Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

The MUSIG (Multiple Size Group) model in the commercial CFD code ANSYS CFX is a population balance approach for describing binary bubble coalescence and breakup events. It is widely used in the simulation of poly-dispersed bubble flows. The purpose of this work is to identify some inconsistencies in the discrete method that applied for the solution of the population balance equation in MUSIG, and propose an improved one for discretising the source and sink terms that result from bubble coalescence and breakup. The new formulation is superior to the existing ones in preserving both mass and number density of bubbles, allowing arbitrary discretisation schemes and free of costly numerical integrations. The numerical results on the evolution of bubble size distributions in bubble flows reveal that the inconsistency in the original MUSIG regarding bubble breakup is non-negligible in both academic and practical cases. The updates presented in this work are necessary and important for calibration of bubble coalescence and breakup models using the MUSIG approach.

Three new and different homo- and hetero-bimetallic polyoxometalate (POM) species have been synthesised by simple one-pot synthetic methods utilising naturally occurring bismite (Bi2O3) (or Bi(NO3)3·5H2O) and aryl sulfonic acids. The POM species isolated are {(NH4)14[Bi2W22O76]·14H2O} (1·14H2O), {NH4[Bi(DMSO)7][Mo8O26]·H2O} (2·H2O) and {[(NH4)4(Mo36O108(OH)4·16H2O)]·45H2O} (3·45H2O). The compounds have been characterised by X-ray crystallography, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), powdered X-ray diffraction (PXRD), mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TGA) and ICP analyis. In vitro cytoxicity and proliferation studies conducted on 1 and 3, highlight the low toxicity of these species.

Submerged gas injection into liquid leads to complex multiphase flow, in which nozzle geometries are crucial important for the operational expenditure in terms of pressure drop. The influence of the nozzle geometry on pressure drop between nozzle inlet and outlet has been experimentally studied for different gas flow rates and bath depths.
Nozzles with circular, gear-like and four-leaf cross-sectional shape have been studied. The results indicate that, besides the hydraulic diameter of the outlet, the orifice area and the perimeter of the nozzle tip also play significant roles. For the same superficial gas velocity, the average pressure drop from the four-leaf-shaped geometry is the least. The influence of bath depth was found negligible. A correlation for the modified Euler number considering the pressure drop is proposed depending on nozzle geometric parameter AoL o −2 and on the modified Froude number gd o 5 Q−2 with the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle do as characteristic length.

Spout height is a widely used parameter to quantitatively analyze the performance of the submerged gas injection in industrial applications. However, the effect of bath depth and nozzle geometry on spout height in submerged gas injection is still unclear. In this work, the effect of bath depth and nozzle geometry on spout height in submerged gas injection at bottom was experimentally investigated. Circular-shaped, three-leaf-shaped, four-leaf-shaped, and four-flower-shaped nozzles were used for this study. Spout height was extracted from the images captured by high-speed camera and analyzed by digital image processing. The results indicate that the effect of nozzle geometry on spout height is as important as gas flow rate and bath depth. Through dimensional analysis, predictive correlations of spout height from circular shape and four-leaf shape were developed with dimensionless bath depth and a modified Froude number using orifice perimeter and opening area as characteristic parameters. Experimental data were compared with the correlations from literature and good agreement was found.

When applying a large enough RF field amplitude, spin waves in a magnetic vortex disk can decay into two other spin waves via three-magnon scattering. In order to reach the threshold of this process, the energy flux from the decay of the directly excited mode must overcome the internal losses of the secondary modes. The resulting scattering processes obey certain selection rules which result in the two output frequencies to be distinct from one another. Moreover, three-magnon scattering of the directly excited mode into multiple pairs of secondary modes is possible. However, typically one of these scattering channels has a lower threshold than the others which leads to this channel being activated first and limiting the energy flux in the other possible “silent” channels. Here, we show that three-magnon scattering in such a system can be stimulated below the usual instability threshold by additionaly pumping one of the secondary modes. This is achieved by coupling the magnetic vortex to an adjacent magnonic wave guide. The response to the stimulation is instantaneous and can be used to activate the silent three-magnon channels, as well.

Liquid metal batteries are promising candidates for low-cost, large-scale stationary electricity storage. Different systems investigated at HZDR are discussed with a focus on fluid dynamic phenomena like interfacial wave interactions, mass transfer, and electro-vortex flows.

Preclinical imaging and irradiation yields valuable insights into clinically relevant research topics. While complementary imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) can be combined within single devices, this is technically demanding and cost-intensive. Similarly, bedding and setup solutions are often specific to certain devices and research questions. We present a bedding platform for mice that is compatible with various preclinical imaging modalities (combined PET/MRI, cone beam CT) and irradiation with photons and protons.
It consists of a 3D-printed bedding unit (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS) holding the animal and features an inhalation anesthesia mask, jaw fixation, ear pins, and immobilization for the hind leg. It can be embedded on mounting adaptors for multi-modal imaging and into a transport box (polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA) for experiments outside dedicated animal facilities while maintaining the animal’s hygiene status. A vital support unit provides heating, inhalation anesthesia, and a respiration monitor. We dosimetrically evaluated used materials in order to assess their interaction with incident irradiation. Proof-of-concept multi-modal imaging protocols were used on phantoms and mice.
The measured attenuation of the bedding unit for 40/60/80/200 kV x-rays was less than 3 %. The measured stopping-power-ratio of ABS was 0.951, the combined water-equivalent thickness of bedding unit and transport box was 4.2 mm for proton energies of 150 MeV and 200 MeV. Proof-of-concept imaging showed no loss of image quality. Imaging data of individual mice from different imaging modalities could be aligned rigidly.
The presented bed aims to provide a platform for experiments related to both multi-modal imaging and irradiation, thus offering the possibility for image-guided irradiation which relies on precise imaging and positioning. The usage as a self-contained, stand-alone unit outside dedicated animal facilities represents an advantage over setups designed for specific devices.

Detailed magnetization, specific heat, and ⁷Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements on single crystals of the hyperhoneycomb Kitaev magnet β-Li₂IrO₃ are reported. At high temperatures, anisotropy of the magnetization is reflected by the different Curie-Weiss temperatures for different field directions, in agreement with the combination of a ferromagnetic Kitaev interaction (K) and a negative off-diagonal anisotropy (Γ) as two leading terms in the spin Hamiltonian. At low temperatures, magnetic fields applied along a or c have only a weak effect on the system and reduce the Néel temperature from 38 K at 0 T to about 35.5 K at 14 T, with no field-induced transitions observed up to 58 T on a powder sample. In contrast, the field applied along b causes a drastic reduction in the T_N that vanishes around H_c = 2.8 T, giving way to a crossover toward a quantum paramagnetic state. Li NMR measurements in this field-induced state reveal a gradual line broadening and a continuous evolution of the line shift with temperature, suggesting the development of local magnetic fields. The spin-lattice relaxation rate shows a peak around the crossover temperature 40 K and follows power-law behavior below this temperature.

This work presents the development of a coupling scheme for Serpent2, a continuous-energy Monte Carlo particle transport code, SUBCHANFLOW,
a subchannel thermalhydraulics code, and TRANSURANUS, a fuel-performance code, suitable for large-scale high-fidelity depletion calculations for Light Water Reactors. The calculation method is based on the standard neutronic/thermalhydraulic approach, replacing the simple fuel-rod solver in SUBCHANFLOW with the more complex thermomechanic model of TRANSURANUS. The depletion method is fully coupled and semi-implicit, and the implementation relies on an object-oriented design with mesh-based feedback exchange. The results of the three-code system for a 360-day depletion calculation of a VVER-1000 fuel assembly with a pin-by-pin modelling approach are presented and analyzed. The performance of this tool, as well as the bottlenecks for its application to full-core problems, are discussed.

A microstructural investigation of a VVER400-type reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel in the initial state (unirradiated) is presented. Key points include a detailed characterization by electron backscatter diffraction and an analysis of precipitates and inclusions performed by transmission as well as scanning electron microscopy.

To understand and to tailor the properties of nuclear materials, it is essential to investigate their microstructure. EBSD systems in SEMs facilitate local crystal orientation measurements providing surface mappings in which each point is characterized by three Euler angles [1]. This data is used to reveal microstructural features such as grains, their size and -shape, grain boundaries and other details.
In the present work, a dedicated EBSD evaluation software was developed and applied to study the type of grain boundaries. Former austenite grain boundaries are revealed and within certain limitations, it is possible to differentiate between packets and blocks. Additionally, details about the variant selection during the martensitic transformation are provided and differences between bainitic steels and ferritic/martensitic steels are identified. This information may be of use to understand grain boundary related differences regarding cluster formation and sink strength.

We report terahertz response of photoexcited core/shell nanowires. The obtained parameters of the localized surface plasmon mode allow us to estimate electron mobilities, concentrations and recombination lifetimes. The extracted mobilities reach 4000 cm²/V·s at room temperature, while the carrier lifetimes range from 80 to 300 ps, depending on the shell composition and the photoexcitation level.

As a new electron source with higher brilliance, the second superconducting RF photoinjector (SRF Gun II) has been built at the ELBE radiation center for high power radiation sources. One of the main goals of SRF gun II is to achieve a higher bunch charge (>200 pC) and lower emittance (3 mm mrad) than the present ELBE thermionic DC gun. SRF Gun II features a 3.5-cell niobium cavity as well as a superconducting solenoid in the same cryomodule. With Mg photocathodes the gun is able to provide medium current beam with bunch charge of more than 200 pC and sub-ps bunch length at 100 kHz repetition rate. With this contribution we present convincing results from long-term user operation of SRF gun II in combination with the bunching concept of the ELBE accelerator in order to produce THz radiation with much higher stability and power than available using the existing thermionic gun.

The use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), also known as drones, is becoming increasingly important for geological applications. Thanks to lower operational costs and ease of use, UAS offer an alternative approach to aircraft-based and ground-based geoscientific measurements (Colomina & Molina 2014). Magnetic and hyperspectral UAS surveys hold particular promise for mineral exploration, and several groups have recently published studies of magnetic data collected by UAS for such applications (Malehmir et al. 2017; Cunningham et al. 2018), although equivalent studies using hyperspectral data are still rare (Kirsch et al. 2018). Combining both techniques is particularly useful. Magnetic measurements play an important role in mineral exploration, since magnetisation in rocks is mainly associated with magnetite and other iron minerals, which can be used in mapping and targeting of mineral deposits (Dentith & Mudge 2014). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a powerful exploration and mapping technique in areas where the rock surface is well-exposed, and where geological units and mineral compositions can be estimated from spectral features of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visual and infrared range.

THz radiation is a perfect tool for probing electrical properties of semiconductor nanostructures in a contactless way. When applied to semiconductor nanowires, THz probe pulses can drive the oscillations of photoexcited electrons and holes in the form of localized surface plasmon. We used optical pump – THz probe spectroscopy to study plasmonic response of charge carriers in GaAs/InₓGa₁₋ₓAs core/shell nanowires. The carrier lifetimes are about 80-100 ps, depending on the shell composition and the photoexcitation level, while the extracted mobilities reach 3700 cm²/V·s at room temperature.

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGLs) are rare, mostly catecholamine-producing neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal gland (PCCs) or the extra-adrenal paraganglia (PGL). They can be separated into three different molecular clusters depending on their underlying gene mutations in any of the at least 20 known susceptibility genes: the pseudohypoxia-associated cluster 1, the kinase signaling-associated cluster 2, and the Wnt signaling-associated cluster 3. Besides tumor size, location (adrenal vs. extra-adrenal), age of first diagnosis, and presence of metastatic disease (including tumor burden), other decisive factors for best clinical management of PCC/PGL include the underlying germline mutation. The above factors can impact the choice of different biomarkers and imaging modalities for diagnosis, as well as screening for other neoplasms, staging, follow-up, and therapy options. This review provides a guide for practicing clinicians summarizing current management of PCC/PGL according to tumor size, location, age of first diagnosis, presence of metastases and especially underlying mutations in the era of precision medicine.

Actinide research at the nanoscale is gaining fundamental interest due to environmental and industrial issues. The knowledge of the local structure and speciation of actinide nanoparticles, which possibly exhibit specific physico-chemical properties in comparison to bulk materials, would help in a better and reliable description of their behavior and reactivity. Herein, the synthesis and relevant characterization of PuO2 and ThO2 nanoparticles displayed as dispersed colloids, nanopowders or nanostructured oxide powders, allow to establish a clear relationship between the size of the nanocrystals composing these oxides and their corresponding An(IV) local structure investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. Particularly, the probed An(IV) first oxygen shell evidences an analogous behavior for both Pu and Th oxides. This observation suggests that the often observed and controversial splitting of the Pu-O shell on the Fourier transformed EXAFS signal of PuO2 samples is attributed to a local structural disorder driven by a nanoparticle surface effect rather than to the presence of PuO2+x species.

