with sub-cooled water with the structure of the interfacial area and the bubble size distribution, which is very important for the model development.

The surface layer (S-layer) protein genes of the uranium mining waste pile isolate Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 and of its relative B. sphaericus NCTC 9602 were analyzed. The almost identical N-termini of both S-layer proteins possess a unique structure, comprising three Nterminal S-layer homologous domains (SLH). The central parts of the proteins share a high homology and are related to the S-layer proteins of B. sphaericus CCM 2177 and P-1. In contrast, the C-terminal parts of the studied S-layer proteins differ significantly between each other. Surprisingly, the C-terminal part of the S-layer protein of JG-A12 shares a high identity with that of the S-layer protein of B. sphaericus CCM 2177. In both strains the chromosomal S-layer protein genes were followed by a newly identified putative insertion element comprising three ORFs, which encode a putative transposase, a putative integrase/recombinase, a putative protein containing a DNA binding helix turn helix motif, and the S-layer protein-like gene copies sllA (9602) or sllB (JG-A12). Interestingly, both studied B. sphaericus strains were found to contain an additional, plasmid located and silent S-layer protein gene possessing the same sequence as sllA and sllB. The primary structures of the corresponding putative proteins are almost identical in both strains. The N-terminal and central parts of these S-layer proteins share a high identity with those of the chromosomally encoded functional S-layer proteins. Their C-terminal parts, however, differ significantly. These results strongly suggest that the S-layer protein genes have evolved via horizontal transfer of genetic information followed by DNA rearrangements mediated by mobile elements.

Uranium mining waste piles, heavily polluted with radionuclides and other toxic metals, are a reservoir for bacteria that have evolved special strategies to survive in these extreme environments. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation may enable the development of novel bioremediation strategies and other technological applications. Cell isolates of Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 from a uranium mining waste pile in Germany are able to accumulate high amounts of toxic metals such as U, Cu, Pb, Al, and Cd as well as precious metals. Some of these metals, i.e. U, Cu, Pd(II), Pt(II) and Au(III), are also bound by the highly orderd paracrystalline proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) that envelopes the cells of this strain. These special capabilities of the cells and the S-layer proteins of B. sphaericus JG-A12 are highly interesting for the clean-up of uranium contaminated waste waters, for the recovery of precious metals from electronic wastes, and for the production of metal nanoclusters. The fabricated nanoparticles are promising for the development of novel catalysts. This work reviews the molecular biology of the S-layer of the strain JG-A12 and the S-layer dependent interactions of the bacterial cells with metals. It presents future perspectives for their application in bioremediation and nanotechnology.

¹⁸F-labeled amino acids represent a promising class of imaging agents in tumors visualized by means of positron emission tomography (PET). Because of the high uptake it is still problematic to clear differentiate between tumors and inflammation.
The high enrichment in tumor tissues assumed the uptake of the tracer via a tumor-specific amino acid transporter, which is not or different expressed in inflammatory cells suggesting a different endowment of neutral amino acids. As previously shown, L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is playing a key role because of its high up-regulation in malignant tumors. For the functional expression of LAT1 a single membrane-spanning protein, the heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (4F2hc), essentially forms a heterodimeric complex via disulfide bonds.
The present study investigated the amino acid transport mechanism of LAT1 for 3-O-methyl-6-¹⁸F-Fluoro-L-DOPA (OMFD), a novel ¹⁸F-labeled phenylalanine derivative, into tumor cells.
For molecular characterisation of L-type amino acid transporters focusing on the LAT1-4F2hc subtype we used two different tumor cells like FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma)/HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and tumor bearing mice performing quantitative RT-PCR, Western-Blot, and immunhistochemistry. In vitro uptake assays with HT29 and FaDu were performed with OMFD under physiological amino acid concentrations.
OMFD demonstrated a saturable and sodium- and energy-independent accumulation in vitro in different tumor cell lines, suggesting its uptake to be mediated exclusively by sodium-independent LAT1.
Our data emphasize the relevance of OMFD as a PET tracer for imaging of specific amino acid transport via LAT1 in tumors. Furthermore, the identification and characterization of tumor specific amino acid transporters like LAT1 will be a helpful tool for therapeutic implications. The inhibition of LAT1 activity in tumor cells could be effective in the inhibition of tumor cell growth by depriving tumor cells of essential amino acids, too.

Hypoxia is a common feature of various human tumor entities. Hypoxic tumor tissue can be studied by nuclear medicine imaging techniques like PET and SPECT. In this study we analyzed in vitro the influence of experimental hypoxia on the radiotracer uptake of various primary endothelial cells, which play an essential part in tumor angiogenesis.
Experimental hypoxia was induced by cultivating cells for 24 hours in presence of 2% oxygen in a special incubator (Gasboy C40, Labotect). Cellular uptake of [99mTc]MIBI, [18F]MISO and [18F]FDG was determined after one or four hours incubation and measured after cell lysis with a gamma counter Cobra II (Perkin Elmer). Radiotracer uptake was normalized to the cell protein. Three types of primary endothelial cells were used: human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) as well as the two tumor cell lines, being FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma) and HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), respectively. Cellular expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was monitored with quantitative PCR (RotorGene 2000).
In our experiments we found that under hypoxic conditions the uptake of [99Tc]MIBI was decreased in all cell types. The uptake of the hypoxia-specific radiotracer [18F]MISO was slightly increased in all primary endothelial cell types. Furthermore, primary endothelial cells incorporated significant higher amounts of [18F]FDG under experimental hypoxic conditions in comparison to normoxic conditions. Especially HDMECs showed a marked response to hypoxia with an approximately two-fold higher [18F]FDG uptake. Also HUVECs and HAECs responded to experimental hypoxia, whereas tumor cell lines FaDu and HT29 showed only moderate increase of [18F]FDG uptake under hypoxic conditions.
We conclude that experimental hypoxia represents a much higher stimulus for primary endothelial cells than for cultivated tumor cells to accumulate [18F]FDG and also to incorporate [18F]MISO in vitro. Our data emphasize the relevance of endothelial cells as one important part of the tumor micromilieu and stimulate further studies on the different patterns of radiotracer uptake in neoplastic or neovascularized lesions.

