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41397 Publications

Skin-conformal magnetoreceptors for human-machine interaction

Makushko, P.; Oliveros Mata, E. S.; Canon Bermundez, G. S.; Hassan, M.; Laureti, S.; Rinaldi, C.; Fagiani, F.; Barucca, G.; Zabila, Y.; Faßbender, J.; Vladymyrskyi, I.; Albrecht, M.; Varvaro, G.; Xu, R.; Makarov, D.

Artificial magnetoception, i.e., electronically expanding human perception to detect magnetic fields, is a new and yet unexplored route for interacting with our surroundings. This technology relies on thin, soft, and flexible magnetic field sensors, dubbed magnetosensitive electronic skins (e-skins) [1]. These devices enable reliable and obstacle insensitive proximity, orientation and motion tracking features [2, 3] as well as bimodal touchless-tactile interaction [4].
Although, basic interactive functionality has been demonstrated, the current on-skin magnetoreceptors are not yet employed as advanced spintronics-enabled switches and logic elements for skin compliant electronics. The major limitation remains primarily due to the use of in-plane magnetized layer stacks. The predominant in-plane sensitivity prevents these devices from becoming intuitive switches or logic elements for interactive flexible electronics, as the natural actuation axis of switches is out-of-plane.
Here, we will introduce current technologies towards realization of skin-conformal magnetoelectronics for touchless and tactile interactivity in virtual and augmented reality. The focus will be put on the fabrication of on-skin spin valve switches with out-of-plane sensitivity to magnetic fields [5]. The device is realized on a flexible foil relying on Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and synthetic antiferromagnet as a reference layer. Owing to the intrinsic tunability, these interactive elements can provide fundamental logic functionality represented by momentary and permanent (latching) switches and reliably discriminate the useful signals from the magnetic noise. The flexible device retain its performance upon bending down to 3.5 mm bending radii withstand more than 600 bending cycles.
We showcase the performance of our device as on-skin touchless human-machine interfaces, which allows interactivity with a virtual environment, based on external magnetic fields. We envision that this technology platform will pave the way towards magnetoreceptive human-machine interfaces or virtual- and augmented reality applications, which are intuitive to use, energy efficient, and insensitive to external magnetic disturbances.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    MMM 2022 Conference, 31.10.-04.11.2022, Minneapolis, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36368
Publ.-Id: 36368


Flexible magnetoreceptive switch for on-skin touchless human-machine interaction.

Makushko, P.; Oliveros Mata, E. S.; Canon Bermundez, G. S.; Hassan, M.; Laureti, S.; Rinaldi, C.; Fagiani, F.; Barucca, G.; Schmidt, N.; Zabila, Y.; Kosub, T.; Illing, R.; Volkov, O.; Vladymyrskyi, I.; Faßbender, J.; Albrecht, M.; Varvaro, G.; Makarov, D.

Skin compliant magnetoreceptive electronics is a game changer for prospective
human-machine interactions and augmented reality applications [1].
Mechanically flexible magnetoresistive sensors enabled proximity sensing
as well as motion and orientation tracking features[2,3] via interaction with
magnetic objects. However, current on-skin magnetoreceptors are not yet
employed as advanced spintronics-enabled switches and logic elements for
skin compliant electronics. The major limitation is the use of in-plane magnetized
layer stacks, sensitive mainly to magnetic fields oriented within the
sensor plane. Flexible Hall effect sensors[4,5] provide out-of-plane sensitivity
but no intrinsic logic, thus requiring more complex electronics. Considering
the lower performance of flexible electronics compared to their rigid counterparts[
6], full-fledged flexible interactive systems should be based on smart
receptors with intrinsic logic functionality. Here we present the first mechanically
flexible switch based on spin valves sensitive to out-of-plane magnetic
fields[7]. The device is realized on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)
foil and rely on Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
and synthetic antiferromagnet as a reference layer. By tuning the magnetic
coupling strength between the free and the reference layers, the functionality
of the device can be tailored between momentary or permanent (latching)
switch. The flexible device retains its performance upon bending down to
a bending radius of 3.5 mm and withstand more than 600 bendings. We
demonstrate the performance of our device as touchless interactive interface
for augmented reality systems, as well as its tolerance to the magnetic field
disturbances. We showcase the potential of this new kind of flexible magnetoreceptive
functional elements as on-skin human-machine interfaces for
virtual and augmented reality applications

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    2022 Joint MMM-Intermag Conference (INTERMAG), 10.-14.01.2022, New Orleans, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36366
Publ.-Id: 36366


Electrical characterization of highly doped germanium nanowires using Hall bar configuration

Echresh, A.; Prucnal, S.; Wang, M.; Zhou, S.; Erbe, A.; Rebohle, L.; Georgiev, Y.

Germanium (Ge) is the most compatible material with silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. Ge has a higher electron and hole mobility compared to Si, leading to improved device performance. Moreover, Ge nanowires (GeNWs) are promising nanostructures for future nano- and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. In this work, ion implantation of phosphorous followed by flash lamp annealing (FLA) operated in millisecond time scale were used to fabricate highly-doped n-type Ge layer on insulator. Raman spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were performed to characterize the crystallinity of the Ge layers after FLA. Subsequently, doped GeNWs were fabricated using electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. Electrical characterization of the GeNWs was conducted using a symmetric six-contact Hall bar configuration. The effect of nanowire width on transport parameters was investigated. Moreover, FLA were applied to fabricate NiGe alloy on highly doped Ge layer for low-resistance ohmic contacts.

Related publications

  • Poster (Online presentation)
    Helmholtz MML workshop, 22.-24.11.2021, Jena, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36365
Publ.-Id: 36365


Size-dependent electrical characteristics of highly doped Germanium nanowires

Echresh, A.; Prucnal, S.; Georgiev, Y.; Rebohle, L.

Germanium (Ge) is the most compatible material with silicon (Si)-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes. Ge has a higher electron and hole mobility compared to Si, leading to improved device performance. Moreover, Ge nanowires (GeNWs) are promising nanostructures for future nano- and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. In this work, ion beam implantation and flash lamp annealing (FLA) were used to dope phosphorous into the top Ge layer of Ge-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates, achieving a highly n-type doped semiconductor. Raman spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were performed to characterize the crystallinity of the Ge layers after ion beam implantation and FLA. Subsequently, doped GeNWs were fabricated using electron beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching. Electrical characterization of the GeNWs was conducted using an innovative Hall bar configuration. The effect of nanowire width on transport parameters such as resistivity and carrier mobility was investigated. Moreover, a nickel germanide layer was made using Ni deposition, followed by FLA to create ohmic contacts on n-type GeNWs.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    DPG Spring Meeting SKM, 27.09.-01.10.2021, Virtual, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36364
Publ.-Id: 36364


Developing a Hall Bar Configuration for semiconducting Nanowires

Echresh, A.; Arora, H.; Prucnal, S.; Rebohle, L.; Georgiev, Y.

Despite constant improvement in the performance of semiconducting nanowires (NWs) based devices, evaluating electrical properties of single NWs still remains a challenging task. So far, several techniques have been developed to this end. The field effect (FE) mobility measurement is the most commonly used technique, although it has some shortcomings [1,2]. The accuracy of this method depends largely on the precision of the estimated gate capacitance. Also, it characterizes only the depleted layer of charge carriers close to the gate, and estimates the carrier concentration of NWs by assuming a radially constant mobility. Unlike the FE measurement, the Hall Effect measurement provides a more direct characterization of carrier concentration by considering the entire cross-section of the semiconducting NWs [2,3]. However, the fabrication of NW based Hall devices is a challenging process and requires a very high accuracy regarding the alignment of the Hall contacts. The Hall bar configuration with narrow bars can increase the precision of Hall contacts fabrication and enhance the accuracy of the Hall Effect measurement by avoiding shorting out the Hall voltage. Recently, the Hall bar configuration has been used for SiNWs with a five-contact geometry [4]. To the best of our knowledge, such a Hall bar configuration has not been developed for GeNWs so far.

In this work, GeNWs were fabricated on Ge-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates with a top-down approach using electron beam lithography (EBL) and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE). To investigate the electrical properties of the fabricated NWs, we propose a six-contact Hall bar configuration with symmetric contact bars located opposite to each other, as shown in Figure 1. Using this configuration, the Hall Effect and four-probe measurements were performed on single GeNWs to quantify their carrier concentration (n), Hall mobility (µH), and resistivity (ρ). A nanowire with a width down to about 40 nm was characterized to show the capability of the proposed Hall bar configuration to reliably evaluate the electrical properties of even very small nanowires. Moreover, the effect of NW width on transport parameters such as resistivity, carrier concentration and mobility was investigated. With decreasing nanowires width, the resistivity increases and carrier concentration decreases, which is mainly attributed to the diffusion of carriers into the surface. Figure 2 shows the size-dependent resistivity and temperature-dependent Hall mobility of the Ge NWs.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    47th International Conference on Micro and Nano Engineering (MNE), 20.-23.09.2021, Turin, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36363
Publ.-Id: 36363


Flexible Magnetoreceptive Switch for On-Skin Touchless Human-Machine Interaction

Makushko, P.; Oliveros Mata, E. S.; Cañón Bermúdez, G. S.; Hassan, M.; Laureti, S.; Rinaldi, C.; Fagiani, F.; Barucca, G.; Schmidt, N.; Zabila, Y.; Kosub, T.; Illing, R.; Volkov, O.; Vladymyrskyi, I.; Faßbender, J.; Albrecht, M.; Varvaro, G.; Makarov, D.

Artificial magnetoception, i.e., electronically expanding human perception to detect magnetic fields, is a new and yet unexplored route for interacting with our surroundings. This technology relies on thin, soft, and flexible
magnetic field sensors, dubbed magnetosensitive electronic skins (e-skins) [1]. These devices enable reliable and obstacle insensitive proximity, orientation and motion tracking features [2, 3] as well as bimodal touchless-tactile
interaction [4].
Although, basic interactive functionality has been demonstrated, the current on-skin magnetoreceptors are not yet employed as advanced spintronics-enabled switches and logic elements for skin compliant electronics. The
major limitation remains primarily due to the use of in-plane magnetized layer stacks, sensitive mainly to the magnetic fields oriented within the sensor plane. This prevailing in-plane sensitivity has prevented them from becoming intuitive switches or logic elements for interactive flexible electronics, as the natural actuation axis of switches is out-of-plane. Flexible Hall effect sensors [5, 6] could provide out-of-plane sensitivity, but not intrinsic logic functionality.
In this work, we present the very first tunable magnetoreceptive platform for on-skin touchless interactive electronics based on flexible spin valve switch elements with dedicated out-of-plane sensitivity to magnetic fields [5]. The device is realized on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil relying on Co/Pd multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and synthetic antiferromagnet as a reference layer. Owing to the intrinsic tunability, these interactive elements can provide fundamental logic functionality represented by momentary and permanent (latching) switches and reliably discriminate the useful signals from the magnetic noise. The flexible
device retain its performance upon bending down to 3.5 mm bending radii and withstand more than 600 bending cycles.
We showcase the performance of our device as on-skin touchless human-machine interfaces, which allows interactivity with a virtual environment, based on external magnetic fields. Depending on the material properties of the on-skin switch used, the virtual functions can be impervious to (latching) or controlled by (momentary) ambient
magnetic stimuli. We envision that this technology platform will pave the way towards magnetoreceptive humanmachine interfaces or virtual- and augmented reality applications, which are intuitive to use, energy efficient, and insensitive to external magnetic disturbances.

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    2022 IEEE 12th International Conference "Nanomaterials: Applications & Propertie", 11.-16.09.2022, Krakow, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36362
Publ.-Id: 36362


Axial p–n junction photodetectors based on single germanium nanowires

Echresh, A.; Shaikh, M. S.; Arora, H.; Erbe, A.; Rebohle, L.; Georgiev, Y.

Germanium (Ge) is considered as a promising candidate for designing near-infrared photodetectors. Ge has a bandgap of 0.67 eV, which induces a large absorption coefficient at near-infrared frequencies. Also, Ge has excellent compatibility of parallel processing with silicon technology [1,2]. Photodetectors based on Ge material have been fabricated with different structures such as metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) and p−n junctions. On the other hand, the observation of high photoresponsivity in semiconductor nanowires with a high surface-to-volume ratio has attracted growing interest in using nanowires in photodetectors. So far, significant efforts have been made to fabricate single nanowire based photodetectors with different materials such as Si, Ge, and GaN to achieve miniaturized devices with high responsivity and short response time [3-5]. Hence, Ge nanowires are an excellent candidate to fabricated single nanowire based near-infrared photodetectors.

In this work, we report on the fabrication and characterization of an axial p−n junction along Ge nanowires with different widths. First, through a resist mask created by electron beam lithography (EBL), the Ge layers were locally doped with phosphorus ions using ion beam implantation followed by rear-side flash lamp annealing. Then, the single Ge nanowire based photodetectors containing an axial p−n junction were fabricated using EBL and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE). The fabricated single Ge nanowire devices demonstrate the rectifying current-voltage characteristic of a p−n diode in dark conditions. Moreover, the photoresponse of the axial p−n junction based photodetectors was investigated under three different illumination lights of 637 nm, 785 nm, and 1550 nm wavelengths. It appears that fabricated photodetectors can be operated at zero bias and at room temperature under ambient conditions. A high responsivity of 3.7×102 AW-1, and detectivity of 1.9×1013 cmHz1/2W-1 were observed at zero bias under illumination of 785-nm-wavelength. The responsivity of the single Ge NW photo-detectors was increased by applying a reverse bias of 1V.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Nanonet+Workshop, 04.-06.10.2022, Jugendherberge Görlitz, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36361
Publ.-Id: 36361


Optical design, microstructural characterization and high-temperature in-air stability study of solar selective coatings based on aluminium- (titanium, chromium) oxynitride multilayers

Escobar-Galindo, R.; Heras, I.; Guillén, E.; Munnik, F.; Azkona, I.; Caro, A.; Rojas, T. C.; Sánchez-López, J. C.; Krause, M.

The development of new solar selective coatings (SSCs) operating in air at high temperatures is an actual challenge for the development of Generation 3 concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. In particular, current central tower systems operate at maximum temperatures of 550 ºC mainly due to the severe degradation that the state of the art absorber paints (i.e. Pyromark®) suffer at higher temperatures. Aluminium metal oxynitrides AlyMe1-yOxN1-x (Me = Ti, Cr) prepared by physical vapour deposition (i.e. cathodic vaccuum arc and HiPIMS) were selected as candidate materials for SSCs on the basis of stability considerations of the tentatively formed nitrides and oxides. The optical properties of these films can be controlled in a wide range from a metallic to a dielectric character by varying the oxygen and nitrogen content.
In the last years we have performed an extensive research on the design, fabrication and high-T exposure of SSCs based on aluminium-titanium [1,2] and aluminium-chromium oxynitrides [3]. Once single thin films were fully characterized by ion beam analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, complete SSCs were designed with optical simulations, based on measured optical constants of each of the individual layers, providing excellent optical selective properties in terms of solar absorptance (α) and thermal emittance (εRT). The selected multilayers stacks were deposited, obtaining excellent agreement between simulated and experimental reflectance spectra. Finally, the thermal stability in air of the complete deposited SSCs was analyzed by isothermal and cyclic heating tests simulating operating conditions. AlyTi1-yOxN1-x SSCs showed no degradation after 750h of cycles in air at 600ºC and these results were compared with in-situ high temperature annealing performed in vacuum at the multi-chamber cluster tool situated at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) [4], confirming that these stacks withstand breakdown at 600ºC in air and 800ºC in vacuum. AlyCr1-yOxN1-x SSCs stacks presented a good solar selectivity with solar absorptance > 95% and thermal emittance < 15%, and fulfilled the performance criterion after 600 and 700 ºC short term heating treatments. At 800 ºC, they underwent a further structural transformation, provoked by the oxidation of the inner layers, and they consequently lost their solar selectivity.

In this invited talk, we will summarize these results and present current research strategies to further improve the performace of the developed materials.

1. I. Heras, E. Guillén, F. Lungwitz, G. Rincón-Llorente, F. Munnik, E. Schumann, I. Azkona, M. Krause, R. Escobar-Galindo. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 176 (2018) 81-92.
2. R. Escobar-Galindo, E. Guillén, I. Heras, G. Rincón-Llorente, M. Alcón-Camas, F. Lungwitz, F. Munnik, E. Schumann, I. Azkona, M. Krause. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 185 (2018) 183-191.
3. T.C. Rojas, A. Caro, R. Escobar-Galindo, J.C. Sánchez López. High-temperature solar-selective coatings based on Cr(Al)N. Part 2: Design, spectral properties and thermal stability of multilayer stacks. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 218 (2020) 110812
4. R. Wenisch, F. Lungwitz, D. Hanf, R. Heller, J. Zscharschuch, R. Hübner, J. von Borany, G. Abrasonis, S. Gemming, R. Escobar-Galindo, M. Krause. Anal. Chem. 90 (13) (2018) 7837-7842.

Keywords: solar selective coatings; thermosolar energy; PVD; thin films; in-situ characterization

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    SICT 2022 / PlasmaTech 2022 / Tribology 2022 Joint Hybrid Conferences, 27.-29.04.2022, Barcelona, Espana

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36358
Publ.-Id: 36358


Environment-dependent friction, Raman and µ-RBS study of ta-C coatings deposited by filtered Laser arc

Krause, M.; Härtwig, F.; Munnik, F.; Garcia Valenzuela, A.; Makowski, S.; Lorenz, L.

