Thermal and Chemical Freeze-out in Spectator Fragmentation
Thermal and Chemical Freeze-out in Spectator Fragmentation
Trautmann, W.; Bassini, R.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Ferrero, A.; Fritz, S.; Gaff-Ejakov, S. J.; Groß, C.; Imme, G.; Iori, I.; Kleinevoß, U.; Kunde, G. J.; Kunze, W. D.; Le Fevre, A.; Lindenstruth, V.; Lukasik, J.; Lynen, U.; Maddalena, V.; Mahi, M.; Möhlenkamp, T.; Moroni, A.; Müller, W. F. J.; Nociforo, C.; Ocker, B.; Odeh, T.; Orth, H.; Petruzzelli, F.; Pochodzalla, J.; Raciti, G.; Riccobene, G.; Romano, F. P.; Rubehn, T.; Saija, A.; Sann, H.; Schnittker, M.; Schüttauf, A.; Schwarz, C.; Seidel, W.; Serfling, V.; Sfienti, C.; Trzcinski, A.; Tucholski, A.; Verde, G.; Wörner, A.; Hongfei, X.; Zwieglinski, B.
Isotope temperatures from double ratios of hydrogen, helium, lithium, beryllium, and carbon isotopic yields, and excited-state temperatures from yield ratios of particle-unstable resonances in 4He, 5Li, and 8Be, were determined for spectator fragmentation, following collisions of 197Au with targets ranging from C to Au at incident energies of 600 and 1000 MeV per nucleon. A deviation of the isotopic from the excited-state temperatures is observed which coincides with the transition from residue formation to multi-fragment production, suggesting a chemical freeze-out prior to thermal freeze-out in bulk disintegrations.
- Physical Review C 76(2007), 064606
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