Aim:

Hypoxia is a common feature of various human tumor entities and the enhanced uptake of specific radiotracers in hypoxic tissues can be visualized by means of positron emission tomography (PET). In this study we analyzed the influence of experimental hypoxia on the [¹⁸F]FDG uptake of various primary endothelial cells and tumor cell lines.
Material and Methods:
Experimental hypoxia was induced by cultivating cells for 24 hours in presence of 2% oxygen in a special incubator (Gasboy C40, Labotect). Cellular [¹⁸F]FDG uptake was determined after one hour incubation and measured after cell lysis with a Cobra II spectrometer (Packard). [¹⁸F]FDG uptake was correlated to protein concentration. Three types of primary endothelial cells were used: human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC), human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) as well as the two tumor cell lines, being FaDu (squamous cell carcinoma) and HT29 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), respectively.
Results:
In our experiments we found that primary endothelial cells incorporate significant higher amounts of [¹⁸F]FDG under experimental hypoxic conditions in comparison to normoxic conditions. Especially HDMECs showed a marked response to hypoxia with an approximately two-fold higher [¹⁸F]FDG uptake. Also HUVECs and HAECs responded to experimental hypoxia, whereas tumor cell lines FaDu and HT29 showed only moderate increase of [¹⁸F]FDG uptake under hypoxic conditions.
Conclusion:
Experimental hypoxia represents a much higher stimulus for primary endothelial cells than for cultivated tumor cells to incorporate [¹⁸F]FDG. Our data emphasize the relevance of endothelial cells as one important part of the tumor micromilieu and stimulate further studies on the different patterns of radiotracer uptake in neoplastic or neovascularized lesions.

During the archaeological work in summer 2000 a spectacular hoard of silver coins could be excavated at the medieval site Becin, next to Ephesos / Turkey. This hoard, whose total weight amounted to approximately 30 kg, includes about 60.000 Islamic coins as well as 830 European coins and represents the largest finding of coins ever made in Turkey. One of the most outstanding features of the Becin hoard is the fact that almost all mint places recorded for the Ottoman Empire and all rulers of the second half of the 16th century up to the beginning of the 17th century are represented in this treasure. Thus, the numismatic evaluation and the material analysis of the coins will provide a general insight in the monetary and economic history of the Ottoman Empire in this time.
In a first step of the investigations a collection of 450 samples was analyzed quantitatively. Photon, electron and proton induced X-ray analysis provide complementary information on the chemical composition of the coins. Using EDXRF, the content of both the major constituent Ag and the minor elements Cu and Pb were determined. The advantage of SEM/EDX is the ability to analyze small areas of the cross-sections. Finally, PIXE measurements were carried out in order to characterize also the trace elements, like Au, Bi, Fe, Ni. The initial results show on the one hand an arrangement in different groups of coins concerning their chemical composition. On the other hand the findings illustrate frequent devaluations in the fineness of the silver coins described in the Ottoman written sources.

The role of hydrogen in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been studied from the viewpoint of its specific contribution to mechanical stress in the material. Hydrogen ion implantation has been used to increase the hydrogen concentration. In order to distinguish the effect of the changed hydrogen concentration/bonding configuration from the accompanying implantation-induced defects, a-Si:H samples with corresponding number of displacements have been studied, created using proper doses of silicon ion implantation. The experimental results have shown that it is the silicon-bonded hydrogen that essentially affects the stress, as the major contribution has its clustered bonding configuration.

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The γ decay of the 12+ yrast trap in 52Fe has been measured for the first time. The two E4 γ-branches to the 8+ states are hindered with respect to other B(E4) reduced transition probabilities measured in the f 7/2 schel. The interpretation of the data is given in the full pf shell model framework, comparing the results obtained with different residual interactions. It is shown that measurements of hexadecapole transition probabilities constitute a powerful tool in discriminationg the correct configurration of the involved wavefunctions.

Die Sorption von Uran (VI) an das komplexe Gestein Phyllit wurde gründlich untersucht. Dominierender Prozess der Sorption ist die Bindung an das Sekundärmaterial Ferrihydrit. Anhand der gewonnenen experimentellen Daten gelang die Bestimmung von Oberflächenkomplexbildungskonstanten für die mineralischen Bestandteile Quarz, Muskovit, Albit und Chlorit. Diese log K-Werte können in chemischen Transportprogrammen Verwendung finden.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entfernung von organischen Stoffen aus Wässern durch Anionenaustauscher. Dabei werden C-14-markierte Modellsubstanzen eingesetzt. Die Aufnahme von Durchbruchskurven erfolgt bei verschiedenen Bedingungen (Variation von Beladungstemperatur, Salzgehalt und Organikakonzentration).

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Flash lamp annealing of heteroepitaxial silicon carbide on silicon structures involves melting the silicon below the SiC layer but the facetted nature of the liquid-solid interface leads to unacceptable surface roughness. This paper describes a method of controlling melting by using a melt stop created at a controlled depth below the Si / SiC interface by implanting a high dose of carbon, which significantly increases the silicon melting temperature. Results confirm the effectiveness of the technique in reducing roughness.

Swirling flows generated by the application of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) during the solidification significantly modify the heat and mass transport in the melt. Their enormous potential to modify the microstructure is known since long but was systematically studied only recently [1,2]. However, the understanding of flow field driven by the RMF in the solidifying melt and the corresponding temperature and concentration distributions is far from being complete. By means of a combination of experiments and numerical simulations important relations shall be established.
To calculate the flow field we use a code based on the SIMPLE algorithm which has been carefully validated on the isothermal problem of the RMF-driven acceleration of a melt from rest [3,4]. The solidification is treated by using a mixture-theory-model following Voller et al. [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 32 (1989), 1719]. The geometry studied is a Pb-Sn melt in a cylindrical cavity directionally solidified from below. The simulations cover Taylor numbers, Ta, up to 2*106 where Ta determines the magnitude of the bulk flow.
The solidification in the RMF depends on the degree of development of the forced convection (spin-up problem). The flow fields belonging to characteristic stages are discussed. Generally, the RMF significantly modifies the solidification as soon as the average flow velocity of the meridional flow becomes comparable or larger as the velocity of the solidification front. We discuss the impact of the flow on heat transfer in the melt thereby providing a detailed comparison of experimental and numerical date with respect to cooling rates and temperature gradients. Emphasis is given to the temperature gradients in vicinity of the solidication front which are hardly accessible in experiments. Their tendency with growing Ta is examined and linked with the accelerated onset of the transition from columnar to equiaxed growth (CET) found in the experiments [2]. Furthermore the macrosegregation to be expected in the RMF case are discussed.

The application of time varying magnetic fields can be considered as an effective tool to organize a well-defined flow structure in the liquid phase affecting the nucleation and solidification parameters. Main goal of our activities is to elucidate a strategy to control the microstructure of castings by an optimal combination of magnetic field intensity, field frequency and cooling rate. The development of fine, globular grains is preferred. Structures containing textured columnar grains and zones of macrosegregation should be avoided.
Solidification experiments as well as numerical simulations were carried out dealing with Pb Sn alloys solidified directionally from a water cooled copper chill. A rotating magnetic field (RMF) was chosen for melt agitation, because the essential features of an RMF-driven flow have already been intensively investigated for the isothermal case. The magnitude of the bulk flow in the melt generated by the RMF varies with the magnetic Taylor number Ta. The forced convection causes distinct modifications of the temperature and concentration field such as a reduction of the temperature gradient ahead of the solidification front. Without electromagnetic stirring the alloy solidifies solely in form of dendrites aligned parallel to the heat flow direction. In contrast, a transition from a columnar to an equiaxed growth (CET) is observed if the solidifying ingot is exposed to an RMF. The position of the CET is shifted towards the bottom of the casting by increasing the Ta number. The CET was found to occur for a cooling rate of about 0.4 K/s and temperature gradients in the range between 0.6 and 1.0 K/mm
The ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV) was applied to measure the bulk flow during solidification. Our results show that the velocity profiles undergo distinct modifications during solidification indicating the occurrence of more sophisticated flow patterns as known from the isothermal case. Furthermore, the UDV data allow an assessment of the current position of the columnar solidification front.

