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41396 Publications

Sugar-decorated dendritic nanocarriers: Encapsulation and release of the octahedral rhenium cluster complex [Re6S8(OH)6]4-

Kubeil, M.; Stephan, H.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Geipel, G.; Appelhans, D.; Voit, B.; Hoffmann, J.; Brutschy, B.; Mironov, Y. V.; Brylev, K. A.; Fedorov, V. E.

The encapsulation of a nanometer sized octahedral anionic rhenium cluster complex with six terminal hydroxo ligands [Re6S8(OH6]4- in maltose-decorated poly (propylene amine) dendrimers (POPAM, generation 4 and 5) has been investigated. Ultrafiltration experiments showed that maximal loading capacity of the dendrimers with the cluster complex is achieved after about ten hours in aqueous solution. To study the inclusion phenomena, three different methods have been applied: UV/vis, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and laser induced liquid bead ion desorption mass spectrometry (LILBID-MS). From the results obtained, it could be concluded that: (i) the hydrolytic stability of the rhenium cluster complex is significantly enhanced in the presence of dendritic hosts; (ii) the cluster anions are preferentially bound inside the dendrimers; (iii) the number of cluster complexes encapsulated in the dendrimers increases with rising dendrimer generation. On average, 4 – 5 cluster anions can preferentially be captured in the interior of sugar-coated dendritic carriers. An asymptotical progression of the release of cluster complexes from the loaded dendrimers was observed under physiologically relevant conditions (isotonic sodium chloride solution: ~ 93% within 4 days for loaded POPAM-G4-maltose; ~ 86% within 4 days for loaded POPAM-G5-maltose). Those encapsulation and release properties of maltose-decorated nanocarriers imply the possibility for the development of the next generation of dendritic nanocarriers with specific targeting of destined tissue for therapeutic treatments.

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14993
Publ.-Id: 14993


Effect of secondary phase formation on optical properties of the Al-doped ZnO

Vinnichenko, M.; Cornelius, S.; Krause, M.; Gago, R.; Munnik, F.; Sergeev, O.; Chakanga, K.; von Maydel, K.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.

The electrical properties of low-cost Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films are known to deteriorate substantially during growth by different deposition techniques at temperatures above a certain optimum value. As it has been shown recently using techniques based on synchrotron radiation, the formation of an insulating metastable homologous (ZnO)3Al2O3 phase [1] at elevated temperatures is the reason for the observed behavior of the electrical properties in case of the films grown by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering (RPMS) [2]. Little is known about optical properties of ZnO-Al2O3 solid solutions in general and (ZnO)3Al2O3 phase in particular. The optical properties in the UV spectral range are of special importance because they provide information about the fundamental and above-band gap band-to-band electron transitions. The present work focuses on characterization of AZO and undoped ZnO films in a wide spectral range by spectroscopic ellipsometry (photon energy range 0.73-5.8 eV) and spectrophotometry (0.5-6 eV). Selected samples were studied using Raman spectroscopy. The optical investigations complement results of Hall-effect, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements, and elastic recoil detection analysis [2]. Films with defined Al concentrations (cFAl=0-20 at.%) grown by RPMS at temperatures ranging from RT to 550 °C were investigated.
The comparison of undoped ZnO and AZO films with the highest crystallinity shows that an addition of ~1 at.% of Al leads to the best electrical properties, although (ZnO)3Al2O3 phase signature appears in its Al K-edge XANES spectra. The latter may be a reason for the observed substantial decrease of the refractive index in the whole spectral range and for the broadening of the parametric semiconductor model (PSEMI) oscillator around the fundamental transition energies. This is accompanied by the broadening of the allowed ZnO Raman lines and appearance of the broad band around 565 cm-1 which is characteristic of ZnO with high defect concentrations. The AZO films remain conductive with cFAl values increasing up to ~8-10 at.%, while their (ZnO)3Al2O3 phase-related peaks in Al K-edge spectra scale with cFAl. In this case, refractive index decreases and PSEMI oscillator broadens further which is in agreement with deteriorating film crystallinity. At this level of doping the allowed ZnO Raman lines are no longer detectable. On the other hand, the defect induced Raman features change their intensity distribution. Finally, increasing cFAl>10 at.% leads to formation of insulating nanocrystalline films, which show even more intense (ZnO)3Al2O3 phase-related XANES peaks. These films have the lowest refractive index, which, however, is still substantially higher than that of amorphous Al2O3. The observed increasing UV transmittance can be explained by a significantly decreasing amplitude and a blue-shift of the PSEMI oscillator of these films. The latter may be explained neither by the Burstein-Moss shift because the films are insulating nor by effective medium approximation using optical constants of ZnO and Al2O3. Instead, it may be understood in analogy to optical properties of the metastable wurtzite MgXZn1-XO alloys. This assumption requires more detailed investigations which are currently in progress.
[1] S. Yoshioka et al, J. Appl. Phys. 103, 014309 (2008).
[2] M. Vinnichenko et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010 (in press).