Tetrahedral, hydrogen-free amorphous carbon (ta-C) is characterized by the highest sp3-carbon content and the highest hardness of HIT > 40 GPa of the group of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings [1]. The formation of sp3-C bonds in this material requires impinging atoms or ions with energies of around 100 eV, provided by cathodic vacuum arc or laser arc deposition [2]. Plasma filter techniques implemented in the recent years enable the production of ta-C coatings with significantly improved surface quality.
In this study, friction and wear properties of ta-C coatings deposited by filtered Laser arc are studied as a function of the environment: in humid and dry air, in nitrogen as well as in vacuum from 1 mbar to 10-7 mbar. Low friction with coefficients of friction (COF) < 0.1 is found for the friction pair ta-C/ ta-C at normal pressure, nearly independently on the relative humidity. Likewise, the wear rates are not dependent on whether dry or humid conditions are established. In vacuum, the COF and wear rates increased by a factor of approx. ten and three, respectively. Raman studies reveal a complex structure evolution of ta-C in the wear track and on the contact area of the counter body with decreasing pressure. In the wear tracks at least two types of carbon are found. One of them shows an almost unchanged G line position and an unmeasurable ID/IG ratio as the initial coating, while the second one has a by 20 cm-1 lowered G line position and an ID/IG ratio of approx. 0.4. This structure has similar Raman signatures as the counter body contact area, indicating the formation of an identical tribolayer on both friction partners. Laterally and depth resolved atomic insight in the transfer layer formation is obtained by micro-beam Rutherford backscattering spectrometry for ta-C coatings in contact with steel, brass, alumina, and silicon carbide.
Financial support by the DFG, grant No. 415726702, project TRIGUS, is gratefully acknowledged.
[1] J. Robertson, Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Materials Science & Engineering R-Reports 37, 129-281, doi:10.1016/s0927-796x(02)00005-0 (2002).
[2] F. Kaulfuss, et al. Effect of Energy and Temperature on Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Coatings Deposited by Filtered Laser-Arc. Materials 14, 13, doi:10.3390/ma14092176 (2021).

Keywords: ta-C; diamond-like coatings; wear; friction; µ-RBS; Raman spectroscopy

Related publications

  • Poster
    PSE 2022 - 18th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering, 12.-15.09.2022, Erfurt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36357
Publ.-Id: 36357


3D Quantum-inspired Self-supervised Tensor Network for Volumetric Segmentation of Medical Images

Konar, D.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Gandhi, T. K.; Panigrahi, B. K.; Jiang, R.

This paper introduces a novel shallow 3D self-supervised tensor neural network for volumetric segmentation of medical images with merits of obviating training and supervision. The proposed network is referred to as 3D Quantum-inspired Self-supervised Tensor Neural Network (3D-QNet). The underlying architecture of 3D-QNet is composed of a trinity of volumetric layers viz. input, intermediate and output layers inter-connected using an S-connected third-order neighborhood-based topology for voxel-wise processing of 3D medical image data suitable for semantic segmentation. Each of the volumetric layers contains quantum neurons designated by qubits or quantum bits. The incorporation of tensor decomposition in quantum formalism leads to faster convergence of the network operations to preclude the inherent slow convergence problems faced by the classical supervised and self-supervised networks. The segmented volumes are obtained once the network converges. The suggested 3D-QNet is tailored and tested on the BRATS 2019 Brain MR image data set and Liver Tumor Segmentation Challenge (LiTS17) data set extensively in our experiments. 3D-QNet has achieved promising dice similarity as compared to the intensively supervised convolutional network-based models like 3D-UNet, Vox-ResNet, DRINet, and 3D-ESPNet, showing a potential advantage of our self-supervised shallow network on facilitating semantic segmentation.

Keywords: Quantum computing; Volumetric Medical Image Segmentation; QIS-Net; 3D-UNet; Vox-ResNet

  • Open Access Logo IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (2024), 10038494
    Online First (2023) DOI: 10.1109/TNNLS.2023.3240238
    arXiv: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.12909860.v4

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36356
Publ.-Id: 36356


Characterization of Tri- and Tetravalent Actinide Complexes with Amidinate Ligands

Hong, B.; Fichter, S.; Näder, A.; März, J.; Kaden, P.; Patzschke, M.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.

Understanding the physical and chemical properties of radionuclides interacting with organic ligands is fundamental for a reliable evaluation of the migration behaviour of radionuclides in the environment. In this context, our group has been conducting research with a particular emphasis on the complexation of early actinides with relatively soft N-donor ligands, and recently, the tetravalent actinide complexes with the chiral benzamidinate ((S)-PEBA) have been successfully synthesized. The present study is inspired by these precedent studies to synthesize a new series of amidinate compounds with An(III) and An(IV) to provide and expand a comprehensive understanding of the electronic properties of actinide complexes.

In this study, we succeeded to obtain a series of tetravalent actinide amidinate chloro complexes [AnClx(amid)y] (An= Th, U, and Np; amid= iPr2BA, (S)-PEBA, and Cy2TA). The crystal structures of the benzamidinate complexes were determined by single-crystal XRD, all showing three amidinates and one halide ligand coordinated to the actinide metal center in a mono-capped distorted octahedral coordination geometry. In the case of the Cy2TA ligand with a sterically bulky tert-butyl substituent, only the complex with a metal-to-ligand ratio of 1:2 [UCl2(Cy2TA)2] was obtained. The paramagnetic effects of these actinide complexes were investigated extensively in solution with NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the reduction of An(IV) to An(III) afforded the corresponding homoleptic amidinate complexes [An(amid)3] (An= U and Np; amid= iPr2BA and (S)-PEBA), allowing the comparison of structural and chemical bonding situations with isostructural Ln(III) complexes via paramagnetic NMR studies.

Keywords: actinides; lanthanides; coordination chemistry; SC-XRD; NMR; amidinate; N-donor ligands

  • Poster
    ATAS-AnXAS 2022, 17.-21.10.2022, Grenoble, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36355
Publ.-Id: 36355


Coordination Chemistry of Tri- and Tetravalent Actinides with Benzamidinate Ligands

Hong, B.; Fichter, S.; Näder, A.; März, J.; Kaden, P.; Patzschke, M.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.

Because of their excellent properties of stabilizing transition metal complexes in various oxidation states, amidinate ligands have received considerable attention in the field of coordination chemistry over the last decades as versatile soft N-donor ligands. There have been a number of studies on transition metal amidinate complexes including lanthanides and some early actinides. Still, these studies are mainly limited to thorium (Th) and high valent (V, VI) uranyl complexes. Recently, the tetravalent actinide complexes with the chiral benzamidinate ((S)-PEBA) have been successfully synthesized in our group. The present study is inspired by these precedent studies to synthesize a new series of benzamidinate compounds with An(III) and An(IV) to provide and expand a comprehensive understanding of the electronic properties of actinide compounds.

In this study, we succeeded to obtain a series of tetravalent actinide tris-benzamidinate chloro complexes [AnCl(amid)3] (An= Th, U, and Np; amid= iPr2BA and (S)-PEBA). The crystal structures of the model actinide complexes were determined by single-crystal XRD, showing three benzamidinates and one halide ligand coordinated to the actinide metal center in a mono-capped distorted octahedral coordination geometry. We also synthesized additional halide complex series (F, Br) by halogen exchange reactions on these chloro complexes to investigate the conformational stability of the complex. The paramagnetic effects of these actinide complexes were investigated extensively in solution with NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the reduction of An(IV) to An(III) afforded the corresponding homoleptic benzamidinate complexes [An(amid)3] (An= U and Np; amid= iPr2BA and (S)-PEBA), allowing the comparison of structural and chemical bonding situations with isostructural Ln(III) complexes via paramagnetic NMR studies.

Keywords: actinides; lanthanides; coordination chemistry; SC-XRD; NMR; amidinate; N-donor ligands

  • Poster
    Actinide revisited 2022, 21.-23.09.2022, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36354
Publ.-Id: 36354


Thermal Performance Study of a Heat-Pipe in Comparison with Experiments Using CFD

Höhne, T.

Heat pipes are playing a more important role in many industrial applications, particularly in improving the thermal performance of heat exchangers and increasing energy savings in applications with commercial use. In this paper, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was built to simulate the details of the steam/water two-phase flow and heat transfer phenomena during the operation of a heat pipe. The homogeneous model in ANSYS CFX was used for the simulation. The evaporation, condensation and phase change processes were modelled. The 3D simulations could reproduce the heat and mass transfer processes in comparison with experiments from the literature. Reasonable good agreement was not only observed between CFD temperature profiles in relation with experimental data but also in comparing the thermal performance of the heat-pipe. It was found that the heating power should not increase above 1000 W for the analyzed type of TPCT using copper material.

Keywords: Two-phase flow; Boiling; CFD; Condensation; Heat-pipe

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36353
Publ.-Id: 36353


Synthesis and Characterization of Tetravalent Actinide Amidinate Halide Complexes

Hong, B.; Fichter, S.; März, J.; Kaden, P.; Patzschke, M.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.

Amidinate ligands have attracted considerable attention in the field of coordination chemistry over the last decades as versatile soft N-donor ligands to stabilize the transition metal complexes in various oxidation states. The additional advantages of employing amidinates over other ligand systems are their high modularity and easy access to a variety of analogs by altering the substitution patterns through straightforward synthetic procedures. There have been a number of studies on the transition metal amidinate complexes including lanthanides, and even some early actinides. Still, these studies are mainly limited to thorium(Th) and high valent(V,VI) uranium(U) complexes. Here we focused on the interaction of An(IV) complexes (An= Th, U, and Np) with benzamidinate ligands to provide a comprehensive understanding of the electronic properties of actinide compounds.

In this study, we successfully synthesized a series of tetravalent actinide tris-benzamidinate chloro complexes [AnCl(amid)3] (An= Th, U, and Np; amid= iPr2BA and (S)-PEBA). Furthermore, we also obtained additional halide complex series (F, Br) by halogen exchange reactions on chloro complexes as precursors to investigate the conformational stability of the complex. The crystal structures of the model actinide complexes were determined by SC-XRD, showing three benzamidinates and one halide ligand coordinated to the actinide metal center in a mono-capped distorted octahedral coordination geometry, resulting in a propeller-like shape with the halide lying on the rotation axis. The actinide complexes were also
characterized in solution by using paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy to elucidate structural and chemical bonding situations with an increasing number of unpaired electrons along the 5f series.

Keywords: actinides; coordination chemistry; NMR; SC-XRD; N-donor ligands; amidinate; halogen

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    19th Radiochemical Conference, 15.-20.05.2022, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36352
Publ.-Id: 36352


Particle based characterization of lithium ion battery recycling using automated mineralogy

Vanderbruggen, A.; Hayagan, N.; Bachmann, K.; Rudolph, M.; Serna, R.

Presentation about Li-ion battery characterization ia automated mineralogy with a particular focus on the flotation of graphite in black mass.

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    AABC2021 - International Advanced Automotive Battery Conference, 07.-09.12.2021, San Diego, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36351
Publ.-Id: 36351


The effects of iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite on the composition and mineralogy of the UG2 chromitite: a case study in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Zhoua, H.; Trumbull, R. B.; Veksler, I. V.; Bachmann, K.

Discordant iron-rich ultramafic pegmatites (IRUPs) intersect the UG2 chromitite at many places in the Bushveld Complex. The effects of IRUP interactions on the UG2 ore mineralogy and PGE grade are assessed at the Thaba mine, north-west Bushveld, based on a borehole profile through the UG2 layer and detailed analysis of mineral textures and compositional variations across the UG2-IRUP contacts using micro-XRF element mapping. The UG2-IRUP interaction operated at different scales and probably by different mechanisms. At the local scale (< 10 cm), a thin layer of Fe–Ti–Cr spinel and ilmenite formed on the IRUP side of the contact with UG2, whereas the UG2 chromitite developed grain coarsening, loss of interstitial silicates, and chemical gradients in Cr, Al, Fe, and Ti that extend a few centimeters from the contact into the seam. These local effects are attributed to the intrusion of IRUP melt into the solidified UG2 layer, followed by re-equilibration of the oxide minerals across the contact during cooling. On a larger scale, changes in the ore and gangue mineral assemblages in UG2 took place throughout the entire meter-thick main seam. Compared with regional UG2 compositions, chromite has higher TiO2 and lower Mg#, and there is an anomalously low abundance of interstitial plagioclase. The IRUP-affected UG2 shows relatively abundant secondary hydrous silicates, replacement of PGE sulfides by PGE alloys and PGE-As–Sb–Bi–Te–Pb phases, and formation of secondary Ni–Cu–Fe sulfides after pentlandite and chalcopyrite. These large-scale effects are attributed to hydrothermal fluids derived from IRUP melts. The IRUP bodies at the Thaba mine caused redistribution of PGE within the UG2 layer but did not significantly reduce the overall grade. However, significant changes in the ore mineral assemblage and an increased abundance of secondary silicates can reduce the efficiency of PGE recovery.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36350
Publ.-Id: 36350


Online-adaptive particle therapy: Current status and vision for the future

Richter, C.

In this overview talk the following questions will be addressed: - What
is the status concerning fast adaptations in particle therapy also in
relation to photon therapy?

  • Why we need online-adaptive particle therapy (OAPT)?
  • What are different approaches also in relation to different adaption
speed?
  • What are the different imaging approaches for OAPT?
  • How can we verify the treatment delivery when no pre-treatment
phantom QA is performed?
  • What is the role of AI-based decision support?
  • What initiatives exist on national and international level? Where
do we stand?
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    SMuK 2023 - DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Materie und Kosmos, 23.03.2023, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36349
Publ.-Id: 36349


Synthesis and complexation of nitrogen donor ligands with tetravalent uranium

Duckworth, T.; Schwarz, N.; März, J.; Patzschke, M.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.

The knowledge of complexation reactions of early actinides with nitrogen donor ligands serves not only as fundamental research in this underrepresented field of chemistry but also contributes to a deeper understanding of their reactivity and coordination chemistry. In contrast to the lanthanides, with the dominating oxidation state of + III, actinides, especially the early actinides up to Plutonium, can exist in a variety of different oxidation states ranging from +II to +VI.
The coordination chemistry of tri- and tetravalent actinides with selective soft nitrogen donor ligands is of special interest, with a potential use as extraction and/or decontamination agents.
In order to understand the bonding trends and electronic structure, the nitrogen donor ligand 2,6-bis(1-(4-bromo-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine, a BPTP-type ligand, was used as the compound of choice in this contribution. BPTP-type ligands are based on the commonly known BTP-ligand, a tridentate chelating ligand which was designed for the purpose of separating lanthanides from actinides.[1] The BPTP ligand was synthesized by a copper mediated click reaction of 2,6-diethynylpyridine with the corresponding azide.
Within this ongoing study, we focus on the synthesis and characterization of tetravalent actinides, which are readily available for all of the early actinides from Thorium up to Plutonium.
The obtained U(IV) complex was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). Further characterization of the novel coordination complex using NMR, IR, and EPR, as well as an expansion to the transuranic elements will complete this study.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th Radiochemical Conference - RadChem 2022, 15.-20.05.2022, Mariánské Lázně, Tschechien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36348
Publ.-Id: 36348


Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of N-Donor Ligands with early Actinides

Duckworth, T.; März, J.; Kaden, P.; Patzschke, M.; Schwarz, N.; Greif, G.; Stumpf, T.

Understanding the subtle differences between lanthanide and actinide complexation chemistry with different ligand systems is an ongoing field of resarch. Soft donor ligands, especially ligands containing nitrogen, have shown to be promising for the investigation of the small differences in bonding behavior of actinides compared to lanthanides particularly with regards to the covalent contribution within the bond.

BTP type ligands have been used as an extacting ligand for the separation of lanthanides from actinides.1 Therefore, new soft nitrogen donor ligands based on the BTP type ligand (2,6-Bis(1,2,4-Triazin-3-yl)Pyridine) or Schiff base lig-ands have been synthesized to explore the fundamental chemistry of the early 5f-elements. In order to investigate the coordination environment, ligand selectivity, bonding trends and electronic properties a series of actinide complexes ranging from thorium to plutonium has been characterized in solid state as well as in solution.

In the present study the synthesis of the new soft donor ligand L1 was carried out via a copper mediated click reaction of the corresponding alkyne and azide. The bipyridine based ligand L2 was obtainend in a three step synthesis starting from bipyridine via the corresponding N-oxide and cyanide to give the tetrazine.
Both ligands L1 and L2 were succesfully applied in the complexation reaction with trivalent lanthanides e.g. Er and Sm. In this contribution the investigation of the coordination chemistry of these soft N-donor ligands is exended to the early actinides in their tri- and tetravalent oxidation state.

First experimental results show the formation of a 3:1 complex in the case of trivalent Er. In contrast, the same ligand system L1 forms a 2:1 complex with U(IV) including methanolato and iodo ligands for charge compensation. Further results including first structural characterization as well as results from quantum chemical calculations to elucidate the binding situation, will be presented in this contribution.

  • Poster
    Actinides revisited 2022, 21.-23.09.2022, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36347
Publ.-Id: 36347


CT-based stopping-power ratio prediction using a Hounsfield look-up table: A consensus guide

Taasti, V.; Peters, N.; Bolsi, A.; Vallhagen Dahlgren, C.; Ellerbrock, M.; Gomà, C.; Góra, J.; Cambraia Lopes, P.; Rinaldi, I.; Salvo, K.; Sojat Tarp, I.; Vai, A.; Bortfeld, T.; Lomax, A.; Richter, C.; Wohlfahrt, P.

Motivation
Large variations in stopping-power ratio (SPR) prediction from computed tomography (CT) across European proton centres were observed in recent studies. To standardise CT-based SPR prediction using a Hounsfield look-up table (HLUT), a step-by-step consensus guide, created within the ESTRO Physics Workshop 2021 in a joint effort with EPTN-WP5, is presented.
Methods
The HLUT specification process includes six steps: Phantom setup, CT acquisition, CT number extraction, SPR determination, HLUT specification, and HLUT validation. Appropriate phantom inserts are tissue-equivalent for both X-ray and proton interactions and are scanned in head- and body-sized phantoms to mimic different beam hardening conditions. Soft tissue inserts can be scanned together, while scanning bone inserts individually reduces imaging artefacts. For optimal HLUT specification, the SPR of phantom inserts is measured and the SPR of tabulated human tissues is computed stoichiometrically. The HLUT stability is increased by including both phantom inserts and tabulated human tissues. Piecewise linear regressions of CT numbers and SPRs are performed for four tissue groups (lung, adipose, soft tissue, and bone) and then connected. Finally, a thorough validation is performed.
Results
The best practices and individual challenges are explained comprehensively for each step. A well-defined strategy for specifying the connection points between the individual line segments of the HLUT is presented. The guide was tested exemplarily on three CT scanners from different vendors, proving its feasibility on both single-energy CT and virtual monoenergetic images from dual-energy CT.
Conclusion
The presented step-by-step guide for CT-based HLUT specification with recommendations and examples can increase the clinical range prediction accuracy and reduce its inter-centre variation.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    PTCOG 2023, 10.-16.06.2023, Madrid, Spain

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36346
Publ.-Id: 36346


Quantitative assessment of separation quality, using neural networks and multivariate stochastic modeling

Kirstein, T.; Furat, O.; Leißner, T.; Bachmann, K.; Gutzmer, J.; Peuker, U. A.; Schmidt, V.

