Thermal dependence of large scale freckle defect formation

The fundamental mechanisms governing macroscopic freckle defect formation during directional solidification are studied experimentally in a Hele-Shaw cell for a low melting point Ga-25wt.%In alloy, and modelled numerically in 3D using a microscopic parallelised Cellular Automata lattice Boltzmann method. The size and distribution of freckles (long solute channels, or chimneys) is shown to be strongly dependent on the thermal profile of the casting, with flat, concave and convex isotherms being considered. For the flat isotherm case, no large-scale freckles form, while for concave or convex isotherms large freckles appear but in different locations. The freckle formation mechanism is as expected buoyancy-driven, but the chimney stability, its long-term endurance and its location, are shown to depend critically on the detailed convective transport through the inter-dendritic region. Flow is generated by curved isopleths of solute concentration. As solute density is different from that of the bulk fluid, gravity causes ‘uphill´ or ‘downhill’ lateral flow from the sample centre to the edges through the mush, feeding the freckle. An excellent agreement is obtained between the numerical model and real-time x-ray observations of a solidifying sample under strictly controlled temperature conditions.