Keywords: transparent conducting oxides; magnetron sputtering; spectroscopic ellipsometry; Raman spectroscopy; spectral photometry

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    3rd International Symposium on Transparent Conductive Materials, 17.-21.10.2010, Analipsi / Hersonissos, Crete, Greece

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14992
Publ.-Id: 14992


Examination of different flow regimes in the mold of a model of continuous casting using the contactless inductive flow tomography

Wondrak, T.; Timmel, K.; Gundrum, T.; Stefani, F.; Gerbeth, G.

In the continuous casting process the flow structure in the mold plays an important role for the quality of the steel produced. Open problems are the influence of a two phase flow in the submerged entry nozzle and the influence of electromagnetic stirrers. One possible method to determine the flow structure in the mold is the contactless inductive flow tomography (CIFT) which is able to reconstruct the three-dimensional velocity field in electrically conducting melts from externally measured induced magnetic fields. Since for thin slab casting the velocity can be assumed to be mainly two-dimensional it is sufficient to apply only one external magnetic field and to measure the induced fields at the narrow faces of the mold. The actual time resolution is about 1 Hz. We will present the results of an experiment with a two phase flow regime and the effects of an electromagnetic stirrer around the submerged entry nozzle on the flow field in the mold.

Keywords: continuous casting; velocity measurement; liquid metal; contactless inductive flow tomography

  • Lecture (Conference)
    13th MHD-days, 22.-23.11.2010, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14991
Publ.-Id: 14991


EduGATE - simple examples for educative purpose using the GATE simulation platform

Pietrzyk, U.; Zakhnini, A.; Axer, M.

AIM
The GATE (1) platform is based on the GEANT4 package developed at CERN/Geneva. It has received a wide acceptance in the field of simulating medical imaging devices including SPECT, PET, CT and also applications in radiation therapy. This is mainly due to the fact, that GATE can be configured by commands, which are, for the sake of simplicity, listed in a collection of one or more macro files. The aim of this contribution is to use all helpful features of GATE to provide insights into the physics of medical imaging by means of a collection of very basic and simple GATE macros in connection with analysis programs based of ROOT.
METHODS
Simplifying or extending examples for GATE (current version: 6), which come with the basic distribution, we configured the relevant macro files for running GATE in such a way, they are easily modified with a text editor, hence, allowing the user or student to study the effect of changing the material of a phantom, switching the type of radioactive source or to select or de-select a specific type of electro-magnetic interaction. The results from the simulation are usually stored in binary files readable by the ROOT package, as projection files useful for reconstruction programs or even in ASCII format, for fast inspection. Especially the ROOT package turned out to be a very useful utility to analyze the output data from the simulation under various aspects. ROOT programs, written in c++, serve as tools to either simply visualize basic distributions or select or resort the data into formats readable by programs for image reconstruction. The detector setups are kept very simple but expose the basic principles of imaging. The EduGATE examples were tested and successfully presented during medical physics lectures to point the students to the various aspects of medical imaging related to the basic physical principles. Currently, four imaging systems have been created: simple coincidence channel, PET, Gamma camera (planar) and SPECT. The users can select from a list of various isotopes, different detector material, experience the influence of attenuating material in the form of an extra cylinder around the source, whose shape and activity can also be varied. Analysis modules to be applied within the ROOT environment are also
provided. They serve as a means for students to start exploring the data structures and learn, how to analyze and evaluate a specific detector configuration that has be simulated under various conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
It opens an interesting opportunity for lecturers as well as students to use powerful tools, while becoming acquainted with the world of medical imaging. EduGATE uses solely Open Source software, which is freely available and can be used on any platform, where GATE and ROOT are operating.
(1) S. Jan et al 2004 GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT. Phys. Med. Biol. 49, 4543–4561

  • Poster
    NuklearMedizin 2011, 13.-16.04.2011, Bregenz, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14988
Publ.-Id: 14988


18F-Labelled Alkyl-Substituted Spirocyclic Piperidines – Potential Radiotracers For PET Imaging Of σ1 Receptors

Deuther-Conrad, W.; Maisonial, A.; Fischer, S.; Hiller, A.; Schepman, D.; Große Maestrup, E.; Funke, U.; Steinbach, J.; Wünsch, B.; Brust, P.