The quality and behavior of application specific industrial materials, such as those used for the production of coatings, membranes and electrodes, are influenced by the properties of particles within the materials, for example, particle size, flatness and sphericity. To fabricate materials with desired properties, particle systems may undergo processes such as fractionation or magnetic separation for quality adjustment. X-ray computed tomography (CT) can image large volumes of given particle systems with a sufficiently good resolution to allow for the analysis of individual particles. However, methods to efficiently analyze such image data and model the observed particle properties are still an active field of research. When image data of particles exhibiting a wide range of shapes and sizes is considered, traditional image segmentation methods, such as the classic watershed algorithm, struggle to recognize particles with satisfying accuracy. Therefore, more advanced methods of machine learning can be utilized for such image segmentation tasks to improve the validity of further subsequent analyzes.

In this talk, experimentally measured three-dimensional CT images of a zinnwaldite-quartz composite material are considered before and after a magnetic separation process is applied to enrich valuable mineral ores. Therefore, an image segmentation method using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), specifically an adaptation of the U-net architecture, is used. This has the advantage of requiring less hand-labeling than other machine learning methods, while also being more flexible with the possibility of transfer learning. In addition, a fully parametric vine copula based model is designed to determine multivariate probability distributions of particle size/shape/textural/composititional characteristics—allowing for the estimation and interpretable characterization of highly-dimensional interdependencies of particle characteristics. The described methodology is then applied to describe image data of particle systems before and after magnetic separation, to quantitatively evaluate the separation success.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    5th International Conference Hybrid 2022 - Materials and Structures, 20.-22.07.2022, Leoben, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36345
Publ.-Id: 36345


Coordination chemistry of N-Donor Ligands with early Actinides

Duckworth, T.; März, J.; Kaden, P.; Schmidt, M.; Stumpf, T.

The development and investigation of N-donor ligands e.g. for actinide / lanthanide separation is an ongoing field of study, in particular with respect to understanding the structure-property-relationship.
In this context we have been exploring the coordination chemistry of the early actinides (Th – Am) with tridentate chelating ligands containing pyridine and bipyridine moieties.
Ligands 1 and 2 were successfully used for complexation with trivalent lanthanides.
Encouraged by these results, we have been focusing on their coordination chemistry with tri- and tetravalent early actinides. We aim to understand the reactivity of these ligands that exploit the unique electronic structure of the early 5f-elements.
The synthesis of such complexes was carried out in acetonitrile with recrystallization from methanol.
For instance, the synthesized U(IV) complex of 1a which was characterized by single crystal XRD revealed a nine-fold coordinated uranium center. In contrast to the nine-fold Ln(III) complex which exhibits a ligand to metal ratio of 3:1 the U(IV) complex shows a 2:1 ratio with additional methanolato and iodo ligands for charge compensation.
Expanding the series to the tri- and tetravalent transuranic metals and characterizing the obtained complexes both structurally and spectroscopically will help to elucidate the differences between the coordination behavior of the lanthanides compared to the actinides.

  • Poster
    Plutonium Futures – The Science 2022, 26.-29.09.2022, Avignon, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36344
Publ.-Id: 36344


Quantitative assessment of separation quality, using neural networks and multivariate stochastic modeling

Kirstein, T.; Furat, O.; Leißner, T.; Bachmann, K.; Peuker, U. A.; Schmidt, V.

Particle properties such as size, shape and composition are key for many products and in many processes. For example, in order to enrich minerals in a targeted manner, an ore must be crushed, classified and sorted so that high grades are achieved with a high recovery at the same time. To describe and optimize the processes, the influence of particle properties on the process result must be determined. X-ray computed tomography (CT) can image large volumes of given particle systems with a sufficiently good resolution to allow for the analysis of individual particles. However, methods to efficiently analyze such image data and model the observed particle properties are still an active field of research. When image data of particles exhibiting a wide range of shapes and sizes is considered, traditional image segmentation methods, such as the classic watershed algorithm, struggle to recognize particles with satisfying accuracy. Therefore, more advanced methods of machine learning can be utilized for such image segmentation tasks to improve the validity of further analyzes. In this talk, experimentally measured three-dimensional CT images of a zinnwaldite-quartz composite material are considered before and after a magnetic separation process is applied to enrich valuable minerals. Therefore, an image segmentation method using a deep convolutional neural network (CNN), specifically an adaptation of the 3D U-net architecture, is used. This has the advantage of requiring less hand-labeling than other machine learning methods, while also being more flexible with the possibility of transfer learning. In addition, a fully parametric vine copula based model is designed to determine multivariate probability distributions of particle size/shape/textural/composititional characteristics—allowing for the estimation and interpretable characterization of highly-dimensional interdependencies of particle characteristics. The described methodology is then applied to characterize the particle systems before and after
magnetic separation, to quantitatively evaluate the separation success.

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    IMPC Asia-Pacific 2022, 21.-23.08.2022, Melbourne, Australien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36343
Publ.-Id: 36343


Application of mineral liberation analysis to determine the spatial association of accessory minerals with biotite in granitic rocks

Bachmann, K.; Gilbricht, S.; Renno, A.; Hamilton, D. C.; Clarke, D. B.

We apply mineral liberation analysis (MLA) to resolve and automate highly specific petrological questions. In this study, we quantify the spatial association of more than 15,000 grains of accessory apatite, monazite, xenotime, and zircon with essential biotite, and clustered with themselves, in a peraluminous biotite granodiorite from the South Mountain Batholith in Nova Scotia (Canada). A random distribution of accessory minerals demands that the proportion of accessory minerals in contact with biotite is identical to the proportion of biotite in the rock, and the binary touching factor (percentage of accessory mineral touching biotite divided by modal proportion of biotite) would be ~1.00. Instead, the mean binary touching factors for the four accessory minerals in relation to biotite are: apatite (5.06 for 11168 grains), monazite (4.68 for 857 grains), xenotime (4.36 for 217 grains), and zircon (5.05 for 2876 grains). Shared perimeter factors give similar values. Monazite and zircon have approximately log-normal grain-size distributions, but apatite is strongly skewed toward larger grain sizes, and xenotime is skewed toward smaller grain sizes. Accessory mineral grains that straddle biotite grain boundaries are larger than completely locked, or completely liberated, accessory grains. Only apatite-monazite clusters are significantly more abundant than expected for random distribution. The high, and statistically significant, binary touching factors and shared perimeter factors suggest a strong physical or chemical control on their spatial association. We discuss several petrogenetic processes that may lead to this spatial association. This study is an example of how modern methods of automated mineralogy, combined with powerful statistical methods, allow petrographic observations defined as "well known" and "given" to be transformed into viable scientific statements that are verifiable and falsifiable.

  • Poster
    Geoanalysis 2022, 06.-12.08.2022, Freiberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36341
Publ.-Id: 36341


Drill Core Scanning using MLA - Micro Methods for Macro Samples

Guy, B. M.; Renno, A.; Sittner, J.; Gutzmer, J.

SEM-based automated mineralogy represents an established mineral identification and quantification technique in the mineral processing industry. The technique is routinely used to characterise the mineralogy of various mining and plant-related products (e.g., feed samples, concentrates, leach residues etc.). Automated mineralogical analyses are typically conducted on small 20-30 mm diameter epoxy mounts of fine-grained milled material. In contrast, mineralogical analyses of larger samples, such as drill core, can be obtained by non-destructive analytical techniques, such as hyperspectral scanning, micro-XRF and computed tomography (CT). Hyperspectral and micro-XRF methods are relatively rapid and inexpensive, whereas CT scans produce a three-dimensional model (Sittner et al., 2021). However, these methods are not currently suited for detailed mineralogical mapping and/or micron-scale mapping.

In this contribution, we present automated mineralogical scans of 40 cm of drill core from the Au-U Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa. The cores intersect approximately 10 cm of the quartzitic footwall and 30 cm of the overlying pyritic conglomeratic reef. The spatial distribution and mode of occurrence of the gold and uranium minerals was accurately recorded at both the macro and micrometer scale. Core scanning by automated mineralogy can be employed when core material is limited, which precludes the preparation of thin sections or milled pulps.

Keywords: MLA; Drill core; Modal Mineralogy; Gold and Uranium Search

  • Poster
    GeoAnalysis, 06.-12.08.2022, Freiberg, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36340
Publ.-Id: 36340


Towards Atmospheric Radical Sensing: Fabrication of Junctionless Transistors

Khan, M. B.; Ghosh, S.; Vardhan, V.; Biswas, S.; Maciel, T.; Holmes, J. D.; Erbe, A.; Georgiev, Y.

Down-scaling of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology faces strong challenges. Therefore, new device and logic concepts, advanced nanomaterials, and advanced fabrication techniques have gained importance in the last few decades. Nanomaterials and nanostructures hold the key for next-generation information processing due to their reduced sizes and new properties [1]. Silicon nanowires, in particular, have been used successfully in new electronic devices, including thermoelectric energy harvesting, sensors, and solar cells.
Silicon nanowires, due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, have demonstrated energy efficient devices. In the case of nanowire based field-effect transistors (FETs), excellent control of conductance across the nanowire is achieved through the electrostatic potential applied at the gate [2]. Moreover, nanowires have been used for fabrication of high sensitivity biochemical sensors, since small volumes allow effective control of the electrostatic potential across a nanowire. Such sensors have been used for various applications, including diagnosing cancer biomarkers and viruses [3], sensing gases such as ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) [4], and hydrogen (H2) [5].
One of the new, nanowire based, device concepts mentioned above is the junctionless nanowire transistor (JNT) [6]. A JNT consists of a highly doped nanowire channel without p-n junctions, where the flow of carriers is controlled by the gate potential. JNTs have already shown excellent performance as biosensors [7]. In this work, we report on the fabrication of such transistors for the detection of atmospheric free radicals. Intrinsic silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers are n-doped by ion implantation. Flash lamp annealing is performed for dopant activation and mitigation of implantation defects. Nanowires are fabricated following a top-down approach using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. Then, Nickel/Gold contacts are fabricated. Electrical characterisation of the fabricated devices is performed by back-gating the nanowires. The devices show an on/off current ratio of ca. 106. This will be followed by the functionalization of the fabricated devices for the selective and highly sensitive electrical detection of ꞏOH and ꞏNO3 atmospheric radicals, which affect the air quality and climate and have a direct impact on our lives.

1. Amato, M., et al., Silicon–Germanium Nanowires: Chemistry and Physics in Play, from Basic Principles to Advanced Applications. Chemical Reviews, 2014. 114(2): p. 1371-1412.
2. Grigorescu, A.E., et al., 10 nm lines and spaces written in HSQ, using electron beam lithography. Microelectronic Engineering, 2007. 84(5–8): p. 822-824.
3. Zhang, G.-J., et al., Silicon nanowire biosensor for highly sensitive and rapid detection of Dengue virus. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2010. 146(1): p. 138-144.
4. Wan, J., et al., Silicon nanowire sensor for gas detection fabricated by nanoimprint on SU8/SiO2/PMMA trilayer. Microelectronic Engineering, 2009. 86(4–6): p. 1238-1242.
5. Skucha, K., et al., Palladium/silicon nanowire Schottky barrier-based hydrogen sensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2010. 145(1): p. 232-238.
6. Colinge J P, et al., Nanowire transistors without junctions. Nature Nanotech. 2010 5 225-229.
7. Georgiev, Y. M., et al., Detection of ultra-low protein concentrations with the simplest possible field effect transistor. Nanotechnology, 2019 30 324001 (8pp).

Keywords: Juntionless transistors; nanowires; Radical sensing

Related publications

  • Poster
    Micro and Nano Engineering (MNE) Eurosensors 2022, 19.-23.09.2022, Leuven, Belgium

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36339
Publ.-Id: 36339


Prediction of mineralogical particle composition using CT data and R-vine copulas

Furat, O.; Kirstein, T.; Leißner, T.; Bachmann, K.; Gutzmer, J.; Peuker, U. A.; Schmidt, V.

Computed tomography (CT) can capture volumes large enough to measure a statistical meaningful number of micron-sized particles with a sufficiently good resolution to allow for the analysis of individual particles. However, the development of methods to efficiently investigate such image data and interpretably model the observed particle features is still an active field of research. When image data of particles exhibiting a wide range of shapes and sizes is considered, traditional image segmentation methods, such as the watershed algorithm, struggle to recognize particles with satisfying accuracy. Thus, more advanced methods of machine learning must be utilized for image segmentation to improve the validity of subsequent analyzes. Moreover, CT data does not include information about the mineralogical composition of particles and, therefore, additional SEM-EDS image data must be acquired. Here, micro-CT data of a particle system mostly composed of zinnwaldite-quartz composites is considered. First, an image segmentation method is applied which uses deep convolutional neural networks (CNN), namely a U-net. This has the advantage of requiring less hand-labeling than other machine learning methods, while also being more flexible with the possibility of transfer learning. Then, parameterized models based on vine copulas are designed to determine multivariate probability distributions of descriptor vectors for the size, shape, texture and composition of particles. For model fitting, the segmented three-dimensional CT data and co-registered two-dimensional SEM-EDS data are used. The models are applied to predict the mineralogical composition of particles, solely on the basis of particle descriptors observed in CT data. The power of the introduced prediction models for estimating the mineralogical composition of particles by means of CT-based descriptor vectors, are evaluated with respect to the prediction of the zinnwaldite volume fraction of particles. Results obtained for the goodness of fit and the predictive power are quantitatively assessed.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    WCPT9 - World Congress on Particle Technology, 18.-22.09.2022, Madrid, Spanien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36338
Publ.-Id: 36338


Multidimensional characterization of particle morphology and mineralogical composition using CT data and R-vine copulas

Furat, O.; Kirstein, T.; Leißner, T.; Bachmann, K.; Gutzmer, J.; Peuker, U. A.; Schmidt, V.

Computed tomography (CT) can capture volumes large enough to measure a statistically meaningful number of micron-sized particles with a sufficiently good resolution to allow for the analysis of individual particles. However, the development of methods to efficiently investigate such image data and interpretably model the observed particle features is still an active field of research. When image data of particles exhibiting a wide range of shapes and sizes is considered, traditional image segmentation methods, such as the classic watershed algorithm, struggle to recognize particles with satisfying accuracy. Thus, more advanced methods of machine learning must be utilized for image segmentation to improve the validity of subsequent analyzes. Moreover, CT data does not include information about the mineralogical composition of particles and, therefore, additional SEM-EDS image data has to be acquired. In this paper, micro-CT image data of a particle system mostly consisting of zinnwaldite-quartz composites is considered. First, an image segmentation method is applied which uses deep convolutional neural networks, in particular an adaptation of the U-net architecture. This has the advantage of requiring less hand-labeling than other machine learning methods, while also being more flexible with the possibility of transfer learning. Then, fully parameterized models based on vine copulas are designed to determine multivariate probability distributions of descriptor vectors for the size, shape, texture and composition of particles -- allowing for the estimation and interpretable characterization of interdependencies between particle descriptors.

Downloads

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36337
Publ.-Id: 36337


Multivariate stochastic modeling of the influence of particle descriptors on flotation-based separation behavior

Wilhelm, T.; Sandbrink, J.; Furat, O.; Bachmann, K.; Rudolph, M.; Schmidt, V.

Many separation processes are based on particle properties like wettability, composition, size and shape. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the influence of different particle properties on the particle separation behavior. A common tool for classifying particle separation processes are Tromp functions. Recently, multivariate Tromp functions, computed by means of non-parametric kernel density estimation, have emerged which describe the separation behavior with respect to multidimensional particle properties. In this paper, an alternative flexible parametric modeling approach is proposed to model the separation behavior of particle systems with multivariate Tromp functions observed by mineral liberation analyzer (MLA) image measurements. However, different particle properties such as particle wettability cannot be observed in MLA data, although many separation processes such as flotation-based particle separation processes rely on differences in wettabilities. In order to analyze the influence of wettability on particle separation behavior, bivariate Tromp functions for area-equivalent diameter and aspect ratio of differently shaped glass particle systems with differently modified wettabilities are computed in a case study. Comparing the computed Tromp functions reveals
the influence of particle wettability on the separation behavior. In addition, we extend the parametric approach to model multivariate Tromp functions to handle separation processes when image measurements are not available for all separation streams.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    German probability and statistics days, 07.-10.03.2023, Essen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36336
Publ.-Id: 36336


Multivariate stochastic modeling of particle descriptors for studying the influence of wettability on flotation-based separation behavior

Wilhelm, T.; Sygusch, J.; Furat, O.; Bachmann, K.; Rudolph, M.; Schmidt, V.

In the context of mineral processing, the separation of particles of some feed material into a valuable and a waste fraction is commonly achieved by processes like magnetic (1) or flotation separation (2). The outcome of such processes often depends on particle properties like wettability, but it can also depend on the composition, size and shape of particles. Therefore, with regard to the goal of optimizing separation processes, it is useful to analyze different particle descriptors when studying the influence of wettability on the particle separation behavior. A common tool for classifying particle separation processes are Tromp functions (3). Recently, multivariate Tromp functions, computed by means of non-parametric kernel density estimation, have emerged which characterize the separation behavior with respect to multidimensional vectors of particle descriptors (4). However, estimating multivariate probability densities of particle descriptors using methods of kernel density estimation requires a relatively large sample size (5). Therefore, we propose an alternative parametric approach based on copulas (6) in order to compute multivariate Tromp functions and, in this way, to characterize the separation behavior of particle systems, see Figure 1. Moreover, the parametric modeling approach is extended by an optimization routine to handle separation processes when measurements are not available for all separated fractions. A potential application of the optimization routine is to reduce the measurement effort in a series of separation experiments for a given feed material and various separated fractions. A simulation study has been performed in order to quantitatively compare the parametric with the non-parametric modeling approach. This comparison focuses especially on scenarios for which only a relatively small number of particles is observed in measurements. Such scenarios occur, for example, when image data of particle systems are considered, from which descriptors of individual particles can be determined, but
the number of observed particles tends to be smaller than the number of particles obtained with other measurement techniques. However, some particle properties like wettability cannot be directly deduced from image data, although many separation processes, such as flotation-based particle separation processes, rely on differences in wettabilities. Building on recent studies regarding flotation separation (2), bivariate Tromp functions for the area-equivalent diameter and aspect ratio of glass particles with differently modified wettabilities have been computed. Comparing the Tromp functions obtained in this way reveals the influence of particle wettability on the separation behavior.