Waste water treatment plants (WWTP) are considered one of the largest sinks for manufactured nanoparticles (NPs), as well as a potential source for the reintroduction of NPs into the environment via the WWTP effluents. Consequently, the fate of NPs in WWT is an important factor for the risk assessment of the impact of manufactured NPs on Nature and human health. However the investigation of NP fate in WWT is hindered by large elemental and particulate backgrounds. To overcome these problems we used the radiolabeling of NPs as a means of sensitive selective detection of NPs in the complex media of activated sludge and cleared waste water in a model WWTP study. TiO2, CeO2, MWCNTs and quantum dots (QDs) were radiolabeled either by activation ([48V]TiO2), in-diffusion ([139Ce]CeO2), recoil labeling ([7Be]MWCNT) or radiosynthesis ([75Se]CdSe/[65Zn]ZnS QDs). The radiolabeling allowed us to quantify NP distribution between sludge and water phase in the WWTP and in the WWTP effluents. A distribution of about 10000 : 1 between sludge-associated NPs and free NPs in water is reached in the WWTP already shortly after injection of the NPs. Thus the elimination of the NPs from the WWTP is mainly controlled by the removal of surplus sludge taking place every day of operation. The NPs are eliminated from the WWTP with a half-life of about 6 days reflecting the pre-set sludge age. After about 22 days of operation 10 % of the initial NPs remain in the WWTP. Approximately 1 % of the NPs leave the WWTP via the cleared waste water, mainly associated with non-sedimented sludge particles, such that only about 1 ‰ of the NPs leave the WWTP as free particles via the cleared water. An impact of the NPs on the clearing process, as monitored by chemical oxygen demand of the inflow vs. the outflow, was not observed.

The employment of radiotracers is a versatile tool for the detection of nano-particulate materials in complex systems such as environmental samples or organisms. With the increasing usage of nanoparticles in applications outside of research laboratories a careful risk assessment of their release into the environment becomes mandatory. However, the monitoring of nanoparticles in such complex natural systems as soil, natural waters, plants, sewage sludge, etc. is very challenging using conventional methods, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. This obstacle can be overcome by radiolabeling, which may be of crucial value in enabling such research. We have developed various methods of introducing radiotracers into some of the most common nanoparticles, such as Ag, carbon, SiO2, CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. The labeling techniques are the synthesis of the nanoparticles using radioactive starting materials, the binding of the radiotracer to the nanoparticles, the activation of the nanoparticles using proton irradiation, the recoil labeling utilizing the recoil of a nuclear reaction to implant a radiotracer into the nanoparticle, and the in-diffusion of radiotracers into the nanoparticles at elevated temperatures. Using these methods we have produced [105/110mAg]Ag, [124/125/131I]CNTs, [48V]TiO2, [139Ce]CeO2, [7Be]MWCNT, [64Cu]SiO2, [44/45Ti]TiO2, etc.. The methods are adaptable for a wide range of other nanoparticles. The so-labelled nanoparticles can be detected at minimal concentrations well in the ng/L range even with a background of the same element and without complicated sample preparations necessary.
Using our methods one can radiolabel commercial nanoparticle samples for sensitive detection in environmentally relevant trace concentrations. The labeled particles have been successfully used in release studies, environmental mobility studies, fate studies in waste water treatment and plant uptake studies.

The search of a final repository for nuclear wastes from energy and weapon production calls for knowledge of actinide migration from molecular to kilometer scales. The migration behaviour on the mm to centimetre scale bridges a crucial step for the up- scaling of molecular knowledge and the validation of models based thereupon. Using the positron-emitting analogue for trivalent actinides 86Y we visualized its migration behaviour in a fractured granite core using positron emission tomography.
A granite drill core was obtained from the Bukov underground research facility in the Czech Republic. An artificial fracture was induced into the core by a geomechanical shear test and the core was subsequently encased in a plexiglas column. Radiotracers 18F and 86Y were produced at the in-house cyclotron at the HZDR Research Site Leipzig. 18F was produced by proton irradiation of 18O enriched water via 18O(p,n)18F. 86Y was obtained by proton irradiation of 86Sr enriched SrCO3 via 86Sr(p,n)86Y. Positon emission tomography was performed using the GeoPET setup at the HZDR Research Site Leipzig.
A transport experiment consisting of two steps was performed. First, aqueous [18F]KF solution was injected into the core to establish the conservative flow path through the fracture. Second, an aqueous 10-5 M [86Y]Y(NO3)3 solution in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 7.5 was flown through the fracture, followed by the eluent. The transport behaviour of the actinide analogue was monitored for a throughput of several pore volumes. After the conclusion of the experiment the core was opened and the sorption pattern on the fracture surface was additionally imaged by autoradiography.
Under the chosen conditions most of the 86Y got sorbed in the area close to the inlet and only 1% got eluted. The sorption pattern follows the conservative flow path. More detailed investigations of the sorbed species by μTRLFS (using Eu as a luminescent probe) and a modelling of the experiment based on the extracted flow path from the GeoPET data are planned.

In this work, the extraction of vanadium from alkaline solution, and the production of metal oxides through precipitation stripping, were carried out. The crystallization of calcium, copper, and iron vanadates from the extracts was performed using a solution containing a metal source as a stripping agent. In some experiments, a stabilizing polymer for controlling growth and avoiding agglomeration was added to the stripping solution. The structural characteristics of the crystallized products were studied. From the results, the synthesis of nanostructured vanadates is a simple and versatile method for the fabrication of valuable vanadium compounds.

Sorption of radionuclides on mineral surfaces retards their migration in the environment of a repository. Presence of organic ligands, however, affects sorption and consequently influences their transport behavior. In this study, we quantify the sorption of Eu(III) onto quartz surfaces as a function of pH in the absence and presence of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Batch sorption experiments show a pH-dependent sorption of Eu(III) on quartz. The presence of DTPA results in slightly higher sorption of Eu(III) at neutral to slightly acidic pH and considerably lower sorption at alkaline conditions. Sorption experiments were simulated using the Diffuse Double Layer Model (DDLM) with single sorption sites (≡QOH) and monodentate surface complexation. The reactions were established based on the aqueous speciation calculation under the experimental conditions, and the thermodynamic constants of surface reactions were obtained and refined by numerical optimization. Results of surface complexation modeling show the formation of a surface species ≡QOHEuDTPA2-, explaining the elevated sorption of Eu(III) at neutral to slightly acidic pH. In contrast, dissolved EuDTPA2- complex species are present at alkaline pH, resulting in an enhanced mobility of Eu(III).

In a flotation cell, turbulence significantly affects the recovery rate. Microturbulence influences the motion of solid particles and thus, the probability of bubble-particle aggregation. We investigated the effect of microturbulence on bubble-particle interactions with positron emission particle tracking (PEPT). Single air bubbles (db=2.5mm) were captured generated on a needle in a water flow channel. Upstream, a mesh produced an isotropic turbulent flow with 5-15% turbulence intensity. Depending on the distance to the grid, the incident flow near the captive bubble (Re=600) was characterized by eddies of different length scales and magnitude. The liquid contained up to 0.3% PMMA particles (dp=200-400µm) and up to six radiolabelled particles coated with PMMA (dp=300-400µm). The trajectories of the labelled particles were recorded, allowing us to determine the average particle distribution in the turbulent field and describe the bubble-particle interactions. These results provide valuable information to enhance our understanding of key flotation phenomena.

The major challenges of compact proton sources driven by an ultrashort high-intensity laser are currently to establish precise control over proton beam parameters and shot-to-shot stability. Shooting ultrathin targets has shown to yield higher proton energies, which became recently accessible due to temporal laser pulse shape control using plasma-mirror techniques. We find that the intensity ramp, transmitted to the target by the plasma mirror during the last picosecond before the pulse peak, becomes significantly decisive for the subsequent acceleration performance. Reliable characterization of this ramp with modern laser diagnostics remains challenging and immense computational needs required to fully resolve the plasma kinetics leave it mostly unexplored in today's simulations of laser-solid interaction. We present the results of 3D large-scale simulations with PIConGPU, taking into account realistic contrast conditions, bridging the scales from picosecond pre-plasma formation over transient, non-equilibrium dynamics of the tens of femtosecond laser duration down to attosecond plasma oscillations. Adding to beneficial acceleration conditions presented by hybrid acceleration mechanisms and the onset of relativistic transparency, we show that the maximum proton energy can be optimized by a specific leading pulse edge via a combination of pre-thermal and thermal TNSA, surpassing the performance of the ideal diffraction-limited Gaussian pulse.

Environmental pollution by metals and radionuclides is one of the biggest challenges which have to be solved globally. In the uranium mine of the Wismut GmbH near Königstein (Germany) uranium production was achieved by leaching the sandstone with sulfuric acid. As a consequence the geochemical nature of the mine water has been substantially changed leading to an increase in sulfate, metals and uranium concentrations. For remediation purposes the mine is currently in the process of being flooded. Mine water is pumped to the surface, where it is treated by a conventional water treatment plant which is cost-intensive and long-lasting. For that reason, biological concepts for remediation could be appropriate alternatives.
In our studies, we designed a pilot plant for a bioremediation approach using the mine water with the naturally occurring microorganisms. We added 10 mM glycerol to 100 L of the mine water and incubated the solution over six weeks at ambient temperature. During this time, we performed online-measurements of pH, redox potential (Eh) and temperature. The uranium concentration as well as the iron(II) and sulfate concentrations were measured periodically. Within the six weeks of incubation, we monitored a drastic decrease of Eh, from 650 mV to 80 mV. Theoretical predictions showed that this decrease could be associated with a uranium(VI) reduction. Thus, the prediction was confirmed using UV-vis and EXAFS/ XANES measurements. After 17 days of incubation uranium(IV) was detectable. In addition to the uranium(VI) reduction, we detected an iron(III) to iron(II) reduction during the first three weeks as well as a slight sulfate reduction after 30 days of incubation.
In summary, our results demonstrate a biological influence within the mine water of the former uranium mine only by adding 10 mM glycerol. As a result, uranium(VI) is reduced to uranium(IV). The investigation in pilot-plant scale confirmed our previous lab scale experiments. We were able to prove the microbial induced reduction of uranium(VI) which could by a possible bioremediation approach in combination with or instead of conventional water treatment.

Usually, bacteria do not occur as individual cells in nature but as multicellular communities called biofilms. Biofilms are characterized by building up their own microenvironment, which can differ significantly from that of the bulk solution. They are known to provide a sink for dissolved heavy metals and actinides since EPS, cell walls, cell membranes, and cell cytoplasm can serve as sorption sites. In safety assessment studies for future nuclear waste repositories research on biofilms are becoming more important due to the potential retention for actinides in these microbial communities. For example, in the future underground rock characterization facility tunnel for high-level radioactive waste ONKALO in Finland, massive biofilms are growing next to fracture zones in a granitic rock environment, where groundwater is seeping from bedrock fractures. The biofilms are described as a pink and solid slime, consisting of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Arthrobacter bergeri, Hydrogenophaga sp., Methylobacter tundripaludum, Rhodoferrax ferrireducens, and Haliscomenobacter hydrossis. In laboratory experiments uranium was added to the circulating groundwater obtained from the fracture. EF-TEM investigations indicated that uranium in the biofilm was immobilized intracellularly in cells by the formation of metabolically mediated calcium uranyl phosphate, similar to needle-shaped autunite (Ca[UO2]2[PO4]2 ● 2–6H2O) or meta-autunite (Ca[UO2]2[PO4]2 .● 10–12H2O) [1].
Biofilms are also present in open fracture zones and on granitic tunnel walls at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) in Sweden. The biofilms are predominantly formed by the indigenous iron-oxidizing bacterium Gallionella ferruginea with up to 90 wt% precipitated ferric oxyhydroxide. The combination of the biological material and iron oxides resulted in a large reactive surface area leading to a remarkably high bioaccumulation and adsorption of radionuclides.

The clinical application of immune effector cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown impressive results including complete remissions of certain malignant hematological diseases. However, their application can also cause severe side effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). One limitation of currently applied CAR T cells is their lack of regulation. Especially, an emergency shutdown of CAR T cells in case of life-threatening side effects is missing. Moreover, targeting of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are not only expressed on tumor cells but also on vital tissues requires the possibility of a switch allowing to repeatedly turn the activity of CAR T cells on and off. Here we summarize the development of a modular CAR variant termed universal CAR (UniCAR) system that promises to overcome these limitations of conventional CARs.