Objectives: Neuroprotective effects mediated by signal transduction via the transmembrane σ1 receptor localised in the endoplasmatic reticulum make this receptor a promising target for novel approaches in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, behavioural changes are assumed to be related to alterations in the expression of σ1 receptors mainly expressed in the striatum. Thus, molecular imaging of σ1 receptors of the brain may hold potential in diagnostics and drug development, and we have compared in mice radiotracer properties of a series of new 18F-labelled spirocyclic piperidine derivatives with high affinity and selectivity for σ1 receptors.

Methods: Radiosynthesis of fluoromethyl- ([18F]WMS1850), fluoroethyl- ([18F]fluspidine), fluoropropyl- ([18F]WMS1813), and fluorobutyl-([18F]WMS1847) substituted derivatives was performed by nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding tosylate precursors using K[18F]F-K222-carbonate complex. Organ distribution of radiotracers applied i.v. was determined in female CD-1 mice at 5, 30, 60, and 120 min p.i. Spatial distribution of the radiotracer binding sites was examined by ex vivo brain autoradiography at 45 min p.i. Target specificity was investigated in blocking studies with pre-application of 1 mg/kg of the σ1 receptor ligand haloperidol by assessing the organ distribution of the respective radiotracer at 60 min p.i. The metabolic stability in vivo of each radiotracer was evaluated by radio-TLC and -HPLC analyses of brain, plasma, and urine samples.

Results: The radiotracers were obtained with radiochemical yields of 35-53%, radiochemical purities >98.5%, and specific activities >150 GBq/µmol. All radiotracers readily passed the blood-brain barrier with high brain uptake values at 30 min p.i.: [18F]fluspidine = 4.71 ± 1.39 % ID/g, [18F]WMS1813 = 3.18 ± 0.68 % ID/g, [18F]WMS1850 = 2.65 ± 0.68 %ID/g, and [18F]WMS1847 = 1.78 ± 0.16 %ID/g. High initial radioactivity uptake was also observed in peripheral organs which express σ1 receptors such as spleen, thymus, kidney, and stomach. In brain as well as in these organs the uptake of radioactivity was significantly reduced in mice pre-treated with haloperidol. Distribution patterns of the radiotracer binding sites in brain were resembling for all four radiotracers with [18F]fluspidine possessing the highest target (facial nucleus)-to-nontarget (olfactory bulb) ratio (4.69 at 45 min p.i.). The metabolic stability in vivo was high for all radiotracers (75% parent radiotracer in plasma at 30 min p.i.), and none of the peripherally detected radiometabolites crossed the blood-brain barrier.

Conclusion: Fluoroalkylated spirocyclic piperidines are high affinity ligands for σ1 receptors with high brain uptake, specific binding, and good metabolic stability. Within the herein reported series of 18F-labelled derivatives, the in vivo data identify [18F]fluspidine as the most suitable radiotracer for further development in molecular imaging of σ1 receptors. [18F]fluspidine radiosynthesis is selected for transfer to an automated radiosynthesis module for further preclinical development.

  • Poster
    BRAIN 2011, 24.-28.05.2011, Barcelona, Spain

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14987
Publ.-Id: 14987


X-ray photoelectron study of Si+ ion implanted polymers

Tsvetkova, T.; Balabanov, S.; Bischoff, L.; Krastev, V.; Avramova, P.; Stefanov, I.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to characterize different polymer materials implanted with low energy Si+ ions (E=30 keV, D= 1.1017 cm-2). Two kinds of polymers were studied – ultra-high-molecular-weight poly-ethylene (UHMWPE), and poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA). The non-implanted polymer materials show the expected variety of chemical bonds: carbon-carbon, carbon being three- and fourfold coordinated, and carbon-oxygen in the case of PMMA samples. The X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectra show that Si+ ion implantation leads to the introduction of additional disorder in the polymer material. The X-ray photoelectron spectra of the implanted polymers show that, in addition to already mentioned bonds, silicon creates new bonds with the host elements – Si-C and Si-O, together with additional Si dangling bonds as revealed by the valence band study of the implanted polymer materials.

Keywords: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Si-implantation; PMMA

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    16th ISCMP: Progress in Solid State and Molecular Electronics, Ionics and Photonics, 29.08.-03.09.2010, Varna, Bulgaria
  • Open Access Logo Journal of Physics: Conference Series 253(2010), 012070-1-012070-6
    DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/253/1/012070
    Cited 6 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14986
Publ.-Id: 14986


Assessment of alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability in juvenile pig brain with [18F]NS10743

Deuther-Conrad, W.; Fischer, S.; Hiller, A.; Becker, G.; Cumming, P.; Xiong, G.; Funke, U.; Sabri, O.; Peters, D.; Brust, P.

Purpose: To conduct a quantitative assessment with PET of the specific binding sites in brain of juvenile pigs for [18F]NS10743, a novel diazabicyclononane derivative targeting α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChRs).