Bubble driven flows have found wide applications in industrial technologies. In metallurgical processes gas bubbles are injected into a bulk liquid metal to drive the liquid into motion, to homogenize the physical and chemical properties of the melt or to refine the melt. For such gas-liquid metal two-phase flows, external magnetic fields provide a possibility to control the bubble motion in a contactless way.
Compared to the numerous experimental studies on the movement of bubbles in transparent liquids , especially in water, the number of publications dealing with gas bubbles rising in liquid metals is comparatively small. The shortage of suitable measuring techniques can be considered as one reason for the slow progress in the investigations of gas-liquid metal flows. Powerful optical methods are obviously not available for measurements in liquid metals. The majority of measurements in liquid metal two-phase flows published until now was obtained using local conductivity probes, hot wire anemometer or optical fiber probes to determine quantities such as void fraction, bubble and liquid velocity or the bubble size. However, measurements with any local probe disturb the flow in a significant way, especially if the structures to be investigated reach dimensions comparable to the probes. In the case of opaque liquids the application of acoustic or ultrasonic sensors offers a possibility to get information about the flow structure and bubble quantities. We applied the Ultrasound Doppler Velocimetry (UDV) for measurements of the velocity structure in liquid metal bubbly flows. Because of the ability to work non-invasively in opaque fluids and to deliver complete velocity profiles in real time it is very attractive for liquid metal applications.
In our experiments we investigated the consequence of an application of a DC magnetic field on both the bubble and the liquid velocity. The motion of single argon bubbles rising in GaInSn were analyzed in terms of the terminal velocity, the drag coefficient, the oscillation frequency of the bubble velocity and the Strouhal number. Because the gas bubble is electrically non-conducting, it does not experience the effect of the electromagnetic force directly. However, the bubble behaviour is influenced by the magnetically induced modifications in the liquid flow structure around the bubble. The measurements reveal a distinct effect of the magnetic field on the bubble velocity as well as the bubble wake. The magnetic field application leads to a mitigation of the horizontal components of the bubble velocity resulting in a more rectilinear bubble path. A restructuring of the entire flow field can be observed if a bubble plume is exposed to a DC magnetic field. As a result of the interaction between magnetic field and liquid flow electric currents were induced inside the liquid causing a damping of the flow by Joule dissipation. However, a characteristic feature of the electromagnetic dissipation is the anisotropy. Thus, the application of a transverse field leads not only to a general damping of the flow, but also favours the occurrence of vortices aligned parallel to the magnetic field direction.

Bakterien sind winzig klein, sehr leistungsfähig und es gibt keinen noch so extremen Lebensraum, den sie nicht besiedeln könnten. Als wahre Alleskönner liefern sie der Bionik (Verbindung aus Biologie und Technik) viele neue Impulse. Am Beispiel faszinierender Hüllstrukturen verschiedener Bakterien wird dies exemplarisch aufgezeigt.

Nanowires have fascinating properties. Also the kind and strength of driving forces for their structural evolution differ from macroscopic systems, thus opening new routes for their synthesis. And, with respect to interface energy, nanowires are unstable, during their decay new selforganized 1D structures evolve.
This presentation summarizes reaction pathways of the formation and decay of 1D nanostructures predicted by atomistic computer simulations. It will be shown that nanowire synthesis by phase separation from supersaturated 1D traces relies on different time scales of different processes involved: (i) phase separation is faster than long-range diffusion, thus, initially small nanodroplets form. (ii) Short-range diffusion is fast, thus, lateron the minority phase is concentrated/unified to a wire (ripening, coalescence). (iii) On a long time scale, the wire lowers its surface energy by peristaltic undulations and decays finally into large droplets (Rayleigh instability). Each process can be governed in order to fabricated functional structures. For instance, crosspoints of nanowires accelerates the wire instability locally, which leads to a nanodot separated by nm gaps from the four nanowires. Such a Si structure embedded in SiO2 might operate as a room temperature single electron transistor.

Nanowires (NWs) and chains of nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in dielectrics or semiconductors are intensively studied regarding their potential application in nanoelectronics. CoSi2 nanostructures in Si are particularly interesting because of the full compatibility of CoSi2 with CMOS technology.
Here, we present predictive atomistic computer simulations on the ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 NWs in Si and their decay into chains of CoSi2 NCs which are applicable as plasmon waveguides. In order to simulate the Co implantation, the binary collision codes TRIDYN and TRIM were adapted to the particular experimental situation of a finely-focused Co ion beam of 50nm in width. The resulting 3D implantation profile serves as input for a kinetic lattice Monte-Carlo code by means of which nucleation and growth of CoSi2 precipitates and their coalescence into a CoSi2 NW are described. From an evolutionary viewpoint, NW synthesis and decay proceed on different time scales. The NW decay into a NC chain (Rayleigh instability) is driven by the minimization of interfacial free energy. In this regard, it will be demonstrated that the orientation of the Co implantation profile to the single crystalline Si matrix influences the stability of the synthesized CoSi2 NW. Since the system energetically favors the CoSi2(111)/Si(111) interface, driving faceting forces may occur which accelerate the NW decay into a NC chain.

An abstract was not required.

Nanowires (NWs) and chains of nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in dielectrics or semiconductors are intensively studied for photonic and nanoelectronic applications. In this respect, CoSi2 NWs and NC chains are of particular interest because of their full CMOS compatibility, the low damping of surface plasmons at the CoSi2-Si interface, and the transparency of Si at the plasmon frequency.
Here, we present results of atomistic computer simulations which describe the ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 NWs in Si and their thermally activated decay into chains of CoSi2 NCs. The Co implantation is simulated with the binary collision codes TRIDYN and TRIM adapted to the particular experimental situation of a finely focused Co ion beam of a few tens of nanometers in width. The resulting 3D implantation profile serves as input for a kinetic lattice Monte-Carlo code by means of which nucleation and growth of CoSi2 precipitates and their coalescence into a CoSi2 NW are described. From an evolutionary viewpoint, NW synthesis proceeds on a shorter time scale than its decay. The NW decay into a NC chain (Rayleigh instability) is driven by the minimization of interfacial free energy. Moreover, we demonstrate that the orientation of the Co implantation profile to the single crystalline Si matrix strongly influences the stability of the synthesized CoSi2 NW. Since the system energetically favors the CoSi2(111)-Si(111) interface, driving faceting forces may occur which accelerate the NW decay into a NC chain. Thus, intentional misalignment between the focused Co ion beam and the Si substrate is suggested as way to a controlled decay of the ion beam synthesized CoSi2 NW into a chain of monodisperse and equidistant CoSi2 NCs.