Structural disorder in certain alloys leads to the onset of strong ferromagnetism. Disorder can be induced in desired locations, at the nanoscale, making such materials useful for magnetic nano-patterning. Examples of these alloys include Fe60Al40,[1] Fe50Rh50,[2] and Fe60V40. Disorder can be generated locally using focussed ion- as well as laser- beams,[1 - 3] inducing nanoscale ferromagnetism. Furthermore, the effect can be reversed via thermal re-ordering of the alloy, achieving re-writeable magnetic structures.
Insights into the mechanisms of the ferromagnetic onset in prototype systems, helps achieve a broader understanding of magneto-structural correlations in general. For instance, in paramagnetic B2-ordered Fe60Al40 as well as D8b-type Fe60V40, the ferromagnetic onset is caused by antisite defects i.e. site swapping of the Fe and Al (V) atoms, resulting in a transition to the bcc (A2) structure. An increase of antisite defects can cause the Ms of Fe60Al40 as well as Fe60V40 to increase from nearly-zero in the ordered structures to 780 and 660 kAm-1, in their respective disordered structures. In contrast, in B2 Fe50Rh50 the well-ordered film is antiferromagnetic, and static disordering may be sufficient to fully transform the alloy to the ferromagnetic phase, possessing an Ms of ~ 1250 kAm-1 at 300 K. Thus, whereas the Ms in the above alloys increases drastically with lattice disorder, the microscopic nature of the disordering varies.
Here we deploy ion-irradiation to sensitively induce lattice disorder in the above binary alloy systems, while tracing the manifested ferromagnetic onsets, thereby obtaining insights into the correlation between magnetic behaviour and the structure. Properties of magnetic arrays and magneto-transport devices produced using lattice disorder will be discussed.
References:
[1] “Printing Nearly-Discrete Magnetic Patterns Using Chemical Disorder Induced Ferromagnetism”, R. Bali et al., Nano Letters 14, 435 (2014).
[2] “Tuning the antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition in FeRh thin films by means of low-energy/low fluence ion irradiation”, A. Heidarian et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 358, 251 (2015).
[3] “Laser-Rewriteable Ferromagnetism at Thin-Film Surfaces”, J. Ehrler et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 15232 (2018).

Nanoscale modifications of strain and magnetic anisotropy can open pathways to engineering magnetic domains for device applications. A periodic magnetic domain structure can be stabilized in sub-200 nm wide linear as well as curved magnets, embedded within a flat non-ferromagnetic thin film. The nanomagnets are produced within a non-ferromagnetic B2-ordered Fe60Al40 thin film, where local irradiation by a focused ion beam causes the formation of disordered and strongly ferromagnetic regions of A2 Fe60Al40. An anisotropic lattice relaxation is observed, such that the in-plane lattice parameter is larger when measured parallel to the magnet short-axis as compared to its length. This in-plane structural anisotropy manifests a magnetic anisotropy contribution, generating an easy-axis parallel to the short axis. The competing effect of the strain and shape anisotropies stabilizes a periodic domain pattern, in linear as well as spiral nanomagnets, providing a versatile and geometrically controllable path to engineering the strain and thereby the magnetic anisotropy at the nanoscale.

The CHROMIC project aims to recover chromium from steelmaking and ferrochrome slags to regain valuable resources and simultaneously reduce potential environmental impacts. To develop the recovery flowsheets, and reliably calculate metal recovery, an accurate assessment of chromium concentration and distribution is essential. Therefore, model streams were thoroughly characterized using a combination of analytical techniques . In all materials, chromium is present in distinct but often small spinel phases, intertwined with other minerals and showing a considerable zonation in Cr-content with higher amounts in the cores. The small size of the Cr-rich particles makes recovery by mineral processing challenging. Measured chromium content was found to differ largely based on the chemical dissolution method applied. Analysis of insoluble residues and comparison with a standard reference material evidenced that standard acid dissolution procedures based on HCl/HNO₃/HBF₄ and HNO₃/HF/H₂O₂ are insufficient to fully dissolve spinel structures, leading to severe underestimations of chromium content. A sodium peroxide treatment is required for a full dissolution of spinel. This is noteworthy since most legislation for reuse of slags are currently based on acid dissolution methods.

We present here a Ge photoconductive emitter generating THz pulses with a spectrum up to 13 THz free from any absorption lines if detected with a proper detector. Ge is a centrosymmetric non-polar crystal and hence its phonons are not IR-active. Therefore, Ge shows high and almost uniform transmission of THz radiation up to frequencies more than 20 THz besides a weak two-phonon absorption band near 10 THz [1]. Ge also has high carrier mobility required for efficient THz emission. Bowtie-like electrode structures with 10 µm electrode gap are deposited on a pure Ge substrate to fabricate the photoconductive THz emitter. The carrier lifetime in pure Ge is of the order of µs, thus it requires a pump laser with pulse repetition rate less than a MHz. A Ti:sapphire amplified laser system operating at 800 nm wavelength, 250 kHz repetition rate and ~ 65 fs pulse width is used to pump the Ge emitter and probe the radiated THz pulse using the electro optic sampling technique.
[1] A. Singh, A. Pashkin, S. Winnerl, M. Helm and H. Schneider, “Gapless broadband terahertz emission from a germanium photoconductive emitter”, ACS Photonics 5, 2718−2723 (2018).

We have systematically investigated the influence of electrode parameters on the emission efficiency of scalable large-area photoconductive THz emitters. We identify two contributions to THz emission, originating from the photoexcited carriers in the semiconductor and from the interdigitated metal electrodes acting as dipole antennae, respectively. Both contributions are optimized for maximum THz emission efficiency by varying the gap and stripe widths of the interdigitated metal electrodes. Using this approach we achieve a 50% improvement of the radiated THz electric field as compared to electrodes with equal stripe and gap widths.

In this talk I have presented some experiments on linear and nonlinear THz spectroscopy at HZDR

This talk reports some recent experiments making use of intense, spectrally narrow terahertz(THz) pulses from a free-electron laser (FEL) as a unique tool for nonlinear dressing of elementary transitions in the THz range.

This talk reviews some recent experiments using intense narrow-band terahertz (THz) fields from a free-electron laser for exploring electronic properties in semiconductor nanostructures. In n-type III-V semiconductor nanowires (NW), intense THz excitation causes a nonlinear plasmonic response, which manifests itself by a strong red shift of the plasma resonance. This nonlinearity is investigated by scattering-type scanning near-field infrared microscopy. For the NWs under study, a spectrally sharp plasma resonance, located at a photon energy of 125 meV for weak excitation, undergoes a power-dependent redshift to about 95 meV. We attribute this nonlinearity to an increase of the effective mass caused by transient carrier heating. In another experiment, we use strong narrowband THz excitation to dress the 2-3 intersubband transition in a 40 nm wide GaAs quantum well (QW). The resulting nonlinearities are explored by THz time-domain spectroscopy using synchronous broadband THz probe pulses and electro-optic sampling. Tuning the THz pump beam into resonance with the 2-3 intersubband transition, we have investigated the induced coherent signatures in the vicinity of the 1-2 intersubband transition and found evidence for mixed light-matter states in the QW giving rise to a THz Autler-Townes effect.
The presented work was conducted in collaboration with D. Lang and J. Schmidt (HZDR) who did most experiments, L. Balaghi, E. Dimakis, M. Helm, R. Hübner, D. Lang, A. Pashkin, S. Winnerl (HZDR), and S.C. Kehr, L.M. Eng (TU Dresden, Germany).

Astrophysically relevant nuclear reactions between charged particles usually occurring in stars at deep sub-Coulomb energies. A direct experimental study of such reactions in the laboratory requires high luminosity coupled with low background in the detectors to compensate for the tiny reaction yield to be measured. The new Felsenkeller underground accelerator laboratory is equipped with a high current particle accelerator and has very low background.
This contribution will report about the experimental study of the muon flux and angular distribution of the muons in the new laboratory, which is required to optimize the veto detector arrangements. In addition, the measured neutron flux and energy spectrum at Felsenkeller will be reported. Finally, the actual γ background in muon vetoed HPGe detectors will be presented. The measured background and known ion beam current will allow the study many astrophysically relevant reactions direct in their stellar energy range.

A new underground accelerator facility is being built in tunnels VIII and IX of the Dresden Felsenkeller. Previous gamma-ray background measurements in another part of the tunnelsystem showed suitable conditions for in-beam nuclear astrophysics experiments [1, 2] using germanium detectors with active veto against the cosmic-ray muons. These stableion beam experiments are of high importance to understand the reactions of the stellar burning phases, and in particular the solar fusion reactions.
The new laboratory is now ready to host measurements mapping the background conditions. This work reports on the measured background in actively vetoed gamma-ray detectorat the place of the target station in the laboratory used for the upcoming experiments.
[1] T.Szücs et al., Eur. Phys. Jour. A 48 (2012) 8. [2] T.Szücs et al., Eur. Phys. Jour. A 51 (2015) 33.

Background: The 14N(p ,γ )15O reaction plays a vital role in various astrophysical scenarios. Its reaction rate must be accurately known in the present era of high precision astrophysics. The cross section of the reaction is often measured relative to a low energy resonance, the strength of which must therefore be determined precisely. Purpose: The activation method, based on the measurement of 15O decay, has not been used in modern measurements of the 14N(p ,γ )15O reaction. The aim of the present work is to provide strength data for two resonances in the 14N(p ,γ )15O reaction using the activation method. The obtained values are largely independent from previous data measured by in-beam γ spectroscopy and are free from some of their systematic uncertainties. Method: Solid state TiN targets were irradiated with a proton beam provided by the Tandetron accelerator of Atomki using a cyclic activation. The decay of the produced 15O isotopes was measured by detecting the 511 keV positron annihilation γ rays. Results: The strength of the Ep=278 keV resonance was measured to be ω γ278=(13.4 ±0.8 ) meV while for the Ep=1058 keV resonance ω γ1058=(442 ±27 ) meV . Conclusions: The obtained Ep=278 keV resonance strength is in fair agreement with the values recommended by two recent works. However, the Ep=1058 keV resonance strength is about 20% higher than the previous value. The discrepancy may be caused in part by a previously neglected finite target thickness correction. As only the low energy resonance is used as a normalization point for cross section measurements, the calculated astrophysical reaction rate of the 14N(p ,γ )15O reaction and therefore the astrophysical consequences are not changed by the present results.

Inspired by chains of ferrimagnetic nanocrystals (NCs) in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), the synthesis and detailed characterization of ferrimagnetic magnetite NC chain-like assemblies is reported. An easy green synthesis route in a thermoreversible gelatin hydrogel matrix is used. The structure of these magnetite chains prepared with and without gelatin is characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy, including electron tomography (ET). These structures indeed bear resemblance to the magnetite assemblies found in MTB, known for their mechanical flexibility and outstanding magnetic properties and known to crystallographically align their magnetite NCs along the strongest <111> magnetization easy axis. Using electron holography (EH) and angular dependent magnetic measurements, the magnetic interaction between the NCs and the generation of a magnetically anisotropic material can be shown. The electro- and magnetostatic modeling demonstrates that in order to precisely determine the magnetization (by means of EH) inside chain-like NCs assemblies, their exact shape, arrangement and stray-fields have to be considered (ideally obtained using ET).

Insights into the structure of surface oxides on Zn–coated press–hardened steel (PHS) are indispensable for further processing like welding or adhesive bonding. The main oxide on top of galvanized steel is Al2O3 from the primary galvanizing process. This oxide is strongly altered during final austenitization annealing before hot–forming resp. press–hardening, depending on the annealing time. Four different steel grades are investigated, whereupon two are standard galvanized and the other two are galvannealed. For both coatings, we can show that the main oxides after austenitization heat treatment are native ZnO and the initial Al2O3. Our results indicate that the main alloying component Mn forms (Mn,Zn)Mn2O4 spinel, which also contains traces of Fe and is embedded in the upper ZnO layer. Also noticeable was a varying, nanometer thick Cr enrichment at the initial Al2O3 layer depending on the availability of Cr in the steel alloy. Small precipitates of further alloy elements can be found at this (Cr,Al)2O3 layer. Further experiments with time–of–flight secondary ion mass spectrometry attached to a helium ion microscope allowed to reliably distinguish between ZnO and Zn(OH)2, which are both present in the oxide layers. All specimen show high local differences related to skin–passing prior to final heat treatment. This is especially the case for shorter annealed specimen, where thermodynamic equilibrium is not yet reached.