Methods: Dynamic PET recordings were made in isoflurane-anaesthetized juvenile pigs during 120 min after administration of [18F] S10743 in a baseline condition (n=3) and after blocking of the α7 nAChR with NS6740 (3 mg.kg-1 bolus + 1 mg.kg-1.h-1 continuous infusion; n=3). Arterial plasma samples were collected for determining the input function of the unmetabolized tracer. Kinetic analysis of regional brain time-radioactivity curves was performed, and parametric maps were calculated relative to arterial input.

Results: Plasma [18F]NS10743 passed readily into brain, with peak uptake occurring in α7 nAChRexpressing brain regions such as the colliculi, thalamus, temporal lobe, and hippocampus. The highest SUVmax was approximately 2.3, whereas the lowest uptake was in the olfactory bulb (SUVmax: 1.53 ± 0.32). Administration of NS6740 significantly decreased [18F]NS10743 binding late in the emission recording throughout the brain, except in the olfactory bulb, which was therefore chosen as reference region for calculation of BPND. The baseline BPND ranged from 0.39 ± 0.08 in cerebellum to 0.76 ± 0.07 in the temporal lobe. Pretreatment and constant infusion with NS6740 significantly reduced the BPND in regions with high [18F]NS10743 binding (temporal lobe: -29 %, p = 0.01; midbrain: -35 %, p = 0.02), without significantly altering the BPND in low binding regions (cerebellum: -16 %, p = 0.2).

Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of [18F]NS10743 as a target-specific radiotracer for the molecular imaging of central α7 nAChRs by PET.

Keywords: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; α7 nAChR; PET; Neurology; Metabolism; Diazabicyclononane

  • European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 38(2011)8, 1541-1549

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14985
Publ.-Id: 14985


Preliminary investigations on high energy electron beam tomography

Bärtling, Y.; Hoppe, D.; Hampel, U.

In computed tomography (CT) cross-sectional images of the attenuation distribution within a slice are created by scanning radiographic projections of an object with a rotating X-ray source detector compound and subsequent reconstruction of the images from these projection data on a computer. CT can be made very fast by employing a scanned electron beam instead of a mechanically moving X-ray source.

Now this principle was extended towards high-energy electron beam tomography with an electrostatic accelerator. Therefore a dedicated experimental campaign was planned and carried out at the Budker Insitute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), Novosibirsk. There we investigated the capabilities of BINP’s accelerators as an electron beam generating and scanning unit of a potential high-energy electron beam tomography device. The setup based on a 1 MeV ELV-6 (BINP) electron accelerator and a single detector.

Besides tomographic measurements with different phantoms, further experiments were carried out concerning the focal spot size and repeat accuracy of the electron beam as well as the detector’s response time and signal to noise ratio.

Keywords: tomography; electron beam tomography; x-ray tomography

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-544 2010
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14984
Publ.-Id: 14984


CFD Modellierung von Siedevorgängen in Brennelementbündeln eines Druckwasserreaktors

Krepper, E.

Der Vortrag beschreibt CFD-Modellansätze zur Modellierung unterkühlten Siedens und zeigt Anwednungsmöglichkeiten bei der Beurteilung von Abstandhaltergeometrien von DWR-Brennelementen auf.

Keywords: CFD; unterkühltes Sieden; Brennelement Druckwasserreaktor

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Festakt zum 15-jährigen Bestehen des IPM, 19.11.2010, Zittau, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14983
Publ.-Id: 14983


Modeling of the evolution of bubble size distribution of gas-liquid flow inside a large vertical pipe : influence of bubble coalescence and breakup models

Liao, Y.; Lucas, D.

The range of gas-liquid flow applications in today’s technology is immensely wide. Important examples can be found in chemical reactors, boiling and condensation equipments as well as nuclear reactors. In gas-liquid flows, the bubble size distribution plays an important role in the phase structure and interfacial exchange behaviors. It is therefore necessary to take into account the dynamic change of the bubble size distribution to get good predictions in CFD. An efficient 1D Multi-Bubble-Size-Class Test Solver was introduced in Lucas et al. (2001) for the simulation of the development of the flow structure along a vertical pipe. The model considers a large number of bubble classes. It solves the radial profiles of liquid and gas velocities, bubble-size class resolved gas fraction profiles as well as turbulence parameters on basis of the bubble size distribution present at the given axial position. The evolution of the flow along the height is assumed to be solely caused by the progress of bubble coalescence and break-up resulting in a bubble size distribution changing in the axial direction. In this model, the bubble coalescence and breakup models are very important for reasonable predictions of the bubble size distribution. Many bubble coalescence and breakup models have been proposed in the literature. However, some obvious discrepancies exist in the models; for example, the daughter bubble size distributions are greatly different from different bubble breakup models, as reviewed in our previous publication (Liao & Lucas, 2009a; 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to compare and evaluate typical bubble coalescence and breakup models that have been commonly used in the literature.
Thus, this work is aimed to make a comparison of several typical bubble coalescence and breakup models and to discuss in detail the ability of the Test Solver to predict the evolution of bubble size distribution.