An abstract was not required.

Series of carbon steels with various contents of carbon were irradiated with high intensity 5-6 J cm-2, short (µs range) nitrogen and argon plasma pulses. In all samples the near surface layer of the thickness in µm range was melted. The paper reports the results of investigation of changes induced by such treatment. The identified phases, profiles of retained nitrogen concentration, microhardness and wear resistance of the modified layer are presented and discussed.

The experiments to synthesize thin MgB2 inter-metallic compound with the use of ion implantation and plasma pulse treatment are presented. Mg was implanted with 3e18 cm-2 of 80 keV and 5e18 cm-2 of 100 keV B+ ions and next treated with hydrogen and argon plasma pulses of duration of about 1 mu s and fluence between 2 and 4 J/cm2. Superconducting properties were examined by magnetically modulated microwave absorption (MMMA), magnetic moment and electrical conductivity measurements. The structural properties of the implanted and pulse-treated samples were examined by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) methods. The main result consists in observation of MMMA hysteresis loop demonstrating the existence of superconducting regions with T-c as high as 32 K. However, the zero-resistance effect has not been obtained due to incomplete global connectivity between the superconducting regions.

Neutron and gamma field functionals were studied by means of deterministic Sn and stochastic Monte Carlo calculations and by neutron activation measurements that were carried out in the ex-vessel cavity of the VVER-440 reactor Greifswald-1. The paper presents and analyses the results. The influence of different numbers of energy groups for the description of the cross sections is pointed out. A good agreement was found both between the results of deterministic and Monte Carlo calculation and between numerical and measurement results.

Laser-Induced spectroscopic methods were often used in actinide chemistry as tool to study the speciation of these elements in aquatic environments. The main goal of the application of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy (LIPAS) is to achieve detection limits of the actinide species as low as possible or in concentration ranges expected under environmental conditions.
With laser sources can it is possible to provide any wavelength from the near UV to the NIR (Near Infrared) wavelength range. The development of tunable solid-state lasers overcame some disadvantages of the dye laser systems as short tunable wavelength range and the use of hazardous chemicals. The application of low temperatures for samples measured with fluorescence spectroscopic methods brought effort especially in the detection of carbonate species.
In this contribution the focus will be mainly on the fluorescence spectroscopy of lower actinides, as it is not possible to include all literature in this field.

The processes of electro- (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) and charge trapping in Er-implanted SiO2 containing silicon nanoclusters have been studied. It is shown that in Er-doped SiO2 with an excess of silicon nanoclusters of 10 at. %, a strong energy transfer from silicon nanoclusters results in a ten-fold increase of the PL peak at 1540 nm from Er luminescent centers, whereas the EL is strongly quenched by the excess silicon nanoclusters. It is further shown that the implantation of Er creates in the oxide positive charge traps with a giant cross section (σ(h0) > 10(-13) cm(2)). Introducing subsequent silicon nanocrystals in the oxide leads to the formation of negative charge traps of a giant cross section (σ(e0) > 10(-13) cm(2)). The possible reason for the EL quenching in the Er-doped SiO2 by silicon nanoclusters is discussed. (C) 2005 American Institute of Physics.

The oxygen concentration in Nd-Fe-B alloy was determined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using Cs+-ions. The SIMS measurements were calibrated with oxygen-implanted single crystals. The depth profile of Nd2Fe14B single crystals displays a 0.5 μ m thick surface layer with elevated oxygen concentration which can be distinguished from the matrix with an oxygen content c(O) = 0.006&PLUSMN; 0.002 at%. Polycrystalline samples can exceed this value by far and are sensitive to processing parameters and sample handling. SIMS measurements revealed the oxygen content of the Nd2Fe14B phase considerably lower than the total oxygen content of Nd-Fe-B samples. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The complexation of Cm(III) and Eu(III) with n-C3H7-BTP in non-aqueous organic solution was studied with extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Bond lengths are the same in both complexes. Quantum chemical calculations performed at different levels support this finding. On the other hand, the Cm•(n-C3H7-BTP)3 complex is formed at much lower metal-to-ligand concentration ratio than the Eu•(n-C3H7-BTP)3 complex, as shown by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. This is in good agreement with n-C3H7-BTP’s high selectivity for trivalent actinides over lanthanides in liquid-liquid extraction.

Electromagnetic processing comprises the influence of Lorentz forces in the molten state. Whereas the action of static magnetic fields is solely damping in most cases, alternating fields offer the potentiality of active control mechanisms such as pumping, stirring, homogenization, and the like. Among the latter, various field types have to be distinguished based on the number of poles and geometric arrangement. Neither for one type, and more than ever for a combination thereof, might the resulting flow tagged well known.
Numerous, often non-validated numerical simulations overwhelm the few experiments done on liquid metals. In the present work, the ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV) and local potential probes have been employed to study the flow of an alloy in single-phase, traveling, and rotating fields. The area-wide results conveyed by the UDV technique will be presented as flow visualization whereas potential probe measurements may answer questions of more quantitative nature regarding turbulence characteristics.

At the experimental carbon ion tumour therapy facility at GSI Darmstadt, in-beam positron emissions tomography (PET) is used to monitor the dose delivery precision. A dual head positron camera has been assembled from commercial detector components in order to measure the β+-activity, induced by the irradiation, simultaneously to the dose application. Despite the positive clinical impact, the image quality is limited by the low counting statistics, orders of magnitude below that in standart PET applications to nuclear medicine. This paper investigates the origin for the noisy acquisition during particle extraction from the synchrottron of GSI. The results demonstrate the failure of standard random correction techniques due to a γ-ray background correlated in time with the carbon ion beam microstructure. This prevents the use of data acquired during beam extraction for imaging. The loss of counting statistics is expected to rise further at the future hospital-based facility at Heidelberg, due to a more efficient utilisation of the accelerator resulting in shorter beam pauses and a reduced treatment time. In respect, this paper provides the basis for a new data acquísition concept tailored to the unconventional application of in-beam PET imaging to therapy monitoring at radiofrequency pulsed radiation sources.

The subjects of electromagnetic flow control and ship propulsion are reviewed, and possibilities for further developments are sketched.

The possibilities for local velocity measurements in liquid metal flows are reviewed. Special emphasis is put on local potential probes and the ultrasonic velocimetry.

