Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

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41399 Publications

The status of the DRESDYN project

Stefani, F.; Albrecht, T.; Galindo, V.; Gerbeth, G.; Giesecke, A.; Gundrum, T.; Kaplan, E.; Kirillov, O.; Seilmayer, M.; Weber, N.; Weier, T.

The DRESDYN project at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is intended as a platform for large-scale liquid sodium experiments on dynamo action and magnetically triggered flow instabilities. We report on the progress of the building construction, and on the design status of the precession driven dynamo experiment. Special focus is laid on new theoretical and experimental results on the magnetorotational and Tayler instability, and on the consequences for the planned liquid sodium experiment for the combined study of those instabilities.

  • Open Access Logo Abstract in refereed journal
    Geophysical Research Abstracts 16(2014), EGU2014-10886
  • Lecture (Conference)
    General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union 2014, 27.04.-02.05.2014, Vienna, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20363
Publ.-Id: 20363


Refined reconstruction of liquid-gas interface structures for oil-gas stratified two-phase flow using wire-mesh sensor

Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.; Aydin, T. B.; Torres, C. F.; Pereyra, E.; Sarica, C.

Wire-Mesh sensors (WMS), developed at HZDR [1], are potential tools to measure phase fraction distributions quantitatively and visualize two-phase pipe flow phenomena with a very high temporal resolution. They have been extensively applied to a wide range of two-phase gas-liquid flow situations with conducting and non-conducting liquids. However, for very low liquid loadings the state of the art data evaluation algorithms for WMS data suffer under the comparable low spatial resolution and under boundary effects, caused by the flange rings - especially in case of capacitance type WMS. Recently, a pair of capacitance WMS with 32x32 wires has been applied to study interfacial wave characteristics in stratified-wavy configuration for air-oil two-phase flow at Tulsa University Fluid Flow Projects (TUFFP) in a 6-inch ID low pressure flow loop. The superficial liquid and gas velocities for these experiments vary between 9.2 m/s ≤ νSG ≤ 15 m/s and 0.01 m/s ≤ νSL ≤ 0.02 m/s, respectively [2]. To understand the flow phenomena of the stratified wavy structure an accurate reconstruction of the liquid-gas interface is essential. Due to the comparable low spatial resolution of app. 5 mm, the liquid-gas interface recognition has always an unknown uncertainty level since a specific threshold level for the ISO-surface has to be applied. In this work a new algorithm for refined liquid-gas interface reconstruction is introduced, using a-priory information in case of completely stratified flow situations.

Keywords: Wire-mesh sensor; oil-gas stratified flow; liquid-gas interphase recognition

  • Contribution to proceedings
    5th International Workshop on Process Tomography (IWPT-5), 16.-18.09.2014, Jeju, South Korea
    Proceedings of IWPT-5

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20362
Publ.-Id: 20362


Experimental results on the azimuthal magnetorotational instability

Seilmayer, M.; Galindo, V.; Gerbeth, G.; Gundrum, T.; Stefani, F.; Gellert, M.; Rüdiger, G.; Schultz, M.; Hollerbach, R.

Hydrodynamically stable rotating flows can be destabilized by an azimuthal magnetic field. The arising non-axisymmetric, or azimuthal magnetorotational instability (AMRI) is important for explaining the angular momentum transport in accretion disks, and plays a central role in the concept of the MRI dynamo. We report the observation of AMRI in a magnetized liquid metal Taylor-Couette experiment, and discuss the surprisingly strong effects of a slight symmetry breaking of the applied magnetic field.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Riga, Latvia: University of Latvia, 240-244
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD,, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20361
Publ.-Id: 20361


Experimental Study of Vertical Gas-Liquid Pipe Flow for Annular and Liquid Loading Conditions using Dual Wire-Mesh Sensors

Vieira, R. E.; Parsi, M.; Torres, C. F.; Shirazi, S. A.; Mclaury, B. S.; Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.

In gas well production, liquid is produced in two forms, droplets entrained in the gas core and liquid film flowing on the tubing wall. For most of the gas well life cycle, the predominant flow pattern is annular flow. As gas wells mature, the produced gas flow rate reduces decreasing the liquid carrying capability initiating the condition where the liquid film is unstable and flow pattern changes from fully co-current annular flow to partially co-current annular flow. The measurement and visualization of annular flow and liquid loading characteristics is of great importance from a technical point of view for process control or from a theoretical point of view for the improvement and validation of current modeling approaches. In this experimental investigation, a Wire-Mesh technique based on conductance measurements was applied to enhance the understanding of the air-water flow in vertical pipes. The flow test section consisting of a 76 mm ID pipe, 18 m long, was employed to generate annular flow and liquid loading at low pressure conditions. A 16×16 wire configuration sensor is used to determine the void fraction within the cross-section of the pipe. Data sets were collected with a sampling frequency of 10,000 Hz. Physical flow parameters were extracted based on processed raw measured data obtained by the sensors using signal processing. In this work, the principle of Wire-Mesh Sensors and the methodology of flow parameter extraction are described. From the obtained raw data, time series of void fraction, mean local void fraction distribution, characteristic frequencies and structure velocities are determined for different liquid and gas superficial velocities that ranged from 0.005 to 0.1 m/s and from 10 to 40 m/s, respectively. In order to investigate dependence of liquid loading phenomenon on viscosity, three different liquid viscosities were used. Results from the Wire-Mesh Sensors are compared with results obtained from previous experimental work using Quick Closing Valves and existing modeling approaches available in the literature.

Keywords: Wire-Mesh Sensor; two-phase flow; flow visualization; void fraction; annular flow; liquid loading

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ASME 2014 - 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, 03.-07.08.2014, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    Proceedings of FEDSM2014: ASME

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20360
Publ.-Id: 20360


Inductionless magnetorotational instability beyond the Liu limit

Kirillov, O.; Stefani, F.; Fukumoto, Y.

Employing the short wavelength approximation, we develop a unified framework for the investigation of the standard, the helical, and the azimuthal version of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) as well as of the current-driven Tayler instability. We show that the inductionless types of MRI that were previously thought to be restricted to comparably steep rotation profiles extend well to the Keplerian case if only the azimuthal field deviates slightly from its field-free profile.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Riga, Latvia: University of Latvia, 273-277
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20359
Publ.-Id: 20359


Towards a precession driven dynamo experiment

Stefani, F.; Albrecht, T.; Gerbeth, G.; Giesecke, A.; Gundrum, T.; Steglich, C.; Nore, C.

The most ambitious project within the DREsden Sodium facility for DYNamo and thermohydraulic studies (DRESDYN) is the construction of a precession-driven dynamo experiment. After discussing the scientific background and some results of water pre-experiments and numerical predictions, we focus on the numerous structural and design problems of the machine. We also delineate the progress of the building construction, and the status of some other experiments that are planned in the framework of DRESDYN.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Riga, Latvia: University of Latvia, 147-151
  • Magnetohydrodynamics 51(2015)2, 275-284

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20358
Publ.-Id: 20358


Characterizing Slug/Churn Flow using Wire-Mesh Sensor

Parsi, M.; Vieira, R. E.; Torres, C. F.; Kesana, N. R.; Mclaury, B. S.; Shirazi, S. A.; Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.

A wire mesh sensor (WMS) is an intrusive device used to investigate multi-phase flows. The WMS measures the instantaneous local electrical conductivity of multiphase flows at different measuring points. There is a significant difference in the electrical conductivity of the employed fluids (in this work air and water, conductivity of water is much higher than that of air). Using the difference in the electrical conductivity, the WMS provides the local void fraction. The WMS utilized in this work includes two identical planes of parallel 16×16 grid of wires. The separation distance between these two planes is 32 mm. The WMS was installed in a 76.2 mm (3-inch) diameter vertical pipe to extract information such as void fraction distribution, structure velocity, and slug/churn flow structure. The superficial gas (air) velocity (VSG) ranged from 10 to 38.4 m/s. Liquid (water) superficial velocities (VSL) of 0.30, 0.46, 0.61 and 0.76 m/s were employed. To study the effects of viscosity on the slug/churn flow structure, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) was added to water to increase the liquid viscosity without altering its density. Each experiment was performed for 60 seconds. An operation frequency for the WMS of 10 kHz (totally 600,000 frames per experiment) was used for all experiments.

Keywords: Wire-Mesh Sensor; muliphase flow; slug flow; churn flow

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting, 03.-07.08.2014, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    Proceedings of FEDSM2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20357
Publ.-Id: 20357


Ultrasound Doppler velocimetry for liquid metal batteries

Starace, M.; Weber, N.; Seilmayer, M.; Weier, T.; Stefani, F.; Eckert, S.

The Tayler instability (TI) due to current flow through a liquid GaInSn column is under consideration here. It is a consequence of electric current surpassing a critical value in the order of a few kA and manifests itself as a stack of vortices. Two ultrasound transducers encased in a copper electrode on top of the column were used to measure the vertical component of the liquid metal flow caused by the TI, which is of the order of several mm/s. UDV measurements were only possible after noise suppression mechanisms were added to the experimental setup. The results of the UDV retrievals will be discussed here.

Keywords: Doppler velocimetry; liquid metal batteries; magnetohydrodynamics; Tayler Instability

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    9th PAMIR International Conference Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Rīga, Latvija
    9th International Conference on Fundamental and applied MHD, Thermo acoustic and Space technologies, 263-267
  • Poster
    9th PAMIR International Conference Fundamental and Applied MHD, 19.06.2014, Rīga, Latvija

Downloads

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20356
Publ.-Id: 20356


Measurement in a downscaled water mockup and numerical simulation for the DRESDYN large scale precession experiment

Gundrum, T.; Steglich, C.; Stefani, F.; Gerbeth, G.; Albrecht, T.; Giesecke, A.

Precession has long been discussed as a complementary energy source of homogeneous dynamo action. In the framework of DRESDYN (DREsden Sodium facility for DYNamo and thermohydraulic studies) a precession driven dynamo experiment is under construction. For proper dimensioning of the sodium experiment, measurements at the 1:6 down scaled water mockup are compared to numerical simulations. We present pressure, velocity, and motor power measurements for the water mockup. Furthermore we provide an insight into mechanical engineering aspects of the real sodium experiment.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Riga, Latvia: University of Latvia, 152-155
  • Poster
    9th PAMIR conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20355
Publ.-Id: 20355


Channel flow profile measurements at hot liquid metal loops by the Ultrasound Doppler method

Franke, S.; Eckert, S.; Gundrum, T.; Gerbeth, G.

The successful application of the ultrasound Doppler method at hot channel flows by means of commercial high temperature probes is presented. To obtain sufficient Doppler signals, different problems have to be solved: the transmission of the ultrasonic beam through the channel wall made of stainless steel, the acoustic coupling between the transducer and the channel wall, and the wetting of the inner surface of the wall by the liquid metal, respectively. An integrated sensor concept and method are figured out to meet these requirements. The feasibility of this sensor concept is demonstrated in experiments in metallic melts at temperatures up to 230°C. Measurements are performed at a circular channel flow at the LIMMCAST facility at HZDR applying an eutectic bismuth-tin alloy. In addition, a lead-bismuth flow in a rectangular channel profile measured at the METAL:LIC loop at the Institute of Physics Riga (IPUL) is presented in this report.

Keywords: Flow measurements; ultrasound Doppler method; liquid metal; channel flow; high temperature measurements

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering (ISUD), 27.-29.08.2014, Strasbourg, Frankreich
    Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering, Strasbourg: Ubertone, 153-156
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering (ISUD), 27.-29.08.2014, Strasbourg, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20354
Publ.-Id: 20354


Grain refinement in Al-Si alloys caused by electric current pulses and the role of melt convection

Räbiger, D.; Zhang, Y.; Franke, S.; Galindo, V.; Eckert, S.

The application of the so-called Electric Current Pulse technique (ECP) unlocks a remarkable potential to influence the solidified macrostructure of metals during the solidification process. Many studies have shown that beneficial effects like a distinct grain refinement or the promotion of the transition from a columnar to an equiaxed dendritic growth (CET) can be achieved (see for instance [1-3]). However, the physical mechanism of the grain refinement effect caused by ECP has not been understood so far. Various effects are under discussion, such as the fragmentation of dendrite induced by the electric current [1], the reduction of the nucleation activation energy [2], or the break out and the transport of little grains from the boundary by the periodic Lorentz force [3]. However, the previous studies did not consider the possibility that intense Lorentz forces resulting from the interaction between the strong electrical current and the self-induced magnetic field can create significant melt flows.
This paper presents an experimental study which focuses on the effect of forced melt flow during solidification under the influence of a strong electric current. A first set of experiments was conducted to obtain quantitative information about the isothermal flow field exposed to various electrical parameters like the frequency and amplitude of the current as well as the pulse length. Flow measurements were carried out by the ultrasound Doppler method. In a second step solidification experiments were carried out using a binary Al-Si alloy to verify the effect of certain current parameters on the solidified structure. In our experimental setup the electrical current was supplied through two parallel electrodes at the free surface. The results demonstrate that the grain refining effect observed in our experiments can be ascribed to the forced melt flow driven by the Lorentz force.

Keywords: Electric Current Pulse technique (ECP); grain refinement; flow measurements; ultrasound Doppler method

  • Lecture (Conference)
    4th International Conference on Advances in Solidification Processes, 08.-11.07.2014, Old Windsor, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20353
Publ.-Id: 20353


Electric current pulse driven liquid metal flow studied by the multi-dimensional Ultrasound Doppler array technique

Franke, S.; Räbiger, D.; Zhang, Y.; Eckert, S.

The electric current pulse (ECP) technique is an effective method of applied MHD to be used for promoting grain refinement in the macrostructure of metal alloys during the solidification process. However, the physical mechanism of the ECP grain refinement technique has not been fully understood until now because of a shortage of knowledge of the forced flow induced by current pulses. In a comprehensive study, experimental investigations were performed considering the configuration of two parallel electrodes immersed through the free surface into a liquid metal column of GaInSn. A melt flow is driven by the Lorentz force resulting from an interaction of the electric current between the electrodes and its induced magnetic field. By means of the ultrasonic Doppler array technique the time-dependent flow field structure induced by DC and pulsed currents under various conditions and parameters was investigated. The measuring results of the study will be presented and discussed.

Keywords: electric current pulse; ultrasound Doppler method; ultrasonic array sensors; liquid metal flow; magnetohydrodynamics

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering (ISUD), 27.-29.08.2014, Strasbourg, Frankreich
    Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering, Strasbourg: Ubertone, 65-68
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering (ISUD), 27.-29.08.2014, Strasbourg, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20352
Publ.-Id: 20352


Investigation of metal sorption behavior of Slp1 from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 – A combined study using QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM

Suhr, M.; Unger, N.; Viacava, K. E.; Günther, T. J.; Raff, J.; Pollmann, K.

Surface layer proteins (S-layer) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 are biological compounds with several bio-based technical applications such as biosorptive materials for heavy and noble metals removal or rare metals recovery from the environment. Despite their well-described applications, a deeper understanding of their metal sorption behavior still remains challenging. The metal sorption stability of gold, palladium, platinum and europium was investigated by ICP-MS, AFM and QCM-D which enables the detection of the sorption in real-time during the in-situ experiments. The results indicate a high binding of Pd, followed by Au, Eu and Pt to the proteins. The comparison between the different methods allowed a deeper understanding of the metal sorption of the isolated S-layer proteins either frees in liquid, adsorbed forming a protein layer or as the bacteria surface.

Keywords: Biosorption; noble metals; bacteria; cells; cell wall components; S-layer; proteins; coatings; polyelectrolytes; QCM-D; ICP-MS; AFM

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20351
Publ.-Id: 20351


Quality control in hadrontherapy

Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee; Enghardt, W.; Fiedler, F.; Priegnitz, M.

No abstract available

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to external collection
    F. Azaiez, A. Bracco, J. Dobeš, A. Jokinen, G.-E. Körner, A. Maj, A. Murphy, P. Van Duppen: Nuclear Physics for Medicine, Europe: NuPECC, 2014, 978-2-36873-008-9, 84-87

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20350
Publ.-Id: 20350


Overview of studies on ultra-short relativistic laser-solid material interactions in HZDR

Huang, L.; Bussmann, M.; Kluge, T.; Metzkes, J.; Zeil, K.; Schramm, U.; Cowan, T. E.

Control of ultra-short relativistic laser-solid material interactions requires modelling of transient, non-equilibrium processes on the atomic scale. We present recent results on ultrafast plasma dynamics for ion heating in buried layer targets [1], ionization dynamics, instabilities and filamentation [2]. In order to connect the plasma dynamics seen in simulations with experiments we will discuss the role of in-situ synthetic diagnostics that mimic experimental diagnostics. As one key example we propose to use X-Ray Free Electron Lasers for probing laser-driven solid-density plasmas by small angle X-ray scattering [3] which allows for femtosecond resolution of transient plasma processes. With these techniques, probing fundamental plasma properties will allow for direct comparison to simulations, challenging state of the art theoretical modeling of collisions, ionization, radiation transport and atomic processes. Increasing the predictive capability of codes will require highly-scalable simulations [4] in order to estimate the influence of these models on the systematic error.