Keywords: Bubble size distribution; bubble coalescence and breakup model; vertical pipe flow

  • Open Access Logo Contribution to proceedings
    Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2011, 17.-19.05.2011, Berlin, Germany
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2011, 17.-19.05.2011, Berlin, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14982
Publ.-Id: 14982


Annual Report 2009 - Institute of Safety Research

Weiss, F.-P.; Schäfer, F.; (Editors)

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-541 2010
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14981
Publ.-Id: 14981


Updated analysis of the TOPFLOW CCFL experiments in a model of the hot leg of a PWR

Vallée, C.; Seidel, T.; Lucas, D.; Beyer, M.; Prasser, H.-M.

In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour in a complex reactor-typical geometry and to supply suitable data for CFD code validation, a model of the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor was built at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf (HZDR). The hot leg model is devoted to optical measurement techniques, therefore, a flat test section design was chosen and equipped with large windows. In order to enable the operation at high pressures, the test section is installed in the pressure chamber of the TOPFLOW test facility of HZDR, which is used to perform the experiments under pressure equilibrium with the inside atmosphere. Counter-current flow limitation (CCFL) experiments were performed, simulating the reflux-condenser cooling mode appearing in small break LOCA scenarios. The fluids used were air and water at room temperature and pressures of up to 3.0 bar, as well as steam and water at pressures of up to 50 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature of 264°C. One selected 50 bar experiment is presented in detail: the observed behaviour is analysed and illustrated by typical high-speed camera images of the flow.

Furthermore, the flooding characteristics obtained from the different experimental runs are presented in terms of the Wallis parameter and Kutateladze number, which are commonly used in the literature. However, a discrepancy was first observed between the air/water and steam/water series. Further investigations show that the steam was probably wet due to heat losses and to liquid entrainment from the heater circuit. Consequently, a correction of the steam measurements was required. The amount of parasitic water was evaluated indirectly over the zero liquid penetration noticed in the CCFL diagram. Finally, the experimental results confirm that the Wallis similarity is appropriate to scale flooding in the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor over a wide range of pressure and temperature conditions.

Keywords: two-phase flow; counter-current flow limitation; flooding; hot leg; pressurised water reactor

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2011, 17.-19.05.2011, Berlin, Deutschland
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2011, 17.-19.05.2011, Berlin, Deutschland, Berlin: CPO HANSER SERVICE GmbH

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14980
Publ.-Id: 14980


Doping of the Si nanowires

Ou, X.; Das Kanungo, P.; Koegler, R.

review of doping of SiNW and the electrical characterization

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    6th IUPAC International Symposium on Novel Materials and their Synthesis (NMS-VI), 11.-14.10.2010, Wuhan, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14979
Publ.-Id: 14979


Underground accelerators in Europe

Bemmerer, D.

Nuclear reaction studies have to be carried out directly at or at least near the astrophysically relevant energies, in order to limit theoretical uncertainties. This entails the measurement of very small cross sections at energies far below the Coulomb barrier, leading to countrates that are lower than the laboratory background in a detector.

This problem can be solved by placing an accelerator laboratory deep underground. The world's only underground accelerator, the LUNA 0.4 MV machine, has driven great progress in the understanding of nuclear reactions in our Sun. However, the LUNA energy range is too limited to address more massive stars. For these scenarios, helium and carbon burning reactions and the neutron sources for the astrophysical s-process need to be studied in stable-beam experiments.

Therefore, there is a call in the community for a new European underground accelerator of 2-3 MV accelerating potential to address these science cases. Related projects are under discussion in Italy (Gran Sasso), Spain (Canfranc), the UK (Boulby), and recently also Germany (Felsenkeller). An analogous effort is made in the US (DUSEL).

  • Lecture (Conference)
    First EuroGENESIS Workshop: Origins of the elements and nuclear history of the universe, 24.-26.11.2010, Dubrovnik, Croatia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14978
Publ.-Id: 14978


Doping and electrical characterization of individual silicon nanowire

Das Kanungo, P.; Ou, X.; Koegler, R.; Nikolai, Z.; Werner, P.; Skorupa, W.; Goesele, U.

