Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the OCTN2 transporter at the RBE4 cells, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier

The transport of L-carnitine (4-N-trimethylamino-3-hydoxybutyric acid), a compound known to be transported by the organic cation transporter / carnitine transporter OCTN2, was studied in immortalized rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4). The cells were found to take up L-carnitine by a sodium-dependent process. This uptake process was saturable with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for L-carnitine of 53.8 ± 9.8 µM and a maximal velocity of 214.5 ± 34.7 pmol/mg protein/h. Besides L-carnitine, the cells also took up acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner and TEA in a sodium-independent manner. RT-PCR with primers specific for the rat OCTN2 transporter revealed the existence of OCTN2 mRNA in RBE4 cells. Screening of a cDNA library from RBE4 cells with rat OCTN2 cDNA as a probe identified a positive clone which showed, when expressed in HeLa cells, the functional characteristics of OCTN2. The HeLa cells expressing the RBE4 OCTN2 cDNA showed a six-fold increase in L-carnitine uptake and a four-fold increase in TEA uptake in a sodium-containing buffer. Typical inhibitors for organic cation transporters (e.g., MPP⁺ or TEA) showed an inhibitory effect on the transport of L-carnitine and TEA into the transfected cells. Similarly, unlabeled L-carnitine inhibited the transport of [³H]-L-carnitine and [¹⁴C]TEA in transfected HeLa cells. It is concluded that RBE4 cells, a widely used in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), express the organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2.