[1] L. G. Huang et al., Phys. Plasmas 20, 093109 (2013)
[2] J. Metzkes et al., New J. Phys. 16, 023008 (2014)
[3] T. Kluge et al., arXiv, 1306.0420 (2013)
[4] M. Bussmann et al., Proceedings of SC’13, 5-1 (2013)

Keywords: laser-solid material interactions; heating; ionization; instabilities and filamentation; XFELs; PIConGPU

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    The 8th International West Lake Symposium – Laser Plasma Interactions, 21.-25.04.2014, Hangzhou, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20349
Publ.-Id: 20349


Study of the effects of plasma immersion ion implantation on austenitic stainless steel using E × B fields

Pillaca, E. J. D. M.; Ueda, M.; Reuther, H.; Lepienski, C. M.

The effect of magnetic field enhanced plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) on SS304 austenitic stainless steel samples has been investigated. Application of magnetic field in PIII process leads to the formation of the crossed E × B field configuration, promoting the increase of the plasma density by electron-neutrals collision. As a result, a high nitrogen ion flux on SS304 sample was achieved. In this experiment, a moderate temperature of about 350 °C was measured after two hour of treatment, discarding the possibility of the formation of chromium nitride. Measurements performed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) showed the formation of a nitrogen implanted layer which wasmuch greater than the one obtained by standard PIII (at the same pulsing conditions). Due to that, new peaks in the characteristic profile of X-ray diffraction were observed as consequence of the formation of a new phase (γN phase). It has caused as twice as high improvement in the surface hardness compared to the conventional PIII. Consequently, a substantial reduction in the wear rate was obtained.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20348
Publ.-Id: 20348


P1222 - Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Schalten hoher Ströme bei der elektromagnetischen Pulsumformung

Dittrich, S.

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung einer Crowbardiode, die zugleich als Zuleitung zwischen Kondensator und Umformspule dient. Diese Vorrichtung ermöglicht die Verwendung verschleißfreier Schalter zur elektromagnetischen Pulsumformung, wobei die sonst nötigen Thyristorparallelschaltungen entfallen können.

  • Patent
    DE102012109413 - Offenlegung 17.04.2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20347
Publ.-Id: 20347


Disposal of nuclear waste in host rock formations featuring high-saline solutions – Implementation of a thermodynamic reference database (THEREDA)

Moog, H. C.; Bok, F.; Marquardt, C. M.; Brendler, V.

Research on the solubility of hazardous substances in saturated salt solutions is an ongoing task in Germany. Several institutions deliver contributions in line with their respective expertise. Scientific studies ultimately yield thermodynamic data which are used for thermodynamic equilibrium modelling. In order to join forces and render thermodynamic equilibrium calculations comparable it was decided to set up a common thermodynamic reference database (THEREDA) from which ready-to-use parameter files for commonly used geochemical codes should be created.

It is the objective of this paper to explain how THEREDA is designed from a data management point-of-view, both conceptionally and technically. Data tables and mutual dependencies are described that allow managing administration of data for aqueous solution, solids, solid solutions, and surfaces. Moreover, quality assurance, traceability, consistency, and efficient, long-term maintenance are major topics shaping the database structure. Finally, robust and flexible human interfaces (to editors as well as end-users) are implemented. This paper is not aimed at giving an account of the model definitions, system selections, evaluation schemes, and thermodynamic data themselves stored in THEREDA, which represent the actual scientific work done by many more scientists within the project. However, this methodological guide to THEREDA has its own merits as it helps to bring thermodynamic data to work. Its specific implementation may serve as a useful example for similar projects going far beyond waste disposal.

Keywords: THEREDA; Thermodynamic Reference Database; Pitzer

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20346
Publ.-Id: 20346


SRF Gun – A Candidate for Future CW Linear Accelerators?

Arnold, A.

The success future continuous wave (CW) linear accelerators (LINAC) depend strongly on the development of appropriate sources. Thus, high brightness electron injectors for CW operation with megahertz pulse repetition rates and high bunch charges up to 1 nC are a hot topic of contemporary accelerator research and development. Present state-of-the-art CW photo electron sources are limited to a medium acceleration field; DC guns because of high-voltage discharge and normal conducting RF (NCRF) guns because of the dissipated power that scales with the square of the surface magnetic field (P~H²). Thus, in both cases the beam quality as well as the maximum extractable bunch charge is limited.
To get rid of these limitations the SRF gun concept is merging the well-established NCRF gun technology with the superconductivity. The resulting saving on dissipated power allows comparable high acceleration fields in continuous wave operation and thus high brightness and high average current at the same time. The talk will concentrate on the most advance electron source of this kind, the ELBE 3.5 cell SRF gun of Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. Beside a historical classification and an overview on different design concepts, recent results as well as future challenges are discussed.

Keywords: SRF gun; superconducting radio frequency photo electron source; ELBE

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    ARD Lunch Seminar, 25.04.2014, Hamburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20345
Publ.-Id: 20345


P1216 - Einrichtung zur Bestimmung der Dosisdeposition von Teilchenstrahlung zur Tumorbehandlung in Gewebe

Schöne, S.; Dersch, U.; Rahm, J.; Komoll, T.

Die Erfindung betrifft Einrichtungen zur Bestimmung und Kontrolle der Dosisdeposition von Teilchenstrahlung zur Tumorbehandlung in Gewebe. Die Einrichtungen zeichnen sich insbesondere dadurch aus, dass die Dosisdeposition während der Tumorbehandlung mit Teilchenstrahlen kontrolliert werden kann. Dazu sind im Strahlengang mindestens ein durch die Dosisdeposition hervorgerufenen prompten Gammastrahlung der die Compton-Streuung verursachender Körper und ein Absorber angeordnet. Der Absorber als Absorberdetektor besteht aus wenigstens einem Szintillator in Form wenigstens eines ersten Kristalls oder in einer Matrix angeordneten ersten Kristallen und Vetodetektoren zum Nachweis der im Körper inkohärent gestreuten Photonen. Der Szintillator ist weiterhin von wenigstens einem zweiten Szintillatorkristall als Vetodetektor umgeben oder umschlossen oder wenigstens bereichsweise begrenzt. Im Strahlengang hinter dem ersten Kristall oder den ersten Kristallen ist mindestens ein weiterer Szintillatorkristall als weiterer Vetodetektor angeordnet. Halbleiterbasierte Photodetektoren sind zum Auslesen an den Szintillator und die Vetodetektoren gekoppelt und mit einem Datenverarbeitungssystem verbunden.

  • Patent
    DE102013212983 - Offenlegung 09.01.2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20344
Publ.-Id: 20344


P1013-2 - Anordnung zur Erzeugung hochenergetischer Protonenstrahlen und deren Verwendung

Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Cowan, T.; Sauerbrey, R.

Die Anmeldung beschreibt eine Anordnung zur Erzeugung hochenergetischer Protonenstrahlen unter Verwendung gepulster Hochfeld-Magnetspulen, die u. a. in der lasergetriebenen Protonenstrahltherapie angewendet werden kann. Wesentlicher Vorteil bei der Bestrahlung mit Protonen gegenüber der Bestrahlung mittels hochenergetischer Photonen ist, dass der Tumor aufgrund des Energieeintrages der Protonen effektiver ausgeschaltet und das den Tumor umgebende gesunde Gewebe effizienter geschützt werden kann. Ein weiterer Vorteil der beschriebenen Anordnung durch den Einsatz hoher gepulster Magnetfelder ist, dass sich Protonenstrahlvorrichtungen unter anderem für medizinische Anwendungen räumlich sehr kompakt als „Tabletop-Geräte”, d. h. unter erheblich reduzierten Investitionsmitteln, produziert werden können. Der benötigte Energieverbrauch zur Erzeugung eines Magnetpulses beträgt lediglich 10 bis 100 kJ. Bei einem Strompreis von ~ 0,1 EUR/kWh fallen dabei pro Puls Kosten in Höhe von 0,0003 bis 0,003 EUR an. Ein weiterer Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Anordnung ist die vereinfachte Dosierung der Strahlungsintensität und die genauere Fokussierung des zu bestrahlenden Gebiets. Dadurch werden diese Geräte einfacher bedienbar.

  • Patent
    DE102011052269 - Offenlegung 22.03.2012, Nachanmeldung: WO

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20343
Publ.-Id: 20343


P1312 - Funktionalisierung von Edelmetallnanopartikeln mit Monomeren und Oligomeren bakterieller Hüllproteine für biosensorische Anwendungen

Raff, J.; Lakatos, M.; Matys, S.; Katzschner, B.; Pompe, W.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Biosensorsystem, basierend auf der Nutzung von Monomeren und Oligomeren bakterieller Hüllproteine für die Beschichtung von Edelmetallnanopartikeln zum Nachweis von Ionenkomplexen in wässrigen Lösungen. Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Verfahren zur Detektion von Ionen und/oder Ionenkomplexen vorgeschlagen, umfassend folgende Schritte: a. Bereitstellung einer Lösung enthaltend Nanopartikel, b. Bereitstellung einer Lösung enthaltend vereinzelte bakterielle Hüllproteine, c. Mischung der beiden Lösungen im Teilchenverhältnis Nanopartikel zu Oligomere 1:1 bis 1:1000, wobei die Nanopartikel mit den bakteriellen Hüllproteinen ummantelt und funktionalisiert werden, d. Inkontaktbringen dieser Mischung mit den zu detektierenden Ionen und/oder Ionenkomplexen, e. Detektion einer Änderung der optischen Eigenschaften dieser Analytlösung. Gegenstand der Erfindung sind auch eine Lösung zur Detektion von Ionen und/oder Ionenkomplexen enthaltend Nanopartikel und vereinzelte bakterielle Hüllproteine, hergestellt aus einer Nanopartikellösung und einer Lösung, enthaltend bakterielle Hüllproteine, nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren, sowie die Verwendung dieser Lösung zur Detektion von Ionen und/oder Ionenkomplexen.

  • Patent
    DE102013204543 - Erteilung 13.02.2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20342
Publ.-Id: 20342


P1213 - Verfahren und Anlage zur Erzeugung eines monoenergetischen Einzelelektronen-Sekundärstrahles (pro Puls) gleichzeitig zu einem Hochstromstrahl

Michel, P.

Die Erfindung beschreibt eine Anordnung und ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines monoenergetischen Einzelelektronen-Sekundärstrahles (pro Puls) gleichzeitig zu einem Hochstromstrahl aus einem Hochstrom-Primärstrahl, wobei der Hochstromstrahl derart geteilt wird, dass ca. 1% als Sekundärstrahl abgespaltet wird. Dazu wird ein Wolframdraht in den Primärstrahl eingebracht. Durch die Abteilung eines Strahls mit geringem mittlerem Strahlstrom wird der gleichzeitige Betrieb beiden Elektronenstrahlen, also ein Parallelbetrieb, ermöglicht.

Related publications

  • Patent
    DE102012109453 - Offenlegung 10.04.2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20341
Publ.-Id: 20341


P1210 - Metallmembran

Kolitsch, A.; Rogozin, A.; Brinke-Seiferth, S.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer porösen Metallmembran, eine solche Metallmembran, die Verwendung der Metallmembran wie auch entsprechende Filtermodule. Die Aufgabe besteht in der Herstellung einer sehr dünnen, flexiblen und beständigen Membran mit einer hohen Festigkeit. Dabei soll auf aufwändige Produktionsschritte mit Opferung von Stützschichten oder durch nachträgliches Ablösen einer Ursprungsmembran verzichtet werden. Aufgabe ist zudem, eine Porenstruktur auch zwischen 10 nm und 1 µm zu erreichen und diese je nach Wunsch einfach konfigurieren zu können. Die Porosität soll dabei so hoch sein, dass sie dem Ionenspurverfahren deutlich überlegen ist. Weiterhin soll auf den Einsatz von Chemikalien möglichst verzichtet werden. Zur Lösung der Aufgabe wird ein Verfahren genutzt, was in Grundzügen und abgewandelt aus der Behandlung von Metalloberflächen bekannt ist. Erfindungsgemäß wird das Plasma Immersions Ionen Implantation Verfahren derart genutzt, dass eine sehr dünne Folie aus Metall mit durch eine erste Beschleunigungsspannung beschleunigten Edelgasionen, insbesondere von beiden Seiten, beschossen wird. Dabei wird der Ionenstrom so gewählt, dass es zu einer Übersättigung in der Metallfolie kommt. Dann bilden sich nach Übersättigung durch Bläschen-Segregation Poren, insbesondere unter der Metalloberfläche. Die Öffnung der unter der Metalloberfläche durch Ionenimplantation entstandenen Poren erfolgt durch ein Zerstäuben der Oberfläche mittels Beschuss durch Edelgasionen mit einer zweiten Beschleunigungsspannung, die niedriger ist als die erste Beschleunigungsspannung.

  • Patent
    DE102012105770 - Offenlegung 02.01.2014, Nachanmeldung: WO, CN, EP, US

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20340
Publ.-Id: 20340


P1208 - Nadelsonde zur Untersuchung von Mehrphasenströmungen und deren Verwendung

Schleicher, E.; Kayser, S.

Die erfindungsgemäße Nadelsonde ermöglicht eine sichere Unterscheidung von mehrphasigen Stoffgemischen, wovon beispielsweise eine Phase gasförmig und zwei Phasen flüssig sind und gasförmige und flüssige Phasen bestimmt werden sollen. Die Nadelsonde umfasst einen metallisierenden Mantel 6 der sich im Untersuchungsmedium befindet, einen im Inneren angeordeten Lichtwellenleiter 1, einer um den Lichtwellenleiter 1 und gegen diesen mittels eines Isolators 4 elektrisch isolierter angeordneten hohlzylinderförmigen Schirmelektrode 2 angeordneten und einer um die Schirmelektrode 2 und gegen diese mittels eines Isolators elektrisch isoliert angeordneten hohlzylinderförmigen Bezugselektrode 3 und einer an die Nadelsonde angeschlossenen Messschaltung, wobei die Messschaltung sowohl die optischen Brechindexeigenschaften im Medium als auch die Leitfähigkeit des Mediums auswertet. Mit Hilfe eines Prototyps wird die Funktionsweise praktisch gezeigt.

  • Patent
    DE102012102870 - Offenlegung 02.10.2013, Erteilung 24.12.2013, Nachanmeldung: CA, EP, US

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20339
Publ.-Id: 20339


P1207 - Sputterverfahren

Abrasonis, G.; Neidhardt, J.

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Beschichtung eines Substrats, das einer Abtragsoberfläche 2 eines Targets 1 gegenüber angeordnet und das Beschichtungsmaterial mittels Sputtern unter inertem oder Reaktivgas enthaltendem Prozessgas zerstäubt und auf dem Substrat abgeschieden wird. Um die Sputterraten mit geringerem technischen Aufwand, als aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt, und ohne Verlust in der Einstellbarkeit der Schichteigenschaften erhöhen zu können, erfolgt die Beschichtung von einem Mischtarget 1 mit zumindest einer Targetkomponente A und einer Targetkomponente B, wobei zu Beginn des Sputterverfahrens die Verteilung der Targetkomponenten A und B in einer oberflächlichen Targetschicht 3 der Abtragsoberfläche 2 mittels Hochenergieimpuls-Magnetronsputtern, nachfolgend als HiPIMS bezeichnet, modifiziert wird.

  • Patent
    DE102012209293 - Erteilung 20.06.2013

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20338
Publ.-Id: 20338


P1206 - Herstellung transparenter leitfähiger Titanoxidschichten, diese selbst und ihre Verwendung

Neubert, M.; Vinnichenko, M.; Kolitsch, A.; Skorupa, W.

Die Anmeldung beschreibt die Herstellung von dotierten Titandioxidschichten als transparentes leitfähiges Oxid (n > 2) und mögliche Einsatzgebiete des transparenten leitfähigen Oxids. Die Vorteile des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sind: die Einsatzmöglichkeit zur Temperung dünner Schichten auf hoch-temperatursensiblen Substraten, der im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik für transparente leitfähige Oxide sehr hohe Brechungsindex von n ≈ 2,4 hergestellt werden können, der Resistenz gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen und der sehr viel kostengünstigeren Herstellung gegenüber zum Beispiel Indiumzinnoxid Durch die Verwendung der Blitzlampenausheilung kann die Herstellung des TCO von einigen Minuten bis Stunden auf wenige Millisekunden reduziert werden. Für die Kristallisation der amorphen Titandioxid-Schichten sind keine Vakuumanlagen notwendig, weil der Kristallisierungsprozess auch unter Normalbedingungen an Luft durchgeführt werden kann. Die kürzere Prozesszeit und der geringere Anlagenbedarf vermindern erheblich die Kosten des Herstellungsprozesses.

  • Patent
    DE102012104374 - Offenlegung 21.11.2013, Nachanmeldungen: WO

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20337
Publ.-Id: 20337


P1205 - Integrierbare Elektrode mit nichtflüchtig positionierbarer, statisch geladener Grenzschicht, Aufbau und Verwendung

Schmidt, H.; Shuai, Y.; Zhou, S.; Skorupa, I.; Luo, W.; Du, N.

