Complex-shaped 3D nano-architectures for magnetism and superconductivity

This chapter gives an overview of the current state of 3D nanofabrication techniques and perspectives of geometry effects in complex-shaped systems. Various nano-architectures are considered, including nanostructured junctions and magnetic nanowire lattices with frustration, wireframe and mesh-like 3D objects, and 3D systems with non-trivial topology and chirality. In addition to the theoretical background, a large section is devoted to novel fabrication techniques relying upon 3D optical lithography and 3D nanoprinting by focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition. Emphasis is on 3D nano-architectures made from materials exhibiting cooperative ground states such as ferromagnetism and superconductivity.