Ausgehend von den physikochemischen Grundlagen der Grignard-Chemie werden Einflussfaktoren für eine sichere Prozessführung beschrieben. Bei Grignard-Synthesen tritt das größte Gefahrenpotential in der ersten Reaktionsstufe, der Herstellung der Grignard-Reagenz, auf. Insbesondere muss das Anspringen der Reaktion bei einer unzulässig großen Akkumulation von organischem Halogenid verhindert werden, wenn keine ausreichende, schnell wirksam werdende Kühlleistungsreserve vorhanden ist.
Vor der Überführung einer neuen Grignard-Synthese in den großtechnischen Maßstab sollten umfassende Untersuchungen der Grignard-Reaktionsstufe in Laborreaktoren durchgeführt werden. Mit Hilfe isothermer und adiabatischer kalorimetrischer Messungen konnten die wichtigsten Prozessparameter, wie molare Reaktionsenthalpie, adiabatische Temperaturerhöhung, Induktionszeit, Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit der Wärmeleistung und Dauer der Startphase, ermittelt werden. Sie sind notwendig, um die maximal zulässige Akkumulation des organischen Halogenids für die verfügbare Kühlleistung der Produktionsanlage bestimmen zu können.
Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass gleiche Werte der molaren Reaktionsenthalpie sowohl bei isothermer als auch adiabatischer Kalorimetrie gemessen wurden. Als Ursache für die gemessenen größeren Enthalpiewerte während der isotherme Startreaktionsphase konnten noch vorhandene Wasser-Restmengen identifiziert werden, die infolge ihrer exothermen Folgereaktion mit der gebildeten Grignard-Reagenz einen zusätzlichen Wärmebeitrag lieferten. Eine Temperaturabhängigkeit der molaren Reaktionsenthalpie konnte im Temperaturbereich von 25°C bis 120°C nicht festgestellt werden.
Um subjektive Fehleinschätzungen des Anspringens der Grignard-Reaktion zu vermeiden, wurden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten verschiedener Messmethoden zur Online-Überwachung getestet. Mit der in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie ließ sich das Anspringen der Grignard-Reaktion eindeutig und empfindlich detektieren. Ebenso könnte das spätere Einschlafen der Reaktion infolge zudosierter oder eindringender Verunreinigungen erkannt werden. Das Leistungsvermögen der Stoff- und Energiebilanzen als Methode zur Online-Überwachung konnte sowohl für die Startphase als auch für die Hauptreaktionsphase im Vergleich mit der Infrarotspektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Die Wärmebilanzierung liefert eine viel versprechende Alternative zur in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie für den Einsatz an Produktionsanlagen, weil sie mit einer ausreichend empfindlichen Betriebsmesstechnik realisiert werden kann, quasi im Echtzeitbetrieb arbeitet und wesentlich kostengünstiger ist. Der Vorteil der in situ-Infrarotspektroskopie ist die parallele Online-Messung von störenden Wasseranteilen im Reaktionsmedium. Beispielsweise könnte das Nichtstarten der Grignard-Reaktion aufgrund von zu großen Wasserrestmengen in der Mehrzweckanlage erkannt werden. Durch geeignete Sicherheitsmaßnahmen und Sicherheitsverriegelungen sollte die Überdosierung von organischem Halogenid und das Eindringen stark exothermer Verunreinigungen (wie z. B. Wasser) während der ersten Grignard-Reaktionsstufe unbedingt verhindert werden. Aus Sicherheitsgründen sollte Wasser durch Öl als Kühlmedium möglichst ersetzt werden.

The impact of organic matter on the migration of actinides in argillaceous media is relevant for the risk assessment of future nuclear waste repositories. The diffusion of a 14C-labelled synthetic humic acid in compacted Georgia kaolinite and its influence on the uranium(VI) migration was studied.
The migration of humic acid in clay is governed by diffusion. The colloidal properties of humic acid result in a size exclusion from small pores. Thus the accessible pore space decreases and the tortuosity of the diffusion path increases compared to a conservative tracer. Furthermore, the compacted clay filters large humic colloids. Both effects restrict the diffusive flux of humic acid in the clay.
Diffusion experiments on the time scale of several weeks could not demonstrate a humic colloid-borne migration of uranium(VI) in the clay system. The competition of the humate and surface binding sites for uranium as well as the kinetics and reversibility of the complexation govern the actinide migration in this system.

We propose scanning near-field optical microscopy as a novel technique for characterizing the ion-implanted patterns fabricated in amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H). Different patterns have been fabricated in a-SiC:H films with a focused Ga+-ion beam system and examined with scanning near-field optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Although a considerable thickness change (thinning tendency) has been observed in the ion-irradiated areas, the near-field measurements confirm increases of optical absorption in these areas. The observed values of the optical contrast modulation are sufficient to justify the efficiency of the method for optical data recording using focused ion beams.

Optical patterns as small as 200nm width have been fabricated in a thin film of amorphous silicon carbide (a–SiC:H)using a focused ion beam microscope, (FIB). Because of the low electric conductivity of a–SiC:H, the diameter of the writing ion beam is broadened by the effect of surface charging which was overcome by depositing a thin layer of gold onto the a–SiC:H film. The topographic and optical contrasts of the patterned thin films have been mapped with
scanning near-field optical microscopy. The optical contrast corresponding to nanostructures is 0.2 with an overall increase of the optical density contrast of 0.5 in the irradiated areas. The results of the fabrication of patterns created with FIB on aluminium-coated a-SiC:H films are also briefly presented.

The write performance of a multidot memory is investigated in MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor) capacitors. The oxide of the MOS structure on p-type Si contains a layer of ion beam synthesized Ge nanocrystals (NC's) very close to the Si/SiO2 interface. This structure is modeled in a floating gate-like approach, where the NC's are considered as individual storage nodes and charged by direct tunneling of holes. Quantum confinement and Coulomb blockade effects of small Ge NC's (1-6 nm) are discussed and found to be negligible for the present structure. A close agreement between the calculated write characteristics and experimental data clearly confirms the validity of the model. From the simulation results it is predicted that a flatband voltage shift ΔVfb = -1V could be gathered with programming times tprog < 1µs. The write parameters (pulse voltage and duration) for a given ΔVfb value are mainly determined by the distance of the NCs' to the substrate.

The nanostructural evolution during heat treatments of DC magnetron-sputtered Ag films, deposited at room temperature at different substrate bias voltages, was experimentally studied. A growth chamber equipped with a magnetron and Kapton windows for in-situ x-ray diffraction was mounted on a six circle goniometer at a synchrotron beam line. Bragg-Brentano x-ray diffraction was used to monitor the (111) Bragg peak during thermal annealing of the Ag films. In addition, to investigate the <111> fiber texture one-dimensional pole figures were measured ex situ. The thermal stability of the nanostructure was sensitively dependent on the substrate bias voltage. Increasing the bias voltage resulted in significantly lower rates of grain growth, which we ascribe mainly to the formation of Ar bubbles. Furthermore, the grain size in the as-deposited films decreased with increasing bias voltage while the width of the one-dimensional pole figures increased.

Abstract wird nachgereicht

Gamma and neutron flux spectra were measured inside and behind various combined iron, steel and water slabs, which were set up in the radial beams of the zero-power training and research reactors AKR of the Technical University Dresden and ZLFR of the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz. The measurements were carried out with a liquid NE-213 scintillation spectrometer in the energy ranges 0.23-10 MeV for photons and 1-20 MeV for neutrons. These experiments were simulated with help of the Monte Carlo transport codes MCNP-4C2 and TRAMO. With MCNP the energy point-wise representation of the nuclear data from ENDF/B-VI library, release 8, was used but with TRAMO effective group cross sections prepared by means of NJOY from the same data library. The paper describes the experiments and calculations and exemplarily presents and compares some results.