Die Erfindung beschreibt den Aufbau einer in einem Halbleiterbauelement integrierbaren Elektrode mit nichtflüchtig positionierbarer, statisch geladener Grenzschicht. Weiterhin wird die Verwendung der integrierbaren Elektrode in Photobauelementen, Teilchendetektoren, in kapazitiven Energiespeichern und in Logikbauelementen beschrieben.

  • Patent
    DE102012104425 - Offenlegung 12.12.2013, Erteilung 06.03.2014

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20336
Publ.-Id: 20336


P1204 - Integrierter nichtflüchtiger Analogspeicher

Schmidt, H.; Shuai, Y.; Ou, X.; Zhou, S.; Skorupa, I.; Mayr, C.

Die Erfindung beschreibt den Aufbau eines integrierten nichtflüchtigen Analogspeichers, umfassend eine piezo- oder ferrroelektrische Schicht zwischen mindestens einem Oberflächenkontakt oder einem zugehörigen Gegenkontakt, wobei die Leitfähigkeit der piezo- oder ferroelektrischen Schicht zwischen den Kontakten und/oder unter dem Oberflächenkontakt und/oder unter dem zugehörigen Gegenkontakt modifiziert ist, so dass eine an gegenüberliegenden Kontakten von außen angelegte Spannung nicht gleichmäßig in der piezo- oder ferroelektrischen Schicht abfällt und das elektrische Feld lokal groß/klein ist und ein großes Feld eine Phasenumwandlung der piezo- oder ferroelektrischen Schicht induzieren kann. Weiterhin wird die Integration und Verwendung des nichtflüchtigen Analogspeichers beispielsweise in einer Arraystruktur für neuromorphe Anwendungen oder als Kalibrierelement beschrieben.

  • Patent
    DE102012102326 - Offenlegung 26.09.2013

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20335
Publ.-Id: 20335


Strong electroluminescence from SiO2-Tb2O3-Al2O3 mixed layers fabricated by atomic layer deposition

Rebohle, L.; Braun, M.; Wutzler, R.; Liu, B.; Sun, J. M.; Helm, M.; Skorupa, W.

We report on the bright green electroluminescence (EL) with power efficiencies up to 0.15% of SiO2-Tb2O3-mixed layers fabricated by atomic layer deposition and partly co-doped with Al2O3. The electrical, EL and breakdown behavior is investigated as a function of the Tb and the Al concentration. Special attention has been paid to the beneficial role of Al2O3 co-doping which improves important device parameters. In detail, it increases the maximum EL power efficiency and EL decay time, it nearly doubles the fraction of excitable Tb3+ ions, it shifts the region of high EL power efficiencies to higher injection currents, and it reduces the EL quenching over the device lifetime by an approximate factor of two. It is assumed that the presence of Al2O3 interferes the formation of Tb clusters and related defects. Therefore, the system SiO2-Tb2O3- Al2O3 represents a promising alternative for integrated, Si-based light emitters.

Keywords: electroluminescence; atomic layer deposition; terbium; MOS structure; decay time

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20334
Publ.-Id: 20334


P1121 - Strukturierbares Trägermaterial zur kontrollierten Adsorption und Desorption von Polyelektrolytmaterialien, dessen Herstellung und Verwendung

Schmidt, H.; Baumgart, C.; Müller, M.; Skorupa, I.

Die Erfindung betrifft hinsichtlich der oberflächennahen elektrostatischen Kräfte kontrolliert einstellbare und strukturierbare Trägermaterialen (Carrier) für Polyelektrolytmaterialien, wobei Träger- und Polyelektrolytmaterialien kompatibel zu Materialien sind, die in der Mikroelektronik verwendet werden. Mit dem Trägermaterial kann die Anordnung von Polyelektrolytmaterialien und gegebenenfalls daran adsorbierter Biomoleküle, Biomaterialien, biologische Funktionseinheiten oder Zellen gezielt beeinflusst werden.

  • Patent
    DE102011055115 - Offenlegung 28.02.2013

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20333
Publ.-Id: 20333


P1120 - Einrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung beschleunigter Teilchen aus Targets zur Strahlentherapie

Karsch, L.; Schürer, M.; Pawelke, J.; Zeil, K.

Die Erfindung betrifft Einrichtungen und Verfahren zur Erzeugung beschleunigter Teilchen aus Targets zur Strahlentherapie. Diese zeichnen sich insbesondere dadurch aus, dass durch Umwandlung eines Targets Teilchen weitestgehend gleicher Energie zur Strahlentherapie erzeugt werden. Dazu ist eine Kammer mit wenigstens einer Vorrichtung zur Zuführung - zum Einen von festen Körpern aus bei Normalbedingungen flüssigen oder gasförmigen Stoffen oder - zum Anderen von in der Kammer in die feste Phase zu überführenden flüssigen oder gasförmigen Stoffen ausgestattet, so dass in der Kammer mindestens ein fester Körper des Stoffes vorhanden ist. Weiterhin weist die Einrichtung mindestens einen Laser - zum Schneiden eines freien Targets aus dem Körper sowie - zum Erzeugen und Beschleunigen von Teilchen aus dem unmittelbar nach dem Schneiden vorhandenen freien Target durch Bestrahlung des freien Targets auf. Unmittelbar nach dem Schneiden entsteht somit ein frei schwebendes oder fallendes Target aus dem Körper, welches die Eigenschaften des Teilchenstrahls wesentlich bestimmt.

  • Patent
    WO2013107860 - Offenlegung 25.07.2013, Nachanmeldung: DE

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20332
Publ.-Id: 20332


P1115 - Funktionalisierte Festkörperoberflächen von Materialien, Halbleitern und Isolatoren mit Nanostrukturen

Schmidt, H.; Bürger, D.; Skorupa, I.

Die Erfindung betrifft die kontrolliert einstellbare Umverteilung von Fremdatomen während der thermischen Behandlung von Metallen, Halbleitern und/oder Oxiden und die Herstellung von Festkörpern mit einer definierten laterale und vertikalen Verteilung von Fremdatomen für neuartige Materialien, die in der Halbleitertechnologie und in der Transparenten Elektronik verwendet werden. Die funktionalisierten Festkörperoberflächen können gegebenenfalls durch die Umverteilung der Fremdatome völlig neuartige magnetische, optische und Transporteigenschaften als die entsprechenden Festkörperoberflächen ohne Fremdatome aufweisen.

  • Patent
    DE102011055604 - Offenlegung 23.05.2013, Nachanmeldung WO

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20331
Publ.-Id: 20331


P1112 - Trägermaterial zur Sortierung und Manipulation von Biomaterialien und dessen Herstellung und Verwendung

Schmidt, H.; Baumgart, C.; Skorupa, I.; Helm, M.; Schmidt, O. G.; Müller, M.

Die Erfindung betrifft Trägermaterialen (Carrier) für Biomaterialien, wobei das Material kompatibel zu Materialien ist, die in der Mikroelektronik verwendet werden. Mit dem Trägermaterial kann die Anordnung der Biomaterialien bzw. Biomoleküle gezielt beeinflusst werden

Related publications

  • Patent
    WO2013029609 - Offenlegung 07.03.2013, Nachanmeldungen: EP, US

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20330
Publ.-Id: 20330


P1003-Anordnung und Verfahren zur Speicherung elektrischer Energie in elektrochemischen Zellen mit großem Durchmesser und hoher Speicherkapazität

Stefani, F.; Weier, T.; Gerbeth, G.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Anordnung und ein Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung in elektrochemischen Zellen mit großem Durchmesser und hoher Speicherkapazität. Ein bevorzugtes Einsatzgebiet der Erfindung ist die Nutzung zur Stabilisierung elektrischer Versorgungssysteme. Die Anordnung zur Speicherung elektrischer Energie in einer elektrochemischen Zelle besteht aus der Schichtung eines die Kathode bildenden flüssigen Metalls, eines flüssigen Elektrolyten und eines die Anode bildenden flüssigem Metalls oder Halbmetalls, wobei ein entlang der vertikalen Achse der Anordnung elektrisch isolierendes Innenrohr angebracht ist, dessen Vorhandensein das Auftreten der Tayler-Instabilität oder anderer durch den Stromfluss bedingter Instabilitäten in den Flüssigkeiten und damit deren gegenseitige Durchmischung verhindert. Eine weitere sehr effiziente Möglichkeit zur Erhöhung des maximalen Stroms der Zelle besteht darin, dass ein Strom geeigneter Richtung und Stärke durch das Innere des als hohl angenommenen Innenrohrs geleitet wird.

  • Patent
    DE102010002931 - Offenlegung - 22.09.2011; Nachanmeldung: EP, WO, JP, US

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20329
Publ.-Id: 20329


P1002-Vorrichtung zur Stromverstärkung für die elektromagnetische Pulsumformung und Verwendung

Dittrich, S.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist die Verwendung einer sättigbaren Induktivität, die zugleich als Zuleitung zwischen Kondensator und Umformspule dient. Diese Vorrichting ermöglicht die Verwendung verschleissfreier Schalter zur elektromagnetischen Pulsumformung. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Vermeidung der voluminöse Parallelschaltung von vielen Kabeln.

  • Patent
    DE102010001934: Offenlegung-18.08.2011; Erteilung-22.10.2014; Nachanmeldung EP (validiert in DE, FR)

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20328
Publ.-Id: 20328


Investigating the selective separation of very fine magnetite and quartz particles using two-liquid flotation

Leistner, T.; Rudolph, M.; Peuker, U. A.

One of the research key aspects of the Helmholtz-Institute Freiberg (HIF), founded in 2011, lies in the further development of efficient beneficiation concepts for disseminated mineral resources, and thus, in processing (ultra)fine particles effectively. In this paper we present results of a fundamental study regarding the selective separation of very fine particles by two-liquid flotation, a flotation-related process using oil droplets instead of air bubbles. Experimental tests use iso-octane and water as the two immiscible liquid phases and fine, below 10 micron respectively, magnetite and quartz particles as the chosen academic solid mixture. The selective accumulation of the solids at the oil/water interface or the transfer into the oil phase, respectively, was investigated depending on several process parameters including pH and surfactant concentration. Furthermore, the selective transfer of magnetite particles from the aqueous with a high yield into the oil phase is demonstrated by means of a modified laboratory-scale flotation column.

  • Poster
    Flotation '13, 18.-21.11.2013, Cape Town, South Africa

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20327
Publ.-Id: 20327


Application of a Particle Extraction Process at the Interface of Two Liquids in a Drop Column—Consideration of the Process Behavior and Kinetic Approach

Erler, J. V.; Leistner, T.; Peuker, U. A.

The focus of this research is a new type of particle extraction process for the transfer of magnetite nanoparticles from an aqueous to an immiscible organic phase, directly through the liquid-liquid phase boundary in a drop column. The particle extraction process comprises several advantages such as a minimum amount of stabilizing surfactant, no exposure of the particles to a gas atmosphere and with it the avoidance of sintering by capillary forces and a high particle concentration in the receiving phase as well. The study presents experimental results of the characterization of the process environment and the transfer behavior in a drop column. The solution of surfactant in the continuous phase has been investigated during a particle-free phase transfer experiment including the measurements of the total organic carbon (TOC) content and analysis of the size of the stabilized droplets using the laser diffraction spectroscopy. The determination of the transfer fluxes, the mass flows as well as the yield of transferred magnetite by ICP-OES measurements provide information on the impact of interaction of the elementary processes at the phase boundary. Furthermore, the transfer kinetics of the process is described and compared with calculated theoretical values resulting from a kinetic approach.

Keywords: Magnetite; Nanoparticles; Particle Extraction; Drop Column; Ricinoleic Acid; Oleic Acid

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20326
Publ.-Id: 20326


P1110-Thermochromes Einzel- und Mehrkomponentensystem, dessen Herstellung und Verwendung

Kovacs, G.; Schmidt, H.; Skorupa, I.; Bürger, D.; Varun, J.; Slesazeck, S.; Helm, M.

Die Anmeldung beschreibt ein elektrisches Element das Einzel- oder Mehrkomponentensysteme umfasst, wobei die Komponenten des Einzel- und Mehrkomponentensystems teilweise oder vollständig aus thermochromem Material mit anisotropen oder isotropen Dielektrizitätseigenschaften bestehen und in sich strukturiert ausgeführt sein können. Diese Elemente können zum lokalen Heizen, als elektronische oder optische Schalter oder zur Magnetfelderzeugung genutzt werden.

  • Patent
    DE102011056951 - Offenlegung - 27.06.2013; Nachanmeldung: WO

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20325
Publ.-Id: 20325


P1109-Magnetisierbare Einzel- und Mehrschichtstrukturen, deren Herstellung und Verwendung

Schmidt, H.; Mok, K. M.; Scarlat, C.; Weber, I.

Die Erfindung beschreibt die Auslegung einer Anordnung eines magnetooptischen Systems, bei dem für eine vorgegebene Wellenlänge der einfallenden elektromagnetischen Welle eine bestimmte Polarisation der reflektierten oder transmittierten Welle erreicht wird. Die erfindungsgemäße Anordnung und das Verwendungsverfahren ermöglicht den Einsatz zur Optimierung der Auslegung eines magnetooptischen Systems um die "Ziel"-Polarisation der reflektierten oder transmittierten Welle zu erreichen oder eines magnetooptischen Speichers oder eines Magnetfeldsensors. Weiterhin werden mit der Erfindung der Aufbau eines magnetooptischen Modulators oder eines Multiplexers mit magnetooptischen Komponente ermöglicht.

  • Patent
    DE102011052217 - Offenlegung - 31.01.2013

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20324
Publ.-Id: 20324


Resonant coherent X-ray diractive imaging in ultra intense laser interaction with matter

Kluge, T.; Gutt, C.; Huang, L. G.; Zacharias, M.; Cowan, T.; Schramm, U.; Bussmann, M.

We describe a novel proposed experimental method for X-ray diagnostics of terawatt class laser - solid interaction. Here resonant bound-bound electron transitions in ions give rise to a diraction pattern that can be used to derive the distribution of ions. The transition energy of a specic transition (e.g. K alpha) is sensible to the degree of ionization, so that an intense mono energetic X-ray beam (XFEL) can be used to select a given in species. The feasibility is studied using quantitative simulations and the great potentials and unique possibilities of this method are highlighted.

Keywords: Laser Ionization Filamentation RCXD resonant coherent XFEL

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung, 30.03.-05.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20323
Publ.-Id: 20323


Impact of the cation distribution homogeneity on the americium oxidation state in the (U0.54Pu0.45Am0.01)O2-x mixed oxide

Vauchy, R.; Robisson, A.-C.; Martin, P. M.; Belin, R. C.; Aufore, L.; Scheinost, A. C.; Hodaj, F.

The impact of the cation distribution homogeneity of the U0.54Pu0.45Am0.01O2−x mixed oxide on the americium oxidation state was studied by coupling X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Oxygen-hypostoichiometric Am-bearing uranium–plutonium mixed oxide pellets were fabricated by two different co-milling based processes in order to obtain different cation distribution homogeneities. The americium was generated from β− decay of 241Pu. The XRD analysis of the obtained compounds did not reveal any structural difference between the samples. EPMA, however, revealed a high homogeneity in the cation distribution for one sample, and substantial heterogeneity of the U–Pu (so Am) distribution for the other. The difference in cation distribution was linked to a difference in Am chemistry as investigated by XAS, with Am being present at mixed +III/+IV oxidation state in the heterogeneous compound, whereas only Am(IV) was observed in the homogeneous compound. Previously reported discrepancies on Am oxidation states can hence be explained by cation distribution homogeneity effects.

Keywords: EXAFS; XANES; nuclear materials; XRD; EPMA

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20322
Publ.-Id: 20322


Electromagnetic flow control in the Ribbon Growth on Substrate (RGS) process

Beckstein, P.; Galindo, V.; Gerbeth, G.

The Ribbon Growth on Substrate (RGS) technology promises a very efficient approach for future photovoltaic (PV) silicon wafer production compared to the majority of commonly accepted processes. Although, for an eventual break-through of this RGS technology a number of remaining problems need to be addressed to increase process stability. We have therefore performed numerical investigations in order to study the influence of the involved AC magnetic fields on the silicon melt during the RGS process.

Keywords: Ribbon Growth on Substrate; Crystal Growth; Numerical Simulation; Magnetic Fields; Fluid Dynamics; ALE

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied Magnetohydrodynamics, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Volume 2, 196-201
  • Open Access Logo Magnetohydrodynamics 51(2015)2, 385-396
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied Magnetohydrodynamics, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia

Downloads

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20320
Publ.-Id: 20320


Es war einmal im Weltall: Meteoritengeschichten erzählt von kosmogenen Nukliden

Merchel, S.; Smith, T.; Ott, U.; Beyersdorf-Kuis, U.; Herrmann, S.; Leya, I.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Rugel, G.; Pavetich, S.; Ziegenrücker, R.; Wallner, A.; Fifield, L. K.; Tims, S.; Fimiani, L.; Korschinek, G.