Heterostructures comprising van der Waals (vdW) stacked transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers are a fascinating class of two-dimensional (2D) materials. The presence of interlayer excitons, where the electron and the hole remain spatially separated in the two layers due to ultrafast charge transfer, is an intriguing feature of these heterostructures. The optoelectronic functionality of 2D heterostructure devices is critically dependent on the relative rotation angle of the layers. However, the role of the relative rotation angle of the constituent layers on intralayer absorption is not clear yet. Here, we investigate MoS2/WSe2 vdW heterostructures using monochromated low-loss electron energy loss (EEL) spectroscopy combined with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and report that momentum conservation is a critical factor in the intralayer absorption of TMDC vdW heterostructures. The evolution of the intralayer excitonic low-loss EEL spectroscopy peak broadenings as a function of the rotation angle reveals that the interlayer charge transfer rate can be about an order of magnitude faster in the aligned (or anti-aligned) case than in the misaligned cases. These results provide a deeper insight into the role of momentum conservation, one of the fundamental principles governing charge transfer dynamics in 2D vdW heterostructures.

According to recent studies, gas sensors based on MoSe2 have better detection performance than graphene-based sensors, especially for N-based gas molecules, but the reason for that is not fully understood at the microscopic level. Here, we investigate the adsorption of CO, CO2, NH3, NO and NO2 gas molecules on MoSe2 monolayer by the density functional theory calculations. Our results reveal that indeed MoSe2 monolayer is more sensitive to adsorption of N-containing gas molecules than C-containing, which can be attributed to the distinct charge transfer between the gas molecules and MoSe2. The conductance was further calculated using the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The reduced conductance was found for NH3 and NO2 adsorbed MoSe2, consistent with the high sensitivity of MoSe2 for NH3 and NO2 molecules in the recent experiments. In addition, the adsorption sensitivity can significantly be improved by an external electric field, which implies the controllable gas detection by MoSe2. The magnetic moments of adsorbed NO and NO2 molecules can also be effectively modulated by the field-sensitive charge transfer. Our results not only give microscopic explanations to the recent experiments, but also suggest using MoSe2 as a promising material for controlled gas sensing.

The medium range order of self-ion-implanted amorphous silicon was studied by variable resolution fluctuation electron microscopy and characterized by the normalized variance V(k, R). The ion-implantation was conducted at sequentially increasing ion energies ranging from 50 keV to 300 keV. Two silicon-on-insulator wafers were amorphized at different implantation conditions. From each material, one as-prepared and one ex situ annealed specimen were chosen for analysis. Fluctuation electron microscopy on cross-sectional prepared samples confirms the presence of medium range order due to the amorphization process. We propose three explanations on how the observed medium range order is created by silicon ion-implantation. Two of these suggestions involve paracrystals formed by thermal spikes while a third explanation assumes a medium range order due to nanoscale regions unaffected by the amorphization. Although the two amorphized silicon samples reveal different local structures due to the ion-implantation process, no difference in the self-diffusion behavior is evident, which demonstrates that self-diffusion mainly proceeds within the amorphous phase.

Clinical interpretation of arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI in cerebrovascular disease remains challenging mainly because of the method’s sensitivity to concomitant contributions from both intravascular and tissue compartments. While acquisition of multi-delay ASL images can differentiate between the two contributions, the prolonged acquisition is prone to artifacts and not practical for clinical research. Here, we evaluated the utility of the spatial coefficient of variation (sCoV) of a single-delay ASL image as a marker of the intravascular contribution. We tested the hypothesis that sCoV is more sensitive than CBF to the intravascular signal, and therefore will be a better predictor of the side of occlusion. To this end, we compared the hemispheric lateralization of sCoV and CBF ASL images obtained from 28 patients (age 73.9 ± 10.2 years, 8 women) with asymptomatic unilateral carotid occlusion. The results showed that sCoV lateralization predicted the occluded side with 96.4% sensitivity, missing only 1 patient out of the 28. In contrast, the sensitivity of the CBF lateralization was 71.4% with 8 patients showing no difference in CBF between the ipsi- and contra-lateral hemispheres. The findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of sCoV as a cerebrovascular correlate of large vessel disease. Using sCoV in tandem with CBF, vascular information can be obtained in image processing without the need for additional scanning time.

Niobium dioxide (NbO2) is an isovalent counterpart of VO2 with considerably higher transition temperature (Tc = 1080 K). We have performed time-resolved optical pump – THz probe measurements on NbO2 epitaxial thin film at room temperature. Notably, the pump energy required for the switching into a metastable metallic state is smaller than the energy necessary for heating NbO2 up to TC providing strong evidence for the non-thermal character of the photoinduced insulator-to-metal transition.

Heavy ions in high charge states carry a large amount of potential energy in addition to their kinetic energy. The potential energy can amount to several 10keV and is released upon neutralization [1]. We recently showed that neu- tralization of slow highly charged Ar and Xe ions proceeds on a sub-10fs time scale, i.e. during transmission through the very first monolayers of a solid [2]. This feat makes highly charged ions an intriguing tool for efficient modification of 2D materials preventing significant damage to a substrate at the same time. Here we present data on the neutralization dynamics of slow highly charged ions in freestanding single layer graphene and freestanding single layer MoS2. Special emphasise is put on charge exchange of the ions, their kinetic energy loss, and the emission of secondary electrons/photons from the interaction pro- cess.

Slow highly charged ions (HCI) provide an efficient toolkit for surface modifications at the nanoscale [1]. Due to the potential energy of HCIs, nanoscale surface melting or atom sputtering can be ob- served in susceptible materials with an efficiency of about 100% (one surface feature per ion). The neutralization of the HCIs driving the potential energy deposition is typically considered to be finished in ’a shallow region’ in the surface, i.e. ’on the first nanometers’. To further quantify the HCI neutral- ization dynamics we recently took a new approach and used freestanding 2D materials as the target. Due to the atomic thickness of the materials, ions are not stopped in the materials and are available for spectroscopic analysis. At the same time the 2D materials are available for post-irradiation microscopic analysis, which finally al- lows us to determine (1) the kinetic and potential energy lost by the ion, (2) the energy dissipated by emission of secondary particles (electrons and photons), and (3) the en- ergy spend in the nanostructure formation process.
By applying our ion beam spectroscopy, we performed charge state and kinetic energy analysis of ions transmit- ted through freestanding single layer graphene (SLG) [2], amorphous 1nm thick Carbon Nanomembranes (CNM) [3], freestanding single layer MoS2, SLG/MoS2 het- erostructures and others. As a first result we found an ultrafast (sub-10 fs ∼ 1 monolayer) neutralization taking place, much faster than established models would have an- ticipated [4]. Furthermore, kinetic energy loss is signifi- cantly enhanced compared to the value of singly charged ions under the same conditions.
To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the plethora of observed phenomena and their interplay, we use an en- ergy, angle, and charge state resolved spectroscopy in co- incidence with yield and energy resolved measurement of emitted secondary particles [5]. We further developed an exchange and electronic decay taking the time-dependent atomistic model for ion stopping, charge ion charge state explicitly into account [6].
In this contribution I will give an overview about our recent progress in the field of ion scattering from 2D materials and put the results in perspective to nanostructure formation.

The spectroscopic analysis of ions transmitted or backscat- tered through/from a solid is a standard procedure in ion beam analysis and reveals material composition, crystallog- raphy, surface roughness and other properties. The infor- mation on material properties is typically gained through the determination of the ion energy (or energy of emitted secondary particles) and thus from the ion stopping. Addi- tionally, the ion charge state may change upon interaction with the solid material, which is typically considered as a ’complication’ in experiment, e.g. in the context of charge fractionization when using charge state selective detectors (magnetic spectrometers or electrostatic analyzers). How- ever, charge exchange is also determined by material prop- erties and can yield additional information in conjunction with kinetic energy loss analysis. In this contribution I will show that charge exchange and stopping of highly charged ions (and ions in general) are closely coupled, which implies that nuclear and electronic energy loss are coupled as well. Our results in combina- tion with a quantitative model for impact parameter depen- dent charge exchange and stopping can serve as an addi- tional tool for material structure determination on the sub- nm scale for 2D materials, especially in cases where elec- tron microscopy may not yield atomically resolved data. In our experiments we use slow (v < v0) highly charged Ar and Xe ions with charge states of 1 − 18 and 1 − 40, respec- tively. We transmit the ions through freestanding layers of 2D materials, i.e. single-, bi-, and tri-layer graphene, single- layer hBN, carbon nanomembranes, single-layer MoS2, and other transition metal dichalcogenides [1]. Secondary elec- trons emitted from the interaction process are recorded in a high voltage biased surface barrier detector serving as a start signal for time-of-flight measurements and also allow- ing us to determine the absolute amount of emitted elec- trons. Ions are detected by a position sensitive MCP detec- tor using a delay line anode. Utilizing a set of slits and parallel deflection plates we relate the impact position at the MCP to the scattering angle and charge state of the ions. The timing signal from the impact serves as the stop trigger for the ion’s time-of-flight. Thus, we obtain angle- resolved, energy-resolved charge exchange spectra in coin- cidence with the number of emitted electrons for each individual ion.
Comparing our highly differential data with an atomistic model for time-dependent charge redistribution between the ion and the target atoms allows us to link structural proper- ties and defects to the observed charge state pattern. Our model is based on the statistical description of atoms and an interatomic distance dependent ion de-excitation rate adapted from the Interatomic Coulombic Decay process [2, 3].
Fig. 1 shows a sketch of the ion transmission process in- volving the emission of secondary particles on the time scale of only femtoseconds. Thus, ion transmission studies with atomically thin materials not only are useful for materials science, but also to study inelastic ion-surface interaction on the femtosecond time scale simply by varying the ion velocity or tilting the sample.

Slow ions in high charge states impacting a solid surface represent a far-from-equilibrium system. Upon impact, the ions capture dozens of electrons and these electrons decay into the atomic ground state already during the collision driven by non-radiative de-excitation processes such as Interatomic Coulombic Decay [1]. The neutralization and electronic decay of the ion leads to the release of its potential energy, which amounts up to several 10 keV facilitating nanostructure formation in suscep- tible materials (mainly insulators with strong electron-phonon coupling).
When a freestanding 2D material is used as a solid target, the ions are still available for spectroscopic measurements after the ion-surface interaction. We performed charge state and kinetic energy analy- sis of ions transmitted through freestanding single layer graphene (SLG) [2], amorphous 1 nm thick Carbon Nanomembranes (CNM) [3], freestanding single layer MoS2, SLG/MoS2 heterostructures and others. As a first result we found an ultrafast (sub-10 fs) neutralization taking place, much faster than established models would have anticipated. Further, kinetic energy loss is significantly en- hanced over the expected value from singly charged ions under the same conditions. We are able to find charge exchange patterns, utilizing angle-resolved charge exchange spectroscopy [4]. To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the plethora of observed phenomena and their interplay, we developed an atomistic model for ion stopping, charge exchange and electronic decay taking the time-dependent ion charge state explicitly into account [5].
In this contribution I will show that charge exchange pattern together with an atomistic and local model for charge exchange can be used to determine the structure of 2D materials on a sub-nm level, especially important for amorphous materials where atomically-resolved microscopy is hard to perform.

The multi-fluid CFD methodology is widely used in the simulation of multiphase flows. The numerical results are able to provide insight and knowledge on local phenomena, and frequently used to assist the design, optimization and safety analysis of industrial processes. However, current multi-fluid CFD simulations often suffer from two limitations. One is that the predictability for multiphase systems is not fully guaranteed. The transferability of a setup from its calibration case to other cases, where experimental data are not available, is not always reliable, and result-oriented tuning is often necessary. The deficiency is believed to be caused majorly by the imperfectness in the closure models that are required to reconstruct the processes occuring at the interface between phases. The other is that the state of the art multi-fluid model is usually limited to certain flow regimes. It fails to capture the transition between different flow regimes, e.g. bubbly flow to churn-turbulent flow, which are frequently encountered in the practice. This work aims to present a framework for generalized modelling of multiphase flow and the efforts made in the CFD department at HZDR towards closure model development. A new solver for the realization and validation of the framework is developed on the basis of the open source CFD code OpenFOAM. It is capable of capturing both dispersed and resolved gaseous structures in the liquid as well as the transfer between them.

