Optimizing the Pd Sites in Pure Metallic Aerogels for Efficient Electrocatalytic H₂O₂ Production

Decentralized electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is an attractive alternative to the industrial anthraquinone process, the application of which is hindered by the lack of high-performance electrocatalysts in acidic media. Herein, a novel catalyst design strategy is reported to optimize the Pd sites in pure metallic aerogels by tuning their geometric environments and electronic structures. By increasing the Hg content in the Pd-Hg aerogels, the Pd-Pd coordination is gradually diminished, resulting in isolated, single-atom-like Pd motifs in the Pd₂Hg₅ aerogel. Further heterometal doping leads to a series of M-Pd₂Hg₅ aerogels with an unalterable geometric environment, allowing for sole investigation of the electronic effects. Combining theoretical and experimental analyses, a volcano relationship is obtained for the M-Pd₂Hg₅ aerogels, demonstrating an effective tunability of the electronic structure of the Pd active sites. The optimized Au-Pd₂Hg₅ aerogel exhibits an outstanding H₂O₂ selectivity of 92.8% as well as transferred electron numbers of ≈2.1 in the potential range of 0.0-0.4 V_RHE. This work opens a door for designing metallic aerogel electrocatalysts for H₂O₂ production and highlights the importance of electronic effects in tuning electrocatalytic performances.