  • Poster
    PARTEC 2023, 26.-28.09.2023, Nürnberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36334
Publ.-Id: 36334


Quality Assessment of Cyclotron-produced 67Cu

Brühlmann, S. A.; Walther, M.; Kreller, M.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Knieß, T.; Kopka, K.

This project aims to explore the cyclotron-based production of 67Cu through the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu reaction, in contrast to other possible routes (e.g. photonuclear reaction). The reaction features a low yield and the need of expensive target material, thus demanding a recycling strategy. Although by this reaction no carrier added 67Cu is produced, contamination with or co-production of stable copper (via 68Zn(p,α)65Cu) cannot be entirely excluded.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Fourth international edition of the symposium on Technetium and Other Radiometals in Chemistry and Medicine (TERACHEM 2022), 14.-17.09.2022, Brixen, Italien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36332
Publ.-Id: 36332


Antiferromagnetic spin chains: ground states and phase transitions in static magnetic field of arbitrary direction

Borysenko, Y.; Sheka, D.; Yershov, K.; Faßbender, J.; van den Brink, J.; Makarov, D.; Pylypovskyi, O.

While easy axis antiferromagnets (AFMs) are robust against external magnetic fields of a moderate strength, spin reorientations in strong fields provide an insight into subtle properties of materials, which are usually hidden by the high symmetry of the ground state [1]. In absence of external magnetic fields, they reveal geometry-driven chiral and anisotropic responses supplemented by weak ferromagnetism [2]. Here, we address theoretically the effects of curvature in achiral anisotropic ring-shaped AFM spin chains exposed to strong magnetic fields using the methodology of curvilinear magnetism [3]. We identify the geometry-governed helimagnetic phase transition enabled in the spin-flop phase, separating locally homogeneous (vortex) and periodic (onion) AFM textures (Fig. 1). The curvature-induced Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction results in the spin-flop transition being of the first- or second-order depending on the ring curvature. Spatial inhomogeneity of the Néel vector in the spin-flop phase generates the weakly ferromagnetic esponse in the plane perpendicular to the applied magnetic field, which is inherent to curved systems. In AFM spin chains possesing torsion, e.g. helices, these effects are enhanced by the inhomogeneity of local texture in the ground state. Our work provides further insights in the physics of curvilinear AFMs in static magnetic fields and guides prospective experimental studies of geometrical effects in the spin-chain nanomagnets.

Keywords: antiferromagnetism; curvilinear spin chains

  • Lecture (Conference)
    AIM 2023 Advances in Magnetics, 15.-18.01.2023, Moena, Italy, 15.-18.01.2023, Moena, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36331
Publ.-Id: 36331


A Contribution to a Better Understanding of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling by Using Automated Mineralogy

Vanderbruggen, A.; Bachmann, K.; Rudolph, M.; Gutzmer, J.

Recycling is a potential solution to narrow the gap between the supply and demand of battery materials such as Co, Ni, Mn and graphite. However, increasing the efficiency of the recycling of lithium ion batteries (LIB) remains a challenge. This paper evaluates the influence of the recycling routes on the liberation of LIB components and on the joint recovery of lithium metal oxides and spheroidized graphite particles using froth flotation. The products of the two different recycling routes – mechanical, and thermomechanical – were analyzed using a particle-based method, namely scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based automated image analysis. The mechanical process enabled the delamination of active materials from the foils. However, binder preservation hinders active materials liberation as indicated by their aggregation. In contrast, the thermo-mechanical process showed a preferential liberation of individual anode active particle thus identified as an upstream route for flotation. However, this thermal treatment led to a lack of liberation of cathode material and to the oxidation of aluminium foil resulting in its distribution in all size fractions. Among the two, the thermo-mechanical black mass showed the highest flotation selectivity due to the removal of the binder thereby producing liberated active particles.

  • World of Metallurgy - Erzmetall 75(2022)3, 144-152

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36330
Publ.-Id: 36330


Production of 67Cu at the TR-FLEX Cyclotron

Brühlmann, S. A.; Walther, M.; Kreller, M.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Knieß, T.; Kopka, K.

For the cyclotron-based production of the theranostic radionuclide 67Cu through the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu reaction electroplated metallic Zn and ZnO powder targets are being studied. Highly enriched 70Zn targets were designed and optimized considering nuclear and thermal aspects.

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    18th Workshop on Targetry and Target Chemistry, 21.-26.08.2022, Whistler, Canada

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36329
Publ.-Id: 36329


Synthesis of [18F]FMISO, a hypoxia-specific imaging probe for PET, an overview from a radiochemist’s perspective

Knieß, T.; Zessin, J.; Mäding, P.; Kuchar, M.; Kiß, O.; Kopka, K.

[18F]Fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO, 1H-1-(3-[18F]fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-nitroimidazole) is a commonly used radiotracer for imaging hypoxic conditions in cells. Since hypoxia is prevalent in solid tumors, [18F]FMISO is in clinical application for decades to explore oxygen demand in cancer cells and the resulting impact on radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Since the introduction of [18F]FMISO as positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent in 1986, a variety of radiosynthesis procedures for the production of this hypoxia tracer has been developed. This paper gives a brief overview on [18F]FMISO radiosyntheses published so far from its introduction until now. From a radiopharmaceutical chemist’s perspective, different precursors, radiolabeling approaches and purification methods are discussed as well as used automated radiosynthesizers, including cassette-based and microfluidic systems.
In a GMP compliant radiosynthesis using original cassettes for FASTlab we produced [18F]FMISO in 49% radiochemical yield within 48 min with radiochemical purities >99% and molar activities >500 GBq/µmol . In addition, we report an easy and efficient radiosynthesis of [18F]FMISO, based on in-house prepared FASTlab cassettes, providing the radiotracer for research and preclinical purposes in good radiochemical yields (39%), high radiochemical purities (>99%) and high molar activity (>500 GBq/µmol) in a well-priced option.

Keywords: [18F]FMISO; [18F]Fluoromisonidazole; automated radiosynthesis; FASTlab

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36328
Publ.-Id: 36328


Joint recovery of lithium metal oxides and graphite particles from spent lithium-ion batteries using froth flotation

Vanderbruggen, A.; Bachmann, K.; Olutogun, M.; Bresser, D.; Rudolph, M.; Serna, R.

Recycling symposium This talk presents how we can separate the fine active particles (lithium metal oxides and graphite) from the black mass by using froth flotation. This research demonstrates that graphite can be recovered from spent lithium ion batteries and recycled into new anodes

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Advanced Automotive Battery Conference AABC 2022, 19.-22.06.2022, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36327
Publ.-Id: 36327


Cyclotron-based Production of 67Cu for Radionuclide Theranostics Via the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu Reaction

Brühlmann, S. A.; Walther, M.; Kreller, M.; Reissig, F.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Knieß, T.; Kopka, K.

Theranostic matched pairs of radionuclides have aroused interest during the last couple of years and in that sense copper is one element that has a lot to offer. While 61Cu and 64Cu are slowly being established as nuclides for diagnostic with PET, the availability of the therapeutic counterpart 67Cu plays a key role for further radiopharmaceutical development in the future. Up to date, the 67Cu shortage has not been solved, however, different production routes are being explored. This project aims at the production of no carrier added 67Cu with high radionuclidic purity with a medical 30 MeV compact cyclotron via the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu reaction.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36326
Publ.-Id: 36326


β Decay of 61V and its Role in Cooling Accreted Neutron Star Crusts

Ong, W.-J.; Brown, E. F.; Browne, J.; Ahn, S.; Childers, K.; Crider, B. P.; Dombos, A. C.; Gupta, S. S.; Hitt, G. W.; Langer, C.; Lewis, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Lyons, S.; Meisel, Z.; Möller, P.; Montes, F.; Naqvi, F.; Pereira, J.; Prokop, C.; Richman, D.; Schatz, H.; Schmidt, K.; Spyrou, A.

The interpretation of observations of cooling neutron star crusts in quasipersistent x-ray transients is affected by predictions of the strength of neutrino cooling via crust Urca processes. The strength of crust Urca neutrino cooling depends sensitively on the electron-capture and β-decay ground-state-to-ground-state transition strengths of neutron-rich rare isotopes. Nuclei with a mass number of A=61 are predicted to be among the most abundant in accreted crusts, and the last remaining experimentally undetermined ground-state-to-ground-state transition strength was the β decay of 61V. This Letter reports the first experimental determination of this transition strength, a ground-state branching of 8.1+4.0−3.1%, corresponding to a log ft value of 5.5+0.2−0.2. This result was achieved through the measurement of the β-delayed γ rays using the total absorption spectrometer SuN and the measurement of the β-delayed neutron branch using the neutron long counter system NERO at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. This method helps to mitigate the impact of the pandemonium effect in extremely neutron-rich nuclei on experimental results. The result implies that A=61 nuclei do not provide the strongest cooling in accreted neutron star crusts as expected by some predictions, but that their cooling is still larger compared to most other mass numbers. Only nuclei with mass numbers 31, 33, and 55 are predicted to be cooling more strongly. However, the theoretical predictions for the transition strengths of these nuclei are not consistently accurate enough to draw conclusions on crust cooling. With the experimental approach developed in this work, all relevant transitions are within reach to be studied in the future.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36325
Publ.-Id: 36325


Establishing the ground-state spin of 71Kr

Waniganeththi, S.; Hoff, D. E. M.; Rogers, A. M.; Lister, C. J.; Bender, P. C.; Brandenburg, K.; Childers, K.; Clark, J. A.; Dombos, A. C.; Doucet, E. R.; Jin, S.; Lewis, R.; Liddick, S. N.; Meisel, Z.; Morse, C.; Schatz, H.; Schmidt, K.; Soltesz, D.; Subedi, S. K.

Nuclei in the vicinity of the N=Z line provide many sensitive probes of isospin symmetry. One example concerns the character and sequence of low-lying states of the T=1/2 mirror pair 71Kr and 71Br which has been under debate for several decades. In this paper we report a new measurement of the absolute β-branching to ground and excited states which, taken with our precise lifetime of T1/2=94.9(4)ms, gives a superallowed ground state–to–ground state log(ft) value of 3.64(4). This is only consistent with both 71Br and 71Kr having the same spin and parity, Jπ=5/2−, as expected from mirror symmetry. The β-delayed proton emission to the first-excited state in 70Se was observed for the first time which also strongly supports this assignment.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36324
Publ.-Id: 36324


Developing the 32S(p, d)31S*(p) reaction to probe the 30P(p, γ)31S reaction rate in classical novae

Burcher, S.; Chipps, K. A.; Hughes, R. O.; Reingold, C.; Sasstamoinen, A.; Harke, J. T.; Cooper, N.; Ahn, S.; Allmond, J. M.; Clark, H.; Cizewski, J. A.; Hall, M. R.; Hooker, J.; Jayatissa, H.; Jones, K. L.; Ota, S.; Pain, S. D.; Schmidt, K.; Simon, A.; Upadhyayula, S.

Background: The 30 P(p, γ ) 31 S reaction rate is one of the largest remaining sources of uncertainty in the
final abundances of nuclei created in a classical nova involving a ONe white dwarf. The reaction rate directly
influences silicon isotopic ratios, which are used as identifiers of presolar grains with nova origins. In addition,
the uncertainty in the 30 P(p, γ ) 31 S reaction rate has been found to limit the use of nova nuclear thermometers
based on observations of elemental ratios in nova ejecta.
Purpose: Reduce uncertainties in the nuclear data for proton-unbound states in 31 S, which act as resonances
for the 30 P(p, γ ) 31 S reaction at classical nova temperatures, and develop a technique for high efficiency, high-
resolution reaction-decay coincidence measurements.
Methods: The 32 S(p, d ) 31 S reaction was used to populate the states of interest in 31 S. The experiment was
performed at the Texas A&M Cyclotron Institute using the LLNL Hyperion array for the detection of charged
particles and γ rays. A downstream silicon telescope was used to select reaction deuterons, and a single upstream
silicon detector was used to measure protons emitted in the decay of unbound 31 S levels.
Results: Several states in 31 S above the proton separation energy were observed to have been populated. Decay
protons from the resonant states in 31 S were identified as events in the upstream silicon detectors that came in
coincidence with deuterons in the downstream telescope. Protons emitted from these states were measured and
branching ratios extracted.
Conclusions: While no new reaction rate is derived, spin-parity assignments for several higher-lying proton
unbound states have been confirmed. Measured p0 branching ratios for these levels have been compared to
previous measurements with good agreement, and in some cases provided a reduction in uncertainty. The
previously identified T = 3/2 state may have been incorrectly assigned a large p0 branching ratio in a previous
measurement. The technique of measuring reaction-decay coincidences with a particle-gamma setup appears
promising.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36323
Publ.-Id: 36323


Statistical characterization of the interfacial behavior captured by a novel image processing algorithm during the gas/liquid counter-current two-phase flow in a 1/3 scaled down of PWR hot leg

Astyanto, A. H.; Nugroho, A. N. A.; Indarto; Catrawedarma, I. G. N. B.; Lucas, D.; Deendarlianto

This study addresses a statistical characterization of the interfacial behaviors during gas/liquid counter-current flow in a large scale of pressurized water reactor’s hot leg typical geometry on the basis of both time and frequency domain analyses. Here, the visualizations were captured by high-speed cameras. Furthermore, the image processing algorithm on the basis of pixel identification was developed to identify the time-series interfacial dynamics of the liquid holdup fluctuations, comprising the wave growth and its movement. The obtained data were further analyzed by using various advanced statistical tools comprising the probability density function, power spectral density function, and also discrete wavelet transform. Additionally, chaotic levels of the flow were obtained through the Kolmogorov-entropy analysis.
Particular results reveal that a typical mechanism of flooding begins with the appearance of a wavy interface which further develops into either a roll or large wave, and later blocks the entire cross-sectional area of the conduit around the bend region. This later stage indicates the inception of flooding which is characterized by the increase of the water level close to the bend region. Next, the higher the pressure of system, the higher the frequency occurrence of slugging, while the injected gas flow rate obtained a different trend. However, the Kolmogorov entropy enables to correlate the stabilizing effect due to the fluid resistance which corresponds to either the pressure of the system or the physical properties of the fluid. In addition, there were no significant differences between the flooding mechanisms for both the air/water and steam/water flows.

Keywords: Counter-Current Flow Limitation; stratified flow

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36322
Publ.-Id: 36322


Matrix-Matched Reference Materials for the Analysis of Tungsten-Minerals for Trace Elements with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Krause, J.; Berndt, J.

Scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite-group minerals (Fe,Mn)WO4 represent the economically most important W-ore minerals. In order to constrain the processes responsible for the formation and overprint of W-ores knowledge of trace element concentrations including Mo, Sr, As, Nb, Ta and REE are necessary. In some cases, these ores are also associated with Au-mineralization.

Accuracy of quantitative analysis with Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is improved by the use of matrix matched reference materials (RMs). In addition to matrix effects, the analysis of W-minerals involves analytical challenges such as abundance sensitivity of W on Ta and Re and molecular interferences of W-oxides and -nitrides on Au.

A gem-quality scheelite (Scheelite S) from a late-stage alpine vein in the Felbertal tungsten mine, Austrian Alps, is free of Ta and Re and therefore provides the opportunity to determine correction factors for abundance sensitivity of W on Ta and Re. For an exemplary set of samples from the Felbertal tungsten mine, the uncorrected data yield fairly constant Re concentrations of ~5-6µg/g and 0.99-2.14 µg/g for Ta respectively. After correction for abundance sensitivity, Re is below the lower limit of quantification and Ta ranges from 0.07-1.09 µg/g.

For Au the uncorrected concentrations range from 0.14 to 0.38 µg/g. After the correction for molecular interferences by W-oxides and -nitrides the concentrations varied between 0 and 0.32 µg/g.

Preliminary data from wolframite-group minerals indicate similar effects of the abundance sensitivity of W on Ta and Re, as well as the molecular interferences of W-oxides an –nitrides on Au.

Our study demonstrates significantly improved analyses of some important trace elements in W-minerals when matrix-matched RMs are used for the correction of the abundance sensitivity and molecular interferences.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Geoanalysis 2022, 06.-11.08.2022, Freiberg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36321
Publ.-Id: 36321


Atom Probe Tomography: Basics and applications on complex sulphides

Krause, J.

Atom Probe Tomography combines the three dimensional reconstruction of the lattice in real space with a time–of–flight mass spectrometer. The result is a tomographic image of the chemical composition of a solid sample making it a powerful technique to determine the chemical composition of nanostructures in 3-D with sub-nanoscale spatial resolution. It is a powerful technique to study processes on the near-atomic scale such as diffusion, exsolution, or the formation of nano-scale inclusions.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Vortragsreihe der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, 17.03.2022, Universität Innsbruck, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36320
Publ.-Id: 36320


Atom Probe Tomography: Basics and applications on complex sulphides

Krause, J.

Atom Probe Tomography combines the three dimensional reconstruction of the lattice in real space with a time–of–flight mass spectrometer. The result is a tomographic image of the chemical composition of a solid sample making it a powerful technique to determine the chemical composition of nanostructures in 3-D with sub-nanoscale spatial resolution. It is a powerful technique to study processes on the near-atomic scale such as diffusion, exsolution, or the formation of nano-scale inclusions.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Vortragsreihe der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, 16.03.2022, Montanuniversität Leoben, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36319
Publ.-Id: 36319


Atom Probe Tomography: Basics and applications on complex sulphides

Krause, J.

Atom Probe Tomography combines the three dimensional reconstruction of the lattice in real space with a time–of–flight mass spectrometer. The result is a tomographic image of the chemical composition of a solid sample making it a powerful technique to determine the chemical composition of nanostructures in 3-D with sub-nanoscale spatial resolution. It is a powerful technique to study processes on the near-atomic scale such as diffusion, exsolution, or the formation of nano-scale inclusions.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Vortragsreihe der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft, 14.03.2022, Universität Wien, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36318
Publ.-Id: 36318


Helmholtz AI: Diversity in Teaching Machine Learning supports democratising AI

Cea, D.; Hoffmann, H.; Weiel, M.; Steinbach, P.; Kesselheim, S.