Meteorite sind während ihres Fluges durch das Weltall der kosmischen Strahlung ausgesetzt. Diese induziert Kernreaktionen, deren Produkte die sog. kosmogenen Nuklide (KN) sind. Landet ein Meteorit auf der Erde, stoppt deren Produktion mehrheitlich, während die Radionuklide weiterhin zerfallen. Somit speichern stabile und radioaktive KNs Informationen über Expositionszeit und terrestrische Aufenthaltsdauer von Meteoriten. Wird eine große Zahl von Meteoriten betrachtet, können zudem Rückschlüsse auf die Konstanz der kosmischen Strahlung selbst gezogen werden [1].

An der Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie-Anlage DREAMS (DREsden Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) werden kosmogene Radionuklide wie 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl und 41Ca (t½=0.1-1.4 Ma) bestimmt [2]. Ergänzende Daten von schweren Radionukliden wie 53Mn (t½=3.7 Ma) und 60Fe (t½=2.6 Ma), welche an größeren Tandembeschleunigern in Canberra und München gemessen werden, und stabile Edelgasisotopendaten aus Mainz und Bern, ermöglichen die vollständige Rekonstruktion der Geschichte der Meteorite.

Beispielhaft sind Untersuchungen des Eisenmeteoriten Gebel Kamil, der einen ~45 m großen Krater in Südägypten verursachte. Der Vergleich von KN-Konzentrationen mit Monte-Carlo-Rechnungen zeigt, dass Gebel Kamil als Körper mit einem Radius von 115-120 cm (~50-60 t) für (366 ± 18) Ma der kosmischen Strahlung ausgesetzt war [3].

Ref.: [1] Smith et al., 13th Int. Conf. on AMS. [2] Akhmadaliev et al., NIMB 294 (2013) 5. [3] Ott et al., MAPS, subm.

Keywords: accelerator mass spectrometry; cosmogenic radionuclide; cosmic radiation; meteorite

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  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten 2014 (SNI2014), 21.-23.09.2014, Bonn, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20318
Publ.-Id: 20318


Underground nuclear astrophysics in Europe: a status update

Bemmerer, D.

The cross sections of nuclear reactions taking place in stars and in the Big Bang are generally so low that they can only be measured in the low-background environment of an underground accelerator. The talk will report about progress achieved in the past year at the world’s only such machine, the LUNA 0.4 MV accelerator in Gran Sasso/Italy. The 2H(α,γ)6Li cross section has been measured for the first time directly in the Big Bang energy region, pinning down the amount of primor- dial 6Li. Measurements of the 17O(p,α)14N and 22Ne(p,γ)23Na cross sections important for nucleosynthesis in an astrophysical nova are underway at LUNA, and preliminary data at unprecedented low en- ergies are already available. An activation study of the 40Ca(α,γ)44Ti reaction using offline counting in the Felsenkeller underground labora- tory in Dresden has yielded new and more precise resonance strengths. In order to apply the method of underground nuclear astrophysics to topics such as helium and carbon burning and the neutron sources for the astrophysical s-process, it is necessary to install a higher-energy accelerator underground. The status of the relevant new accelerator projects at Gran Sasso and at Felsenkeller will be reported.

Keywords: Underground nuclear astrophysics; LUNA; Felsenkeller; Hydrogen burning; Astrophysical nova; Big-Bang nucleosynthesis

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Frühjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, 17.-21.03.2014, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20317
Publ.-Id: 20317


S-factor measurement of the 2H(α,γ)6Li reaction at energies relevant for Big-Bang nucleosynthesis

Anders, M.

For about 20 years now, observations of 6Li in several old metal-poor stars inside the halo of our galaxy have been reported, which are largely independent of the stars’ metallicity, and which point to a possible primordial origin. The observations exceed the predictions of the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model by a factor of 500. In the relevant energy range, no directly measured S-factors were available yet for the main production reaction 2H(α,γ)6Li, while different theoretical estimations have an uncertainty of up to two orders of magnitude. The very small cross section in the picobarn range has been measured with a deuterium gas target at the LUNA acceler- ator (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics), located deep underground inside Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. A beam-induced, neutron-caused background in the γ-detector occurred which had to be analyzed carefully and sub- tracted in an appropriate way, to finally infer the weak signal of the reaction. For this purpose, a method to parameterize the Compton background has been developed. The results are a contribution to the discussion about the accuracy of the recent 6Li observations, and to the question if it is necessary to include new physics into the Standard Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis model.

Keywords: Experimental nuclear astrophysics; Big-Bang nucleosynthesis; Underground accelerator; LUNA; in-beam gamma-ray spectrometry; neutron background

Related publications

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; HZDR-042 2013
    ISSN: 2191-8708, eISSN: 2191-8716

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20316
Publ.-Id: 20316


Analyse leichter Elemente mittels Kernreaktionsanalyse an der Ionenstrahlmikrosonde

Freiherr, C.; Eder, F.; Grimm, A.; Merchel, S.; Munnik, F.; Neelmeijer, C.; Renno, A. D.

Die Entwicklung von neuen Analysemethoden ist eine Kernaufgabe des Helmholtz-Institutes Freiberg für Ressourcentechnologie (HIF). Die Methoden dienen der Bewertung und Verbesserung von Technologien zur Erkundung, Gewinnung, Nutzung und Recycling von Rohstoffen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette. Ein etabliertes Verfahren der chemischen Analyse mittels Ionenstrahlen ist die simultane Anwendung verschiedener Methoden wie Rutherford-Rückstreu-Spektrometrie (RBS = Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry), teilchen-induzierte Röntgen- und Gamma-Emission (PIXE = Particle-Induced X-ray Emission & PIGE = Particle-Induced Gamma Emission) und Kernreaktionsanalyse (NRA = Nuclear Reaction Analysis). Das HIF - in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ionenstrahlzentrum des Helmholtz-Zentrums Dresden-Rossendorf – führt derartige Messungen mit einem fokussierten Ionenmikrostrahl mit einer lateralen Auflösung von bis zu 3 x 3 µm² durch. Derzeitiger Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeiten ist die quantitative Analyse von Lithium, Bor und Fluor in Mineralen und Erzen. Die isotopensensitive Messung solch leichter Elemente gelingt durch PIGE und NRA. Hierbei werden durch die beschleunigten Projektilionen Kernreaktionen mit den Atomen der Probe induziert und deren Reaktionsprodukte (Photonen bzw. massive Teilchen) detektiert. Ergebnisse der Analyse geeigneter Kernreaktionen gestatten die Darstellung der Elementverteilung in Aufbereitungsprodukten des Lithiumbergbaus, aber auch in hochsensiblen Kunst- und Kulturgutproben.

Keywords: accelerator; PIGE; NRA; ion beam analysis; resources

Related publications

  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten 2014 (SNI2014), 21.-23.09.2014, Bonn, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20315
Publ.-Id: 20315


THEREDA - added value to contaminant speciation in brines

Bok, F.; Richter, A.; Brendler, V.

The cooperative project THEREDA establishes a consistent and quality assured database for elements, temperature and pressure ranges relevant for (nuclear) waste disposal. Its focus is on repositories in salt host rocks, thus utilizing the Pitzer model for ion-ion-interactions. Data access is possible via http://www.thereda.de including ready-to-use databases for four common geochemical codes (ChemApp, EQ3/6, Geochemist’s Workbench, PHREEQC). A first data release was issued in 2011; the newest release covers tetra- and hexavalent uranium data for the system of oceanic salts containing Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, S, C, and Si.
The NEA Thermodynamic Database (TDB) [1,2] is the major source for thermodynamic data of the aqueous and solid uranium species. Additionally, recently published papers and partially unpublished works from KIT-INE are considered, also addressing Pitzer parameters [3]. Moreover, the THEREDA data release included thermodynamic data of secondary mineral phases formed in the waste material, which were excluded by [1,2] as a result of very stringent quality demands.
The main focus of the THEREDA database is the provision of data for the correct calculation of the solubility of radiotoxic elements in highly saline solutions. Thus, predictive test calculations for the solubility of uranium minerals for both main redox states of uranium (+IV and +VI) were carried out including other Pitzer databases. Modeling results were compared to experimental solubility data from literature references [4–6] and indicate the high quality of the THEREDA data base itself.

Keywords: THEREDA; Thermodynamic Reference Database; Pitzer; uranium

  • Poster
    International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena and Related Equilibrium Processes (ISSP), 21.-25.07.2014, Karlsruhe, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20314
Publ.-Id: 20314


High-Speed PIXE – schnelle Multielementanalyse mit Ionenstrahlen

Ziegenrücker, R.; Buchriegler, J.; Hanf, D.; Gutzmer, J.; Merchel, S.; Munnik, F.; Nowak, S. H.; Renno, A. D.; Rugel, G.; Scharf, O.; von Borany, J.

Das Helmholtz-Institut Freiberg für Ressourcentechnologie entwickelt innovative Analysemethoden, um Technologien zur Erkundung, Gewinnung, Nutzung und Recycling von Rohstoffen entlang der Wertschöpfungskette zu bewerten und zu verbessern. Eines dieser neuen Verfahren ist die unikale High-Speed PIXE, eine schnelle ortsaufgelöste teilchen-induzierte Röntgenemission (PIXE = Particle-Induced X-ray Emission). Via High-Speed PIXE wird die chemische Zusammensetzung großflächiger Proben in kurzer Zeit (min-h) bestimmt.

Die elementspezifische Röntgenstrahlung wird mit 3 MeV Protonen aus einem Tandembeschleuniger [1] angeregt. Der ca. 3 mm große Strahl wird mittels eines elektrostatischen Scanningsystems aufgeweitet und regt simultan alle Atome über einer Probenfläche von bis zu 12 x 12 mm² an. Für die ortsaufgelöste Detektion wird eine sog. Röntgenfarbkamera SLcam® [2] verwendet, bestehend aus einer speziellen Röntgenkapillaroptik in Verbindung mit einer pnCCD. Der Detektorchip dieser Kamera ist aus 69696 48x48 µm² großen Pixeln aufgebaut, die alle ein energieaufgelöstes, elementspezifisches und quantifizierbares Röntgenspektrum messen. Es sind somit Elementverteilungsbilder mit einer lateralen Auflösung von 50 µm (in Zukunft mit 6:1-Optik ~10 µm) möglich. Derzeit können alle Elemente von Magnesium bis Uran und zukünftig ab Bor mit Nachweisgrenzen bis in den µg/g-Bereich detektiert werden.

Ref.: [1] Akhmadaliev et al., NIMB 294 (2013) 5. [2] Scharf et al., Anal. Chem. 83 (2011) 2532.

Keywords: accelerator; PIXE; ion beam analysis; X-rays; resources

Related publications

  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten 2014 (SNI2014), 21.-23.09.2014, Bonn, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20313
Publ.-Id: 20313


New Insight into the Photochemical Reaction Mechanism of Uranyl Citrate by NMR and DFT

Kretzschmar, J.; Steudtner, R.; Tsushima, S.

A sound understanding of the major reaction mechanisms is crucial to handle uranium containing waste appropriately. This means both the synthesis of unique compounds and the treatment of uranium occurring in or released into the environment. In an environmental context, uranium occurs in two main redox states: mobile U(VI) and immobile U(IV).
Due to both its model character in U(VI) complexation by chelating polycarboxylates and the citrate being a ubiquitous occurring ligand, particularly being important in the citric acid cycle in vivo, the uranyl citrate system itself [1–4] and also its photoreaction [5, 6 and refs. cited therein] is already repeatedly investigated, but still not fully understood.
This investigation provides not only further insight into the U(VI)-citrate complexation, but also a better understanding of the (photo-)redox chemistry of uranium in general.
Here we want to present the reaction pathway of the U(VI) citrate complex photooxidation to its degradation products ketoglutaric acid, acetoacetic acid and acetone with concomitant CO2 formation by several decarboxylation steps and the formation of U(IV). The oxidation state of the latter is indicated by NMR showing 1H chemical shifts > 50 ppm and proven by UV-vis. Moreover, the yielded U(IV) appears as soluble complexes of citrate and its degradation products. The identity of the formed compounds was experimentally proven by one- and twodimensional NMR methods and confirmed by DFT calculations.
The photoreaction starts by irradiating the sample with light from a simple light source such as the sun or a commercial mercury lamp. Interestingly, the initial chemical alteration starts by a single electron transfer from a citrate molecule, being hydrogen bonded to the fifth remaining coordination site not occupied by U(VI)–coordinating citrate. Most likely the intermediate, i.e., not observable U(V) disproportionates fast to U(VI) and the aforementioned U(IV).

[1] R. Bramley, W. F. Reynolds, I. Feldman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 3329–3332.
[2] E. Ohyoshi, J. Oda, A. Ohyoshi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 1975, 48, 227–229.
[3] S. P. Pasilis and J. E. Pemberton, Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 6793–6800.
[4] A. Günther, R. Steudtner, K. Schmeide, G. Bernhard, Radiochim. Acta 2011, 99, 535–541.
[5] H. D. Burrows and T. J. Kemp, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1974, 3, 139–165.
[6] A. J. Francis and C. J. Dodge, DAE-BRNS Biennial Symposium on Emerging Trends in Separation Science and Technology (SESTEC) 2008 (BNL-80322-2008-CP).

Keywords: uranium; citrate; photoreaction; reaction mechanism; NMR spectroscopy; DFT calculation

  • Poster
    Advancing the Chemistry of the f-elements: Dalton Discussion 14, 28.-30.07.2014, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20312
Publ.-Id: 20312


Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Rare Earth and Actinide Research

Kretzschmar, J.; Schott, J.; Barkleit, A.; Paasch, S.; Brunner, E.; Scholz, G.; Brendler, V.

Lanthanide complexes have become a useful tool in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy within the last 40 years as lanthanide shift reagents (LSR) [1,2]. Since signal separation by LSR has been overcome by elaborate pulse sequences and high-field spectrometers, lanthanides have advanced from auxiliaries to real objects of interest, also as inactive analogues for trivalent actinides in consequence of their similar chemistry.
Here we want to report on interactions and structures of the Ln(III) (La3+, Eu3+ and, where applicable, Y3+) with selected systems, i.e., O-phospho-L-serine, L-lactate [3] and (poly)borates [4]. Both organics are important as model molecules and potential complexing agents found throughout the biosphere and in vivo. Borates occur in remarkable amounts in geological (salt) formations for nuclear waste repositories, but also in boron containing cooling water or borosilicate glass coquilles for spent nuclear fuel.
Among several possible structures, infrared (IR) and NMR measurements, supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculation, revealed that lactate forms Ln(III) (and Am3+) complexes with both the carboxyl and hydroxyl group involved. The phosphorylated amino acid phosphoserine, able to act as a bifunctional ligand, shows Ln(III) complexation by both the phosphate and the carboxylate group as studied by solution and solid state NMR methods. Upon complexation, even at low pH, the respective protons are abstracted, followed by aggregation and precipitation, possibly forming coordination polyhedra rather than 1:1 (chelate) complexes. Polyborates, i.e., triborate and pentaborate form soluble weak aqueous Ln(III) complexes prior to precipitation as white solids, whereas condensation to higher polyborates can be excluded. Two signals in both the 89Y and the 11B NMR spectra probably arise from two coordination sites, which may reflect the polyborate species found in the supernatant solution.

[1] C. C. Hinckley, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 5160–5162.
[2] O. A. Gansow, M. R. Willcott, R. E. Lenkinski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 4295–4297.
[3] A. Barkleit, J. Kretzschmar, S. Tsushima, M. Acker, Dalton Trans. 2014, submitted.
[4] J. Schott, J. Kretzschmar, M. Acker, S. Eidner, M. U. Kumke, B. Drobot, A. Barkleit, S. Taut, V. Brendler, T. Stumpf, Dalton Trans. 2014, accepted.

Keywords: lanthanides; lanthanum; europium; yttrium; phosphorylated amino acid; boric acid; polyborate; NMR spectroscopy

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Rare Earth Research Conference (RERC) 2014, 22.-26.06.2014, Squaw Valley, Lake Tahoe, California, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20311
Publ.-Id: 20311


High-fluence Ga-implanted silicon – the effect of annealing and cover layers

Fiedler, J.; Heera, V.; Hübner, R.; Voelskow, M.; Germer, S.; Schmidt, B.; Skorupa, W.

The influence of SiO2 and SiNx cover layers on the dopant distribution as well as microstructure of high fluence Ga implanted Si after thermal processing is investigated. Rapid thermal annealing at temperatures up to 750°C leads to a polycrystalline layer structure containing amorphous Ga-rich precipitates. Already after a short 20 ms flash lamp annealing a Ga-rich interface layer is observed for implantation through the cover layers. This effect can partly be suppressed by annealing temperatures of at least 900°C. However, in this case Ga accumulates in larger, cone-like precipitates without disturbing the surrounding Si lattice parameters. Such a Ga-rich crystalline Si phase does not exist in the equilibrium phase diagram according to which the Ga solubility in Si is less than 0.1 at%. The Ga-rich areas are capped with SiOx grown during annealing which only can be avoided by the usage of SiNx cover layers.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20310
Publ.-Id: 20310


Noise reduction of UDV measurements in liquid metal experiments with high magnetic fields

Seilmayer, M.; Stefani, F.; Gundrum, T.