As the drive to use silicon nanowires in nano-electronic devices and circuits is getting stronger, a clear understanding of the incorporation mechanism and electrical behavior of dopants in the nanowires is becoming more important. Owing to the quasi-one-dimensional structure of the nanowires leading to their high surface to volume ratio, the surface effects are expected to play a stronger role on the dopants in a nanowire than in planar silicon devices. We doped silicon nanowires of diameter ~ 100 nm uniformly - 1) in-situ with boron during growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and 2) ex-situ separately with boron, phosphorus and arsenic by ion implantation. In addition, the in-situ boron doping was combined with phosphorus ion implantation to fabricate an intra-nanowire p-n junction. Electrical current-voltage measurements of individual nanowires with a micro-manipulator revealed that - 1) for the uniformly implanted nanowires the electrical conductivity increases in accordance with the expected dopant concentration, and 2) the p-n junction nanowires show excellent diode characteristics. In order to understand the surface effects, profiling of electrically active dopants in individual nanowires was performed by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). It revealed a ‘higher doped core-lower doped shell’ type of structure confirming the surface segregation of dopants. This effect was most pronounced in phosphorus-doped nanowires.

Related publications

  • Poster
    2010 Materials Research Society (MRS) Spring Meeting, 05.-09.04.2010, San Fransisco, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14977
Publ.-Id: 14977


Doping of vertical Si nanowires and the carrier profiling

Ou, X.; Das Kanungo, P.; Koegler, R.; Werner, P.; Goesele, U.; Skorupa, W.

Due to the very promising application of the Si nanowires (SiNW) in the eletrionic, optoelectronic and photovoltaic nano device integration the doping which endows with the functionality to the NW were intensively investigated in the last decades. In this study, individual vertical MBE-grown Si-NWs doped either by ion implantation or by in-situ dopant incorporation are investigated by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). The carrier profiles across the axial cross sections of the NWs are derived from the measured spreading resistance values and calibrated by the known carrier concentrations of the connected Si substrate or epi-layer. Furthermore,The potential of the SSRM for three-dimensional (3D) carrier profiling of the NW was demonstrated. The mechanism of the dopant surface segregation and deactivation was discussed.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    The International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology (IIT), 06.-11.06.2010, Kyoto, Japan
  • Lecture (Conference)
    EMRS 2010 Spring meeting, 06.-11.06.2010, Strasbourg, France
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Workshop Ion Beam Physics, 29.-31.03.2010, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14976
Publ.-Id: 14976


Doping of Vertical Si Nanowires and Carrier Profiling by Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy

Ou, X.; Das Kanungo, P.; Koegler, R.; Werner, P.; Goesele, U.; Skorupa, W.

The future application of silicon nanowires (Si NWs) in nano electronics requires their doping and the precise control of their electrical properties. However, the dopant incorporation process in Si NWs is not yet fully understood. In this study, individual vertical MBE-grown Si-NWs doped either by ion implantation or by in-situ dopant incorporation are investigated by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). The carrier profiles across the axial cross sections of the NWs are derived from the measured spreading resistance values and calibrated by the known carrier concentrations of the connected Si substrate or epi-layer. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) SSRM of the NW was obtained by measuring the cross sections at different depth position of the same NW in succession. Carrier profiling reveals a multi-shell structure of the carrier distribution across the NW diameter which consists of a lower doped core region, a higher doped shell region and a carrier depleted sub-surface region.

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2010 Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall Meeting, 29.11.-03.12.2010, Boston, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14975
Publ.-Id: 14975


Secondary particle yields from 400 MeV/u carbon ion and 250 MeV proton beams incident on thick targets

Ferrari, A.; Ferrarini, M.; Pelliccioni, M.

The double differential particle yield produced by hadron beams striking thick targets of copper, tungsten and ICRU tissue have been determined by means of the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA (version FLUKA 2008.3b.1). 400 MeV/u carbon ions and 250 MeV proton pencil beams have been considered. Secondary neutrons, photons and protons have been scored. In order to validate the obtained data, a few simulations have been also repeated with MCNPX 2.6.0. The calculated results are presented and compared with the experimental data reported in literature. They should be very useful to solve a number of problems related to technological aspects of hadrontherapy.

Keywords: particle yields; hadrontherapy; FLUKA; MCNPX

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14974
Publ.-Id: 14974


PEGylierung von radioaktiv markierbaren L-Oligonukleotiden zur Optimierung ihrer Pharmakokinetik

Förster, C.

keine Abstract verfügbar

  • Lecture (Conference)
    18. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Radiochemie/Radiopharmazie der DGN, 16.-18.09.2010, Bad Boll, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14973
Publ.-Id: 14973


Matching of fluid flow observations in geological material (GeoPET, mm3 resolution) with lattice Boltzmann simulations in μm resolved structures

Kulenkampff, J.; Wolf, M.; Enzmann, F.; Gründig, M.; Richter, M.; Lippmann-Pipke, J.