“Democratising AI” – that is the motto for the Helmholtz AI consultants. With our scientific consulting, we enable Helmholtz researchers from all domains to leverage AI for their datasets by providing comprehensive support with AI methods, tools, and software engineering. And this does not only apply to scientists working on their own research projects. We also offer courses, workshops, lectures, and challenges on various AI-related topics. On our poster, you can find an overview of past teaching experiences from the different consultant teams. These include an in-depth introductory course to deep learning using the flipped classroom approach, advanced courses on AutoML and explainable AI with multiple hands-on sessions, data challenges introducing the learners to domain adaptation tasks and making them experiment and search for personal solutions to complex and current problems, and crash courses on AI for a broader and less technical audience.
You are curious to learn more? Then drop by our poster and let’s have a chat.

Keywords: machine learning; community; learning; diversity; inclusion

  • Open Access Logo Poster
    TEACH2, 09.11.2022, zoom, Germany

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36317
Publ.-Id: 36317


Know your learners to adapt teaching early - a discussion of pre-workshop surveys

Hoffmann, H.; Steinbach, P.

During the process of composing teaching material and preparing for a lesson, an instructor typically bears in mind an expected composition of his/her audience with respect to prior knowledge, speed of learning, and expectations. In this discussion, we would like to present our approaches to assessing these 3 dimensions before a workshop starts in order to prepare the teacher for his/her students. We will share some typical questions we survey with and explain how it helps us to target our content better. Moreover, it can provide a solid baseline for teachers with respect to preparing group activities to foster a community of learners in the classroom. The largest part of the discussion will be devoted to an exchange of experiences by the participants on assessing learner communities before they meet in class and on how to improve for future workshops.

Keywords: machine learning; teaching; interactive

  • Open Access Logo Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    TEACH2, 09.11.2022, zoom, Germany

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36316
Publ.-Id: 36316


Spectroscopy of XFEL heated Cu and x-ray absorption in laser-produced Warm Dense Cu a pár dalších témat

Smid, M.

Warm Dense Matter (WDM) is a transitional state between solid and ideal plasmas. It can contain highly charged ions and moderate electron temperatures, while retaining rest of crystalline-like structure. In experimental conditions it can be typically created in a dynamical way by irradiation of solid targets with ultra-short pulse lasers. The x-ray spectroscopy of plasma is a great way of studying this transitional state of matter, by using either a broadband x-ray beam as a backlighter for absorption measurement, or self-emission to observe the radiation of various charge states of present ions.

In this talk I will present two different experiments studying warm dense Copper with their results and a minimum of underlying theory. In the first case, the matter is heated by direct irradiation by optical laser (Draco, Dresden), and probed variable delay later by a 'Laser wakefield accelerated' (LWFA) betatron beam. From the x-ray absorption techniques we can infer both the electron and ion temperatures, therefore observing the heating and melting of the material. In the second case, the matter is created ('pumped') and probed simultaneously by the same pulse of the X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL, Hamburg). Moderately charged ions are created within the duration of the pulse (~30 fs) and their Kα emission is stimulated by the beam. The self-emission spectra in this well described environment serves as a road map of various atomic transitions and non-equilibrium atomic-physics effects of those ions.

  • Open Access Logo Invited lecture (Conferences)
    15th Student Workshop - Winter school on Plasma Physics, 16.-20.01.2023, Marianska, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36314
Publ.-Id: 36314


Neptunium(V) and uranium(VI) sorption onto the zircaloy corrosion product zirconia (ZrO₂)

Jessat, I.

The interactions of long-lived radionuclides, such as uranium and the transuranium element
neptunium, with corroded phases in the near-field of a repository are crucial processes that
have to be taken into account in the safety assessment of a repository. Neptunium(V) and
uranium(VI) were chosen as representatives of pentavalent and hexavalent actinides,
respectively. Zirconia (ZrO₂) is the main corrosion product of the zircaloy cladding material of
spent nuclear fuel rods and constitutes as one of the first barriers encountered by mobilized
radionuclides. A comprehensive, multi-method approach was pursued to obtain a detailed
understanding of the Np(V)/U(VI) interactions at the zirconia-water interface. pH-dependent
batch sorption studies and isotherm experiments as well as spectroscopic techniques (EXAFS,
IR) were employed to gain information on the macroscopic and the molecular scale,
respectively. The derived information about Np(V)/U(VI) binding sites as well as number and
structure of the formed surface species were then used to constrain the parametrization of a
thermodynamic surface complexation model. The results of this work will contribute to more
reliable predictions about the environmental fate of Np(V)/U(VI) surrounding the near-field of
a repository.

Keywords: uranium(VI); neptunium(V); zirconia; ZrO₂; EXAFS; IR; sorption

  • Lecture (others)
    Presentation PhD topic, 09.11.2022, Veldhoven, Netherlands

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36313
Publ.-Id: 36313


Uptake of Np(V) and U(VI) by zirconia (ZrO₂): a batch, spectroscopy and modeling study

Jessat, I.

The interactions of long-lived radionuclides, such as uranium and the transuranium element
neptunium, with corroded phases in the near-field of a repository are crucial processes that
have to be taken into account in the safety assessment of a repository. Neptunium(V) and
uranium(VI) were chosen as representatives of pentavalent and hexavalent actinides,
respectively. Zirconia (ZrO₂) is the main corrosion product of the zircaloy cladding material of
spent nuclear fuel rods and constitutes as one of the first barriers encountered by mobilized
radionuclides. A comprehensive, multi-method approach was pursued to obtain a detailed
understanding of the Np(V)/U(VI) interactions at the zirconia-water interface. pH-dependent
batch sorption studies and isotherm experiments as well as spectroscopic techniques (EXAFS,
IR) were employed to gain information on the macroscopic and the molecular scale,
respectively. The derived information about Np(V)/U(VI) binding sites as well as number and
structure of the formed surface species were then used to constrain the parametrization of a
thermodynamic surface complexation model. The results of this work will contribute to more
reliable predictions about the environmental fate of Np(V)/U(VI) surrounding the near-field of
a repository.

Keywords: uranium(VI); neptunium(V); zirconia; ZrO₂; EXAFS; IR; sorption

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar für Kern- und Radiochemie, 30.01.2023, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36312
Publ.-Id: 36312


The solubility of oxygen in water and saline solutions

Bok, F.; Moog, H. C.; Brendler, V.

Oxygen is one of the key reaction partners for many redox reactions also in the context of nuclear waste disposal. Its solubility influences radionuclides’ behavior, corrosion processes and even microbial activity. Therefore, a reliable calculation of the solubility of molecular oxygen in aqueous solutions is relevant for the safety assessment.
In the available geochemical speciation and reactive transport programs, these data are handled very differently. In some data files for such codes the hypothetical equilibrium between dissolved oxygen and water is used to balance redox reactions. Equilibrium constants are given in “temperature grids” for up to 573.15 K. In other cases, temperature functions for the solubility of gaseous oxygen in water are given, without any reference to a valid temperature range.
In some cases, these data were also used in the context of modeling equilibria in high-saline solutions using the Pitzer formalism. This raised the question about the experimental foundation of equilibrium constants given in such data files and their validity for the solubility of molecular oxygen in saline solutions.
For this article a thorough literature review was conducted with respect to the solubility of molecular oxygen in saline solutions. From these primary experimental data Pitzer coefficients were derived. An internally consistent set of thermodynamic data for dissolved oxygen is presented, along with statements about its validity in terms of temperature and, as far as Pitzer coefficients are concerned, of solution composition.

Keywords: Oxygen (O2) solubility; water; electrolyte solutions; Pitzer ion interaction approach; EH equation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36310
Publ.-Id: 36310


Application of Community Data to Surface Complexation Modeling Framework Development: Iron Oxide Protolysis

Han, S.-C.; Chang, E.; Bok, F.; Zechel, S.; Zavarin, M.

This study presents a comprehensive community data-driven surface complexation modeling framework for simulating potentiometric titration of mineral surfaces. Compiled community data for ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite, and magnetite are fit to produce representative protolysis constants
that can reproduce potentiometric titration data collected from multiple literature sources. Using this framework, the impact of SCM type and surface site density (SSD) on the fit quality and protolysis constants can be readily evaluated. For example, the non-electrostatic model (NEM) yielded a poor
data fit compared to diffuse double layer model (DDLM) and constant capacitance models (CCM) due to the absence of known surface charge effects. Regardless of the choice of iron oxide mineral, pKa1 decreased with increasing SSD while the opposite tendency was observed for pKa2. This newly
developed framework demonstrates a method to reconcile community data-wide potentiometric titration data using FAIR data principles to produce mineral protolysis constants that improve robustness of surface complexation models for applications in metal sorption and reactive transport
modeling. The framework is readily expandable (as community data increase) and extensible (as the number of minerals increase). The framework provides a path forward for developing self-consistent, comprehensive, and updateable surface complexation databases for surface complexation and
reactive transport modeling.

Keywords: Sorption; Protolysis; Iron oxides; Radionuclide; Surface Complexation; Potentiometric Titration

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36309
Publ.-Id: 36309


Introduction to kernel methods and Gaussian processes

Schmerler, S.

Introduction to kernel methods and Gaussian processes

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (others) (Online presentation)
    Institute Seminar, 08.11.2022, Görlitz, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36308
Publ.-Id: 36308


Radiative particle-in-cell simulations of the beam hosing instability -- an analysis by components

Lebedev, A.; Pausch, R.; Widera, R.; Bastrakov, S.; Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Debus, A.

We present first results and analyses of radiation spectra expected to be produced by highly relativistic particle beams propagating through a plasma medium experiencing the hosing instability. We determine these spectra in particle-in-cell simulations by in-situ computation of coherent and incoherent radiation based on Liénard-Wiechert potentials, emitted by all simulated particles (>10^9) of the beam and plasma for over 160 distinct detectors distributed across half a solid angle. Our code allows us to distinguish radiation emitted by plasma particles from that of the bunch, thereby enabling us to infer the origin of the spectral features.
In the simulation campaign, conducted at the JUWELS Booster cluster at JSC, we considered linear and non-linear regimes of the instability for highly relativistic electron beams of varying emittance impacting a homogeneous electron plasma.
We further show a preliminary analysis of the data relating observed characteristics of the spectra to the characteristics of the instability.
A goal of these studies is to open up new experimental avenues for better understanding the beam instability evolution by identifying quantitative radiation signatures of the instability that can be measured in experiments.

Keywords: Firehose Instability; PIConGPU; High-Performance Computing; Plasma-Wakefield Accelerators; Plasma Instabilities; Radiation Signatures

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    DPG Spring Meeting of the Divisions Hadronic and Nucleonic Physics, Plasma Physics and the Working Group Accelerator Physics, 28.03.-1.04.2022, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36307
Publ.-Id: 36307


Radiative particle-in-cell simulations of the beam hosing instability

Lebedev, A.; Pausch, R.; Bastrakov, S.; Widera, R.; Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Steiniger, K.; Debus, A.

We present the results and analyses of radiation spectra expected to be
produced by highly relativistic particle beams propagating through a
plasma medium and experiencing the hosing instability.
Coherent and incoherent contributions to the spectra are determined
in-situ for all simulated particles (>10^9) of the particle cloud and
ambient plasma for a lage assembly of detectors.
With the help of our particle-in-cell code we are able to distinguish
radiation emitted by plasma particles from that of the bunch.
In the simulation campaign, conducted at the JUWELS Booster cluster at
JSC, we consider linear and non-linear regimes of the instability for
highly relativistic electron beams impacting a homogeneous electron plasma.
We show an updated analysis of the data relating observed
characteristics of the spectra to the features of the bunch and ambient
plasma, thereby identifying first features indicative of the hosing
instability in PWFA.
A goal of these studies is to open up new experimental avenues for
better understanding the beam instability evolution by identifying
quantitative radiation signatures of the instability that can be
measured in experiments.

Keywords: Firehose Instability; High-Performance Computing; PIConGPU; Plasma-Wakefield Accelerator

  • Open Access Logo Lecture (Conference)
    8th Annual Matter and Technologies Student Retreat, 27.-28.09.2022, DESY Hamburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36306
Publ.-Id: 36306


Precipitation stripping of nanometrical particles for the recovery of metal vanadates

Sánchez-Loredo, M. G.; Ebert, D.; Chekhonin, P.; Labrada Delgado, G. J.; Kelly, N.

Transition metal vanadates have shown potential in applications as sensors, in photocatalysis, and recently, because of their high theoretical capacity, safety, easy preparation, and low cost, as electrode materials for primary and rechargeable batteries. Motivated by these relevant applications, much research work has been done on the synthesis and electrochemical studies of various 1D transition metal vanadates. Metal vanadates are normally synthesized by hydrothermal methods at high temperatures and pressures, making the synthesis expensive, and the control of the microstructure and composition difficult to achieve.
Vanadium can currently be found in the slag by-products of certain steel production processes, and the development of hydrometallurgical processes for the recovery and purification is relevant, mostly from alkaline media. Various methods are being investigated for separation of the metal value from alkaline leach feeds, including solvent extraction.
In case of the recovery of vanadium an interesting modification of the conventional solvent extraction process is the addition of a crystallization operation (precipitation stripping). In this work, the extraction was carried out using an Aliquat 336 solution in n-octanol/kerosene as extractant. Precipitation stripping was carried out using several metal salts dissolved in a concentrated chloride solution. For some experiments, polyvinylpyrrolidone was used as stabilizer in order to avoid agglomeration and to control growth. The structural characteristics of the crystallized products were studied. From the results, the synthesis of nanostructured vanadates is a simple and versatile method for the fabrication of valuable vanadium compounds.

  • Poster
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet Fachgruppen Extraktion, Phytoextrakte und Membrantechnik, 23.-24.05.2022, Frankfurt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36305
Publ.-Id: 36305


The Extraction of HREES and LREES with Primene JM-T in Sulphate Media

Bastürkcü, E.; Kelly, N.; Stelter, M.; Yüce, A. E.; Timur, S. İ.

The number of studies on the separation process of rare earth elements (REEs) has been studied intensively because REEs are playing a very critical role of high-tech products. Due to the restriction of export from China which has a dominating position in terms of reserve and production of REEs, other countries have investigated potential reserves and production techniques of rare earths. In case of Turkiye a high potential REE deposit is located in Eskisehir-Beylikova. In the presented study, the separation of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) from light rare earth elements (LREEs) from the model solution was studied with solvent extraction. The solution was produced based on dissolution of pre-concentrate of Eskisehir-Beylikova ore by water leaching after acid baking. Primene JM-T was selected as an extractant which has not been studied in the separation of HREEs and LREEs. The key parameters pH, extractant concentration and A/O ratio were optimized. The optimum conditions were determined to be 10% concentration of extractant, pH 1 and A:O ratio, 1:1. The extraction for LREEs was 75-80% while HREEs had lower extraction rates of only 45-70%.

Keywords: REE; PrimeneJM-T; solvent extraction; sulphate media

  • Lecture (Conference)
    International Mineral Processing Symposium, 15.-17.12.2022, Istanbul, Türkiye
  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Mineral Processing Symposium, 15.-17.12.2022, Istanbul, Türkiye

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36304
Publ.-Id: 36304


Precipitation stripping of V(V) as a novel approach for the preparation of transition metal vanadates

Kelly, N.; Ebert, D.; Möckel, R.; Labrada-Delgado, G. J.; Sánchez-Loredo, M. G.

Transition metal vanadates, and particularly copper vanadates (CVO), have shown potential in applications as sensors, in photocatalysis, and recently, because of their high theoretical capacity, safety, easy preparation, and low cost, as electrode materials for primary and rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). During discharge, the Cu2+ is reduced, and, more than one lithium ion per vanadium react, giving a high theoretical discharge capacity. Motivated by this relevant application, much research work has been done on the synthesis and electrochemical studies of various 1D transition metal vanadates. Among them, particularly Cu3V2O7(OH)2.2H2O has been studied as an electrode for primary lithium batteries with a high storage capacity. CVO and other metal vanadates are normally synthesized by hydrothermal methods at high temperatures and pressures, making the synthesis expensive, and the control of the microstructure and composition difficult to achieve.
An interesting modification of the conventional solvent extraction process is the addition of a crystallization operation, where low-solubility metal salts such as oxalates, oxides, or sulfides can be precipitated (precipitation stripping). In this work, copper vanadate nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple synthetic route by solvent extraction and precipitation stripping. The extraction was carried out by ion exchange using a 20% (v/v) Aliquat 336 solution in n-octanol/kerosene as extractant, and an alkaline aqueous solution (0.1 M NaOH) prepared using vanadium pentoxide (V(V) concentration 2 g/L). Precipitation stripping was carried out using copper sulphate (0.01, 0.05 and 1 mol/L) dissolved in a concentrated chloride solution (4 mol/L). For some experiments, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Sigma Aldrich, ~44,000 g/mol) was used as stabilizer in order to avoid agglomeration and control growth. The prepared materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The obtained diffractograms could be indexed to the Cu3V2O7(OH)2.2H2O phase, space group: C2/m(12), JCPDS Card No. 46-1443, corresponding to volborthite, an uncommon secondary mineral formed in the oxidized zone of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits, monoclinic or pseudohexagonal and forms normally rosette-like aggregates of scaly crystals. The copper vanadate particles are nanometrical in size, with morphologies varying from nanowires to spherical particles (in presence of PVP)

  • Lecture (Conference)
    International solvent extraction conference (ISEC), 26.-30.09.2022, Göteborg, Sweden

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36303
Publ.-Id: 36303


Selektive Extraktion von Molybdän mit Cyanex 272 und Cyanex 600: Charakterisierung der organischen Phase zur optimierten Prozessführung

Helbig, T.; Tasker, P.; Kaden, P.; Foerstendorf, H.; Lehmann, F.; Kelly, N.