The last decades have seen a number of liquid metal experiments on the interaction of magnetic fields and the flow of electrically conducting fluids. The opaqueness of liquid metals requires non-optical methods for inferring the velocity structure of the flow. Quite often, such experiments are carried out with very high electrical currents to generate the necessary magnetic fields. Depending on the specific purpose, these currents can reach several kA. The utilized switching mode power supply can then influence seriously the UDV measurements by electromagnetic interference. As an example, a recent experiment on the azimuthal magnetorotational instability (AMRI) has shown that a hydrodynamically stable Taylor-Couette flow becomes unstable under the influence of a high azimuthal magnetic field. An electrical current on the axis of the experiment with up to 20 kA generates the necessary field to destabilize the flow. We will present experimental results on this AMRI experiment carried out at the PROMISE facility with an enhanced power supply. For this system, we discuss the elaborate measures that were needed to obtain a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio of the ultrasonic measurement system. In dependence on various parameter variations, some typical features of the observed instability, such as the energy content, the wavelength, and the frequency are analyzed and compared with theoretical predictions.

Keywords: Taylor-Couette flow; magnetic fields; noise reduction; UDV

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering, 27.-29.08.2014, Strasbourg, France
    Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Ultrasonic Doppler Methods for Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Engineering

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20309
Publ.-Id: 20309


Cytotoxic properties of radionuclide-conjugated Cetuximab without and in combination with external irradiation in head and neck cancer cells in vitro

Eke, I.; Ingargiola, M.; Förster, C.; Kunz-Schughart, L.; Baumann, M.; Runge, R.; Freudenberg, R.; Kotzerke, J.; Heldt, J.; Pietzsch, H.; Steinbach, J.; Cordes, N.

Purpose: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is critically involved in progression and therapy resistance of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Albeit EGFR targeting could improve the effect of radiotherapy on patients' outcome, the clinical results failed to meet expectations from preclinical studies. In this work, we evaluated the potential of the radionuclide Yttrium-90 (90Y) bound to Cetuximab (90Y-Cetuximab) as novel targeting approach for SCC cells in vitro. Materials and methods: FaDu and A431 cell lines were used. EGFR subcellular localization, clonogenic survival, radiation-induced γH2AX foci and EGFR signaling were examined. Cells were treated with DTPA, DTPA-Cetuximab, 90Y and 90Y-Cetuximab alone or in combination with external X-ray irradiation. Results: Dose- and cell line-dependently, 90Y-Cetuximab mediated a significant reduction in clonogenicity relative to unbound 90Y. Combined 2-Gy external radiation plus 2-Gy equivalent dose of 90Y-Cetuximab was more effective than equivalent doses of 90Y and X-ray radiation. Analogous effects were observed in the number of residual radiation-induced foci. Additionally, EGFR, ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation showed alterations upon different treatments. Conclusions: Our findings show that Cetuximab-conjugated 90Y has a significant potential to eradicate human SCC cells. A combination of radioimmunotherapeutic compounds and external radiotherapy might be a promising treatment strategy for clinical application.

Keywords: Targeted radioimmunotherapy; radionuclide; EGFR; Cetuximab

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20308
Publ.-Id: 20308


Synthesis and characterization of MnAs and MnP nanoclusters embedded in III–V semiconductors

Khalid, M.; Prucnal, S.; Liedke, M. O.; Gao, K.; Facsko, S.; Skorupa, W.; Helm, M.; Zhou, S.

We report on a systematic study of the synthesis and magnetism of hybrid ferromagnetic semiconductors comprised of MnAs and MnP nanoclusters embedded in GaAs and InP matrices, respectively. Samples were prepared by Mn-ion implantation followed by millisecond-range flash lamp annealing. X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy results confirm the formation of MnAs nanoclusters of sizes 150 ± 50 nm. Ferromagnetic properties of MnAs: GaAs (MnP:InP) hybrid systems are studied by magnetic force microscopy and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. We show that the magnetization at saturation and the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc, of MnAs:GaAs depend on the Mn-concentration and on the annealing energy density. While in the case of MnP:InP they are independent of the annealing energy density used. Ferromagnetism in such hybrid systems (ferromagnet–semiconductor) above 300 K makes them very attractive for applications in spintronic devices.

Keywords: magnetic semiconductor; flash lamp annealing; nanoclusters

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20305
Publ.-Id: 20305


XRF and PIXE Imaging with few microns Resolution using SLcam® - a Color X-Ray Camera

Nowak, S. H.; Scharf, O.; Bjeoumikhov, A.; von Borany, J.; Buchriegler, J.; Munnik, F.; Renno, A. D.; Ziegenrücker, R.; Soltau, H.; Strüder, L.; Wedell, R.

SLcam® – a full-field energy dispersive portable X-ray camera [1,2], is a combination of a single photon counting CCD with a poly capillary optics objective. The standard CCD matrix consist of 48×48 μm2 pixels sensitive for photons from 3 to 18 keV and has an energy resolution of 156 eV (@Mn Kα). The polycapillary optics is used to achieve the spatial resolution guiding the fluorescence photons from the point of origin to the detection pixel. The device allows fast overview over a large detection area with first results visible almost immediately. A dedicated software enables steering the camera and online visualization of the hyper spectral data cube (x,y,E) by displaying regional spectra, element/line maps and overlay images.
With the use of a sub-pixel resolution algorithm the SLcam® spatial resolution becomes limited by the end diameter of a single capillary channel. A one to one optics, with a field of view of 12 × 12 mm2, can reach a resolution of 20 μm. This optics has an unlimited depth of sharpness and is ideal to visualize uneven objects. With the use of a conical shaped optics allowing 8 times magnification and a field of view of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 a resolution approaching 1 μm is possible also with laboratory X-ray sources.
We will present recent developments for the SLcam® concerning the sub-pixel resolution, optics aperture, image processing software, and connection to new High-Speed PIXE beamline at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR).

[1] O. Scharf, et al., Analytical Chemistry, 83 (7), 2011, 2532-2538.
[2] I. Ordavo, et al., NIM A, 654 (1), 2012, 250-257.

Keywords: SLcam; HSPIXE; High-Speed PIXE; PIXE; Proton; X-Ray; Röntgenstrahlung

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    European Conference on X-Ray Spectrometry, 15.-20.06.2014, Bologna, Italien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20304
Publ.-Id: 20304


Numerical simulation of the non-axisymmetric magneto-rotational instability in a dominantly azimuthal magnetic field

Galindo, V.; Stefani, F.; Seilmayer, M.

In a Taylor-Couette experiment on the non-axisymmetric version of the magnetorotational instability, performed by Seilmayer et al. [1], a dominantly azimuthal magnetic field was created by a central vertical copper rod connected to the power source by two horizontal rods at a height of approximately 0.8 m below and above the cylindrical volume. The liquid metal flow in the cylindrical gap between the cylinders was simulated using the OpenFoam library including a Poisson equation for the determination of the induced electric potential. The slight deviation from a purely axisymmetric azimuthal imposed magnetic field turns out to have a surprisingly strong effect on both the critical Hartmann number and the flow structure of the instability.

Keywords: magnetorotational instability; Taylor-Couette

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia
    Proceedings of the 9th PAMIR International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Magnetohydrodynamics, Volume I, 200-204
  • Poster
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Latvia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20303
Publ.-Id: 20303


novel induction coil sensor system for contactless inductive flow tomography

Ratajczak, M.; Wondrak, T.; Timmel, K.; Stefani, F.; Eckert, S.

We present preliminary results of flow measurements for two different models of continuous casters using the contactless inductive flow tomography. In the first experiment we used a rectangular slab caster with a dominating two-dimensional flow structure under the influence of an electromagnetic brake. For the second experiment a round caster was used in which a magnetic stirrer around the submerged entry nozzle should create an unstable three-dimensional swirling flow.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Thermo Acoustic and Space Technologies, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Lettland
  • Lecture (Conference)
    9th International PAMIR Conference on Fundamental and Applied MHD, Thermo Acoustic and Space Technologies, 16.-20.06.2014, Riga, Lettland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20302
Publ.-Id: 20302


Simulation of positron energy distribution generated by photons from channeled relativistic electrons on different crystallographic planes and axes of Si, C, Ge and W crystals with Mathematica and Geant 4

Azadegan, B.; Mahdipour, A.; Dabagov, S. B.; Wagner, W.

A non-conventional positron source using the channeling radiation of relativistic electrons on different planes and axes of Si, C, Ge and W crystals which materialize into e+e- pairs in a tungsten amorphous converter is described. In this work we have calculated channeling radiation spectra from different planes and axes of Si, C, Ge and W crystals using the Doyle-Turner approximation for the continuum potentials of crystallographic planes and axes. The dependence of channeling radiation on the incidence angle of electrons are also investigated. The channeling radiation is then impinging on an amorphous tungsten target producing positrons by e+e- pair creation. The simulations are made with our developed Mathematica codes which realy calculate the photon energy spectrum of channeled electrons in the crystal target and Geant4 Monte Carlo code which calculates the the materialization of photons into e+e- pairs in an amorphous W target.

Keywords: channeling radiation; pair creation; positron source

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    5th International Conference on Charged & Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena (Channeling 2012), 23.-28.09.2012, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy
    Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Charged & Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena (Channeling 2012), Moscow, Russia: Publishing Office NRNU MEPhI, 978-5-7262-1864-9, 123-136

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20301
Publ.-Id: 20301


Multiphase Flow System with Suspended Particles

Yeoh, G. H.; Lucas, D.; Cheung, S. C. P.; Tu, J.

Industrial system that comprises flow of suspended particles in fluid generally requires an understanding of the multiscale physics occurring from micro/nanoscale to mesoscale and eventually to the macroscale phenomena. Because of the inherent complexities that are prevalent in such flow, investigations are certainly at the crossroads of intense research and development in the environment of significant advancements in experimentation as well as in computing power and performance. Much concerted development is nonetheless still needed to gain a better understanding of the complicated physics through the advancement of experimental techniques and computational methodologies and models and to specifically meet the increasing demand of improving efficiency of industrial multiphase flow system. The advances of experimental and modelling investigation of multiphase flow system are presented in this special issue.

Keywords: multiphase; particle; bubble

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20300
Publ.-Id: 20300


Tunnel magnetoresistance in double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions with different free layer deposition conditions

Fowley, C.; Feng, W.; Gan, H.; Hübner, R.; Kunz, A.; Lindner, J.; Fassbender, J.; Coey, J.; Deac, A. M.

Double barrier magnetic tunnel junctions (DB-MTJs) allow for operation at higher bias voltages than their single barrier counterparts, but their total tunnelling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio is still less than in the single barrier case.[1] Here, we prepare CoFeB/MgO-based DB-MTJs with differing free layer deposition conditions. The deposition conditions for the outer CoFeB electrodes and the MgO barriers were kept the same. The middle CoFeB layer was deposited at differing sputtering power densities (from 1.3 to 4.4 W/cm2) to vary the B concentration.[2] Contributions of the upper and lower junction to the total TMR were compared as a function of sputtering power density and annealing temperature. As the sputtering power density of the free layer is increased the TMR response of the upper and lower junctions is opposite, indicating that the growth of both MgO on CoFeB as well as CoFeB on MgO is sensitive to B content. This is attributed to the suppression of B diffusion which is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. [1] T. Nozaki et al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 082501 (2005). [2] H.D. Gan et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 1567 (2011).

Keywords: magnetic tunnel junctions; boron diffusion; CoFeB; tunneling magnetoresistance; sputtering power density

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft, 31.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20299
Publ.-Id: 20299


Numerical modeling of horizontal annular pipe flow using a droplet entrainment model

Höhne, T.

Annular flow occurs in many industrial processes, and is characterized by high gas flow at the center of the pipe and liquid film flow around the pipe wall. Due to the high gas velocity, large shear velocities are induced that result in high interfacial shear stress causing continuous entrainment of liquid droplets into the gas core from the liquid film. When the liquid fraction is small in horizontal annular flow, it is possible to cause an extremely important problem that relates to the damage of heat exchanger tubes, because the drainage of liquid due to gravity, as well as the evaporation, leads to the dry-out of thin liquid film near the top of the tube. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the circumferential distribution of film thickness in horizontal annular flow. Furthermore the thin water film at the cold wall plays a major role for the heat transfer resistance of the condensation process. For better understanding of condensation heat transfer the film formation mechanism and the film distribution need to be known.
One limitation in current simulating horizontal annular flows is the lack of treatment of droplet formation mechanisms. For self-generating annular flows in horizontal pipes, the interfacial momentum exchange and the turbulence parameters have to be modelled correctly. Furthermore the understanding of the mechanism of droplet entrainment in annular flow regimes for heat and mass transfer processes is of great importance in the chemical and nuclear industry.
The development of general computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models closer to physics and including less empiricism is a long-term objective of the activities of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) research programs. Such models are an essential precondition for the application of CFD codes to the modelling of flow related phenomena in industrial scales. The algebraic interfacial area density model (AIAD), which is one result of these HZDR activities, allows the use of different physical models depending on the local morphology inside a macro-scale multi-fluid framework.
A further step of improvement of modelling interfaces is the consideration of droplet entrainment mechanisms. The proposed entrainment model assumes that due to liquid turbulence the interface gets rough and wavy and forms droplets. The new approach is validated with HZDR annular flow experiments. Important phenomena like the pressure drop, the wave pumping effect, the droplet entrainment rate, the liquid film formation and the transient flow behavior could be calculated, analyzed and compared with the measurement. Verification and Validation is going on – more experimental data are required for the validation.

Keywords: AIAD; HZDR; droplet entrainment

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The 52nd European Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting (ETPFGM2014), 07.-09.05.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20298
Publ.-Id: 20298


Surface Reaction of SnII on Goethite (α-FeOOH): Surface Complexation, Redox Reaction, Reductive Dissolution, Phase Transformation

Dulnee, S.; Scheinost, A. C.

To elucidate the potential risk of 126Sn migration from nuclear waste repositories, we investigated the surface reactions of SnII on goethite as a function of pH and SnII loading under anoxic condition with O2 level < 2 ppmv. Tin redox state and surface structure were investigated by Sn-K edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), goethite phase transformations were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The results demonstrate the rapid and complete oxidation of SnII by goethite and formation of SnIV 1E and 2C surface complexes. The contribution of 2C complexes increasesd with Sn loading. The SnII oxidation leads to a quantitative release of FeII from goethite at low pH, and to the precipitation of magnetite at higher pH. Based on the XAS data, we developed a surface complexation model using the CD-MUSIC approach, with log K values of 15.5 ±1.4 for the 1E complex and 19.2 ±0.6 for the 2C complex. This model predicts Sn sorption across pH 2 to 12 and at two different Sn loadings (12.5 and 62.5 μmol/g).

Keywords: tin; EXAFS; goethite; sorption; redox; surface complexation; CD-MUSIC

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20297
Publ.-Id: 20297


Filament formation by metabolic enzymes is a specific adaptation to an advanced state of cellular starvation

Petrovska, I.; Nüske, E.; Munder, M. C.; Kulasegaran, G.; Malinovska, L.; Kroschwald, S.; Richter, D.; Fahmy, K.; Gibson, K.; Verbavatz, J.-M.; Alberti, S.

One of the key questions in biology is how the metabolism of a cell responds to changes in the environment. In budding yeast, starvation causes a drop in intracellular pH, but the functional role of this pH change is not well understood. Here, we show that the enzyme glutamine synthetase (Gln1) forms filaments at low pH and that filament formation leads to enzyme inactivation. Filament formation by Gln1 is a highly cooperative process, strongly dependent on macromolecular crowding, and involves back-to-back stacking of cylindrical homo-decamers into filaments that associate laterally to form higher order fibrils. Other metabolic enzymes also assemble into filaments at low pH. Hence, we propose that filament formation is a general mechanism to inactivate and store key metabolic enzymes during a state of advanced cellular starvation. These findings have broad implications for understanding the interplay between nutritional stress, the metabolism and the physical organization of a cell.

Keywords: enzyme deactivation; circular dichroism; fluorescence microscopy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20296
Publ.-Id: 20296


Interaction of plutonium and neptunium with magnetite under anoxic conditions: Reduction, surface complexation, and structural incorporation

Scheinost, A. C.; Dumas, T.; Steudtner, R.; Fellhauer, D.; Gaona, X.; Altmaier, M.

For the redox-reactive fission products and actinides Se, Tc, U, and Np, it is assumed that the strongly reducing conditions in deep underground, anoxic nuclear waste repositories will reduce their mobility, since their lower-oxidation states commonly form solids of very low solubility. This is not necessarily the case for Pu, where the hexa- and pentavalent aquo-complexes prevalent at higher pe are replaced at lower pe by a tetravalent solid of low solubility, PuO2, but also by a trivalent aquocomplex at lower pH. FeII-bearing mineral phases, especially those with low bandgap, play an important role in this process, since they are able to catalyse redox reactions at their surface. Magnetite, FeIII2FeIIO4, is an important mineral in this context, since it forms by steel corrosion under anoxic conditions and is also prevalent as geogenic mineral. Therefore, we investigated the reaction of PuV, and in comparison also of NpV, with magnetite in sorption and coprecipiation experiments with X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We found that PuV is indeed reduced to the trivalent oxidation state in the presence of magnetite. The PuIII aquo-complexes are, however, strongly sorbed by forming tridentate surface complexes [1]. PuIII can also be partly incorporated by the structure of magnetite by rapid coprecipitation. During aging, however, it is expelled from the structure and readsorbed at the magnetite surface. This behaviour of Pu is then compared to that of Np.
[1] Kirsch, R., Fellhauer, D., Altmaier, M., Neck, V., Rossberg, A., Fanghänel, T., Charlet, L., and Scheinost, A. C. (2011). Oxidation state and local structure of plutonium reacted with magnetite, mackinawite and chukanovite. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 7267–7274.