Scaling is a fundamental problem in groundwater hydrology. A typical challenge is the verification that hydrodynamic parameters obtained in laboratory experiments well represent a situation on the field scale. Here were propose that for reactive transport modeling, the prediction of the large scale fluid dynamics and concentration distributions should be based on the characteristics of hydromechanic and geochemical parameter sets on the millimeter and micrometer scale. While it is common sense that chemical reactions take place on the atomic scale, here we show with tomograhic process observation and modeling that also hydrodynamic processes are considerably influenced even by sub-µm scale characteristics of the geomaterial and thus determine the fate and dynamics of the system components in the fluid phase.

We applied the spatially highly resolving computer tomography (μXCT) on rock cores for determining the open pore structures. Based on these µm scaled structural information the lattice Boltzmann simulations were conducted. Column experiments were performed on the same samples while applying the process visualization method GeoPET that allows for the non-invasive, quantitative monitoring of e.g. dissolved positron-emitting radio tracers ([18F]KF, [124I]KI) added to the eluent. Visualizing and quantifying transport processes in geological material by means of GeoPET provides a high volume resolution of 1.5 μl (1.3 mm) and extreme high sensitivity for tracer concentrations (10−15 to 10−12 moles/ml). The matching of measured time resolved fluid flow patterns and simulated small scale fluid dynamics is conducted by means of geostatistic methods (variography). It allows validating the structurally related hydromechanical parameters like flow velocities derived from the simulation and offers insights to the linking between ongoing processes on the micrometer scale and its impact on the centimeter scale. The applied scale independent geostatistical tools provide scale independent parameters, like the correlation lengths. Such parameters are a suggested fundamentally important base for valid upscaling to the field scale.

We provide results from rock cores with both, relatively simple structured pathways as well as complex ones. In both types only a small part of the available pathway is passed through by the mobile fluid implying that only fractions of the inner surface were available for chemical reactions. Such findings should fertilize the concepts of reactive transport models aiming at larger scales.

Therefore we conclude: Microscale information is essential for improving reactive transport models.

  • Poster
    AGU 2010 Fall Meeting, 13.-17.12.2010, San Francisco, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14972
Publ.-Id: 14972


Electroluminescence from Er and Yb co-doped silicon dioxide layers: The excitation mechanism

Prucnal, S.; Rebohle, L.; Skorupa, W.

The excitation mechanism of photo- (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) of erbium ions co-implanted with ytterbium into the SiO2 layer of light emitting MOS devices (MOSLED) was investigated. Ytterbium implanted and annealed samples exhibit the blue and near infrared electroluminescence. The blue electroluminescence at 470 nm appears due to cooperative up-conversion emission in the Yb3+-Yb3+ system, and the near infrared EL at 975 and 1025 nm corresponds to transitions from the multiple state 2F5/2 to the 2F7/2 ground state in the Yb3+ ions. The Er implanted SiO2 exhibits the luminescence in the blue-green and infrared region. The green and blue peaks correspond to radiative transitions from the 2H11/2 or 4S3/2 energy levels and from the 2H9/2 or 4F5/2 energy levels to the 4I15/2 ground state, respectively. We have found that the energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions exists only during photoluminescence excitation. The electroluminescence investigation shows the cooperative up-conversion in the Er3+ - Yb3+ system.

Keywords: electroluminescence; rare earth; SiO2; MOSLED

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14971
Publ.-Id: 14971


Study of the processes of corium-melt retention in the reactor pressure vessel (INVECOR)

Zhdanov, V.; Baklanov, V.; Bottomley, P. D. W.; Miassoedov, A.; Tromm, W.; Journeau, C.; Altstadt, E.; Clement, B.; Oriolo, F.