We publish three Roadmaps on photonic, electronic and atomic collision physics in order to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the ICPEAC conference. Roadmap III focusses on heavy particles: with zero to relativistic speeds. Modern theoretical and experimental approaches provide detailed insight into the wide range of many-body interactions involving projectiles and targets of varying complexity ranging from simple atoms, through molecules and clusters, complex biomolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces and crystals. These developments have been driven by technological progress and future developments will expand the horizon of the systems that can be studied. This Roadmap aims at looking back along the road, explaining the evolution of the field, and looking forward, collecting nineteen contributions from leading scientists in the field.

Low-energy electrons (LEEs) are of great relevance for ion-induced radiation damage in cells and genes. We show that charge exchange of ions leads to LEE emission upon impact on condensed matter. By using a graphene monolayer as a simple model system for condensed organic matter and utilizing slow highly charged ions (HCIs) as projectiles, we highlight the importance of charge exchange alone for LEE emission. We find a large number of ejected electrons resulting from individual ion impacts (up to 80 electrons/ion for Xe40+). More than 90% of emitted electrons have energies well below 15 eV. This “splash” of low-energy electrons is interpreted as the consequence of ion deexcitation via an interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) process.

A method is developed to determine the symmetry properties of strains and the type of Jahn–Teller effect in crystals with impurity ions in a triply degenerate electronic T state. This method is based on a calculation of the isothermal contribution of the impurity subsystem to the elastic moduli of a crystal and the absorption and velocity of normal modes for all three possible problems, namely, T ⊗ e, T ⊗ t2, and T ⊗ (e + t₂). The calculation results are compared with experimental data. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for a CdSe:Cr²⁺ crystal. The CrSe₄ center is found to be described in terms of the problem T ⊗ e. The parameters of the ground-state adiabatic potential are determined.

We report the synthesis and characterization of a new quantum magnet [2-[Bis(2-hydroxybenzyl) aminomethyl]pyridine]Ni(II)-trimer (BHAP-Ni₃) in single-crystalline form. Our combined experimental and theoretical investigations reveal an exotic spin state that stabilizes a robust 2/3 magnetization plateau between 7 and 20 T in an external magnetic field. AC-susceptibility measurements show the absence of any magnetic order/glassy state down to 60 mK. The magnetic ground state is disordered and specific-heat measurements reveal the gapped nature of the spin excitations. Most interestingly, our theoretical modeling suggests that the 2/3 magnetization plateau emerges due to the interplay between antiferromagnetic Heisenberg and biquadratic exchange interactions within nearly isolated spin S = 1 triangles.

The results of experiments aimed at the observation of split 1s states in Mg-doped Si are reported. From the results, it is possible to determine the chemical shift and exchange interaction energy of a neutral Mg donor in Si. The position of the 1s(E), 1s(T2), and 2s(A1) parastates determines the possibility for attaining population inversion and the specific mechanism of stimulated Raman scattering. The energy of the 1s(T2) parastate is determined from the position of the Fano resonances in the photoconductivity spectrum of Si:Mg at T = 4 K, and the energies of the 1s(T2) and 1s(E) orthostates from the transmittance spectra at elevated temperatures. On the basis of the experimental data, the relaxation rates are estimated, and the possible mechanisms of stimulated emission are analyzed.

Suprathermal electrons are routinely generated in high-intensity laser produced plasmas via instabilities driven by non-linear laser-plasma interaction. Their accurate characterization is crucial for the performance of inertial confinement fusion as well as for performing experiments in laboratory astrophysics and in general high-energy-density physics. Here, we present studies of non-thermal atomic states excited by suprathermal electrons in kJ-ns-laser produced plasmas. Highly spatially and spectrally resolved X-ray emission from the laser-deflected part of the warm dense Cu foil visualized the hot electrons. A multi-scale two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation including non-linear laser-plasma interactions and hot electron propagation has provided an input for ab initio non-thermal atomic simulations. The analysis revealed a significant delay between the maximum of laser pulse and presence of suprathermal electrons. Agreement between spectroscopic signatures and simulations demonstrates that combination of advanced high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and non-thermal atomic physics offers a promising method to characterize suprathermal electrons inside the solid density matter.

This thesis presents a computational tool for obtaining the Faraday rotation of an X-Ray pulse propagating through a plasma. The fields, needed for the calculation, can be obtained from either a three or a two-dimensional simulation. In the 2D case, a half turn rotational symmetry is assumed and a numerical implementation of the underlying Abel integral is implemented so the Faraday effect can be obtained from the radial distribution. A time-resolved calculation is introduced by integrating the effect over an X-ray pulse, with a specified temporal shape, and using multiple outputs from various iterations. The prototype is developed using Python/Cython and tested in a few simple, analytically solvable scenarios. The main motivation for this tool are planned experiments to study relativistic laser-matter-interactions with help of the ultra-bright XFEL pulses. Hence, examples of such interaction are simulated with the PIConGPU framework, and the developed prototype is used to examine the influence of Rayleigh-Taylor and Weibel-like instabilities on the Faraday rotation effect.

This work describes the in-situ CTR plugin for the particle-in-cell code PIConGPU.
The C++ -plugin calculates coherent transition radiation (CTR) from millions to billions of macro-particles in a PIConGPU plasma simulation. In order to avoid excessive disk output of many GB to TB of data, as well as and extensive post-processing runtimes on only few CPUs, the plugin was parallelized on GPUs and implemented in-situ as part of PIConGPU.
The physics of this plugins was successfully implemented, tested and verified to agree with an initial python implementation, which again was verified using analytical CTR theory, with an average error of less than 1%. Additionally the plugin was benchmarked, resulting in typical time to solutions for complete transition radiation spectra on the scale of several minutes.
The CTR plugin was then used in several Laser-wakefield accelerator (LWFA) simulations, with self-injected and down-ramp injected electrons respectively. Mimicking the hypothetical placement of successive transition radiaton foils along the LWFA interaction length, the CTR plugin was used multiple times for observing how the electron bunch evolution leads to the characteristic features of transition radiation spectra. This new tool is a synthetic diagnostic, which enables direct comparison of experimentally measured transition radiation data to simulations. In future experiments this can provide insight into LWFA longitudinal electron pulse profiles on the fs-scale, required for future compact LWFA-driven free-electron laser applications.

We introduce novel fin designs for finned tube heat exchangers which enhance the conduction heat transfer within the fin and the convective heat transfer along the fin surface simultaneously. Oval tubes with circular plain fins (CPF), circular integrated pin fins (CIPF) and a serrated integrated pin fins (SIPF) were additively manufactured via Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and their heat transfer and flow characteristics studied in a flow channel for different Reynolds number between 1800 and 7800 as well as fin spacing values between 6 mm and 16 mm. From the experiments an improvement of Nusselt number and a reduction of friction factor was found for all fin designs when fin spacing increases. CIPF showed a higher Nusselt number compared to CPF at all Reynolds numbers and fin spacing values. The highest Nusselt number as well as moderate friction factor values were found for the SIPF design. However, for SIPF the fin efficiency of 30:3 % is lowest due to the high heat dissipation along the fin surface. In order to evaluate the thermal and flow performance three parameters were studied: the performance evaluation criterion, the volumetric heat flux density and the global performance. CIPF gives a higher performance evaluation criterion compared to CPF and SIPF performs best compared to the other fin designs. Highest volumetric heat flux density of 2:72 mkW3K was achieved with CIPF at lowest fin spacing. Small differences in the global performance criterion between the fin designs and for various fin spacing were observed.
The SIPF design is of advantage, if the required surface area, the material cost and the weight of the finned tube heat exchanger are relevant. From the experimental results a heat transfer correlation that includes Nusselt number, Reynolds number, Prandtl number, fin spacing and fin design has been derived.

A detailed experimental investigation of Fe_1+yTe (y = 0.11, 0.12) using pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T confirms remarkable magnetic shape-memory (MSM) effects. These effects result from magnetoelastic transformation processes in the low-temperature antiferromagnetic state of these materials. The observation of modulated and finely twinned microstructure at the nanoscale through scanning tunneling microscopy establishes a behavior similar to that of thermoelastic martensite. We identified the observed, elegant hierarchical twinning pattern of monoclinic crystallographic domains as an ideal realization of crossing twin bands. The antiferromagnetism of the monoclinic ground state allows for a magnetic-field–induced reorientation of these twin variants by the motion of one type of twin boundaries. At sufficiently high magnetic fields, we observed a second isothermal transformation process with large hysteresis for different directions of applied field. This gives rise to a second MSM effect caused by a phase transition back to the field-polarized tetragonal
lattice state.

The operating conditions of future nuclear reactors, both fission and fusion, still pose a number of materials challenges. In this context, the novel class of high-entropy alloys (HEA) attracts attention due to good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance as well as an - mostly hypothesized -improved irradiation resistance. In the present work the single-phase fcc HEA CoCrFeMnNi, produced by means of powder metallurgy, was ion-irradiated with Fe ions at RT, 300°C and 410°C up to 0.6 and 1 dpa, respectively, along with the austenitic stainless steel 316 serving as a benchmark. Transmission electron microscopy and nanoindentation were applied to study the irradiation-induced hardening and the evolution of the microstructure. While similar hardening is observed for the HEA compared to the benchmark material 316 at RT and 410°C, substantially higher hardening was observed at 300°C. The origin of the hardening will be discussed based on the microstructural evidence.

The observation of oxygen isotopes in giant stars sheds light on mixing processes operating in their interiors. Due to the very strong correlation between nuclear burning and mixing processes it is very important to reduce the uncertainty on the cross sections of the nuclear reactions that are involved. In this paper we focus our attention on the reaction . While the channel is thought to be dominant, the (p,γ) channel can still be an important component in stellar burning in giants, depending on the low energy cross section. So far only extrapolations from higher-energy measurements exist and recent estimates vary by orders of magnitude. These large uncertainties call for an experimental reinvestigation of this reaction. We present a direct measurement of the cross section using a high-efficiency 4π BGO summing detector at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA). The reaction cross section has been directly determined for the first time from 140 keV down to 85 keV and the different cross section components have been obtained individually. The previously highly uncertain strength of the 90 keV resonance was found to be 0.53 ± 0.07 neV, three orders of magnitude lower than an indirect estimate based on nuclear properties of the resonant state and a factor of 20 lower than a recently established upper limit, excluding the possibility that the 90 keV resonance can contribute significantly to the stellar reaction rate.

Radionuclides occur naturally and can be released into nature through anthropogenic effects. Through leaching and migration, also the anthropogenically released radionuclides can enter the groundwater and endanger the environment, animals and humans. However, the microbial community living in the soil may influence the mobility and thus the migration behaviour of radionuclides.
Since the Chernobyl accident at the latest, it became clear that various fungi are able to accumulate considerable amounts of heavy metals and radionuclides in their fruiting bodies [1-3]. However, it has not yet been determined, which processes lead to this significant accumulation in the fungal fruiting body.
For this reason, the interaction of a model fungus, namely Schizophyllum commune, with various radionuclides was studied in detail in the steps of binding and uptake by the fungal cells and transport within the mycelium.
For the visualization of the radionuclide and heavy metal transport through the hyphae, TEM and STEM imaging in combination with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis were used to locate accumulation sites within the cells and to identify the formed species. The first results with uranium show that it is accumulated in form of phosphate minerals mainly on the cell membrane. Furthermore, microcosm experiments were conducted in which the bidirectional growth of the fungus was exploited: parts of the mycelium were growing upwards, while the other parts were growing into the contaminated soil. In order to check the transport of soil contaminants through the hyphae, the part of the mycelium that has no direct contact with the soil was sampled and analysed by ICP-MS. First results show that uranium could be detected in the samples, suggesting transport through the hyphae.
In addition to the transport of uranium, the experiments also investigate the transport of europium as an analogue for trivalent actinides, as well as the transport of inactive caesium and strontium within the mycelium.

Due to the multifaceted use of radionuclides in research, medicine and industry, there is an increased risk of a release into the environment during the extraction and use of radioactive materials, but also during the storage of the resulting radioactive waste. If radionuclides are released into the soil, they can migrate through soil layers to the groundwater or can be absorbed by crops. In any case, it endangers the environment, animals and humans. For this reason, an effective precautionary radiation protection method must be found which can limit the mobility of possible released radionuclides in the environment.
Since the Chernobyl accident at the latest, it became clear, that fungi influence the migration behavior of radionuclides in the soil by accumulating them in large quantities. Due to other positive properties of fungi, such as the spread of one organism over several square kilometers and their high life expectancy, they provide a good basis for a bio-based precautionary radiation protection. Nevertheless, previous studies have also shown, that the effectiveness of radionuclide accumulation depends on the respective fungal strain [1-3].
For this reason, the molecular interactions of four different fungi with uranium were investigated and compared.
First TEM and STEM images of the fungus Schizophyllum commune, which is widely used as a model organism, show mineralization of uranium in form of needles at the cell membrane. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) have shown, that uranium is mineralized with phosphate. A second fungus, called Leucoagaricus naucinus, shows a different form of mineralization and localization of uranium in the cell. However, first TRLFS experiments suggest that it is a phosphate mineral as well. Together with two other fungi, Pleurotus ostreatus and Macrolepiota procera, a better understanding of the interactions of different fungi with radionuclides will be generated in order to evaluate the potential of fungi for the precautionary radiation protection of soils and to lay the basis for the development of a practicable process.