Bio-activation of titanium surface by Na plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (Pllf&D) is illustrated by precipitation of calcium phosphate and cell culture. The bioactivity of the plasma-implanted titanium is compared to that of the untreated. Na beam-line implanted and NaOH-treated titanium samples. Our data show that the samples can be classified into two groups: non-bioactive (untreated titanium and beam-line Na implanted titanium) and bioactive (Na-PIII&D and NaOH-treated titanium). None of the four types of surfaces exhibited major cell toxicity as determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. However. the LDH release was higher oil the more bioactive PIII and NaOH-treated surfaces. From a morphological point of view, cell adherence on the NaOH-treated titanium is the best. On the other hand, the cell activity and protein production were higher on the non-bioactive surfaces. The high alkaline phosphatase activity per cell Suggests that the active surfa! ces support an osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow cells at the expense of lower proliferation. The use of Na-PIII&D provides an environmentally cleaner technology to improve the bioactivity of Ti compared to conventional wet chemical processes. The technique is also particularly useful for the uniform and conformal treatment of medical implants that typically possess an irregular shape and are difficult to treat by conventional ion beam techniques. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We report on the fermosecond time-resolved detection of coherent phonons in single-crystal tellurium. For different crystallographic faces a detection scheme is employed which is sensitive to the anisotropic part of the Raman tensor. In this scheme we observe all three Raman allowed phonons, i.e. one of A(1) and two of E symmetry. Furthermore, for both doubly degenerate E-symmetry modes obtained from different crystallographic faces, longitudinal optical-transverse optical splitting is observed. In addition, we show that even in the low fluence regime the frequency of the fully symmetric phonon in Te is chirped and that it demonstrates an anomalous dependence on the pump fluence.

The IBR-2 is a small fast reactor with plutonium oxide fuel and liquid sodium cooling. A ro-tating two-reflector system periodically closes and opens a non-reflected side of the reactor and leads it through the prompt super critical state in a time of about 500 microseconds. During this time a burst of fast neutrons is generated in the core of the reactor, which spreads out through moderators. Channels lead the neutrons to measurement instruments.
Certain reactivity parameters of the rotating reflector system determine essential parameters of the reactor as a pulsed neutron source. Just now a new reflector system, the so-called PO-3, has been installed. For this reason the important reactivity effects of the reflector were newly calcu-lated with help of the MCNP-4C2 code. The contribution presents numerical results, which were obtained in different ways and compares results of calculations and measurements. The special in-terest consisted in studying the effect of neglecting the fission source effect, as assumed by the PERT option of the code, on the calculation results. The comparison of numerical with measure-ment results showed agreements in some cases but also considerable discrepancies, which could not yet be explained. Therefore, no final conclusion on the applicability of the PERT method for the calculation of total and displacement reactivity effects of the rotating reflector system of the IBR-2 reactor could be drawn.

2D simulations of isothermal liquid-liquid mass transfer subject to surface tension and buoyancy driven hydrodynamic instabilities have been carried out. Simulation is based on the numerical solution of two-dimensional equations of momentum and mass transport, using a combination of finite difference and finite volume methods. Two different cases have been considered: (1) buoyancy stable mass transfer, only surface tension driven convection occurs; (2) surface tension driven instability superseeded by buoyant convection. The faster attenuation of mass transfer coefficients in buoyancy stable situations is attributed to the merging of convection cells leading to a reduction in the number of renewal zones along the interface. Concentration profiles next to the interface reveal the diffusional nature of the mass transfer.

It could be shown that both, the introduction of a melt stop layer as well as the introduction of a layer with reduced melting temperature are usefull methods for the homogenisation of the melting depth at the bulk silicon surface in FLASIC structures.

Wir wollen auf diese Weise äußerst stabile Stabile Komplexe darstellen in denen Re perfekt eingekapselt ist. Ein aktives Zentrum in der Brücke soll eine gerichtete WW zum Re ausbilden und die Komplexe zusätzlich stabilisieren.

CFD pre-calculations have been performed for the themalhydraulic benchmark V1000CT-2.
The numerical grid model was generated with the grid generator IC4C (ICEM-CFD) and the preprocessor CFX-5 and contains 4.7 Mio. tetrahedral elements.The output of the Best Practice Guidelines for optimizing the numerical studies in different reactor types was used in the numerical simulation. The agreement with the Kozloduy experiment at the core inlet is very good. The results show a clear sector formation of the affected loop at the downcomer, lower plenum and core inlet. The maximum local values of the relative temperature rise in the experiment amount 97.7% and in the calculation 97.4%.

Transient CFD calculations have been performed for the thermal-hydraulic benchmark V1000CT-1, exercise 3
The numerical grid model was generated with the grid generator IC4C (ICEM-CFD) and the preprocessor CFX-5 and contains 4.7 Mio. tetrahedral elements. The output of the Best Practice Guidelines for optimizing the numerical studies in different reactor types was used in the numerical simulation. Data from a coupled code calculation with DYN3D/ATHLET were used as inlet boundary conditions. 4 different Mixing Scalars were utilized to obtain information about the contribution of each loop during the transient. The results show a clear sector formation of the affected loops at the downcomer and core inlet. At the beginning of the start-up of loop 3 the sectors of loop 1,2,4 cover a bigger area.

The plug flow was simulated with a transient CFD simulation in the horizontal channel using time dependent inlet boundary conditions. The qualitative structure of the simulated slug front and tail are similar to the experiment, while the slug length is increasing in the calculation and remains constant in the experiment. The slug propagation velocities are in good agreement.