Keywords: XAS; EXAFS; XANES; ROBL; Pu; Np; magnetite

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Actinide XAS 2014, 20.-22.05.2014, Schloss Boettstein, Switzerland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20295
Publ.-Id: 20295


FDG PET/MR for lymph node staging in head and neck cancer

Platzek, I.; Beuthien-Baumann, B.; Schneider, M.; Gudziol, V.; Kitzler, H. H.; Maus, J.; Schramm, G.; Popp, M.; Laniado, M.; Kotzerke, J.; van den Hoff, J.

Objective
To assess the diagnostic value of PET/MR (positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging) with FDG (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) for lymph node staging in head and neck cancer.

Materials and Methods
This prospective study was approved by the local ethics committee; all patients signed informed consent. Thirty-eight patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region underwent a PET scan on a conventional scanner and a subsequent PET/MR on a whole-body hybrid system after a single intravenous injection of FDG. The accuracy of PET, MR and PET/MR for lymph node metastases were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Histology served as the reference standard.

Results
Metastatic disease was confirmed in 16 (42.1%) of 38 patients and 38 (9.7%) of 391 dissected lymph node levels. There were no significant differences between PET/MR, MR and PET and MR (p > 0.05) regarding accuracy for cervical metastatic disease. Based on lymph node levels, sensitivity and specificity for metastatic involvement were 65.8% and 97.2% for MR, 86.8% and 97.0% for PET and 89.5% and 95.2% for PET/MR.

Conclusions
In head and neck cancer, FDG PET/MR does not significantly improve accuracy for cervical lymph node metastases in comparison to MR or PET.

Keywords: PET/MR; head and neck cancer; lymph node metastasis; staging

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20294
Publ.-Id: 20294


Self-assembled growth of Ni nanoparticles in amorphous alumina matrix

Jercinovic, M.; Radic, N.; Buljan, M.; Grenzer, J.; Delac-Marion, I.; Kralj, M.; Bogdanovic-Radovic, I.; Hübner, R.; Dubcek, P.; Salamon, K.; Bernstorff, S.

We present the formation of an ordered three-dimensional lattice of Ni nanocrystals in an amorphous alumina matrix by a self-assembly process. The self-assembled growth achieved by single-step magnetron sputtering deposition of a Ni/Al2O3 multilayer is driven by surface morphology effects. The influence of the Ni layer thickness on the Ni particle size, separation, and quality of ordering is examined. The quality of Ni nanoparticles ordering in alumina is compared to their ordering in a silica matrix. The obtained results are important for the understanding of the self-assembly process of metallic particles in amorphous matrices and the applications of such materials.

Keywords: Ni nanoparticles; GISAXS; Self-assembly; Al2O3; Nanocomposites

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20293
Publ.-Id: 20293


Compositional Regression: An Overview

Tolosana-Delgado, R.; van den Boogaart, K. G.; Filzmoser, P.; Templ, M.; Hron, K.

A general common statistical task in geosciences is to relate a compositional data set with a set of covariables, a task often dealt with a linear model. Within the Euclidean framework of the Aitchison geometry on the simplex, the sample space of compositional data, such models are easy to construct, fit, visualize, test and use for prediction. This contribution presents in a systematic way the three cases of compositional regression, namely: (1) regression and analysis of the variance with compositional response (composition as Y); (2) regression with compositional explanatory variables (composition as X); and (3) composition-to-composition regression (compositions as both X and Y). The construction of these models is based on common tools of linear algebra: (1) the linear vector operations of the simplex, perturbation and powering; (2) the Aitchison scalar product; and (3) the concept of a linear operator between vector spaces. Fitting and usage for prediction is straightforward to obtain in logratio coordinates of the compositional objects, using classical multivariate regression (cases 1,2 and 3). Visualization of the output is based on matrices of scatterplots or boxplots, the principle of parallel plotting and the usage of all possible pairwise logratios (1 and 2). Visualization of case 3 models is possible through biplots, based on ideas from correspondence analysis. Finally, testing should target hypotheses of subcompositional independence (i.e. that the linear dependence is limited to a given subcomposition), which requires joint testing techniques. Existing multivariate tests can be adapted to the cases 1 and 2, but case 3 is only possible with asymptotic likelihood ratio tests. These concepts are illustrated with data from GEMAS, a soil survey campaign covering whole Europe.

Keywords: compositional regression; robustness; multivariate regression

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IAMG 2014, 16th conference of the international association for mathematical geosciences, 17.-20.10.2014, New Delhi, India

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20292
Publ.-Id: 20292


Compositionally compliant contact analysis

Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Mueller, U.; van den Boogaart, K. G.

Contact analysis provides an assessment of the evolution of the average value along boreholes of a given variable at increasing distances from the contact between two facies or domains. The concept is long established in the geostatistical literature and software, albeit for studying the behavior of a single variable. This contribution explores practical ways for studying this transient behavior of a set of variables forming a composition, in such a way that spurious correlation effects are avoided. The main idea is to complement a classical contact analysis of raw percentages with similar diagrams for each possible pairwise logratio of two components, as well as with a contact analysis of the centered-logratio transformed components. This approach is particularly promising when the set of components considered account for a considerable amount of the total mass, or dilution effects are suspected to have affected only a subset of the components. In these scenarios, the classical approach would show an apparent parallel absolute enrichment of the unaffected components, although in reality, the relations between them would have not changed. Thus, a classical assessment would lead the analyst to consider all contacts as “hard”, while in nature a subset of parts would actually be virtually unchanged near the contact. This might be unimportant for simple tonnage or grade calculations (where the raw percentage of value metal present is relevant), but it becomes critical where the relations between several value and/or deleterious elements are necessary, like in complex polymetallic deposits and in geometallurgical studies. These concepts are illustrated with toy examples and data from Murrin Murrin, WA, a Ni-Co laterite deposit where intensive remobilitzation of both value and deleterious components is known to have occurred.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IAMG 2014, 16th conference of the international association for mathematical geosciences, 17.-20.10.2014, New Delhi, India
  • Contribution to proceedings
    IAMG 2014, 16th conference of the international association for mathematical geosciences, 17.-20.10.2014, New Delhi, India
    Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment: Challenges,Processes and Strategies Geostatistical, New Dehli: Capital Publishing Company, 978-93-81891-25-4, 6-8

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20291
Publ.-Id: 20291


Joint geostatistical simulation of categorical and continuous variables

van den Boogaart, K. G.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Lehmann, M.; Mueller, U.

Various geostatistical techniques have been developed for several data scales, like: sequential Gaussian simulation or cumulants for continuous variables, SNESIM and extensions for binary and categorical variables, or lognormal geostatistics for positive variables. However, the same material can often be described at the same time by multiple aspects, like its facies, its composition or its grade in a certain value element. Typically, these different regionalized variables are stochastically mutually dependent, and often observed at different locations. It would thus be interesting to have a joint conditional simulation methodology of all random fields integrating all observations regardless of its scale. We have developed a multipoint-based conditional simulation technique, which allows to simulate dependent random fields of more than one scale. It fits generalized linear models to training images in order to predict the conditional distribution of prediction points to the observed or already simulated data. It then follows an iterative scheme to fill in more points until a complete simulation is obtained. For well-chosen combinations of generalized linear models for all scales we get a simulation system preserving the observations and various properties of the joint distribution in the training image. Training images need to have a separate layer for each of the regionalized variables and typically must be quite large to ensure enough variation of conditioning variables. Training images are sampled with space-filling sequences rather than systematically in order to get reasonable performance. The generalized linear modes are stabilized to avoid specific artifacts generated by complex dependence.

Keywords: multiple point statistics; geostatistics; scales

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IAMG 2014, 16th conference of the international association for mathematical geosciences, 17.-20.10.2014, New Delhi, India
  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning (SMP 2014), 24.-26.11.2014, Perth, Australien
    On the joint multi point simulation of discrete and continuous geometallurgical parameters, Melbourne: AusIMM, 9781925100198, 379-388

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20290
Publ.-Id: 20290


Electrical Characterization of a Switchable Molecular Wire via Mechanically Controllable Break Junctions

Sendler, T.; Wieser, M.; Wolf, J.; Huhn, T.; Scheer, E.; Moresco, F.; Grebing, J.; Gemming, S.; Erbe, A.

Molecular electronics has been a eld of big interest for the last years. Using the technique of mechanically controllable break junctions we characterize the Switchable Molecular Wire Oligo(phenylene ethynylene)-embedded Difurylperuorocyclopentenes (SMW) in liquid environment. Via light irradiation the SMW can be switched between two well-defined conductance states. Conductance and hysteresis measurements allow us to identify the two states providing the basis for a comprehensive study of the in situ switching process. Based on the analysis with the transport model assuming transport through a single molecular level, we confirm that a reliable contact of the molecules to the gold contacts is formed and extract the energy of the molecular levels and the coupling constants between molecule and electrodes.

Keywords: Molecular Electronics; MCBJ; Switchable Molecular Wire

  • Poster
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie, 30.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20289
Publ.-Id: 20289


Nonlinear spin-wave scattering in a micro-structured magnonic crystal

Obry, B.; Meyer, T.; Pirro, P.; Brächer, T.; Osten, J.; Chumak, A. V.; Serga, A. A.; Fassbender, J.; Hillebrands, B.

We study the nonlinear multi-magnon processes in a micro-structured magnonic crystal consisting of a Ni81Fe19 waveguide, which has been periodically modulated in its saturation magnetization by localized ion implantation. A significant modification of the nonlinear magnon spectrum compared to a reference waveguide is determined, exhibiting a predominant scattering into modes with a frequency at the magnonic band gaps and an enhancement of the nonlinearities for some excitation frequencies. The results prove the feasibility to utilize nonlinear multi-magnon scattering for magnon spintronic applications on the micrometer scale.

Keywords: magnonic crystal; permalloy; magnon process; spintronic

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie, 30.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20287
Publ.-Id: 20287


Subnanosecond relaxation of free carriers in compensated n- and p-type germanium

Deßmann, N.; Pavlov, S.; Shastin, V.; Zhukavin, R.; Tsyplenkov, V.; Winnerl, S.; Mittendorff, M.; Abrosimov, N.; Riemann, H.; Hübers, H.-W.

The relaxation of free holes and electrons in highly compensated germanium doped with gallium (p-Ge:Ga:Sb) and antimony (n-Ge:Sb:Ga) has been studied by a pump-probe experiment with the free-electron laser FELBE at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The relaxation times vary between 20 ps and 300 ps and depend on the incident THz intensity and compensation level. The relaxation times are about five times shorter than previously obtained for uncompensated n-Ge:Sb and p-Ge:Ga. The results support the development of fast photoconductive detectors in the THz frequency range.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 31.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20286
Publ.-Id: 20286


Polarization dependence of optical carrier excitation in graphene

Mittendorff, M.; Winzer, T.; Malic, E.; Knorr, A.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.; Winnerl, S.

We present near-infrared pump-probe measurements to investigate the polarization dependence of optical carrier excitation in graphene. Excitation with linearly polarized radiation leads to an anisotropic distribution of the nonequilibrium carriers in momentum space. This anisotropy can be revealed by the comparison of pump-probe signals for different polarization configurations. In parallel configuration the probe beam has the same polarization with respect to the pump beam, for the perpendicular configuration the polarization of the probe beam is rotated by 90°. The signal amplitude of the parallel configuration is about twice as large as compared to the perpendicular configuration. The initial relaxation process is faster for the parallel polarized probe beam, which leads to identical signals about 150 fs after excitation. At this time delay an isotropic carrier distribution is reached by electron-phonon scattering. These findings are confirmed by microscopic calculations.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 31.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20285
Publ.-Id: 20285


Carrier dynamics in graphene under Landau quantization

Wendler, F.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Knorr, A.; Malic, E.

We investigate the ultrafast dynamics of low-energetic Dirac electrons in graphene under Landau quantization [1]. In a joint experiment-theory study, we provide calculations based on the density matrix formalism [2] as well as measurements of the relaxation dynamics via differential transmission spectroscopy.

As a consequence of the linear dispersion at the Dirac points, graphene exhibits a non-equidistant Landau level spectrum which allows to address specific transitions by optical pumping. Exploiting this to selectively excite the energetically lowest Landau levels, we employ pump-probe spectroscopy to explore the carrier dynamics in this regime. A surprising sign reversal in differential transmission spectra is observed both in experiment and theory and provides evidence for strong Auger scattering on a picosecond timescale. Our calculations even predict the occurrence of a substantial carrier multiplication in Landau quantized graphene [3].

[1] M. Mittendorff et al., (in preparation).

[2] E. Malic, A. Knorr, Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes: Ultrafast Optics and Relaxation Dynamics, (Wiley-VCH, Berlin, 2013).

[3] F. Wendler, A. Knorr, and E. Malic, (submitted).

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 31.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20284
Publ.-Id: 20284


A strategy for the qualification of multi-fluid approaches for nuclear reactor safety

Lucas, D.

CFD-simulations for two-phase flows applying the multi-fluid approach are not yet qualified to provide reliable predictions for unknown flows. Among others, one important reason is the missing agreement within the community on closure models to be used. Considering specific phenomena or not, using different models and adjustable constants, most papers presenting a model validation end up with a good agreement with experimental data. However a case by case selection of models and constants does not help to improve the predictive capabilities of such models. For this reason the definition of baseline models considering all known phenomena that could be important is proposed. In such baseline models all parameter have to be defined, i.e. there are no tuning parameters by definition. Such baseline models have to be applied to many experiments with different complexity. Shortcomings of the models and our physical understanding of the complex flow phenomena have to be identified by detailed analyses on the deviations between experimental data and simulation results. A modification of the baseline model will only be done if it bases on physical considerations and improves the overall performance of the model. This requires a huge effort, but seems to be the only way to improve the situation. More complete experimental data are required. Joint activities on the development of such baseline models are desirable. The paper illustrates this strategy by a baseline model for polydisperse bubbly flows which is presently developed at HZDR.

Keywords: CFD; two-phase flow; multi-fluid; bubbly flow; validation

  • Contribution to proceedings
    CFD4NRS-5, Application of CFD/CMFD Codes to Nuclear Reactor Safety and Design and their Experimental Validation, 09.-11.09.2014, Zurich, Switzerland
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    CFD4NRS-5, Application of CFD/CMFD Codes to Nuclear Reactor Safety and Design and their Experimental Validation, 09.-11.09.2014, Zurich, Switzerland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20283
Publ.-Id: 20283


Numerical Simulation for Countercurrent Flows in a Pressurizer Surge Line Model

Murase, M.; Utanohara, Y.; Kusunoki, T.; Lucas, D.; Tomiyama, A.

Numerical simulation was carried out for air-water countercurrent flows in a 1/10-scale model of the pressurizer surge line and
the simulated countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) values agreed well with the experimental CCFL data.

Keywords: pressurizer surge line; countercurrent flow; numerical simulation; CCFL

  • Contribution to proceedings
    2014 Fall Meeting of Atomic Energy Society of Japan, 08.-10.09.2014, Kyoto, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20282
Publ.-Id: 20282


Terahertz Stimulated Emission from Silicon Doped by Hydrogenlike Acceptors

Pavlov, S. G.; Deßmann, N.; Shastin, V. N.; Zhukavin, R. K.; Redlich, B.; van der Meer, A. F. G.; Mittendorff, M.; Winnerl, S.; Abrosimov, N. V.; Riemann, H.; Hübers, H.-W.

Stimulated emission in the terahertz frequency range has been realized from boron acceptor centers in silicon. Population inversion is achieved at resonant optical excitation on the 1Γ+8 → 1Γ−7, 1Γ−6, 4Γ−8 intracenter transitions with a midinfrared free-electron laser. Lasing occurs on two intracenter transitions around 1.75 THz. The upper laser levels are the 1Γ−7, 1Γ−6, and 4Γ−8 states, and the lower laser level for both emission lines is the 2Γ+8 state. In contrast to n-type intracenter silicon lasers, boron-doped silicon lasers do not involve the excited states with the longest lifetimes. Instead, the absorption cross section for the pump radiation is the dominating factor. The four-level lasing scheme implies that the deepest even-parity boron state is the 2Γ+8 state and not the 1Γ+7 split-off ground state, as indicated by other experiments. This is confirmed by infrared absorption spectroscopy of Si:B.

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20281
Publ.-Id: 20281


Distinctive In Vivo Kinetics of the New Sigma1 Receptor Ligands (R)-(+) and (S)-(-)- 18F-Fluspidine in Porcine Brain

Brust, P.; Deuther-Conrad, W.; Becker, G.; Patt, M.; Dont, C. K.; Stittsworth, S.; Fischer, S.; Hiller, A.; Wenzel, B.; Dukic-Stefanovic, S.; Hesse, S.; Steinbach, J.; Wünsch, B.; Lever, S. Z.; Sabri, O.