Der steigende Bedarf an Metallen für moderne technische Anwendungen erfordert die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Verfahren zur Rückgewinnung und zum Recycling dieser wertvollen Metalle. Die Bedeutung hydrometallurgischer Verfahren, z. B. unter Einsatz der Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion, aus Rohstoffquellen mit niedrig konzentrierten Wertelementen nimmt dabei stetig zu. Sie ermöglichen eine effiziente Rückgewinnung von Metallen sowohl aus industriellen Abwässern oder aber auch aus festen Sekundärrohstoffen und tragen zudem zu einer Reduzierung der Umweltbelastung durch alte Haldenmaterialien bei. Ein typisches Beispiel für diese Materialien stellt der Theisenschlamm dar, welcher bis 1990 im Rahmen der Aufbereitung von Kupferschiefer im Schachtofen als Abfallprodukt (220000 t) anfiel. Dieser enthält neben Elementen wie Kupfer und Zink auch signifikante Mengen an anderen Wertmetallen (Molybdän, Rhenium, Cobalt). Die komplexe Zusammensetzung des Materials, die Anwesenheit von umweltrelevanten Störelementen und der hohe Anteil an organischen Verbindungen erfordert ein mehrstufiges Verfahren, um die Metalle aufzukonzentrieren und mit notwendiger chemischer Reinheit zu gewinnen.
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die selektive Extraktion von Molybdän aus sauren Lösungen unter Einsatz der kommerziellen Extraktionsmittel Cyanex 272 und Cyanex 600 betrachtet. Dabei werden die in der organischen Phase gebildeten Komplexe durch vielseitige moderne, analytische Methoden (NMR, FTIR, Raman, MS) charakterisiert und diskutiert. Ein besseres Verständnis für diese bisher unzureichend untersuchten Extraktionssysteme ist ebenso hinsichtlich des Auftretens dritter Phasen hilfreich. In Kombination mit den optimierten technischen Parametern zur selektiven Abtrennung und Anreicherung des Molybdäns erfolgt eine Übertragung in einen kontinuierlich geführten Prozess.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet Fachgruppen Extraktion, Phytoextrakte und Membrantechnik, 23.-24.05.2022, Frankfurt, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36302
Publ.-Id: 36302


Synthetic few-cycle shadowgraphy diagnostics in particle-in-cell codes for characterizing laser-plasma accelerators

Carstens, F.-O.

This work describes the in-situ CTR plugin for the particle-in-cell code PIConGPU. The C++ -plugin calculates coherent transition radiation (CTR) from millions to billions of macro-particles in a PIConGPU plasma simulation. In order to avoid excessive disk output of many GB to TB of data, as well as and extensive post-processing runtimes on only few CPUs, the plugin was parallelized on GPUs and implemented in-situ as part of PIConGPU.
The physics of this plugins was successfully implemented, tested and verified to agree with an initial python implementation, which again was verified using analytical CTR theory, with an average error of less than 1 %. Additionally the plugin was benchmarked, resulting in typical time to solutions for complete transition radiation spectra on the scale of several minutes.
The CTR plugin was then used in several Laser-wakefield accelerator (LWFA) simulations, with self-injected and down-ramp injected electrons respectively. Mimicking the hypothetical placement of successive transition radiaton foils along the LWFA interaction length, the CTR plugin was used multiple times for observing how the electron bunch evolution leads to the characteristic features of transition radiation spectra.
This new tool is a synthetic diagnostic, which enables direct comparison of experi- mentally measured transition radiation data to simulations. In future experiments this can provide insight into LWFA longitudinal electron pulse profiles on the fs-scale, required for future compact LWFA-driven free-electron laser applications.

Keywords: Shadowgraphy; Synthetic Diagnostics; In-Situ Plugin; PIConGPU; Laser-Electron Acceleration

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36301
Publ.-Id: 36301


Synthetic shadowgrams of laser-plasma accelerators computed by a PIConGPU in-situ plugin

Carstens, F.-O.; Steiniger, K.; Pausch, R.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Schöbel, S.; Couperus Cabadağ, J. P.; Irman, A.; Lehmann, M.; Widera, R.; Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Cowan, T.; Debus, A.

Few-cycle shadowgraphy is a valuable diagnostic for laser-plasma accelerators to obtain insight into the µm- and fs-scale relativistic plasma dynamics. To enhance the understanding of experimental shadowgrams we developed a synthetic shadowgram diagnostic within the fully relativistic particle-in-cell code PIConGPU.

In an initial version of the synthetic shadowgraphy diagnostic, the probe laser is propagated through the plasma using PIConGPU, and then extracted and propagated onto a virtual CCD using a post-processing code based on Fourier optics. However, the latter step requires 3D-FFTs, which results in performance and scaling limitations in large-scale simulations. To circumvent this, we develop an in-situ plugin for PIConGPU, in which we extract the probe laser slice-wise to obtain the synthetic shadowgrams during the simulation without post-processing.

In this talk, we present the development of the PIConGPU plugin and show preliminary results of synthetic shadowgrams for laser and plasma wakefield accelerators.

Keywords: Shadowgraphy; Synthetic Diagnostics; PIConGPU; Laser-Electron Acceleration

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    Virtuelle DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 28.03.-01.04.2022, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36299
Publ.-Id: 36299


Dissipation losses limiting first-order phase transition materials in cryogenic caloric cooling: A case study on all-d-metal Ni(-Co)-Mn-Ti Heusler alloys

Beckmann, B.; Koch, D.; Pfeuffer, L.; Gottschall, T.; Taubel, A.; Adabifiroozjaei, E.; Miroshkina, O. N.; Riegg, S.; Niehoff, T.; Kani, N. A.; Gruner, M. E.; Molina-Luna, L.; Skokov, K. P.; Gutfleisch, O.

Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys, in particular all-d-metal Ni(-Co)-Mn-Ti, are highly promising materials for energy-efficient solid-state refrigeration as large multicaloric effects can be achieved across their magnetostructural martensitic transformation. However, no comprehensive study on the crucially important transition entropy change Δs exists so far for Ni(-Co)-Mn-Ti. Here, we present a systematic study analyzing the composition and temperature dependence of Δst. Our results reveal a substantial structural entropy change contribution of approximately 65 J(kgK)-1, which is compensated at lower temperatures by an increasingly negative entropy change associated with the magnetic subsystem. This leads to compensation temperatures Tcomp of 75 K and 300 K in Ni35Co15Mn50-yTiy and Ni33Co17Mn50-yTiy, respectively, below which the martensitic transformations are arrested. In addition, we simultaneously measured the responses of the magnetic, structural and electronic subsystems to the temperature- and field-induced martensitic transformation near Tcomp, showing an abnormal increase of hysteresis and consequently dissipation energy at cryogenic temperatures. Simultaneous measurements of magnetization and adiabatic temperature change ΔTad in pulsed magnetic fields reveal a change in sign of ΔTad and a substantial positive and irreversible ΔTad up to 15 K at 15 K as a consequence of increased dissipation losses and decreased heat capacity. Most importantly, this phenomenon is universal, it applies to any first-order material with non-negligible hysteresis and any stimulus, effectively limiting the utilization of their caloric effects for gas liquefaction at cryogenic temperatures.

Downloads

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36298
Publ.-Id: 36298


Bentonite and concrete: Efficient barrier materials for actinide retention under hyperalkaline conditions at increased ionic strengths and in presence of organics

Schmeide, K.; Philipp, T.; Huittinen, N. M.; Sieber, C.; Kretzschmar, J.

The safe disposal of radioactive waste from operation and decommissioning of nuclear power plants in geological repositories requires the application of multiple barriers to isolate the waste from the biosphere. Bentonite and cementitious materials are foreseen as buffer and borehole sealing material or for stabilization purposes. Pore waters of the North German clay deposits are characterized by high ionic strengths up to 4 M [1,2]. The contact of such saline formation waters with concrete will result in an enhanced corrosion of concrete and to the evolution of highly alkaline cement pore waters (10 < pH < 13), which in turn, can react with the bentonite buffer as well as with the clay host rock, changing their retention potential towards radionuclides. Moreover, the role of organics (as admixtures in cement-based materials or waste constituents [3]) on actinide retention has to be studied.
The U(VI) retention on Ca-bentonite in mixed electrolyte solutions (‘diluted Gipshut solution’, I = 2.6 M) was found to be very effective at pH>10, even in the presence of carbonate and despite the prevalence of anionic aqueous uranyl species [4]. By means of luminescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the U(VI) speciation could be clarified. A substantial contribution of calcium (aluminum) silicate hydrates (C-(A-)S-H), formed as secondary phases in the presence of Ca due to partial dissolution of alumosilicates at hyperalkaline conditions, to the retention of anionic actinide species in clayey systems was shown [5]. Citrate and 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4,-tricarboxylate (PBTC) were found to reduce U(VI) retention only when present at high concentrations.
The U(VI) and Eu(III)/Cm(III) retention by C-A-S-H, formed due to Al-rich additives in cement formulations, was studied applying samples with Ca/Si molar ratios of 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6, representing different alteration stages of concrete, and with increasing Al/Si molar ratios of 0, 0.06 and 0.18 in each series. Furthermore, the impact of temperature (25°C, 100°C, 200°C) on both the C-A-S-H structure and the actinide retention mechanism was studied. Solid-state 27Al and 29Si NMR spectroscopy along with XRD revealed that enhanced temperatures increase the crystallinity of the material with the appearance of neoformed crystalline phases. Surface-sorbed, interlayer-sorbed or incorporated actinide species were detected by luminescence spectroscopy. Actinide mobilization due to high ionic strengths or presence of organics (gluconate, PBTC or nitrilotriacetate (NTA)) was very low [6,7].
The results show that both bentonite and cementitious material constitute an important retention barrier for actinides under hyperalkaline conditions at increased ionic strengths and in presence of organics.

Keywords: bentonite; cement; concrete; uranium; organics; ionic strength

Related publications

  • Contribution to proceedings
    EGU General Assembly 2023, 23.-28.04.2023, Vienna, Austria
  • Lecture (Conference)
    EGU General Assembly 2023, 23.-28.04.2023, Vienna, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36297
Publ.-Id: 36297


From laser-plasma accelerator experiments to digital twins

Debus, A.

Building high-fidelity digital twins through start-to-end models to better understand and control advanced laser-plasma accelerators, as well as compact free-electron laser beamlines, requires direct comparison to experimental data. We highlight recent results in start-to-end simulations and developments with a focus on their connection to experiment, such as by synthetic diagnostics and experimental data reconstruction analyses.

Keywords: digital twins; machine learning; laser-plasma accelerators; free-electron laser

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    8. Annual MT meeting, 26.-27.9.2022, DESY, Hamburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36296
Publ.-Id: 36296


PIConGPU: Getting Particle-in-cell Plasma Simulations Ready for Exascale

Debus, A.; Widera, R.; Lebedev, A.; Bastrakov, S.; Pausch, R.; Steiniger, K.; Pöschel, F.; Stephan, J.; Bussmann, M.

No official abstract here. We present an overview talk on laser-particle acceleration research with the challenges of modeling laser-plasma interactions using PIConGPU on latest exascale machines (JUWELS BOOSTER, Perlmutter,Summit and early-access systems for Frontier).We show the softwarestack of the particle-in-cell code PIConGPU (alpaka,openPMD, ...) with an emphasis on performance-portability and I/O at exascale. Furthermore we showed in an example how detailed performance benchmarking and profiling (together with JSC) helped improving code performance.

Keywords: particle-in-cell code; PIConGPU

  • Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
    10 Year Anniversary Workshop of NVIDIA Application Lab at Jülich, 21.-22.6.2022, Jülich, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36295
Publ.-Id: 36295


Traveling-wave electron accelerators -- Getting PIConGPU simulations ready for exascale

Debus, A.; Chandrasekaran, S.; Steiniger, K.; Widera, R.; Bastrakov, S.; Meyer, F.; Pausch, R.; Garten, M.; Kluge, T.; Kelling, J.; Hernandez Arreguin, B.; Leinhauser, M.; Young, J.; Pöschel, F.; Hübl, A.; Rogers, D.; Juckeland, G.; Bussmann, M.

Traveling-wave electron acceleration (TWEAC) is an advanced laser-plasma accelerators scheme, which is neither limited by dephasing, nor by pump depletion or diffraction. Such accelerators are scalable to energies beyond 10 GeV without the need for staging and are candidates for future compact electron-positron colliders.

TWEAC simulations to high energies require exascale compute resources. Within the early-access program (CAAR) for the upcoming exascale Frontier cluster at ORNL, we prepare PIConGPU, a 3D3V particle-in-cell code, for large-scale TWEAC simulations, including tuning and refining PIConGPU to run on the latest AMD GPUs. In this talk we present progress in TWEAC simulations and the technical advances in PIConGPU that enable running on Frontier.

Keywords: Traveling-wave electron acceleration; TWEAC; exascale; Laser-plasma accelerator; PIConGPU; particle-in-cell code

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    Virtuelle DPG-Frühjahrstagung in "Mainz" 2022, 28.03.-01.04.2022, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36294
Publ.-Id: 36294


Ab initio modelling of magnetite surfaces for plutonium retention

Katheras, A. S.; Karalis, K.; Krack, M.; Scheinost, A.; Churakov, S. V.

In many European countries (e.g., Switzerland, France, Sweden), thick steel casks are foreseen for the containment of high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories. In contact with pore-water, steel corrodes forming mixed iron oxides, mainly magnetite at the surface (Fe3O4). After tens of thousands of years, casks may breach allowing for leaching of the radionuclides by pore-water. Magnetite can retard dissolved radionuclides either by adsorption or structural incorporation [1,2]. But since these interaction mechanisms are poorly understood at the atomistic scale, our goal is to better understand them by using computer simulations alongside experiments [3].
In this computational study, we identified the dominant low-index surfaces of magnetite particles and their termination at the relevant conditions based on Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT). This was done using the open-source code CP2K. The DFT+U method was employed for the strongly correlated 3d and 5f electrons of Fe and Pu, respectively. After revising our model and determining the Hubbard U parameter [4], we examined the preferential magnetite crystal orientation plane (111) allowing for different surface terminations, water coverage and redox conditions. Comparing the surface energy, the most stable surface can be deduced and we found the most stable magnetite (111) surfaces under real repository conditions. Subsequently, we used ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate sorption structures on the expected magnetite (111) surfaces.

[1] T. Dumas et al. (2019). Plutonium Retention Mechanisms by Magnetite under Anoxic Conditions: Entrapment versus Sorption. ACS Earth & Space Chemistry, 2019, 3(10), 2197.
[2] R. Kirsch et al. (2011). Oxidation State and Local Structure of Plutonium Reacted with Magnetite, Mackinawite, and Chukanovite. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(17), 7267.
[3] E. Yalçintaş et al. (2016). Systematic XAS study on the reduction and uptake of Tc by magnetite and mackinawite. Dalton Transactions, 2016, 45(44), 17874.
[4] A. Kéri et al. (2017). Combines XAFS Spectroscopy and Ab Inito Study on the Characterization of Iron Incorporation in Motmorillonite. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(18), 10585.

Keywords: DFT; Magnetite; Pu

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    BMBF AcE Methods, 20.-22.03.2023, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36293
Publ.-Id: 36293


Influence of Underlayer Quality and Sputter Gas Pressure on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co/Pt Multilayers

Ehrler, R.; Uhlig, T.; Hellwig, O.

Influence of Underlayer Quality and Sputter Gas Pressure on Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co/Pt Multilayers

  • Lecture (Conference)
    AVS 68th International Symposium & Exhibition, 07.-11.11.2022, Pittsburgh, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36292
Publ.-Id: 36292


Exploring Magnetic Reversal Behavior and Domain Structure in Perpendicular Anisotropy Layered Synthetic Antiferromagnets

Hellwig, O.

Exploring Magnetic Reversal Behavior and Domain Structure in Perpendicular Anisotropy Layered Synthetic Antiferromagnets

  • Lecture (Conference)
    AVS 68th International Symposium & Exhibition, 07.-11.11.2022, Pittsburgh, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36291
Publ.-Id: 36291


Designing Antiferromagnetic Domain Landscapes via Focused Ion Beam Irradiation

Samad, F.; Hlawacek, G.; Koch, L.; Hellwig, O.; Xu, X.

Designing
Antiferromagnetic Domain Landscapes
via
Focussed Ion Beam Irradiation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    AVS 68th International Symposium & Exhibition, 09.11.2022, Pittsburgh, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36290
Publ.-Id: 36290


Plasma shutter for ion acceleration and spiral pulse generation

Matys, M.; Klimo, O.; Jirka, M.; Proska, J.; Kucharik, M.; Nikl, J.; Kecova, M.; Psikal, J.; Korn, G.; Mima, K.; Jeong, T. M.; Bulanov, S. V.

The plasma shutter is a thin solid foil (or series of them) placed in front of the main target irradiated by high intense laser. It can mitigate the prepulse and also shape the main pulse, resulting in the generation of a steep-rising front and local intensity increase of the pulse. We study the application of the shutter for ion acceleration via 3D PIC simulations assuming Si₃N₄ plasma shutter, ultrathin silver target and a PW-class laser. The application of shutter results in increase of maximal ion energy for both linear and circular polarizations. It also significantly reduces the beam divergence for the linear polarization. In the case of circular polarization, the transmitted laser pulse obtains a spiral-like intensity profile. The structure is transferred into the electron density profile of the shutter and the main target behind it. The use of a double-shutter is studied via a combination of 2D PIC and hydrodynamic simulations assuming the laser pulse accompanied by a sub-ns prepulse. We present a prototype of the double-shutter and the design of the whole shutter-target setup. The generated steep-front has also positive effect on different scenario with low-Z double-layer targets. The 3D shutter simulation is also represented via an interactive Virtual Reality visualization.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Laser and Plasma Accelerators Workshop 2023, 06.-10.03.2023, Lagos, República Portuguesa

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36289
Publ.-Id: 36289


Positrons in Material Sciences: Intense Beams for Defect Characterizations and Porosimetry

Wagner, A.

The Helmholtz-Center Dresden - Rossendorf operates a superconducting electron linear accelerator as a driver for secondary radiation sources, which include two IR-FEL, a broadband high-field THz radiation source, high-energy X-rays, neutrons and positrons. The accelerator runs in continuous-wave (CW) mode and in a 24/7 regime serving an international user community.
Electron-bremsstrahlung is being converted into an intense beam of positrons by means of pair production. After moderation to thermal energies, positrons are re-accelerated to form a mono-energetic positron beam with variable kinetic energies ranging from 0.5 to 18 keV for depth profiling of atomic defects and porosities on nm-scales in thin films. High timing resolutions ( < 100 ps) at high average rates (105 s-1) and adjustable beam repetition rates allow performing high-throughput experiments of positron annihilation lifetimes.
The accelerator-based positron source is complemented by a several radioisotope-driven setups for conventional annihilation lifetime measurements (defect characterizations) and Doppler-broadening spectroscopy, which is sensitive to the defect’s chemical surroundings.
In my presentation, I will highlight some of the unique features of the experimental facilities and I will show various experimental results obtained with positrons in defect characterizations of materials and porosimetry due to their sensitivity on open-volume defects ranging from sub-nm to µm scales.