The project was aimed at describing the mixing phenomena relevant for both safety analysis, particularly in steam line break and boron dilution scenarios, and mixing phenomena of interest for economical operation and the structural integrity. Measurement data from a set of mixing experiments, gained by using advanced measurement techniques with enhanced resolution in time and space help to improve the basic understanding of turbulent mixing and to provide data for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation. Slug mixing tests simulating the start-up of the first main circulation pump are performed with two 1:5 scaled facilities: The Rossendorf coolant mixing model ROCOM and the VATTENFALL test facility, modelling a German Konvoi type and a Westinghouse type three-loop PWR, respectively. Additional data on slug mixing in a VVER-1000 type reactor gained at a 1:5 scaled metal mock-up at EDO Gidropress are provided. Experimental results on mixing of fluids with density differences obtained at ROCOM and the FORTUM PTS test facility are made available.
Concerning mixing phenomena of interest for operational issues and thermal fatigue, flow distribution data available from commissioning tests (Sizewell-B for PWRs, Loviisa and Paks for VVERs) are used together with the data from the ROCOM facility as a basis for the flow distribution studies. The test matrix on flow distribution and steady state mixing performed at ROCOM comprises experiments with various combinations of running pumps and various mass flow rates in the working loops.
Computational fluid dynamics calculations are accomplished for selected experiments with two different CFD codes (CFX-5, FLUENT). Best practice guidelines (BPG) are applied in all CFD work when choosing computational grid, time step, turbulence models, modelling of internal geometry, boundary conditions, numerical schemes and convergence criteria. The BPG contain a set of systematic procedures for quantifying and reducing numerical errors. The knowledge of these numerical errors is a prerequisite for the proper judgement of model errors. The strategy of code validation based on the BPG and a matrix of CFD code validation calculations have been elaborated. Besides of the benchmark cases, additional experiments were calculated by new partners and observers, joining the project later.
Based on the “best practice solutions”, conclusions on the applicability of CFD for turbulent mixing problems in PWR were drawn and recommendations on CFD modelling were given. The high importance of proper grid generation was outlined. In general, second order discretization schemes should be used to minimise numerical diffusion. First order schemes can provide physically wrong results. With optimised “production meshes” reasonable results were obtained, but due to the complex geometry of the flow domains, no fully grid independent solutions were achieved. Therefore, with respect to turbulence models, no final conclusions can be given. However, first order turbulence models like K-e or SST K-w are suitable for momentum driven slug mixing. For buoyancy driven mixing (PTS scenarios), Reynolds stress models provide better results.

The flow distribution in the primary circuit of the pressurized water reactor was studied with experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The main focus was on the flow field and mixing in the downcomer of the pressure vessel: how the different factors like the orientation of operating loops, the total loop flow rate and the asymmetry of the loop flow rates affect the outcome. In addition to the flow field studies the overall applicability of CFD methods for primary circuit thermal-hydraulic analysis was evaluated based on the CFD simulations of the mixing experiments of the ROCOM (Rossendorf Coolant Mixing Model) test facility and the mixing experiments of the Paks NPP.
The experimental part of the work in work package 3 included series of steady state mixing experiments with the ROCOM test facility and the publication of results of Paks VVER-440 NPP thermal mixing experiments. The ROCOM test facility models a 4-loop KONVOI type reactor. In the steady-state mixing experiments the velocity field in the downcomer was measured using laser Doppler anemometry and the concentration of the tracer solution fed from one loop was measured at the downcomer and at the core inlet plane. The varied parameters were the number and orientation of the operating loops, the total flow rate and the (asymmetric) flow rate of individual loops.
The Paks NPP thermal mixing experiments took place during commissioning tests of replaced steam generator safety valves in 1987-1989. It was assumed that in the reactor vessels of Paks VVER-440 NPP equipped with six loops the mixing of the coolant is not ideal. For the realistic determination of the active core inlet temperature field for the transients and accidents associated with different level temperature asymmetry a set of mixing factors were determined. Based on data from the online core monitoring system and a separate mathematical model the mixing factors for loop flows at the core inlet were determined.

In the numerical simulation part of the work package 3 the detailed measurements of ROCOM tests were used for the validation of CFD methods for primary circuit studies. The selected steady state mixing experiments were simulated with CFD codes CFX-4, CFX-5 and FLUENT. The velocity field in the downcomer and the mixing of the scalar were compared between CFD simulations and experiments. The CFD simulations of full scale PWR included the simulation of Paks VVER-440 mixing experiment and the simulation of Loviisa VVER-440 downcomer flow field. In the simulations of Paks experiments the experimental and simulated concentration field at the core inlet were compared and conclusions made concerning the results overall and the VVER-440 specific geometry modelling aspects like how to model the perforated elliptic bottom plate and what is the effect of the cold leg bends to the flow field entering to the downcomer. With Loviisa simulations the qualitative comparison was made against the original commissioning experiments but the emphasis was on the CFD method validation and testing.

The overall conclusion concerning the CFD modelling of the flow field and mixing in the PWR primary circuit could be that the current computation capacity and physical models also in commercial codes is beginning to be sufficient for simulations giving reliable and useful results for many real primary circuit applications. However the misuse of CFD methods is easy, and the general as well as the nuclear power specific modelling guidelines should be followed when the CFD simulations are made.

The goal of the work described in this report was the experimental investigation of the mixing of coolant with different quality (temperature, boron concentration) in nuclear reactors on the way from the cold leg through the downcomer and lower plenum to the core inlet in a systematic way. The obtained data were used for the clarification of the mixing mechanisms and form a data basis for the validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes.
For these purposes, experiments on slug mixing have been performed at two test facilities, modelling different reactor types in scale 1:5, the Rossendorf and Vattenfall test facilities. The corresponding accident scenario is the start-up of first main coolant pump (MCP) after formation of a slug of lower borated water during the reflux-condenser mode phase of a small break loss of coolant accident (LOCA). The matrices for the experiments were elaborated on the basis of the key phenomena, being responsible for the coolant mixing during pump start-up. Slug mixing tests have also been performed at the VVER-1000 facility of EDO Gidropress to meet the specifics of this reactor type.
The mixing of slugs of water of different quality is also very important for pre-stressed thermal shock (PTS) situations. In emergency core cooling (ECC) situations after a LOCA, cold ECC water is injected into the hot water in the cold leg and downcomer. Due to the large temperature differences, thermal shocks are induced at the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) wall. Temperature distributions near the wall and temperature gradients in time are important to be known for the assessment of thermal stresses.
One of the important phenomena in connection with PTS is thermal stratification, a flow condition with a vertical temperature profile in a horizontal pipe. Due to the fluctuating character of the flow, this may cause thermal fatigue in the pipe. Besides of thermal fatigue, a single thermal shock can also be relevant for structural integrity, if it is large enough, especially in the case, that the brittle fracture temperature of the RPV material is reduced due to radiation embrittlement. Therefore, additional to the investigations of slug mixing during re-start of coolant circulation, the mixing of slugs or streams of water with higher density with the ambient fluid in the RPV was investigated. The aim of these investigations was to study the process of turbulent mixing under the influence of buoyancy forces caused by the temperature differences. Heat transfer to the wall and thermal conductivity in the wall material have not been considered.
Experiments on density driven mixing were carried out at the Rossendorf and the Fortum PTS facilities.

We discuss the coaxial power input in normal and superconducting RF (SRF) photoinjector cavities. Upstream coaxial power input has been previously used at the PITZ facility where the output beam tube is an intrinsic part of the coaxial transmission line into the gun. In this paper, we describe coaxial coupling from the cathode side of the gun. For normal conducting RF guns, in addition to the advantage from symmetric coupling, an emittance compensation solenoid can now be positioned close to the gun cavity to deliver optimal transverse emittance. Beam dynamics calculations demonstrate 0.8 mm-mrad at 1 nC in X-band. For an SRF gun, we present a design for coaxial input around the cathode using a superconducting coupling cell. This cell matches the external quality factor of the gun for different beam powers and there is no RF loss associated with the axial gap of the cathode. The heat input into the coaxial feed and the surface field of the coupler are discussed. For a 1.3 GHz half-cell gun cavity with stored energy of 6.6 J, a 2.5 MeV electron beam can be delivered with a peak accelerating field of 50 MV/m. At 10 mA, the external Q is 2.1 x 106 and the coaxial line power loss that must be cooled is 28 W.