Because of their involvement in growth and survival signaling cascades, the sigma1 receptors (σ1Rs) represent a novel target for the treatment of cancer and several brain diseases such as depression and neurodegeneration. From a series of σ1R-specific 18F-fluoroalkylated spirocyclic piperidines, we have chosen 18F-fluspidine for detailed investigation of the in vivo kinetics of the (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-enantiomers to identify their potential for imaging in humans.
Methods:
Enantiopure tosylate precursors for radiolabeling were obtained using chiral preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and used for radiosynthesis of both 18F-fluspidine enantiomers by nucleophilic substitution with K-18F-F-Kryptofix 222-carbonate complex in a synthesis module. Brain pharmacokinetics were investigated by dynamic PET studies in piglets under baseline and blocking conditions using the highly selective σ1R agonist SA4503. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were calculated for 24 MR-defined brain regions. Total distribution volume (VT) and binding potentials (k3'/k4T Results:
The (S)- and (R)-tosylates were obtained in excellent enantiomeric purities (>98% and >96% enantiomeric excess, respectively). (S)-(-)- and (R)-(+)-18F-fluspidine were synthesized within approximately 70 min (radiochemical yield, 35%-45%; specific activity, 650-870 GBq/µmol; radiochemical purity, >99%). Both radiotracers displayed different brain uptake kinetics. Although the initial brain uptake was similar, the SUV at the end of the study differed significantly (P<0.05), with (R)-(+)-18F-fluspidine showing about 60%-150% higher values. Administration of SA4503 reduced SUV almost equally for both radiotracers by approximately 65%. Furthermore, k3' was significantly decreased under blocking conditions in almost all regions ((S)-(-)-18F-fluspidine, -90%-95%; (R)-(+)-18F-fluspidine, -70%-90%) wereas effects on k4 differd according to the particular brain region. VT estimated by both graphical analysis using Logan plots and full nonlinear kinetic analysis revealed significant inhibition for both radiotracers under blocking conditions.
Conclusion:
Both (S)-(-)-18F-fluspidine and (R)-(+)-18F-fluspidine appear to be suitable for σ1R imaging in humans. The different pharmacokinetics of (S)-(-)-18F-fluspidine and (R)-(+)-18F-fluspidine may have the potential for application in the diagnostics of different pathologic conditions.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20280
Publ.-Id: 20280


Coupling of the 3D neutron kinetic core model DYN3D with the CFD software ANSYS CFX

Grahn, A.; Kliem, S.; Rohde, U.

This article presents the implementation of a coupling between the 3D neutron kinetic core model DYN3D and the commercial, general purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS-CFX. In the coupling approach, parts of the thermal hydraulic calculation are transferred to CFX for its better ability to simulate the three-dimensional coolant redistribution in the reactor core region. The calculation of the heat transfer from the fuel into the coolant remains with DYN3D, which incorporates well tested and validated heat transfer models for rod-type fuel elements. On the CFX side, the core region is modelled based on the porous body approach. The implementation of the code coupling is verified by comparing test case results with reference solutions of the DYN3D standalone version. Test cases cover mini and full core geometries, control rod movement and partial overcooling transients.

Keywords: thermal hydraulics; coupled solver; neutron kinetics; reactor simulation

  • Contribution to proceedings
    ASME 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE22), 07.-11.07.2014, Prag, Tschechische Republik
    Proceedings of ICONE22
  • Lecture (Conference)
    ASME 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE22), 07.-11.07.2014, Prag, Tschechische Republik
  • Annals of Nuclear Energy 84(2015), 197-203
    DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2014.12.015
    Cited 26 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20279
Publ.-Id: 20279


Prozessbeobachtung von Vergütungsmaßnahmen im Salzgestein mittels Positronen Emissions Tomographie (GeoPET)

Bittner, L.

Durchflussexperimente mit Bohrkernsäulen in Kombination mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) erlauben die Charakterisierung und Beobachtung von Transporteigenschaften radioaktiv markierter Substanzen innerhalb der Säule. Unter Verwendung der Methode der PET wird das Fließverhalten zweier radioaktiv markierter Lösungen, Natron-Wasserglas (NWG) und gesättigte NaCl-Lösung (NaClges), in einem Kalisalzbohrkern (KSB) visualisiert. Ziel der Injektion von NWG ist es, die innere Struktur des KSB abzudichten bzw. zu vergüten. Über eine im Anschluss an die NWG-Injektion durchgeführte Injektion von NaClges wird die Güte der Abdichtung überprüft. Der Reaktionsmechanismus von NWG im salinarem Milieu wurde mittels Voruntersuchungen in Form von Batch- und Säulenexperimenten untersucht. Das Ergebnis dieser Voruntersuchung zeigte, dass die Reaktion von NWG in NaClges, Salzgrus- und Kochsalzschüttung schnell und nahezu instantan verläuft. Die Hauptuntersuchung, d.h. die Einspritz- und Durchflussexperimente der beiden mit 18F[KF] radioaktiv markierten Injektionslösungen durch den KSB, wurde in den PET-Aufnahmen, in Form von Zeitserien visualisiert. Die Hauptuntersuchung wurde in 5 Teilschritte untergliedert, wobei NaClges im ersten, dritten und fünften Teilschritt injiziert wurde. Injektion von NWG erfolgte im zweiten und im vierten Teilschritt. Eine hochauflösende Computertomographie (µCT) des KSB wurde den PET-Experimenten vorangestellt. Die Aufnahmen der µCT wurden dann mit den Aufnahmen der PET-Experimente verglichen. Die PET-Aufnahmen zeigen im Vergleich mit denen der µCT, bei der ersten Injektion von NaClges des Hauptexperiments einen signifikanten Strömungskanal am Rand des KSB sowie kleinere Strömungswege im zentralen Bereich der Kernstruktur. Nach erfolgten Injektionen von NWG und erneuten Injektionen von NaClges zeigte sich ein stark rückläufiger Randeinstrom und ein stark ausgeprägter zentraler Fluss im Zentralbereich des KSB. Das NWG drang während der Injektionen nur wenige Millimeter in den KSB ein, führt jedoch zu einer signifikanten Permeabilitätsreduktion. Das Verfahren der PET war für die Studie zur Bewertung von Vergütungsmaßnahmen mittels NWG sehr gut anwendbar und konnte das Fließverhalten beider Injektionslösungen im KSB in geeigneter Weise darstellen.

Flowthrough experiments with core columns in combination with positron emission tomography (PET) allow the characterization and monitoring of transport properties of radioactively labeled substances within these columns. By using the method of PET, the flow behavior of two radiolabelled solutions, sodium waterglass (NWG) and saturated sodium chloride solution (NaClges), is visualized in a potash salt drill core (KSB). The aim of the injection of NWG is to seal the interior structure of the KSB. After the injection of NWG an injection of NaClges is performed to verify the seal. The reaction mechanism of the NWG in salty milieu was examined by preliminary tests in the form of batch and column experiments. The reaction mechanism of the NWG in salty milieu was examined by preliminary tests in the form of batch and column experiments. The results of this preliminary study showed that the reaction of NWG in NaClges, in crushed salt rock and crystalline NaCl is rapid and almost instantaneous. The main experiment, the injection and flow experiments of the two 18F[KF] radiolabeled injection solutions in the KSB was visualized in PET images, in the form of time series. The main study was divided into 5 steps, NaClges was injected in the first, the third and the fifth sub-step. The injection of NWG was in the second and the fourth sub-step. Before the PET experiments, a high-resolution computed tomography (μCT) of KSB was carried out. The images of the μCT were compared with the recordings of the PET experiment. In the first injection of NaClges the μCT images in comparison with the PET images of the main experiment showed a significant flow channel at the superficial area of the KSB and smaller flow paths in the central region of the core structure. After the injections of NWG and renewed performed injections of NaClges the PET-images showed a sharp decline of the fluid flow in the superficial area and a very pronounced central flow in the central region of the KSB. The penetration depth of the NWG during the injections was only a few millimeters into the KSB, however it leads to a significant permeability reduction. The process of the PET was very well applicable for the study to evaluate the sealing methods with NWG and could represent the flow behavior of both injection solutions in the KSB appropriately.

  • Diploma thesis
    Hochschule Zittau/Görlitz, 2014
    Mentor: Prof. Dr. T. Schönmuth (Zittau), Dr. J. Kulenkampff (HZDR)
    112 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20278
Publ.-Id: 20278


Bedtime stories from space: History of meteorites and cosmic radiation told by cosmogenic nuclides

Merchel, S.; Smith, T.; Ott, U.; Beyersdorf-Kuis, U.; Herrmann, S.; Leya, I.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Rugel, G.; Pavetich, S.; Ziegenrücker, R.; Wallner, A.; Fifield, L. K.; Tims, S.; Fimiani, L.; Korschinek, G.

While meteorites travel through space, they are exposed to cosmic rays, which induce nuclear reactions producing so-called cosmogenic nuclides (CNs). If meteorites land on Earth, production stops and radioactive nuclides start to decay. Thus, CNs, stable and radioactive, are archives of the exposure and terrestrial history of individual meteorites. Moreover, when looking at a larger number of meteorites, this may also give hints about the constancy of the cosmic radiation itself [1].
Data for the lighter cosmogenic radionuclides 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 41Ca (t1/2=0.1-1.4 Ma) are now attainable at the accelerator mass spectrometry facility DREAMS [2]. Accompanied by data for the heavier radionuclides 53Mn (t1/2=3.7 Ma) and 60Fe (t1/2=2.6 Ma), which are measured at the large tandems at Canberra and Munich, and stable noble gas nuclides from Mainz and Bern, complete exposure histories of extraterrestrial material can be reconstructed.
One of the first meteorites investigated by this team is Gebel Kamil, an ungrouped Ni-rich iron meteorite that produced an impact crater (Ø: 45 m) in southern Egypt. Two neighboured shrapnel (S) samples and two from the only individual (I) fragment (~83 kg) have been analysed. Concentrations of all CNs – stable and radioactive – are a factor ~4 x lower in S-samples than in I-samples. Comparison with Monte-Carlo calculations of production rates indicate that Gebel Kamil was exposed as a meteoroid body of 115-120 cm radius (50-60 tons). Samples I originate from a moderate shielding of ~20 cm, whereas samples S are from a deeper position of 50-80 cm. Most reliable 36Cl-36Ar ages of I and S are (366 ± 18) Ma [3].
Chemically and analytically more challenging are the analyses of corresponding pairs of chondrule and matrix to decipher the ancient and recent exposure history from two highly primitive meteorites [4]. Chondrules may have been irradiated for millions of years as free-floating particles in the solar nebula by the cosmic rays at that time. Despite sample masses of only 1.6-1.8 mg for single chondrules, radioactive CN results for two highly primitive Renazzo-type (CR3) chondrites from Antarctica (MET00426 & QUE99177) are clearly dis-tinguishable from processing blank and can, thus, be used in combination with noble gas data.
Chemically and analytically demanding for both noble gases and 36Cl are also the analyses of pairs of troilite (FeS) inclusions and metal fractions from the iron meteorite Mundrabilla. This work is struggling with mg-amounts of sulphur, where 36S is a troublesome isobar of 36Cl and also causes severe problems in noble gas spectrometry. It is aimed at improving determination of production rates for lighter nuclides such as 3,4He, 10Be, 21Ne, 26Al and 36Cl.
Ackn.: L. Folco, J. Zipfel (meteorites) & accelerator crews and colleagues (support AMS).

[1] Smith et al. contribution to 13th Int. Conf. on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS-13).
[2] Akhmadaliev et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 294, 5 (2013) & Pavetich et al., this meeting.
[3] Ott et al., submitted to Meteorit. Planet. Sci.
[4] Ott et al., contribution to 13th Int. Conf. on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS-13).

Keywords: accelerator mass spectrometry; cosmogenic nuclide; cosmic rays

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Heavy Ion Accelerator Symposium (HIAS) on Fundamental and Applied Science, 30.06.-02.07.2014, Canberra, Australia

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20276
Publ.-Id: 20276


Temperature dependence of ion-beam mixing in crystalline and amorphous germanium

Radek, M.; Bracht, H.; Posselt, M.; Liedke, B.; Schmidt, B.

not available, please contact the authors

Keywords: ion beam mixing; crystalline Ge; amorphous Ge; isotope multilayers

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    49. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Punktdefekte, 04.-05.04.2014, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20275
Publ.-Id: 20275


The role of helium implantation induced vacancy defect on hardening of tungsten

Ou, X.; Anwand, W.; Kögler, R.; Zhou, H.; Richter, A.

Vacancy-type defects created by helium implantation in tungsten and their impact on the
nano-hardness characteristics were investigated by correlating the results from the positron annihilation spectroscopy and the nano-indentation technique. Helium implantation was performed at room temperature (RT) and at an elevated temperate of 600 C. Also, the effect of post-annealing of the RT implanted sample was studied. The S parameter characterizing the open volume in the material was found to increase after helium irradiation and is significantly enhanced for the samples thermally treated at 600 C either by irradiation at high temperature or by post-annealing. Two types of helium-vacancy defects were detected after helium irradiation; small defects with high helium-to-vacancy ratio (low S parameter) for RT irradiation and large defects with low helium-to-vacancy ratio (high S parameter) for thermally treated tungsten. The hardness of the heat treated tungsten coincides with the S parameter, and hence is controlled by the large helium-vacancy defects. The hardness of tungsten irradiated at RT without thermal treatment is dominated by manufacturing related defects such as dislocation loops and impurity clusters and additionally by trapped He atoms from irradiation effects, which enhance hardness. He-stabilized dislocation loops mainly cause the very high hardness values in RT irradiated samples without post-annealing.

Keywords: ion implantation; tungsten; positron annihilation spectroscopy; nano-indentation technique

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20274
Publ.-Id: 20274


Defects and sintering-induced diffusion processes in yttria-stabilised zirconia nanomaterials studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy

Prochazka, I.; Cizek, J.; Melikhova, O.; Anwand, W.; Konstantinova, T. E.; Danilenko, I. A.

In the present work, zirconia (ZrO2) nanopowders doped with yttria (Y2O3) and chromia (Cr2O3) were prepared by a co-precipitation technique. The nanopowders were then subjected to a calcination and a successive sintering at elevated temperatures up to 1500 °C. The nanostructures in these nanomaterials were characterized by positron annihilation spectroscopy (positron lifetimes and Doppler broadening measurements) which is a non-destructive technique with a high sensitivity to atomic-scale open-volume defects. It was found that the zirconia-based nanomaterials studied contain vacancy-like defects and nano-scale pores. Diffusion processes induced in these nanomaterials by sintering were investigated also by depth sensitive positron annihilation studies using a variable energy slow positron beam. Sintering was found to cause intensive grain growth and a removal of porosity by a migration of pores from the sample interior toward its surface.

Keywords: Zirconia; Nanopowders; Sintering; Porosity; Positron annihilation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20273
Publ.-Id: 20273


Phase analysis with HRPD and XAFS in the USiO4-ZrSiO4 solid solution system

Hennig, C.

Invesigation the solid solution USiO4-ZrSiO4 is related with the problem to avoid the formation of the related oxides UO2 and ZrO2. In previous studies we have shown that the formation of UO2 can be relatively easy supressed by using an excess of SiO2 during the hydrothermal synthesis already at relatively low temperature. The formation of ZrO2 is obviously more pronounced in the same temperature range. A part of Zr enters the amorphous phase. The aim of this study is to investigate the Zr containing phases in crystalline and in amorphous state with HRPD and XAFS, respectively.

Keywords: solid solution; USiO4; ZrSiO4; HRPD; XAFS

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    TALISMAN Projekt meeting, 06.02.2014, Jülich, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20272
Publ.-Id: 20272


Challenges in Detection, Structural Characterization and Determination of Complex Formation Constants of Uranyl-Arsenate Complexes in Aqueous Solutions

Gezahegne, W.; Hennig, C.; Geipel, G.; Planer-Friedrich, B.; Merkel, B. J.

Uranium forms analogous minerals with phosphate and arsenate. In aqueous solutions an analogy is expected to govern the complexes that uranium builds with these ligands. Three uranyl arsenate complexes UO2H2AsO4+, UO2HAsO4 0 and UO2(H2AsO4)2 0 were identified and reported previously with TRLFS in the pH range 1 to 3. Using a similar detection system and elevating the pH range a negatively charged fourth uranyl-arsenate complex, UO2AsO4- was found under circum neutral pH. Determining the complex formation constant for this complex was not possible due to the susceptibility of the fluorescence intensity to external influences and the difficulty of resolving the measured spectra into individual fluorescence contributions. By immediate shock-freezing to 15K we succeeded to measure a reproducible EXAFS spectrum of a uranyl-arsenate species in an aqueous solution at pH 2.