In recent years, improvements in high-speed Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) and sensor technology has encouraged researchers to improve the performance of Data Acquisition (DAQ) systems for scientific experiments which require high speed and continuous data measurements — in particular, measuring the electronic and magnetic properties of materials using pump-probe experiments at high repetition rates. Experiments at TELBE are capable of acquiring almost 100 Gigabytes of raw data every ten minutes. The DAQ system used at TELBE partitions the raw data into various subdirectories for further parallel processing utilizing the multicore structure of modern CPUs.
Furthermore, several other types of processors that accelerate data processing like the GPU and FPGA have emerged to solve the challenges of processing the massive amount of raw data. However, the memory and network bottlenecks become a significant challenge in big data processing, and new scalable programming techniques are needed to solve these challenges. In this contribution, we will outline the design and implementation of our practical software approach for efficient parallel processing of our large data sets at the TELBE user facility.

Epigenetics investigates heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence. The related phenomena play a key role in gene expression by enzyme-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins. One of the most relevant modifications is the process of deacetylation of the lysine side chains on histones, which are regulated by histone deacetylases (HDACs). The catalyzed deacetylation of lysine residues on histones modulates the chromatin and thus influences the gene expression and transcription. The class I histone deacetylases 1, 2 and 3 are overexpressed in several types of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and inflammation. Inhibition of those zinc-dependent HDACs relaxes the chromatin structure and can result in transcriptional activation and anticancer effects, e.g. cell cycle arrest and induced differentiation. Consequently, radiolabeled HDAC inhibitors have emerged as a potential tool for the diagnostic imaging of tumors by positron emission tomography (PET). [1]
The aim of this work is the development of novel highly affine and selective fluorine-containing derivatives of a class I selective HDAC inhibitor to obtain the corresponding 18F-labeled PET radiotracers with an ortho-aminoanilide as zinc-binding motif for targeting class I HDACs in tumors. Recently, we discovered a new highly affine HDAC 1 ligand LSH-A30 with an IC50 for HDAC 1 inhibition of 4.4 ± 0.1 nM. In this connection, the structure of LSH-A30 serves as lead for the development of a series of fluorinated reference compounds, which are currently synthesized. The binding affinities and selectivities towards the class I HDAC isoforms will be determined. Our strategy is mainly focused on the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing derivatives, which are suitable for direct and indirect nucleophilic radiofluorination. For the most promising compounds, precursors for radiolabeling will be synthesized, the evaluation of physicochemical properties, e.g. stability and lipophilicity of the radiolabeled compounds will be assessed and further in vitro and in vivo investigations will be performed.

Graphene has long been predicted to show exceptional nonlinear optical properties, especially in the technologically important terahertz (THz) frequency range. Recent experiments demonstrated that this atomically-thin material indeed exhibits possibly the largest nonlinear coefficients of any material known to date. These findings in particular pave ways for practical graphene-based applications in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics operating at THz rates. Here we report on the advances in the booming field of nonlinear THz optics of graphene, and describe the state-of-the-art understanding of the nature of the nonlinear interaction of electrons in graphene with intense THz fields based on the thermodynamic model of electron transport in graphene. We also provide a comparison between different mechanisms of nonlinear interaction of graphene with light fields in THz, infrared and visible frequency ranges.
We conclude the report with the perspectives for the expected technological applications of graphene based on its extraordinary THz nonlinear properties. This report covers the evolution of the field of THz nonlinear optics of graphene from the very pioneering to the state-of-the-art works. It also serves as a concise overview of the current understanding of THz nonlinear optics of graphene, and as a compact reference for researchers entering the field, as well as for the technology developers.

In high energy physics, the Higgs field couples to gauge bosons and fermions and gives mass to their elementary excitations. Experimentally, such couplings can be verified from the decay product of the Higgs boson, the scalar (amplitude) excitation of the Higgs field. In superconductors, Cooper pairs bear a certain analogy to the Higgs field. Coulomb interactions between the Cooper pairs give mass to the electromagnetic field, which leads to the Meissner effect. Additional coupling with other types of interactions or collective modes is foreseeable, and even highly probable for high-Tc superconductors, where multiple degrees of freedom are intertwined4. The superconducting Higgs mode may reveal such couplings spectroscopically and uncover interactions directly relevant to Cooper pairing. To this end, we investigate the Higgs mode of several cuprate thin films using phase-resolved terahertz third harmonic generation (THG) to. In addition to the heavily damped Higgs mode itself, we observe a universal jump in the phase of the driven Higgs oscillation as well as a non-vanishing THG above Tc. These findings indicate coupling of the Higgs mode to other collective modes and a nonzero pairing amplitude above Tc. Our study demonstrates a new approach for investigating unconventional superconductivity. We foresee a fruitful future for phase-resolved spectroscopy in various superconducting systems.

Harmonic generation is a general characteristic of driven nonlinear systems, and serves as an efficient tool for investigating the fundamental principles that govern the ultrafast nonlinear dynamics. In atomic gases, high-harmonic radiation is produced via a three-step process of ionization, acceleration, and recollision by strong-field infrared laser. This mechanism has been intensively investigated in the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions, forming the basis of attosecond research, e.g. real-time observation of electron dynamics and sub-atomic tomography of molecular orbitals. In solid-state materials, which are characterized by crystalline symmetry and strong interactions, yielding of harmonics has just recently been reported. The observed high-harmonic generation was interpreted with fundamentally different mechanisms, such as interband tunneling combined with dynamical Bloch oscillations, intraband thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamics, and many-body electronic interactions. Here, in a distinctly different context of three-dimensional Dirac semimetal, we report on experimental observation of high-harmonic generation up to the seventh order driven by a strong-field terahertz pulse. The observed non-perturbative high-harmonic generation is interpreted as a generic feature of terahertz-field driven nonlinear intraband kinetics of Dirac fermions. We anticipate that our results will trigger great interest in detection, manipulation, and coherent control of the nonlinear response in the vast family of three-dimensional Dirac and Weyl materials.

Multi-color pump-probe techniques utilizing modern accelerator-based 4th generation light sources such as X-ray free electron lasers or superradiant THz facilities have become important science drivers over the past 10 years. In this type of experiments the precise knowledge of the properties of the involved accelerator-based light pulses crucially determines the achievable sensitivity and temporal resolution. In this work we demonstrate and discuss the powerful role pulse- and field-resolved- detection of superradiant THz pulses can play for improving the precision of THz pump - femtosecond laser probe experiments at superradiant THz facilities in particular and at 4th generation light sources in general. The developed diagnostic scheme provides real-time information on the properties of individual pulses from multiple accelerator based THz sources and opens a robust way for sub femtosecond timing. Correlations between amplitude and phase of the pulses emitted from different superradiant THz sources furthermore provide insides into the properties of the driving electron bunches and is of general interest for the ultra-fast diagnostics at 4th generation light sources.

Liquid metal batteries (LMBs) are a promising electrical energy storage (EES) technology. An LMB is an electrochemical cell made of three stably stratified liquid layers. Two liquid metal electrodes are separated by a molten salt electrolyte. The high operating temperatures limit experimental studies to few measurable quantities. Numerical studies based on continuum mechanics are required to understand the relevant physical mechanisms. Simultaneous charge, heat, mass and momentum transfer together with chemical and electrochemical reactions takes place in the bulk fluids and at the liquid interfaces. These processes affect the electrochemical behavior of LMBs and the cell efficiency. In the initial presentation we have presented the study of heat and mass transport in a three layer liquid metal battery developed with a segregated multi-region approach. In the final presentation we have presented the study of thermal convection in a three layer liquid metal battery developed with a coupled single-region approach.

In this study the complexation of U(VI) with orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4) between pH 3.5 and 5 with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‒MS) and laser‒induced luminescence spectroscopy was comprehensively characterized. The ESI‒MS experiments performed at a total silicon concentration of 5∙10‒5 M (exceeding the solubility of amorphous silica at both pH‒values) revealed the formation of oligomeric sodium‒silicates in addition to the UO2OSi(OH)3+ species. For the luminescence spectroscopic experiments (25 °C), the U(VI) concentration was fixed at 5∙10‒6 M, the silicon concentration was varied between 1.3∙10‒4 ‒ 1.3∙10‒3 M (reducing the formation of silicon oligomers) and the ionic strength was kept constant at 0.2 M NaClO4. The results confirmed the formation of the aqueous UO2OSi(OH)3+ complex. The conditional complexation constant at 25 °C, log *β = ‒0.31± 0.24, was extrapolated to infinite dilution using the Davies equation, which led to log *β0 = ‒0.06 ± 0.24. Further experiments at different temperatures (1 – 25 °C) allowed the calculation of the molal enthalpy of reaction ΔrHm0 = 45.8 ± 22.5 kJ∙mol‒1 and molal entropy of reaction ΔrSm0 = 152.5 ± 78.8 J∙K‒1∙mol‒1 using the van’t Hoff equation, corroborating an endothermic and entropy driven complexation process.

The magnetization state of 1D magnetic nanoparticle (NP) chains plays a key role in a wide range of applications ranging from diagnosis and therapy in medicine to actuators, sensors, and quantum recording media. The interplay between the exact particle orientation and the magnetic anisotropy is in turn crucial for controlling the overall magnetization state with high precision. Here, a 3D description of the magnetic structure of one-NP-wide chains is reported. Here, two complementary experimental techniques are combined, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and electronic holography (EH) which are sensitive to out-of-plane and in-plane magnetization components, respectively. The approach to micromagnetic simulations is extended, which provides results in good agreement with MFM and EH. The findings are at variance with the known results on unidirectional NP assemblies, and show that magnetization is rarely strictly collinear to the chain axis. The magnetic structure of one-NP-wide chains can be interpreted as head-to-head magnetic domain structures with off-axis magnetization components, which is very sensitive to morphological defects in the chain structure such as minute size variation of NPs, tiny misalignment of NPs, and/or crystal orientation with respect to easy magnetization axis.

In pure magnesium and aluminum-containing magnesium alloys, the microstructure also plays a role in the corrosion properties. In Part 1, the grain sizes, secondary dendrite arm spacings (SDAS) and precipitates of b phase were determined by casting samples with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% aluminum (all compositions in mass percentage) at different cooling rates. These samples were tested for corrosion properties by immersion and salt spray tests. The modeling of the corrosion process enables establishing a mathematical link between the microstructure and corrosion properties of an alloy. The results show an increase in the corrosion rate with increasing aluminum contents and the cooling rate.

The precipitations at the grain boundaries have a relevant impact on corrosion properties of the magnesium-aluminum alloys. A random comparison using the salt spray test tends to confirm the results.

Nowadays many consumer products contain nanoparticles in order for them to have certain desired properties. However, with the addition of nanoparticles these products can have potentially unknown health risks to humans, animal and plant species, and to the environment in general. The nanomaterial risk identification involves their physico-chemical characterization currently employing a variety of techniques and separate instruments. This makes the characterization an expensive and time-consuming process.
In the framework of the Horizon2020 project npSCOPE, we are developing a new integrated instrument for the characterization of nanoparticles. The aim is to improve the efficiency of the nanomaterial characterization workflow by integrating several techniques in one single instrument. The npSCOPE instrument is equipped with the ultra-high resolution Gas Field Ion Source (GFIS) technology [1] allowing the sample to be irradiated with very finely focused He+ and Ne+ ion beams at the nano-scale. Furthermore, the instrument incorporates detectors for secondary electron imaging, a secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) for chemical analysis [2-4] and a detector allowing the detection of transmitted ions/atoms to obtain in-situ structural/3D visualisation data. The instrument will allow the characterization of nanoparticles in their native state as well as embedded in complex matrices (e.g. biological tissue, liquid, etc.). A further key feature of the instrument is cryo-capability, including a 5 axis cryo-stage, in order to perform analyses of biological samples in a frozen-hydrated state and thus avoid artefacts caused by classical sample preparation (e.g. chemical fixation) used for HV or UHV imaging of biological specimens at room temperature.
Here, we will present the instrument, report on the instrument’s performance and discuss the correlative microscopy capabilities. We will present first results obtained with the npSCOPE instrument on different kinds of nano-particle samples relevant in the field of nano-toxicology.
Beside analyses of nano-toxicological samples we are planning to use this instrument in different material science fields as well as other life science domains that require high resolution imaging in cryo-conditions (e.g. lipid research) [5].