Keywords: material sciences; positron; positron annihilation spectroscopy; positron lifetime spectroscopy

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Department seminar, 12.01.2023, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Materials Science Laboratory Seminar, 19.01.2023, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36287
Publ.-Id: 36287


Out-of-field measurements and simulations of a proton pencil beam in a wide range of dose rates using a Timepix3 detector: Dose rate, flux and LET

Oancea, C.; Granja, C.; Marek, L.; Jakubek, J.; Solc, J.; Bodenstein, E.; Gantz, S.; Pawelke, J.; Pivec, J.

Stray radiation produced by ultra-high dose-rates (UHDR) proton pencil beams is characterized using ASIC-chip semiconductor pixel detectors. A proton pencil beam with an energy of 220 MeV was utilized to deliver dose rates (DR) ranging from conventional radiotherapy DRs up to 270 Gy/s. A MiniPIX Timepix3 detector equipped with a silicon sensor and integrated readout electronics was used. The chip-sensor assembly and chipboard on water-equivalent backing were detached and immersed in the water-phantom. The deposited energy, particle flux, DR, and the linear energy transfer (LET(Si)) spectra were measured in the silicon sensor at different positions both laterally, at different depths, and behind the Bragg peak. At low-intensity beams, the detector is operated in the event-by-event data-driven mode for high-resolution spectral tracking of individual particles. This technique provides precise energy loss response and LET(Si) spectra with radiation field composition resolving power. At higher beam intensities a rescaling of LET(Si) can be performed as the distribution of the LET (Si) spectra exhibits the same characteristics regardless of the delivered DR. The integrated deposited energy and the absorbed dose can be thus measured in a wide range. A linear response of measured absorbed dose was obtained by gradually increasing the delivered DR to reach UHDR beams. Particle tracking of scattered radiation in data-driven mode could be performed at DRs up to 0.27 Gy/s. In integrated mode, the saturation limits were not reached at the measured out-of-field locations up to the delivered DR of over 270 Gy/s. A good agreement was found between measured and simulated absorbed doses.

Keywords: Out-of-field proton therapy; Timepix3; Particle tracking; LET(Si) spectra; UHDpulse; Flash radiotherapy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36286
Publ.-Id: 36286


Spectral-temporal Measurement Capabilities of Third-order Correlators

Bock, S.; Oksenhendler, T.; Püschel, T.; Gebhardt, R.; Helbig, U.; Pausch, R.; Ziegler, T.; Bernert, C.; Zeil, K.; Irman, A.; Toncian, T.; Kiriyama, H.; Nishiuchi, M.; Kon, A.; Schramm, U.

We present a method extending scanning third-order correlator temporal pulse14
evolution measurement capabilities of high power short pulse lasers to spectral sensitivity within15
the spectral range exploited by typical chirped pulse amplification systems. Modelling of the16
spectral response achieved by angle tuning of the third harmonic generating crystal is applied17
and experimentally validated. Exemplary measurements of spectrally resolved pulse contrast of a18
Petawatt laser frontend illustrate the importance of full bandwidth coverage for the interpretation19
of relativistic laser target interaction in particular for the case of solid targets.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36285
Publ.-Id: 36285


Non-linearity induced contrast degradation in high-power lasers

Bock, S.; Oksenhendler, T.; Püschel, T.; Gebhardt, R.; Helbig, U.; Ziegler, T.; Zeil, K.; Pausch, R.; Toncian, T.; Nishiuchi, M.; Kiriyama, H.; Schramm, U.

The characteristics of high power lasers applied for relativistic plasma experiments are a matter of constant research and improvement for supporting highest possible performance. Especially the temporal contrast is crucial, while different mechanisms can lead to its degradation. One prominent effect is the non-linear B-integral induced pulse coupling from a post pulse generating a pre-pulse, generally described by Didenko, et.al. [1]. Recent measurements showed a more complex behavior with delayed pre-pulse generation and complex temporal shapes [2]. We applied an improved SRSI-ETE [3] setup to measure the non-linear pulse coupling at the DRACO Petawatt facility [4], revealing the spectral-temporal structure of the generated pulses. To assist the understanding of the observed non-linear effects a model was developed [5], covering the principle B-integral induced pulse generation, as well as the generation of the additional pulse structures, by means of non-resonant and resonant non-linear optical effects. The performed study allows a full understanding of the non-linear processes generating the pre-pulse and subsequent structures.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    ICUIL 2022, 19.-23.09.2022, Jeju Island, Korea

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36284
Publ.-Id: 36284


High-content multi-spectral fluorescence microscopy sample preparation artefacts

Sharma, V.; Yakimovich, A.

Sample preparation artefacts represent a significant source of errors in high-content screening datasets leading to misinterpretation of results in drug discovery. To address this we have created a multispectral high-content imaging dataset with typical sample preparation artefacts added to the samples. This dataset consists of high-content images of cultured HeLa ATCC cells in the presence of typical sample preparation artefacts. The aim of this dataset. HeLa cells imaged in this dataset were cultured in a black 96-well (rows A to H and columns 1 to 12) polystyrene imaging plate (Corning, Sigma).

To obtain a dataset similar to the experimental setup of a high-content image-based screening we have used a 96-well (rows A to H and columns 1 to 12) black polystyrene imaging plate (Corning, Sigma). HeLa cells were seeded a day prior to the experiment in 200 µL volume (per well) containing 250000 cells per mL in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Sigma) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Sigma) 4500 mg/L glucose (Sigma), sodium bicarbonate (Sigma), L-glutamine (Sigma), sodium pyruvate (Sigma), and non-essential amino acids (Sigma). To obtain a gradient of cell density, the cell suspension was stepwise diluted at 1:2 ratio during seeding (columns 2 to 12). The first column was reserved as no-cells control. Upon seeding, the HeLa cells were incubated overnight at 37° C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere with humidity control. The next day after seeding, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (Sigma) solution prepared in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, Sigma). Upon fixation, HeLa cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye (Sigma) at 40 µg/mL concentration prepared in PBS. Row A was kept unstained as the control without Hoechst dye. Upon preparation of the bona fide artefact-free experimental plate, we have collected samples of dust across the approximately 100 m2 laboratory and prepared a suspension of these dust samples in PBS. Next, we added this suspension to rows A to G of the 96-well plate, leaving row H as an artefact-free control.

The dataset consists of images obtained with 4x and 10x objectives using fluorescence cube assemblies for DAPI, CFP, GFP, TRITC and Cy5 channels. For hardware reasons, images with the CFP filter cube were obtained separately from images with DAPI, CFP, GFP, TRITC and Cy5 filter cubes. Furthermore, CFP images (and in some cases DAPI images) were obtained with varying exposure times corresponding to “_w1”, “_w2” and so on filename suffixes. Images were obtained using ImageXpress Micro XL high-content microscope (Molecular Devices). Images are organised into the following folders:

  1. 4x-cfp

  2. 4x-dapi-gfp-tritc-cy5

  3. 10x-6cfp

  4. 10x-6dapi

  5. 10x-cfp

  6. dapi-gfp-tritc-cy5

  7. filters_spectra

Here, folders A and B correspond to 4x magnification and contain images obtained with the CFP (folder A) and the other filter cubes respectively (folder B). Each folder contains “TimePoint_1” subfolder containing the raw images. In the case of 4x images, each field of view (“site” designed with “_s1”, “_s2” etc. suffixes) corresponds to a nearly perfect quarter of a 96-well plate well. In addition to the raw images in the “TimePoint_1”, a subfolder “Stitched” contains images of the entire wells. In the case of folder B containing all other fluorescence channels, “_w1”, “_w2”, “_w3”, and “_w4” correspond to a single optimal exposure time of DAPI, GFP, TRITC and Cy5 filters respectively.

Similarly, folders C - F correspond to 10x magnification and contain images of multiple exposures of CFP and DAPI (folders C and D) and single exposures of CFP and other channels (folders E and F). In the case of CFP and DAPI multiple exposures folders, varying exposure times correspond to “_w1”, “_w2” etc. Finally, folder G contains metadata on filter cubes used in the dataset, including the emission and excitation filters spectra for each filter cube.

Keywords: fluorescence microscopy; high-content microscopy; sample preparation artefacts

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36282
Publ.-Id: 36282


Catalytic Activity of Defect-Engineered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Mapped with Atomic Scale Precision by Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Lunardon, M.; Kosmala, T.; Ghorbani Asl, M.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Kolekar, S.; Durante, C.; Batzill, M.; Agnoli, S.; Granozzi, G.

Unraveling structure–activity relationships is a key objective of catalysis. Unfortunately, the intrinsic complexity and structural heterogeneity of materials stand in the way of this goal, mainly because the activity measurements are area-averaged and therefore contain information coming from different surface sites. This limitation can be surpassed by the analysis of the noise in the current of electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM). Herein, we apply this strategy to investigate the catalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction of monolayer films of MoSe₂. Thanks to atomically resolved potentiodynamic experiments, we can evaluate individually the catalytic activity of the MoSe₂ basal plane, selenium vacancies, and different point defects produced by the intersections of metallic twin boundaries. The activity trend deduced by EC-STM is independently confirmed by density functional theory calculations, which also indicate that, on the metallic twin boundary crossings, the hydrogen adsorption energy is almost thermoneutral. The micro- and macroscopic measurements are combined to extract the turnover frequency of different sites, obtaining for the most active ones a value of 30 s⁻¹ at −136 mV vs RHE.

Keywords: green hydrogen; two-dimensional materials; transition metal dichalcogenides; catalyst; hydrogen evolution reaction; defect; scanning tunneling microscopy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36281
Publ.-Id: 36281


Generalized Gelfand-Dikii equation for fermionic Schwinger pair production

Ahmadiniaz, N.; Pyo Kim, S.; Schubert, C.

Generalized Gelfand-Dikii equation for fermionic Schwinger pair production

Keywords: Schwinger pair production; Gelfand-Dikii equation

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    29th annual International Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS'21), 19.-23.07.2022, virtual, virtual
    Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2249 (2022), 012020
    DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/2249/1/012020
    arXiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.15945.pdf
    Cited 1 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36280
Publ.-Id: 36280


Generalized Gelfand-Dikii equation and solitonic electric fields for fermionic Schwinger pair production

Ahmadiniaz, N.; Fedotov, A. M.; Gelfer, E. G.; Pyo Kim, S.; Schubert, C.

Schwinger pair creation in a purely time-dependent electric field can be reduced to an effective quantum mechanical problem using a variety of formalisms. Here we develop an approach based on the Gelfand-Dikii equation for scalar QED, and extent it to spinor QED. We discuss some solvable special cases from this point of view. It was previously shown how to use the well-known solitonic solutions of the KdV equation to construct “solitonic” electric fields that do not create scalar pairs with an arbitrary fixed momentum. We show that this construction can be adapted to the fermionic case in two inequivalent ways, both leading to the vanishing of the pair-creation rate at certain values of the P ̈oschl-Teller like index of the associated Schr ̈odinger equation. Thus for any given momentum, we can construct electric fields that create scalar particles but not spinor particles, and also the other way round. Therefore, while often spin is even neglected in Schwingerpair creation, in such cases it becomes decisive.

Keywords: Schwinger mechanism; Pair production; Gelfand-Dikii equation

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36279
Publ.-Id: 36279


Precision Storage Rings for Electric Dipole Moment Searches: A Tool En Route to Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model

Ströher, H.; Schmidt, S. M.; Lenisa, P.; Pretz, J.

Electric Dipole Moments (EDM) of particles (leptons, nucleons and light nuclei) are currently deemed one of the best indicators for new physics, i.e. phenomena, which lie outside the Stand-ard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics – so called physics “Beyond-the-Standard-Model” (BSM). Since EDMs of the SM are vanishingly small, a finite permanent EDM would indicate charge-parity symmetry (CP-) violation in addition to the well-known sources of the SM and could explain the baryon asymmetry of the Universe, while an oscillating EDM would hint at a possible Dark Matter (DM) field comprising axions or axion-like particles (ALPs). A new ap-proach exploiting polarized charged particles (proton, deuteron, 3He) in precision storage rings offers the prospect to push current experimental EDM upper limits significantly further includ-ing the possibility of an EDM discovery. In this paper, we describe the scientific background and the steps towards the realization of a precision storage ring, which will make such measure-ments possible.

Keywords: Baryon Asymmetry; Dark Matter; Electric Dipole Moments; Storage Rings; Polarized Beams

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36278
Publ.-Id: 36278


Summing Feynman diagrams in the worldline formalism

Ahmadiniaz, N.; Edwards, J. P.; Lopez-Arcos, C.; Lopez-Lopez, M. A.; Moctezuma Mata, C.; Nicasio, J.; Schubert, C.

The worldline formalism shares with string theory the property that it allows one to write down master integrals that effectively combine the contributions of many Feynman diagrams. While at the one-loop level, these diagrams differ only by the position of the external legs along a fixed line or loop, at multiloop they generally involve different topologies. Here we summarize various efforts that have been made over the years to exploit this property in a computationally meaningful way. As a first example, we show how to generalize the Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin formula for the non-perturbative gauge transformation of the fermion propagator in QED to the general2𝑛- point case by pure manipulations at the path-integral level. At the parameter-integral level, we show how to integrate out individual photons in the low-energy expansion and then sketch a recently introduced general framework for the analytical evaluation of such worldline integrals involving a reduction to quantum mechanics on the circle and the relation between inverse derivatives and Bernoulli polynomials

Keywords: Woldline formalism; Feynman diagrams; QED

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory - LL2022, 25.-30.04.2022, Ettal, Germany
    Proceedings of Science (LL2022), 052
    DOI: 10.22323/1.416.0052
    arXiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2208.06585.pdf

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36277
Publ.-Id: 36277


Spin-wave study of magnetic perpendicular surface anisotropy in single crystalline MgO/Fe/MgO films

Solano, J.; Gladii, O.; Kuntz, P.; Henry, Y.; Halley, D.; Bailleul, M.

Broadband ferromagnetic resonance is measured in single crystalline Fe films of varying thickness sandwiched between
MgO layers. An exhaustive magnetic characterization of the films (exchange constant, cubic, uniaxial and surface
anisotropies) is enabled by the study of the uniform and the first perpendicular standing spin wave modes as a function of
applied magnetic field and film thickness. Additional measurements of nonreciprocal spin-wave propagation allow us to
separate each of the two interface contributions to the total surface anisotropy. The results are consistent with the model of a
quasi-bulk film interior and two magnetically different top and bottom interfaces, a difference ascribed to different oxidation
states

Keywords: Interface states; spin wave; Magnetic anisotropy; Broadband ferromagnetic resonance

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36276
Publ.-Id: 36276


Coupled thermo-fluid-mechanical FEM simulations for thermoelastic harvesting of low-grade waste heat

Neumann, B.; Eckert, K.; Fähler, S.

COMSOL-Multiphysics file for the FEM-Simulations of the paper. The attached version was used to generate plot data. The extracted plot data is attached as well.

Keywords: Energy; FEM; Thermoelastic Energy Harvesting; Simulation

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36275
Publ.-Id: 36275


Field-assisted birefringent Compton scattering

Ahmadiniaz, N.; Cowan, T.; Ding, M.; Lopez Lopez, M. A.; Sauerbrey, R.; Shaisultanov, R.; Schützhold, R.

Motivated by experimental initiatives such as the Helmholtz International Beamline for ExtremeFields (HIBEF), we study Compton scattering of x-rays at electrons in a strong external field (e.g., a strong optical laser) with special emphasis on the polarization-changing (i.e., birefringent) contribution on the amplitude level. Apart from being a potential background process for the planned vacuum birefringence experiments, this effect could be used for diagnostic purposes. Since the birefringent signal from free electrons (i.e., without the external field) vanishes in forward direction, the ratio of the birefringent and the normal (polarization conserving) contribution yields information about the field strength at the interaction point.

Keywords: Vacuum birefringent; Compton scattering; HIBEF

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36274
Publ.-Id: 36274


Approaches to HERFD XANES calculations of U M4 edge

Amidani, L.; E. Silva, C. L.; Kvashnina, K.

The M4 edge XANES of actindies acquired in the High-Energy-Resolution Fluorescence Detected (HERFD) mode is very powerful since it porbes directly the 5f manifold with sufficient resolution to resolve the relevant spectral features. Theoretical calculations of such spectra are then fundamental for a correct interpretation and to guide the insight into actinides electronic structure.
We recently explored the use of a DFT-based code for X-ray spectroscopies, i.e. FDMNES,1 to calculate the M4 edge HERFD XANES of U6+ systems.2 The DFT approach is suitable to calculate closed-shell systems and our results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Our findings reveal the high sensitivity of the M4 edge to the local environment of the An ion and the suitability of the DFT approach to reproduce closed-shell systems. In particular, we were able to reproduce the spectral variations observed in 4 different U6+ systems with a local geometry from uranate to uranyl. We are currently expanding our investigation to open-shell systems, in particular to U(III) halides. For this case we are using atomic multiplet theory3 and investigating how scaling of atomic parameters affects the spectra in order to reproduce the effects observed.
We will present the results from both approaches, discuss the assignment of spectral features as emerging from the analysis of the projected density of states (DOS), underline the critical points that suggest further developments in the calculation approach.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2nd International Workshop on Theory Frontiers in Actinide Science: Chemistry & Materials, 26.02.-01.03.2023, Santa Fe, California, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36272
Publ.-Id: 36272


Solid-Phase Parallel Synthesis of Dual Histone Deacetylase-Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Bachmann, L. M.; Hanl, M.; Feller, F.; Sinatra, L.; Schöler, A.; Pietzsch, J.; Laube, M.; Hansen, F. K.