Keywords: Arsenate; Uranyl; aqueous solution; EXAFS; TRLFS

Related publications

  • Book chapter
    Merkel, Broder, Schipek, Mandy: The New Uranium Mining Boom, Challenge and lessons learned, Berlin: Springer Geology, 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-22122-4, 607-616
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22122-4_70

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20271
Publ.-Id: 20271


Multiphase CFD-simulation of Bubbly Pipe Flow: A Code Comparison

Rzehak, R.; Kriebitzsch, S.

CFD simulations of dispersed bubbly flow on the scale of technical equipment become feasible within the Eulerian two-fluid framework of interpenetrating continua. For practical applications suitable closure relations are required which describe the interfacial exchange processes. Implementations of such closures have been provided in major commercial codes for years, but more recently there is a growing interest also in open source packages among which in particular OpenFOAM has become widely known.
In the present work a set of closure relations suitable for adiabatic bubbly flow has been implemented in OpenFOAM. Selection of closure models has been based on previous experience with ANSYS-CFX. Great effort has been made to match all details of the models so that the same results may be expected and residual differences are only due to different numerical procedures. In this way the new open source implementation is validated and shown to be competitive with commercial codes.

Keywords: dispersed gas liquid multiphase flow; Euler-Euler two-fluid model; closure relations; CFD simulation; model validation; OpenFOAM

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20270
Publ.-Id: 20270


Room-temperature oxidation of hypostoichiometric uranium-plutonium mixed oxides U1-yPuyO2-x – a depth-selective approach

Vauchy, R.; Robisson, A.-C.; Belin, R.; Martin, P.; Scheinost, A.; Hodaj, F.

The oxygen content of a nonstoichiometric oxide compound is, in numerous cases, decisive regarding the material properties (electrical and/or thermal conductivity, melting point, etc). A phase separation is known to occur in oxygenhypostoichiometric uranium-plutonium mixed oxides beyond 20 mol% Pu. During its fabrication, the (U1-yPuy)O2-x mixed oxide can be subjected to several atmospheres, at room temperature, before being enclosed in the final fuel rods (e.g. storage after reducing sintering). Using a multi-scale approach (from the sample’s bulk to its surface), we reveal the evidence of spontaneous room-temperature oxidation of biphasic (U1-yPuy)O2-x compounds, with y = 0.28 and 0.45, even when exposed to low moisture and oxygen levels. This oxidation is, in both cases, significant within very short timescales. We believe our results are of utmost importance in the prospect of characterizing oxygen-hypostoichiometric uranium-plutonium mixed oxides with high Pu content.

Keywords: hypostoichiometry; multi-scale analysis; uranium-plutonium mixed oxide; XRD; XAS; TGA

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20269
Publ.-Id: 20269


Prediction of countercurrent flow limitation in horizontal pipes

Murase, M.; Kinoshita, I.; Lucas, D.; Tomiyama, A.

To evaluate effects of wall friction coefficients in a one-dimensional model on prediction of countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL), sensitivity computations were done for hot leg models (ratio of length to diameter L/D = 8.6) and a pressurizer surge line model without elbows (L/D = 63) and computed results were compared with measured values. When the interfacial drag coefficient of fi = 0.03 and wall friction coefficients fwG in single-phase gas flows were used, the appropriate amplification for wall friction coefficients fwL in single-phase liquid flows was NwL = 6 to fit the computed CCFL value with the measured CCFL value.

Keywords: Countercurrent gas-liquid flow; CCFL; Horizontal pipe; One-dimensional model

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 19th National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems (SPES2014), 26.-27.06.2014, Fukui, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20268
Publ.-Id: 20268


Numerical simulation of countercurrent flow in a scaled model of a pressurizer surge line

Murase, M.; Utanohara, Y.; Kusunoki, T.; Lucas, D.; Tomiyama, A.

Numerical simulation was carried out for air-water countercurrent flows in a 1/10-scale model of the pressurizer surge line in a pressurized water reactor. The model consisted of a vertical pipe, a vertical elbow, and a slightly inclined pipe with elbows. In an actual 1/10-scale experiment, air supplied into the lower tank flowed up to the upper tank through the surge line and water supplied into the upper tank flowed down to the lower tank through the surge line. In the case of water supply into the upper tank in the simulation, the flow pattern in the inclined pipe was not reproduced because of flooding at the upper end of the vertical pipe with a sharp edge. To avoid effects of flooding at the upper end, therefore, water was also supplied from the wall surface of the vertical pipe and then the flow pattern in the inclined pipe was successfully reproduced. The simulated countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) values agreed well with the experimental CCFL data.

Keywords: pressurizer surge line; countercurrent flow; numerical simulation; CCFL

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 10th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulics, Operation and Safety (NUTHOS-10), Paper N10P1020, 14.-18.12.2014, Okinawa, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20267
Publ.-Id: 20267


Prediction of coutercurrent flow limitation in a slightly inclinded pipe with elbows

Murase, M.; Kinoshita, I.; Kusunoki, T.; Lucas, D.; Tomiyama, A.

Sensitivity computations were carried out for hot leg models (ratio of the horizontal pipe length to the diameter, L/D = 8.6) and pressurizer surge line models with and without elbows (ratio of the inclined pipe length to the diameter, L/D = 63) to evaluate suitable wall friction coefficients and pressure loss coefficients of elbows in a one-dimensional model predicting countercurrent flow limitation (CCFL) in a piping system. Computed results were compared with measured values. When the interfacial drag coefficient of fi = 0.03 and wall friction coefficients fwG of single-phase gas flows (i.e. adjustment factor, NwG = 1) were used, the appropriate adjustment factor for wall friction coefficients fwL of single-phase liquid flows was NwL = 6; this gave good fit of the computed CCFL values with the CCFL values measured in piping systems without elbows (L/D = 8.6 and 63). When fi = 0.03, NwG = 1, and NwL = 6 were used, the appropriate adjustment factor for pressure loss coefficients ζe of elbows in single-phase flows was Nde = 10; this gave good fit of the computed CCFL values with the CCFL values measured in the piping system with elbows (L/D = 63).

Keywords: CCFL; two.phase; modelling

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 9th Korea-Japan Symposium on Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Safety (NTHAS-9), 16.-19.11.2014, Buyeo, Korea

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20266
Publ.-Id: 20266


Annual Report 2013 - Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research

Cordeiro, A. L.; Fassbender, J.; Heera, V.; Helm, M.

The year 2013 was the third year of HZDR as a member of the Helmholtz Association (HGF), and we have made progress of integrating ourselves into this research environment of national Research centers. In particular, we were preparing for the evaluation in the framework of the so-called program oriented funding (POF), which will hopefully provide us with a stable funding for the next five years (2015 – 2019). In particular, last fall we have submitted a large proposal in collaboration with several other research centers. The actual evaluation will take place this spring. Most of our activities are assigned to the program “From Matter to Materials and Life” (within the research area “Matter”). A large fraction of this program is related to the operation of large-scale research infrastructures (or user facilities), one of which is our Ion Beam Center (IBC). The second large part of our research is labelled “in-house research”, reflecting the work driven through our researchers without external users, but still mostly utilizing our large-scale facilities such as the IBC, and, to a lesser extent, the free-electron laser. Our in-house research is performed in three so-called research themes, as depicted in the schematic below. What is missing there for simplicity is a small part of our activities in the program “Nuclear Waste Management and Safety” (within the research area “Energy”).

Related publications

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; HZDR-049 2014
    ISSN: 2191-8708, eISSN: 2191-8716

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20265
Publ.-Id: 20265


Annual Report 2013 - Institute of Resource Ecology

Stumpf, T.; Foerstendorf, H.; Bok, F.; Richter, A.; (Editors)

The Institute of Resource Ecology (IRE) ISone of the eight institutes of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). The Research activities are mainly integrated into the program “Nuclear Safety Research (NUSAFE)” of the Helmholtz Association (HGF) and focused on the topics “Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal” and “Safety Research for Nuclear Reactors”.
Additionally, various activities have been started investigating chemical and environmental aspects of processing and recycling of strategic metals, namely rare earth elements. These activities are located in the HGF program “Energy Efficiency, Materials and Resources (EMR)”. Both programs, and therefore all work which is done at IRE, belong to the research sector “Energy” of the HGF.
The research objectives are the protection of humans and the environment from hazards caused by pollutants resulting from technical processes that produce energy and raw materials. Treating technology and ecology as a unity is the major scientific challenge in assuring the safety of technical processes and gaining their public acceptance. Namely, we investigate the ecological risks exerted by radioactive and non-radioactive metals in the context of nuclear waste disposal, the production of energy in nuclear power plants and in processes along the value chain of metalliferous raw materials. A common goal is to generate better understanding about the dominating processes essential for metal mobilization and immobilization on the molecular level. This in turn enables us to assess the macroscopic phenomena, including models, codes and data for predictive calculations, which determine the transport and distribution of contaminants in the environment.

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; HZDR-048 2014
    ISSN: 2191-8708, eISSN: 2191-8716

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20264
Publ.-Id: 20264


Inter-sublevel transitions in single InAs/GaAs quantum dots

Stephan, D. R.; Bhattacharyya, J.; Helm, M.; Huo, Y.; Rastelli, A.; Schmidt, O.; Schneider, H.

In the past, inter-band transitions in quantum dots (QDs) have received an appreciable amount of scientific interest. However, inter-sublevel transitions have been studied much less extensively, likely because of their strongly non-radiative nature and because of limited availability of tunable sources for resonant excitation. In this work we explore the dynamics of inter-sublevel transitions in single InAs/GaAs self-assembled QDs. We combine the commonly used micro-photoluminescence (PL) technique with time-resolved detection and additional excitation by a free-electron laser. The experiment is carried out in the following way: the low-density QD sample is illuminated with a picosecond pulsed Ti:sapphire laser. PL from a single QD is coupled into a spectrometer, recording the spectrum with a CCD detector, as well as the time-resolved transient via the time-correlated single photon counting technique. Introducing a free-electron laser pulse tuned to the inter-sublevel transition energy excites carriers to a higher energy level, which decay back to the ground state non-radiatively with a relatively short time constant. These inter-sublevel dynamics causes quenching in the exponential PL decay of the energy of the ground state, which can be observed in timeresolved measurements. Whereas previous studies on inter-sublevel transitions have used QD ensembles[1-3], investigating single dots excludes many-dot effects such as inhomogeneous broadening and inter-dot transfer, which should lead to a better understanding of intersublevel carrier dynamics.

Related publications

  • Poster
    20th International Conference on Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Systems (EP2DS-20) and 16th International Conference on Modulated Semiconductor Structures(MSS-16), 03.07.2013, Wroclaw, Polska

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20263
Publ.-Id: 20263


Investigation of the effective mass in GaAsN

Eßer, F.; Drachenko, O.; Schneider, H.; Patanè, A.; Hopkinson, M.; Helm, M.

As a member of diluted nitrides, GaAsN is a highly interesting material system for many application purposes such as LEDs, lasers, solar cells, and infrared photodetectors because of the tuning possibility of these devices by the variation of the nitrogen content. For an accurate description of this material system, a profound knowledge of the band structure and in particular the effective mass (EM) is crucial. Because of the inconsistency of previous results, which can be traced down to the particular investigation method, we apply several methods on one sample series of GaAsN containing samples with 0.1 - 1 percent of nitrogen. Cyclotron resonance spectroscopy, beeing the most direct method, reveals that the EM is not signicantly affected by the nitrogen doping. Photoluminescence, on the other hand, stems from several transitions, which are not resolved spectrally, but identified in time-resolved measurements. We discuss the different behaviour of the involved transitions in magnetic fields up to 7 T (static) and 41 T (pulsed).

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie, 30.03.-04.04.2014, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20262
Publ.-Id: 20262


Control of the Effective Damping in Heusler/Pt Microstructures via Spin-Transfer Torque

Meyer, T.; Brächer, T.; Sebastian, T.; Pirro, P.; Fischer, T.; Serga, A. A.; Naganuma, H.; Mukaiyama, K.; Oogane, M.; Ando, Y.; Hillebrands, B.

In this contribution, we present the control of the effective damping by the spin-transfer torque of a pure spin current injected into Heusler compound microstructures. Here, the pure spin current is generated by a DC current in a Pt layer on top of the magnetic layer via the spin-Hall effect. By changing the current density and the direction of the DC current in the Pt layer, the generated pure spin current can be manipulated. Via the spintransfer torque this pure spin current can act on the magnetization in the magnetic layer and, for example, decrease or even compensate the Gilbert damping.
The damping, i.e. the Gilbert damping, is a very crucial parameter for any magnetization dynamics and the possibility to control this parameter, i.e. to further reduce the damping, could give rise to novel nonlinear phenomena. Especially, cobalt-based Heusler compounds as used in this work provide a large spin-wave propagation length and an already very low Gilbert damping. Thus, the threshold for all spin-torque driven phenomena is decreased and only small current densities in the Pt layer are needed. By determining the threshold power for parallel parametric amplification of spin waves, for example, the change of the damping in dependence of the DC current can be determined.
The presented results were obtained using Brillouin light scattering microscopy. Brillouin light scattering is the inelastic scattering of photons on magnons, the quanta of spin waves. By investigating the frequency and the intensity of the inelastically scattered light, the frequency and the intensity of the spin waves can be obtained. Using a microfocussed laser allows for a spatial resolution of about 400 nm.
The results show a strong influence of the pure spin current on the effective damping in the magnetic layer. They show the feasibility of using a DC current in a Platinum layer to control the effective damping an adjacent Heusler layer. Thus, this is very interesting for possible applications using spin waves or for the investigation of nonlinear effects especially in Heusler compounds.

  • Poster
    IEEE International Conference on Microwave Magnetics 2014, 29.06.-02.07.2014, Sendai, Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20261
Publ.-Id: 20261


Non-Gilbert-damping Mechanism in a Ferromagnetic Heusler Compound Probed by Nonlinear Spin Dynamics

Pirro, P.; Sebastian, T.; Brächer, T.; Serga, A. A.; Kubota, T.; Naganuma, H.; Oogane, M.; Ando, Y.; Hillebrands, B.

The nonlinear decay of propagating spin waves in the low-Gilbert-damping Heusler film Co2Mn0.6Fe0.4Si is reported. Here, two initial magnons with frequency f0 scatter into two secondary magnons with frequencies f1 and f2. The most remarkable observation is that f1 stays fixed if f0 is changed. This indicates, that the f1 magnon mode has the lowest instability threshold, which, however, cannot be understood if only Gilbert damping is present. We show that the observed behavior is caused by interaction of the magnon modes f1 and f2 with the thermal magnon bath. This evidences a significant contribution of the intrinsic magnon-magnon scattering mechanisms to the magnetic damping in high-quality Heusler compounds.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20260
Publ.-Id: 20260


Nd:YAG waveguide laser Q-switched by evanescent-field interaction with graphene

Tan, Y.; Chen, C.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Zhou, S.; Chen, F.

We report on the Q-switched laser operation by the evanescent-field interaction with the graphene layers deposited on a Nd:YAG surface planar waveguide, which was fabricated by the 15 MeV carbon ion irradiation. Based on the simple and compact design of the cavity with saturable-absorber features, the Q-switched pulsed waveguide laser operation was achieved at the wavelength of 1064 nm through the interaction between the graphene layer and the evanescent-field of the waveguide mode. The maximum output pulse repetition rate was ~29 kHz with the pulse duration of ~9.8 µs.

Keywords: Q-switched; Rare-earth-doped materials; Waveguides

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20259
Publ.-Id: 20259


Fe (II) Uptake on Natural Montmorillonites. I. Macroscopic and Spectroscopic Characterization

Soltermann, D.; Marques Fernandes, M.; Baeyens, B.; Dähn, R.; Joshi, P. A.; Scheinost, A. C.; Gorski, C. A.

Ferrous iron bound to clay mineral surfaces is an important redox active-phase that is ubiquitous in both engineered and natural environments. In this study, the retention mechanism of Fe(II) on clay minerals was investigated using macroscopic sorption experiments combined with Mössbauer and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. Sorption edges and isotherms were measured under anoxic conditions on natural Fe-bearing montmorillonites (i.e. STx, SWy and SWa) having different structural Fe contents ranging from 0.5 to 15.4 wt % and different initial Fe redox states. Batch experiments indicated that, in case of low Fe-bearing (STx) and dithionite-reduced clays, the Fe(II) uptake follows well the sorption behavior of other divalent transition metals, whereas Fe(II) sorption increased by up to two orders of magnitude on the unreduced, Fe(III)-rich montmorillonites (SWy and SWa). Mössbauer spectroscopy analysis revealed that nearly all the sorbed Fe(II) was oxidized to surface-bound Fe(III) and secondary Fe(III) precipitates were formed on the Fe(III)-rich montmorillonite, while sorbed Fe is predominantly present as Fe(II) on Fe-low and dithionite-reduced clays. The results provide compelling evidence that Fe(II) uptake characteristics on clay minerals are strongly correlated to the redox properties of the structural Fe(III). The improved understanding of the interfacial redox interactions between sorbed Fe(II) and clay minerals gained in this study is essential for future studies developing Fe(II) sorption models on natural montmorillonites.

Keywords: Ferrous iron; 2:1 dioctahedral clay minerals; Mössbauer spectroscopy; EXAFS; surface complexation

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-20258
Publ.-Id: 20258


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