Spin liquids may host emergent quasiparticles, collective excitations of the spin degrees of freedom with characteristic features of Majorana fermions, which experimentally are detectable by broad excitation continua due to spin fractionalization. The latter is predicted for the Kitaev spin liquid, an exactly solvable model with bond-dependent interactions on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Here we report on detailed terahertz experiments in α-RuCl3, identifying these characteristic fingerprints of Majorana fermions. The continuum intensity decreases and finally vanishes on increasing temperature. It partly overlaps with phonon modes, representing characteristic sliding and compression modes of the van der Waals bonded molecular layers.

Radionuclides of divalent metals like lead-203, lead-212 and the radionuclides of alkaline earth metals barium-131 and strontium 89 are promising candidates for a radiopharmaceutical application. In addition, the heavy homologues radium-223 and radium-224 – with similar properties to barium - are suitable alpha-emitters for the targeted alpha-particle therapy. However, there is a lack of suitable chelation agents, especially for heavy group 2 metals. The macrocycle calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-6 seems to strongly interact with these metals. Therefore, this ligand and its coordination to the divalent cations of barium, strontium, and lead have been investigated. The complex formation was analyzed by NMR and UV/Vis titration experiments in acetonitrile, and stability constants were determine with both methods. It was found that the stability of these complexes increase in the order of strontium, barium, and lead. Additional to these investigations, X-ray crystallography, solvent-dependent ¹H-NMR, and ²⁰⁷Pb NMR measurements were performed to deliver a deeper insight into the coordination chemistry of this ligand.

We report unipolar resistive switching in polycrystalline, hexagonal yttrium manganite thin films grown on unpatterned Pt metal coated SiO2/Si substrates with circular Al top electrodes. Electroforming-free or electroforming-based resistive switching is observed, depending on the chemical composition (Y1Mn1O3, Y0.95Mn1.05O3, Y1Mn0.99Ti0.01O3, and Y0.94Mn1.05Ti0.01O3). The number of loading cycles measured at room temperature for samples with Y1Mn1O3 and Y0.95Mn1.05O3 composition is larger than 103. The dominant conduction mechanism of the metal-insulator-metal structures between 295 K and 373 K in the high resistance state is space charge limited conduction and in the low resistance state is ohmic conduction. Activation energies in Ohm's law region in the high resistance state are calculated from the Arrhenius equation and are evaluated to be 0.39 ± 0.01 eV (Y1Mn1O3), 0.43 ± 0.01 eV (Y0.95Mn1.05O3), 0.34 ± 0.01 eV (Y1Mn0.99Ti0.01O3), and 0.38 ± 0.02 eV (Y0.94Mn1.05Ti0.01O3).

Wire-mesh sensors are increasingly used for flow imaging in packed-beds. In this study, a capacitance wire-mesh sensor is applied to measure the cross-sectional liquid phase distribution in a rotating fixed bed reactor. The liquid filling level is derived as a crucial parameter defining the operational window of the reactor concept. Contrary to the standard sensor configuration, wireless data transfer and autonomous power supply is integrated. Furthermore, appropriate data processing is required to visualize the liquid flow of the three-phase system (nitrogen, cumene and γ-Al2O3 particles).

Open-cell foams are a promising alternative for the separation of liquid droplets suspended in gas flows at comparably low pressure drop. The separation in such ceramic foams is investigated using the residence time distribution of droplets derived from pore-scale CFD-simulations. 20 and 45 pores per inch (ppi) silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide (SiSiC) open-cell foams samples are considered. The foam structure was reconstructed from micro-computed tomography (µCT) images. To track the droplets, a Lagrangian discrete-phase model was used. The effect of pore size and pore density on the droplet retention time was studied. The flow pressure drop showed a remarkable agreement with the in-house experimental measurements. The droplet separation efficiency within the foam structure was found to generally increase with the inlet gas velocity and the droplet inertia.

Understanding the mechanisms of different chemical reactions with actinides at the atomic level is a key step towards safe disposal of nuclear wastes and towards the identification of physical-chemical processes of radionuclides in the environment. This contribution will provide an overview of the recently performed studies on Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium and Cerium oxide nanoparticles at the Rossendorf Beamline (ROBL) of the European Synchrotron in Grenoble (France). This innovative, recently upgraded, world-wide unique experimental station, funded and operated by HZDR in Dresden (Germany) was used to study actinide systems by by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the An/Ln L3 and An M4 edge. The experimental results have been analysed using a number of theoretical methods based on density functional theory and atomic multiplet theory. This research has received funding from European Research Council (ERC) under grant agreement 759696.

The present work aims to study the impact of microwave irradiation on grinding and flotation kinetics of a porphyry copper ore. For this purpose, the kinetic trails were carried out on the samples (d80=1.5mm) pretreated in the absence and presence of microwave irradiation varying the exposure time from 15 to 150s. Semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction technique (SQ-XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used for elemental, surface and mineralogical analyses. Breakage and selection functions were determined using the top-size-fraction method. Commonly used first-order flotation kinetic model and Berube model were utilized for estimating the related parameters. The results disclosed that the ore’s breakage rate constant monotonically increased by increasing the exposure time particularly for the coarsest fraction size (400µm) owing to the creation of thermal stress fractures alongside grain boundaries. Chalcopyrite’s flotation rate constant and infinitive recovery of pyrite improved while samples irradiated to the shorter exposure time (<60s) in comparison with the untreated ones. We finally concluded that the MW-treated copper ore was ground faster and floated similarly compared to the untreated one. Further fundamental studies are required for profound understanding of these phenomena from analytical points of view.

Among the intertwined processes leading to cancer progression, protease activity plays an important role. Various attempts to develop molecular imaging probes have been made, as such probes can allow functional imaging and thus improve the understanding of tumour progression mechanisms and enable personalised cancer treatment. PET and SPECT tracers are particularly suitable for such applications. However, novel tracers have to overcome challenges such as stability, target efficiency and off-target effects.
Multiple members of the cathepsin family have been demonstrated to be involved in tumour invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Especially high expression levels of the cysteine cathepsins B, K, L, S, and X are correlated with an increased metastatic potential and poor prognosis [1]. Due to their high expression in a multitude of tumours, those enzymes represent promising targets for the therapy and imaging of tumours.
Despite being virtually chemically inert, alkynes were shown to be able to irreversibly inhibit cysteine proteases: Both EKKEBUS et al. and SOMMER et al. independently described the unexpected inactivation of de-ubiquitinating enzymes by ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like modifiers bearing propargylamine in place of C-terminal glycine [2, 3]. We aimed to take advantage of those findings for designing alkyne-based cysteine cathepsin inhibitors suitable for radiolabelling with PET nuclides. The probes thus obtained would irreversibly bind to the target molecule without showing indiscriminate thiol reactivity.
Based on a potent, highly selective dipeptidyl nitrile-based cathepsin B inhibitor reported by GREENSPAN et al. (left structure) [4], we designed dipeptide alkynes by isoelectronic replacement of the nitrile nitrogen atom by a methine group. To avoid partial enantiomerisation during the formation of the C-C triple bond as observed for the open-chain serine-derived alkyne, the synthesis was performed via Garner’s aldehyde. This ensured high stereochemical purity of the final compounds. The inhibitory potential was investigated against cathepsin B, S, L and K. To optimise the inhibitory potential and selectivity, we consecutively varied all moieties attached to the dipeptidic scaffold.
We identified potent alkyne-based inhibitors for all tested cathepsins, with inactivation constants (k_inact/K_I) up to 10133 M^-1s^-1 and distinct selectivity profiles. We demonstrated irreversibility in a “jump-dilution” experiment and inhibitor reactivity in cell lysates and on living cells was exemplarily verified for cathepsin B. During our research, MONS et al. successfully demonstrated irreversible cathepsin K inhibition by alkyne-based small molecule inhibitors with no indiscriminate thiol reactivity [5], which indicates the viability of our concept.
Among the tested inhibitors we identified two promising radiotracer candidates which are selective for cathepsin S and L. We successfully radiolabelled the cathepsin S-selective inhibitor with N-succinimidyl 4-[¹⁸F]fluorobenzoate ([¹⁸F]SFB). Radiopharmacological characterisation of the activity-based probe obtained by that approach is in progress.

[1] Löser, R; Pietzsch, J.: Front. Chem., 2015, 3: 37.
[2] Ekkebus et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135(8): 2867-2870.
[3] Sommer et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2013, 21(9): 2511-2517.
[4] Greenspan et al.: J. Med. Chem., 2001, 44(26): 4524-4534.
[5] Mons et al.: J. Am. Soc. 2019, 141(8): 3507-3514.

Motivation: Radiotherapy is an important modality in cancer treatment commonly using photon beams from compact electron linear accelerators. However, due to the inverse depth dose profile (Bragg peak) with maximum dose deposition at the end of their path, proton beams allow a dose escalation within the target volume and reduction in surrounding normal tissue. Up to 20% of all radiotherapy patients could benefit from proton therapy (PT). Conventional accelerators are utilized to obtain proton beams with therapeutic energies of 70 – 250 MeV. These beams are then transported to the patient via magnetic transferlines and a rotatable beamline, called gantry, which are large and bulky. PT requires huge capex, limiting it to only a few big centres worldwide treating much less than 1% of radiotherapy patients. The new particle acceleration by ultra-intense laser pulses occurs on micrometer scales, potentially enabling more compact PT facilities and increasing their widespread. These laser-accelerated proton (LAP) bunches have been observed recently with energies of up to 90 MeV and scaling models predict LAP with therapeutic energies with the next generation petawatt laser systems.

Despite being the main drinking water resource for over five million people, the water balance of the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system on the western side of the Dead Sea is poorly understood. The regional aquifer consists of fractured and karstified limestone — aquifers of Cretaceous age and can be separated in Cenomanian aquifer (upper aquifer) and Albian aquifer (lower aquifer). Both aquifers are exposed along the mountain ridge around Jerusalem, which is the main recharge area. From here, the recharged groundwater flows in a highly karstified aquifer system towards the east, to discharge in springs in the Lower Jordan Valley and Dead Sea region. We investigated the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system on groundwater flow, groundwater age and potential mixtures, and groundwater recharge. We combined ³⁶Cl/Cl, tritium and the anthropogenic gases SF₆, CFC-12 and CFC-11, CFC-113 as “dating” tracers to estimate the young water components inside the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system. By application of lumped parameter models, we verified young groundwater components from the last 10 to 30 years and an admixture of a groundwater component older than about 70 years. Concentrations of nitrate, Simazine® (Pesticide), Acesulfame K® (artificial sweetener) and Naproxen® (drug) in the groundwater were further indications of infiltration during the last 30 years. The combination of multiple environmental tracers and lumped parameter modelling helped to understand the groundwater age distribution and to estimate recharge despite scarce data in this very complex hydrogeological setting. Our groundwater recharge rates support groundwater management of this politically difficult area and can be used to inform and calibrate ongoing groundwater flow models.

Flexible electronics have a strong potential to revolutionize the health care sector. Numerous flexible diagnostic or therapeutic devices have been successfully demonstrated. However, tumor treatment remains rather unexplored in the field of flexible electronics. Here, we demonstrate that the electrical and mechanical properties of highly compliant electronics are advantageous for targeting tumor sites at internal organs. This kind of electronics could be implanted to heat and thereby render the treated tissue susceptible to chemotherapy, radiation or other available treatments. Our method relies on the implantation directly at the tumor site of an ultra-thin flexible device comprising a resistive heater and temperature sensor. The device consists of a 6 µm thick polymeric foil hosting the heater and sensor, capped with a 5 µm thick encapsulation layer. Due to its ultrathin nature, it seamlessly conforms to the very soft liver tissue and allows for precisely controlled thermal treatment. Its high mechanical compliance provides stable readings even upon severe mechanical deformations, enabling a temperature accuracy of 0.1°C at bending radii of 2.5 mm, characteristic for mouse liver tissues. We demonstrate a proof-of-concept prototype and evaluate its electrical and mechanical performance when applied to murine cancer models. The presented highly compliant device paves the way for handling of exophytic (located at the organ surface) tumor nodules via thermal destruction of tissue, targeted drug release, or enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, it raises the possibility to further study the effects of thermal treatment in enhancing the development of the new cancer therapies, especially for severe malignancies as liver cancer.