The spectra of self-adjoint operators in Krein spaces are known to possess real sectors as well as sectors of pair-wise complex conjugate eigenvalues. Transitions from one spectral sector to the other are a rather generic feature and they usually occur at exceptional points of square root branching type. For certain parameter configurations two or more such exceptional points may happen to coalesce and to form a higher order branch point. We study the coalescence of two square root branch points semi-analytically for a PT-symmetric 4×4 matrix toy model and illustrate numerically its occurrence in the spectrum of the 2×2 operator matrix of the magnetohydrodynamic α²-dynamo and of an extended version of the hydrodynamic Squire equation.

The long history of laboratory experiments on homogeneous dynamo action is delineated. It is worked out what sort of insight can be expected from experiments, and what not. Special focus is laid on the principle and the main results of the Riga dynamo experiment which is shown to represent a genuine hydromagnetic dynamo with a non-trivial saturation mechanism that relies mainly on the fluidity of the electrically conducting medium.

Strongly decreasing atmospheric emissions and acidic depositions during the 1990s have caused a chemical reversal from acidification in several drinking-water reservoirs of the Ore Mountains, SE Germany. Responses of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish stock were studied in five reservoirs and in enclosure scale where a water body of 1,200 m3 was experimentally neutralized by application of a new buffering substance. Three months after this treatment, the dominating chrysophytes and dinoflagellates were substituted by diatoms and cryptomonades. The colonization by acidic-sensitive species of green algae, cryptomonades, rotifers, and Cladocera (e.g. Bosmina longirostris) is explained by the occurrence of dormant stages or by survival of individuals in very low abundances. In conformity with the enclosure experiment, three reservoirs showed significantly (p<0.01) falling trends of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton biovolume, mainly due to the decline of dinoflagellates. Picoplankton and diatoms slightly increased in two reservoirs. The zooplankton biocoenosis was dominated by rotifers and small cladocera, the genus Daphnia was still lacking. Two reservoirs were re-colonized by zooplanktivorous fish populations of either perch (Perca fluviatilis) or sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus). The latter exhibited extremely high fluctuating abundance and biomass and even suffered from a population crash. This natural mortality was caused by limited food supply. Hence, severe top-down control may delay the recovery of bigger zooplankton species like daphnids. Fishery management comprising the introduction of predatory fishes could help to control zooplanktivorous fish populations and to prevent their mass mortality.

Radioactive isotopes are uniquely applicable to observe reactions or circuits of reactions at the molecular level without disturbing the system being studied. The advent of molecular imaging modalities, particularly positron emission tomography (PET), is a major breakthrough for the visualisation and quantitative assessment of cellular and molecular processes occurring in living tissues. The recent development of animal PET scanners that offers 2-mm resolution and is tailored to laboratory rodents, has made a further great impact on in vivo biochemistry. With these live-imaging modalities at hand, radiotracer-based technologies allow to look directly at biochemical distribution and interaction processes. Tremendous progress made in radiotracer chemistry, primarily in carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiochemistry, and in the design of imaging devices strengthens the usefulness of radiotracers in nuclear medicine and drug research and development and opens exciting opportunities for new applications, e.g. in food science.

Due to recent progress in crystal growth and unique optical and electrical properties ZnO becomes a prospective material for use in optoelectronic devices. ZnO thin films have been prepared at unheated glass substrates by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The oxygen fraction in Ar + O2 gas mixture was varied from 0 to approximately 83%. The films have been characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dielectric function of ZnO layers was parameterized using Drude-Lorentz oscillator. As shown by SE, the dielectric functions of the films prepared at low oxygen fraction are characteristic for cermet materials (mixture of oxide and metal particles). XRD confirms the presence of both ZnO and metallic Zn phases in these films. The layers produced at high oxygen fractions (above 60%) are insulating and their dielectric functions can be reasonably described by Lorentz oscillator alone. Importantly, that the latter films are polycrystalline with pronounced (002) type texture even at a thickness of only 50 nm. The XRD results point to a high mechanical stress in these films that can be related to the bombardment by negative oxygen ions during the film growth.
ZnO films prepared at medium oxygen fraction of 48% were annealed in vacuum at about 340 °C for 1.5 hour with in situ control of optical properties by SE and resistivity by two point probe measurement. The influence of the structural ordering during annealing on the refractive index is higher than the free electron density variation. An enhancement of the film resistivity at the final annealing stage (last 40 min) with concomitant decrease of the free electron concentration could be an indication of the acceptor-like defect formation.

Intersubband optical transitions at short wavelengths in strain-compensated In0.70Ga0.30As—AlAs double quantum wells are investigated by means of mid-infrared absorption. Trade-offs between achieving a high transition energy and a large oscillator strength of the two highest-energy intersubband transitions using our strain-compensation approach are analyzed as a function of the widths of the two wells. Two design strategies leading to relatively strong intersubband optical transitions at 800 meV, 1.55 µm, are described and the corresponding structures grown using gas-source molecular-beam epitaxy on (001)InP are investigated. The strongest intersubband transitions obtained experimentally are generally between 300 and 600 meV, 2–4 µm. Significant oscillator strength, however, also extends out to 800 meV, 1.55 µm.

Thema: Entwicklung und Testung einer neuen Klasse hybrider keramischen Funktionswerkstoffe (Biocere), die als schwermetallbindende Filtermaterialien oder als Immobilisierungsmatrix für lebende Zellen in der Umwelt- und Biotechnologie genutzt werden können.

The paper report about spatial dynamics studies of the Molten Salt Reactors (MSR). MSR is one of the concepts considered within the 'Generation IV International Forum'. The graphite-moderated channel type MSR based on the previous Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) research is considered.
The physical models and numerical solution procedures used in the dynamics code DYN3D-MSR are described. The most relevant peculiarities in MSR dynamics are the delayed neutrons precursors drift with the flowing fuel and the direct release of fission energy into the fuel-coolant salt. The code is based on the in-house developed code DYN3D for Light Water Reactor, which solves two-group neutron diffusion equations by the help of a nodal expansion method. The same method for prompt neutron kinetics is used in DYN3D-MSR, but the appropriate models for the delayed neutrons and for the thermal-hydraulic have been integrated.
The code has been validated against experimental data gained from the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), performed in the ORNL. After successful validation, the code DYN3D-MSR was applied to the analysis of several hypothetical transients typical for liquid fuel systems. Particularly, a prompt reactivity insertion modeling a control rod ejection accident was analyzed. By performing these analyses, the DYN3D-MSR code has been shown to be an effective tool for MSR dynamics studies.