Multi-target drugs (MTDs) are emerging alternatives to combination therapies. Since both his-tone deacetylases (HDACs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are known to be overexpressed in several cancer types, we herein report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a li-brary of dual HDAC-COX inhibitors. The designed compounds were synthesized via an efficient parallel synthesis approach using preloaded solid-phase resins. Biological in vitro assays demon-strated that several of the synthesized compounds possess pronounced inhibitory activities against HDAC and COX isoforms. The membrane permeability and inhibition of cellular HDAC activity of selected compounds were confirmed by whole-cell HDAC inhibition assays and western blot experiments. The most promising dual inhibitors C3 and C4 evoked antiprolifera-tive effects in the low micromolar concentration range and caused a significant increase in apoptotic cells. In contrast to previous reports, the simultaneous inhibition of HDAC and COX activity by dual HDAC-COX inhibitors or combination treatment with vorinostat and celecoxib did not result in additive or synergistic anticancer activities.

Keywords: COX; HDAC; multi-target drugs; cancer; solid-phase synthesis

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36271
Publ.-Id: 36271


Experimental investigations and qualification of innovative flow sensors in the 1000 K SOLTEC-2 sodium loop

Onea, A.; Krauter, N.; Hering, W.; Lenk, S.; Ruck, S.; Stieglitz, R.; Gerbeth, G.

Liquid metals, such as sodium, have been already successfully used as heat transfer fluids (HTF) in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants up to ~550 °C. Even higher temperatures can be achieved and are envisioned for future CSP plants. The lack of measuring flow rate devices at high temperatures for liquid metals motivated this study. The present paper presents the experimental mock-up and the experimental results obtained with the SOLTEC-2 facility for two test flow sensors, one innovative eddy current flow sensor (ECFM) developed at HZDR, Germany and a built-in permanent magnet fly-wheel sensor for runs up to a sodium temperature of 700 °C. The signals of the sensors are compared also against the power level of the sodium pump.

Keywords: Sodium; Eddy Current Flow Sensor; Magnetic Fly-Wheel Flow Sensor; Experiment

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    SOLARPACES 2022: 28th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems, 27.-30.09.2022, Albuquerque, USA
    SolarPACES Conf Proc 1 (2022)
    DOI: 10.52825/solarpaces.v1i.630

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36270
Publ.-Id: 36270


Data publication: Core-shell structured MCM-48-type silica-polymer hybrid material synthesis and characterization

Yismaw, S.; Wenze, M.; Attallah, A. G.; Zaleski, R.; Matysik, J.; Poppitz, D.; Gläser, R.; Ebbinghaus, S. G.; Enke, D.

In the current study, a core-shell structured material of MCM-48-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) homopolymer and its copolymer with methacrylic acid was synthesized. The polymer was preferentially grafted on the outer surface of silane linker-functionalized MSNs based on free radical polymerization. The successful chemical grafting of the polymer on the silica surface was confrmed by FTIR, NMR, TG, and elemental analyses. The polymer contents of the hybrid particles vary from 18 to 40 % as determined by thermogravimetric and elemental analyses. The polymer content was tailored by varying diferent reaction parameters including monomer concentration, linker content/type, and reaction time. Well-defned uniform core-shell structured spherical particles with an average particle size of 367 ± 25 nm and shell thickness of 29 ± 8 nm were observed in TEM analysis. According to XRD and nitrogen physisorption studies, the ordered mesopore structure of the core MCM-48-type MSNs was maintained after an extended polymer grafting process and surface coverage with a high content of polymer. No signifcant pore blockage was observed in porosimetry analysis. More than 75% of specifc surface area, 68% of total pore volume, and the mean mesopore diameter were retained after successful grating of polymer on the outer silica surface. The pore volume thus can provide enough space to encapsulate high contents of cargo molecules for applications. The narrow pore width distribution of the main mesopores of silica determined by PALS analysis corresponds to the N2 sorption analysis and further confrms the uniformity of the mesopores.

Keywords: MCM-48-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles; Hybrid material; Core-shell structure; Polymer; Grafting; Synthesis

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36269
Publ.-Id: 36269


Core-shell structured MCM-48-type silica-polymer hybrid material synthesis and characterization

Yismaw, S.; Wenze, M.; Attallah, A. G.; Zaleski, R.; Matysik, J.; Poppitz, D.; Gläser, R.; Ebbinghaus, S. G.; Enke, D.

In the current study, a core-shell structured material of MCM-48-type mesoporous silica
nanoparticles (MSNs) and cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) homopolymer and its copolymer
with methacrylic acid was synthesized. The polymer
was preferentially grafted on the outer surface of
silane linker-functionalized MSNs based on free radical polymerization. The successful chemical grafting
of the polymer on the silica surface was confrmed by
FTIR, NMR, TG, and elemental analyses. The polymer contents of the hybrid particles vary from 18 to
40 % as determined by thermogravimetric and elemental analyses. The polymer content was tailored by varying diferent reaction parameters including monomer concentration, linker content/type, and reaction time. Well-defned uniform core-shell structured
spherical particles with an average particle size of
367 ± 25 nm and shell thickness of 29 ± 8 nm were
observed in TEM analysis. According to XRD and
nitrogen physisorption studies, the ordered mesopore
structure of the core MCM-48-type MSNs was maintained after an extended polymer grafting process and
surface coverage with a high content of polymer. No
signifcant pore blockage was observed in porosimetry analysis. More than 75% of specifc surface area,
68% of total pore volume, and the mean mesopore
diameter were retained after successful grating of
polymer on the outer silica surface. The pore volume
thus can provide enough space to encapsulate high contents of cargo molecules for applications. The narrow pore width distribution of the main mesopores of
silica determined by PALS analysis corresponds to
the N2 sorption analysis and further confrms the uniformity of the mesopores.

Keywords: MCM-48-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles; Hybrid material; Core-shell structure; Polymer; Grafting; Synthesis

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36268
Publ.-Id: 36268


Oxygen K-edge X-ray Absorption Spectra of ThO2 and CeO2: experiment, interpretation and structural effects.

Amidani, L.; Dumas, T.; Shuh, D. K.; Butorin, S. M.; Sahle, C. J.; Longo, A.; Kvashnina, K.

Experimental oxygen K-edge spectra of ThO2 and CeO2 are presented and interpreted based on density functional theory (DFT). The contribution of d and f orbitals to the O K-edge spectrum are identified as well distinguished peaks, the presence of which evidences the strong hybridization of Th and Ce metal centers with O orbitals. The sensitivity of the O K-edge to both f- and d-states in the absence of a core-hole on the metal ion results in an insightful overview of the electronic structure involved in the chemical bond. In particular, the large bandwidth of the Th 5f band as compared to the Ce 4f band is observed as a set of wider and more substantial set of peaks in the O K-edge, confirming the stronger hybridization of the former with O orbitals. The peak ascribed to the 5f band of ThO2 is found at higher energy than the 6d band, as predicted from DFT calculations on actinide dioxides. To highlight the sensitivity and the potential use of the O K-edge for the characterization of ThO2-based systems, the sensitivity of the spectrum to structural changes such as lattice expansion and size reduction are calculated and discussed.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36266
Publ.-Id: 36266


Modelling based approach for the identification of germanium- and indium - binding siderophores

Hintersatz, C.; Tsushima, S.; Jain, R.; Pollmann, K.

Density functional theory was used in order to screen for siderophores selective for gallium, indium, and germanium, respectively.

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    BioCuInGe Workshop on Waste to Wealth, 25.-26.11.2022, Delhi, Indien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36265
Publ.-Id: 36265


Bottom-up Fabrication of FeSb₂ Nanowires on Crystalline GaAs Substrates with Ion-induced Pre-patterning

Weinert, T.; Erb, D.; Hübner, R.; Facsko, S.

Most industrial processes are generating waste heat that can be converted into electrical energy with thermoelectric generators (TEGs). For efficient energy harvesting, it is necessary to significantly improve the properties like Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity of the thermoelectric materials in the TEGs. One promising approach are thermoelectric nanostructures to reduce the thermal conductivity while maintaining constant electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. For that reason, this study investigated the possibility of preparing nanowires of the thermoelectric material iron antimonide (FeSb₂) on crystalline gallium arsenide GaAs(001) substrates with ion-induced surface nanopatterning.
The GaAs(001) substrates were pre-patterned using 1 keV Ar⁺ ion irradiation. By using an ion source with a broad, unfocused ion beam at normal incidence, the patterned area can be scaled to nearly any size. The self-organized surface structure is formed by reverse epitaxy and is characterized by almost perfectly parallel-aligned ripples at the nanometer scale. For the fabrication of FeSb₂ nanowires, iron and antimony were successively deposited on the prepatterned GaAs substrates at grazing incidence and then annealed. They were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in particular high-resolution TEM imaging for structure analysis and spectrum imaging analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
for element characterization.
With the presented fabrication method, FeSb₂ nanowires were produced successfully on GaAs(001) substrates with an ion-induced nanopatterned surface. The nanowires have a polycristalline structure and a cross-sectional area which is scalable up to 22×22nm². Due to the highly ordered nanostructure of the GaAs substrates, the nanowires have a length of several micrometer. These bottom-up nanofabrication based on ion-induced patterning can be a viable alternative to top-down procedures regarding to efficiency and costs.

Keywords: bottom-up nanofabrication; ion-induced nanopatterning; physical vapor deposition; transmission electron microscopy; energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36264
Publ.-Id: 36264


Selection and production of siderophores suitable germanium-, indium and gallium - recovery

Hintersatz, C.; Rojas, L. A.; Kutschke, S.; Jain, R.; Tsushima, S.; Pollmann, K.

Siderophores are a diverse group of small iron-chelating molecules that are synthesized by a vast number of bacteria, fungi and graminaceous plants in order to sequester the essential metal under iron-limited conditions. Their capability to complex other metals as well makes them possibly suited compounds for the usage in bio-based recycling technologies.
The aim of this work is to find siderophores, which selectively bind the critical elements indium, gallium and germanium. Due to the vast number of different known siderophores the complete experimental evaluation is impractical, though. Hence, density functional theory (DFT) is used to simulate the chelation reaction in order to estimate the affinities of various siderophores towards gallium and indium as well as the stability of the resulting coordination complexes. Additionally, environmental samples from lagoons of the Atacama Desert are screened for novel siderophore-producing organisms. The siderophores excreted by those organisms might possess unique binding abilities due to the highly saline and alkaline conditions of the isolation sites. Siderophores selected via DFT as well as those produced by isolated microorganisms are tested experimentally for their affinity towards the metals of interest.
Proving the applicability of siderophores in the recovery of indium and gallium from low concentrated waste waters would create a vast amount of further possible applications of the biomolecules to aid securing the future supply of not just said energy-critical elements, but all strategic metals.

  • Lecture (Conference) (Online presentation)
    ACS Spring 2022, 20.-24.03.2022, San Diego, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36263
Publ.-Id: 36263


Chlorine doping of MoSe2 flakes by ion implantation

Prucnal, S.; Li, Y.; Ghorbani Asl, M.; Hübner, R.; Ziegenrücker, R.; Kentsch, U.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Helm, M.; Zahn, D. R. T.; Zhou, S.

The efficient integration of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) into the current electronic device technology requires mastering the techniques of effective tuning of their optoelectronic properties. Specifically, controllable doping is essential. For conventional bulk semiconductors, ion implantation is the most developed method offering stable and tunable doping. In this work, we demonstrate n-type doping in MoSe2 flakes realized by low-energy ion implantation of Cl+ ions followed by millisecond-range flash lamp annealing (FLA). We further show that FLA for 3 ms with a peak temperature of about 1000 °C is enough to recrystallize implanted MoSe2. The Cl distribution in few-layer-thick MoSe2 is measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. An increase in the electron concentration with increasing Cl fluence is determined from the softening and red shift of the Raman-active A1g phonon mode due to the Fano effect. The electrical measurements confirm the n-type doping of Cl-implanted MoSe2. A comparison of the results of our density functional theory calculations and experimental temperature-dependent micro-Raman spectroscopy data indicates that Cl atoms are incorporated into the atomic network of MoSe2 as substitutional donor impurities.

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  • Poster
    German Conference for Research with Synchrotron Radiation, Neutrons and Ion Beams at Large Facilities, 05.-07.09.2022, Berlin, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36262
Publ.-Id: 36262


Data publication: A network-based approach to identifying correlations between phylogeny, morphological traits and occurrence of fish species in US river basins.

Tripathi, R.; Reza, A.; Su, G.; Mertel, A.; Calabrese, J.

There are three primary datasets used in this work.These were obtained from Dr. Guohuan Su (co-author on the paper) . 1. Phylogenetic distance data sets between all fish species in the US. 2. Morphological traits dataset that list 10 traits information of fish species. 3. Occurrence dataset that list occurrence information of fish species in HUC8 regions of the US There is one dataset that lists exotic species in the US. The entries for exotic species are removed from about datasets before analysis.

Keywords: Complex Networks; Phylogenetic Distance; Morphological Traits; Species Co-occurrence

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36260
Publ.-Id: 36260


A network-based approach to identifying correlations between phylogeny, morphological traits and occurrence of fish species in US river basins.

Tripathi, R.; Reza, A.; Su, G.; Mertel, A.; Calabrese, J.

The complex network framework has been successfully used to model interactions between entities in Complex Systems in the Biological Sciences such as Proteomics, Genomics, Neuroscience, and Ecology. Networks of organisms at different spatial scales and in different ecosystems have provided insights into
community assembly patterns and emergent properties of ecological systems. In the present work, we investigate two questions pertaining to fish species assembly rules in US river basins, a) if morphologically similar fish species also tend to be phylogenetically closer, and b) to what extent are co-occurring species that are phylogentically close also morphologically similar? For the first question, we construct a network of Hydrologic Unit Code 8 (HUC8) regions as nodes with interaction strengths (edges) governed by the number of common species. For each of the modules of this network, which are found to be geographically separated, there is differential yet significant evidence that phylogenetic distance predicts morphological distance. For the second question, we construct and analyze nearest neighbor directed networks of species based on their morphological distances and phylogenetic distances. Through module detection on these networks and comparing the module-level mean phylogenetic distance and mean morphological distance with the number of basins of common occurrence of species in modules, we find that both phylogeny and morphology of species have significant roles in governing species co-occurrence, i.e. phylogenetically and morphologically distant species tend to co-exist more. In addition, between the two quantities (morphological distance and phylogentic distance), we find that morphological distance is a stronger determinant of species co-occurrences

Keywords: Complex Networks; Phylogenetic Distance; Morphological Traits; Species Co-occurrence

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36259
Publ.-Id: 36259


Animal movement as a cross-cutting theme at CASUS

Calabrese, J.; Simoes Silva, I. M.; Alston, J.; Fleming, C.

The movement of animals through landscapes worldwide drives ecological processes, influences disease transmission, and governs how humans and wildlife interact. High resolution animal tracking data have transformed our ability to understand when, where, how, and why animals move. However, these data come with formidable statistical challenges including strong autocorrelation and context-dependent location errors and fix rates. Overcoming these hurdles requires an interdisciplinary effort that combines ecology, physics, geostatistics, signal processing, and computer science.

In this talk, I detail ongoing work at CASUS in animal movement research, covering statistical methods and software development as well as applications in ecology, wildlife management, and autonomous vehicles research. I also highlight the role that aggregated, multispecies tracking datasets play in understanding animal movement and its consequences at the global scale. Finally, I discuss future directions for this research program, outlining potential points of collaboration with researchers coming from different disciplines.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Big data analytical methods for complex systems, 06.10.2022, Wroclaw, Poland
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    CASUSCON, 14.07.2022, Wroclaw, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36258
Publ.-Id: 36258


Growth and Martensitic Transformation of Ferromagnetic Co-Cr-Ga-Si Epitaxial Films

Ge, Y.; Lünser, K.; Ganss, F.; Gaal, P.; Fink, L.; Fähler, S.

During cooling, conventional martensitic transformation can only be realized from austenite to martensite. Recently, a so-called reentrant martensitic transformation obtained much interest due to an additional transformation from martensite to austenite during further cooling. Obviously, materials with this reentrant transformation will increase the number of physical effects and possible applications. However, until now, only bulk samples are reported available, which are not suitable for applications in micro-devices. In this work, ferromagnetic Co-Cr-Ga-Si films were selected as a model system to explore the reentrant transformation behavior in thin films. We observed that the films grow epitaxially on MgO (100) substrates and exhibit a martensitic transformation if deposited at a sufficiently high temperature or with an additional heat treatment. Film within the austenite state are ferromagnetic while films within the martensitic state just exhibit a very low ferromagnetism order.

Keywords: Co-Cr-Ga-Si; martensitic transformation; reentrant martensite; epitaxial film; ferromagnetism

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36257
Publ.-Id: 36257


Spaceborne GNSS-Receiver Evolution – From Classical HiRel to NewSpace Constellation

Schütz, M.; Zehetmayer, S.; Zajac, K.; Laabs, M.; Borany, J.; Zangl, R.; Sust, M.

Spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers have become indispensable components of satellites, in particular for real-time navigation as part of the attitude and orbit control system and for precise orbit determination in support of highly accurate earth observation instruments. In cooperation with the project partners TU Dresden and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Beyond Gravity (formerly RUAG Space) has developed a flexible GNSS receiver platform targeting NewSpace applications but leveraging the performance of the current gold standards with respect to spaceborne GNSS-receiver technology. A novel radiation test environment was introduced, and selected components were radiation tested to ensure a consistent reliability.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Deutscher Luft- und Raumfahrtkongress (DLRK 2022), 27.-29.09.2022, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36256
Publ.-Id: 36256


Species invasiveness and community invasibility of US freshwater fish fauna revealed via trait-based analysis

Su, G.; Mertel, A.; Brosse, S.; Calabrese, J.

While biological invasions are recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity, determining species’ abilities to invade new areas (species invasiveness) and the vulnerability of those areas to invasions (community invasibility) are still poorly understood. Here, we used trait-based analysis to profile invasive species and quantify the community invasibility for >1,800 North American freshwater fish communities. We show that species with higher reproduction rates, longer life spans and larger sizes tend to be more invasive. Community invasibility peaked when the functional distance among native species was high, leaving unoccupied functional space for the establishment of potential invaders. Invasion success is therefore governed by both the functional traits of non-native species determining their invasiveness, and by the functional characteristics of the invaded community determining its invasibility. Considering those two determinants together will allow better predictions of invasions.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-36255
Publ.-Id: 36255


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