The emergence of smart electronics, human friendly robotics and supplemented or virtual reality demands electronic skins with both tactile and touchless perceptions for the manipulation of real and virtual objects. Here, we realize bifunctional electronic skins equipped with a compliant magnetic microelectromechanical system able to transduce both tactile - via mechanical pressure - and touchless - via magnetic fields - stimulations simultaneously. The magnetic microelectromechanical system separates electric signals from tactile and touchless interactions into two different regions, allowing the electronic skins to unambiguously distinguish the two modes in real time. Besides, its inherent magnetic specificity overcomes the interference from non-relevant objects and enables signal-programmable interactions. Ultimately, the magnetic microelectromechanical system enables complex interplay with physical objects enhanced with virtual content data in augmented reality, robotics, and medical applications.

Resonance ultrasound attenuation, albeit broadened, is observed in doped cubic crystal ZnSe with a part of the Zn ions substituted by magnetic anisotropic Cr²⁺ ions. In the tetrahedral selenium environment the latter form a T term Jahn–Teller (JT) center with a T⊗e JT problem and three equivalent distortions along the three tetragonal axes. In sufficiently strong magnetic fields (B > 4 T) applied along the [001] direction the degeneracy of the ground state is removed, and the ultrasound wave propagating along [110] and polarized along [110] (at T = 1.3 K) does not interact with the center, its impurity attenuation being reduced to zero. By comparison, this allows to estimate the contribution of the Cr centers to the attenuation of ultrasound in the ZnSe:Cr crystal in zero magnetic field. The experimental data revealed a strong dependence of the attenuation on the ultrasound frequency, evidencing for the resonance nature of the attenuation: there is no frequency dependence in relaxational attenuation with the relaxation time much larger than the period of the ultrasonic wave. The resonance attenuation is attributed to transitions between the ground state energy levels, split by spin-orbital interaction. The high sensitivity of the resonance absorption on the ultrasound power is also discussed.

Oxides containing group III or group V elements (B₂O₃/Sb₂O₅ and P₂O₅/Sb₂O₅) are grown by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) on single-crystalline silicon and serve as dopant sources for conformal and shallow doping. Transport phenomena in ALD-oxide–Si structures during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) are investigated subsequently by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The XPS and TEM analyses of the annealed ALD oxide–Si structures demonstrate that the ALD oxide converts to a silicon oxide and partially evaporates during annealing. In addition, dopant-containing, spherical, and partially crystalline particles form in the oxide, and Si-P precipitates at the oxide–Si interface. After diffusion annealing at 1000 °C, the SIMS analyses reveal phosphorus and boron concentration profiles in the silicon substrate with maximum concentrations exceeding their solid solubility limits by roughly one order of magnitude. Experimental doping profiles of phosphorus and boron in silicon are compared with simulation results, considering a slight injection of self-interstitials and dynamical defect clustering.

ODS steels are known to exhibit anisotropic fracture behaviour owing to their anisotropic microstructure and form secondary cracks. Secondary cracks are observed more often in hot-rolled than in hot-extruded ODS steels. They tend to absorb energy and help in stabilizing primary crack propagation at low temperatures but initiate at lower loads than primary cracks. In this work, a correlation is made between the microstructural anisotropy of three ferritic ODS steels and the secondary cracking induced in these materials. Better understanding of these factors can lead to tailoring of improved ODS steels. Fracture toughness testing of three batches of ferritic ODS steels, one hot-rolled and two hot-extruded, were carried out using small C(T) specimens. The fracture behaviour of secondary cracks was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Crystallographic texture and grain morphology play a dominant role in the formation of secondary cracks in hot-rolled ODS steels. Secondary crack initiation at low loads in hot-rolled material is predominantly due to anisotropic grain morphology. At lower temperatures, secondary cracks occur via transgranular cleavage while at higher temperatures, the fracture mode changes to ductile and intergranular.

Mining always played a decisive role in achieving modern technology standards, influencing raw material driven aspects of today’s societies. During the last decade, more focus is put towards environmental protection in developed countries. This progression is not yet implemented in many mining sites all over the world. In those cases, mining and post-mining management represents a negative intervention in ecosystems. We take the example of acid mine drainage (AMD) accompanied by high concentrations of dissolved metal ions, which influence characteristics of soils and water bodies. This poses a hazardous situation not only to nature, but also to agriculture and food production. Monitoring of post mining-related contamination hot-spots is one step to detect problem sand take fast responsive actions. Environmental screening basically depends on geochemical analyses, gathered from sampling points, distributed over the investigated area. Even though this kind of investigation provides very detailed information about concentrations of various elements and compounds, that information is only available for sampled spots. Furthermore, some areas are inaccessible due to various reasons (risks of rockfall, cliffs, in-accessible terrain). We present two case studies with test-areas from the coal-mining districts of Sokolov in the Czech Republic and from eastern Saxony in Germany. The acquisitions in the German test sites are part of the EU-founded project “VitaMin”. The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) provides the possibility of detailed surface mapping, using sensors that are light enough to be mounted on a UAS. We carried out several studies in post mining areas, including drone-borne multi- and hyperspectral acquisitions, along with ground-based validation data. This approach allows the generation of high-resolution surface maps, containing information about the distribution of certain elements, mineral proxies and chemical compounds. The sensor wavelength-ranges and spectral resolution determine the substances that can be detected. Among the spectral detectable substances, iron is of key importance. By analysing the spectra in the visible to near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, we distinguish between Fe(II)- and Fe(III)-compounds. Furthermore, iron bearing minerals are a suitable indicator for the distribution and severity of acid mine drainage. A rough estimation about the predominant pH-value can be made. Hyperspectral imagery is one solution to enhance the quality of classical geochemical analyses and increase the overall amount of information during efficient environmental monitoring. We highlight the potential of UAS hyperspectral mapping to provide a highly efficient way of precisely mapping superficial indicative compounds. We explore the potential in combining drone-borne hyperspectral imaging with geochemical analyses.

The technical evolution of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) for mineral exploration advances rapidly. Recent sensor developments and improved UAS performance open new fields for research and applications in geological and geophysical exploration among others. In this study, we introduce an integrated acquisition and processing strategy for drone-borne multi-sensor surveys combining optical remote sensing and magnetic data. We deploy both fixed-wing and multicopter UAS to characterise an outcrop of the Otanmäki Fe-Ti-V deposit in central Finland. The lithology consists mainly of gabbro intrusions hosting ore bodies of magnetite-ilmenite. Large areas of the outcrop are covered by lichen and low vegetation. We use two drone-borne multi- and hyperspectral cameras operating in the visible to near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to identify dominant geological features and the extents of ore bodies via iron-indicating proxy minerals. We apply band ratios, unsupervised and supervised image classifications on the spectral data, from which we can map surficial iron-bearing zones. We use two setups with three-axis fluxgate magnetometers deployed both by a fixed-wing and a multi-copter UAS to measure the magnetic field at various flight altitudes (15 m, 40 m, 65 m). The total magnetic intensity (TMI) computed from the individual components is used for further interpretation of ore distribution. We compare to traditional magnetic ground-based survey data to evaluate the UAS-based results. The measured anomalies and spectral data are validated and assigned to the outcropping geology and ore mineralisation by performing surface spectroscopy, portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), magnetic susceptibility and traditional geologic mapping. Locations of mineral zones and magnetic anomalies correlate with the established geologic map. The integrated survey strategy allowed a straightforward mapping of ore occurrences. We highlight the efficiency, spatial resolution and reliability of UAS surveys. Acquisition time of magnetic UAS surveying surpassed ground surveying by factor of twenty with a comparable resolution. The proposed workflow possibly facilitates surveying particularly in areas with complicated terrain and of limited accessibility, but highlights the remaining challenges in UAS mapping.

Europium is used to replace toxic lead in metal halide perovskite nanocrystals. They are synthesized by injecting cesium oleate in a solution of europium (II) bromide at an experimentally determined optimum temperature of 130°C. The obtained CsEuBr3 NCs exhibit bright blue emission at 413 nm (FWHM: 30 nm) with a room temperature photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of 39%. The emission originates from the Laporte allowed 4f7 – 4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ and shows a PL decay time of 263 ns. Under optimized synthesis conditions long-term stability of the optical properties without any sign of oxidation to Eu3+ is achieved, making the fully inorganic lead-free CsEuBr3 NCs promising deep blue emitters for optoelectronics.

We present a study devoted to a detailed description of modulated rotating waves (MRW) in the magnetised spherical Couette system. The set-up consists of a liquid metal confined between two differentially rotating spheres and subjected to an axially applied magnetic field. When the magnetic field strength is varied, several branches of MRW are obtained by means of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. The MRW originate from parent branches of rotating waves and are classified according to Rand’s (Arch Ration Mech Anal 79:1–37, 1982) and Coughling and Marcus (J Fluid Mech 234:1–18, 1992) theoretical description. We have found relatively large intervals of multistability of MRW at low magnetic field, corresponding to the radial jet instability known from previous studies. However, at larger magnetic field, corresponding to the return flow regime, the stability intervals of MRW are very narrow and thus they are unlikely to be found without detailed knowledge of their bifurcation point. A careful analysis of the spatio-temporal symmetries of the most energetic modes involved in the different classes of MRW will allow in the future a comparison with the HEDGEHOG experiment, a magnetised spherical Couette device hosted at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.

A new systematic approach for estimating the section and column efficiencies based on flow profiles and vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) characteristics of binary mixtures exclusively for each tray is proposed. A novel iterative technique for approximating the slope of the VLE curve and the tray efficiency is also developed. For demonstrating the predictive capabilities of the new approach, two case studies are formulated in this work - one with a theoretical column processing selected binary mixtures at total reflux, and the other involving an industrial column whose performance data are acquired from the literature. An in-depth analysis of theoretical column study reveals the superiority of the new approach over the most applied method. In the case study of industrial column, the new approach predicts the section efficiency accurately, unlike the efficiency underestimation from the most applied method. Such an approach would allow a priori calculation of the section and column efficiencies in the tray and column design phase.

In the context of a comprehensive campaign for the characterisation of transmutation fuels for next generation nuclear reactors, the melting behaviour of mixed uranium-americium dioxides has been experimentally studied for the first time by laser heating, for Am concentrations up to 70 mol. % under different types of atmospheres. Extensive post-melting material characterisations were then performed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The melting temperatures observed for the various compositions follow a markedly different trend depending on the experimental atmosphere. Uranium-rich samples melt at temperatures significantly lower (around 2700 K) when they are laser-heated in a strongly oxidizing atmosphere compressed air at (0.300 ± 0.005) MPa, compared to the melting points (beyond 3000 K) registered for the same compositions in an inert environment (pressurised Ar). This behaviour has been interpreted on the basis of the strong oxidation of such samples in air, leading to lower-melting temperatures. Thus, the melting temperature trend observed in air is characterized, in the purely pseudo-binary dioxide plane, by an apparent maximum melting temperature around 2850 K for 0.3 < x(AmO2) < 0.5. The melting points measured under inert atmosphere uniformly decrease with increasing americium content, displaying an approximately ideal solution behaviour if a melting point around 2386 K is assumed for pure AmO2. In reality, it will be shown that the (U, Am)-oxide system can only be rigorously described in the ternary U-Am-O phase diagram, rather than the UO2-AmO2 pseudo-binary, due to the aforementioned over-oxidation effect in air. Indeed, general departures from the oxygen stoichiometry (Oxygen/Metal ratios ≠ 2.0) have been highlighted by the X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). Finally, to help interpret the experimental results, thermodynamic computations based on the CALPHAD method will be presented.

Many correlations have been developed to predict the hydrodynamics of bubble columns. Often, these studies are performed for incomparable systems in terms of column and sparger dimensions as well as physical fluid properties. In this work, a different approach is proposed comprising interrelated correlations for liquid velocity, gas holdup and bubble size. The correlations are developed on the basis of complementary experiments with non-invasive measurement techniques, namely, Ultrafast X-ray Computed Tomography (UXCT) and Radioactive Particle Tracking (RPT). The experimental setup consists of a bubble column equipped with a needle sparger. The developed correlations consider sparger dimensions, operating conditions and bubble size. The bubble size is applied as the characteristic length in the Reynolds and the Eötvös numbers, which are utilized for the gas holdup and liquid velocity correlations. In comparison with previous approaches, the developed correlations show better agreement with experimental data from this study as well as from the literature.