Integral large-scale vessel retention experiments have been performed using up to 60 kg of prototypic corium melt (C-30) that is discharged from the electric melting furnace from a height of 1,7 m into a model RPV (Reactor Pressure Vessel) (40cm dia. x 60cm depth) with plasmatrons for decay heating of corium. The experiments on corium retention in the vessel were 1-2 hours. Specific power release in corium was 5-8 W.cm3 and the maximum temperature of the RPV wall was up to 1300°C. The following has been achieved during the project: 1) The technology of the protective coating on the graphite crucibles and on surfaces of plasmatron graphite nozzles has been developed. The plasmatron design now gives improved simulation of decay heat in corium. This has required numerous trials to set up the experimental systems. 2) Calculations of the corium pool and its heating efficiency, distributions of thermal fluxes and temperatures in the RPV have been performed. Validation of the models for the large-scale integral experiments has been conducted by means of specific tests. 3) 4 large-scale experiments with sustained energy release into the molten corium pool in the model RPV using oxidic corium (C-30) and oxidic-metallic corium (C-30+10 wt% stainless steel) have been conducted. 4) Post-test analysis of corium samples and RPV steel has been done. This included sectioning of corium ingot and the RPV wall, XRD, optical metallography and element analysis. It was found during the post-test examination that solidified corium exists both in the form of a continuous, massive ingot and in the form of small fragments located above the ingot. There was insignificant erosion of the steel surface of the RPV wall at the impact point of the corium jet. The results lead us to the following preliminary conclusions: 1) The relatively low thermal fluxes through a RPV model wall could be explained as follows: firstly, the thermal insulation on the RPV external surface results in the redistribution of thermal fluxes normal to, and along, the RPV wall; secondly, there is incomplete dissolution of uranium dioxide by the metallic zirconium melt in the melting furnace and this endothermic dissolution of UO2 continues during the decay heat generation in the corium retained in the RPV; thirdly, the gap caused by differential expansion between the corium crust and the RPV wall reduces heat transfer; fourthly, the layered character of the corium crust effectively reduces the crust's thermal conductivity. 2) Steady-state phenomena during corium retention in the reactor vessel are highly dependent on the previous transient processes of the melt speed dropping onto the lower head, the corium pool formation and the configuration of this pool. The presence of a fragmented debris layer over a massive corium ingot suggests that an optimistic prediction about corium coolability can be made. Here, with a large area for "corium/water" interaction on the top layer of debris, internal flooding & cooling seems probable.

Keywords: In-vessel melt retention; reactor core melt; severe accident research

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP 2011) Paper 11375, 02.-05.05.2011, Nice, France
    Study of the processes of corium-melt retention in the reactor pressure vessel (INVECOR)

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14970
Publ.-Id: 14970


Spin reorientation transition and phase diagram in an He+ ion irradiated ultrathin Pt/Co(0.5 nm)/Pt film

Bergeard, N.; Jamet, J.-P.; Ferré, J.; Mougin, A.; Fassbender, J.

A rich thermal magnetic phase diagram has been determined by magneto-optical Kerr magnetometry and microscopy in a He+ ion irradiated ultrathin Pt/Co0.5 nm/Pt film. The components of the net magnetization and the evolution and disappearance of the ribbonlike magnetic domain pattern have been studied in the perpendicular to in-plane spin reorientation transition temperature region. As observed in a dipolar frustrated ferromagnet, the ribbon pattern blurs progressively with increasing the temperature as due to efficient spatial fluctuations. We emphasize the limitation of present theories for interpreting such a type of dynamic transition.

Keywords: magnetism; ion irradiation; spin reorientation

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14969
Publ.-Id: 14969


Measuring the Saturation Magnetization in Samples With Unknown Magnetic Volume

Markó, D.; Lenz, K.; Strache, T.; Kaltofen, R.; Fassbender, J.

Measuring the Saturation Magnetization in Samples With Unknown Magnetic Volume

Keywords: magnetism; ion irradiation; saturation magnetization

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14968
Publ.-Id: 14968


Model spectra of organic phosphate-U(VI) and sulfurU(VI) complexes: a study of P k-edge and S k-edge XANES

Li, B.; Foerstendorf, H.; Raff, J.; Rothe, J.; Dardenne, K.

Phoshorylation of serine threonine and tyrosine residues, oxidation of methionine residues and sulfation on the sugar residues are common post translational modification to proteins. And study of protein-U(VI) interaction at mo-lecular level deepens the knowledge of U(VI) influence in the biosphare. P/S k-edge XANES were applied in the protein-U(VI) complexation in order to detect the tiny amount of phosphate-/sulfoxide-/sulfate-U(VI) com-plexes. In this study, model spectra were set up using phosvitin-U(VI), DMSO-U(VI) and sulfate-U(VI) for phosphate-/ sulfoxide-/sulfate-U(VI) complexes, respec-tively. Spectra features to represent the U(VI) complexa-tion have been found.

Keywords: phosphorus sulfur Uranyl protein complexation DMSO XANES

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2010
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14967
Publ.-Id: 14967


Spectroscopic Characterization of Am(III)-Complexes with small organic acids

Müller, M.; Acker, M.; Bernhard, G.

Americium contributes to the activity of radioactive waste to a certain extend. Until now, a little is known about the complexation with organic molecules. We analyzed the complexation of the trivalent ion (Am(III)) with Pyromellitic acid (Pyr) using UV-vis spectroscopy with a Liquid Waveguide Capillary Cell (LWCC) at different temperatures.

Keywords: UV-Vis; LWCC; americium; complex formation

  • Poster
    5th FZD Ph.D. Seminar, 22.-24.09.10, Krögis, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14965
Publ.-Id: 14965


Bestimmung der mikrobiellen Diversität von Biofilmen mit Schwerpunkt des Nachweises von eukaryonten Mikroorganismen in Uran kontaminierten Milieus

Zirnstein, I.

The Eukaryote diversity of the biofilms from two uranium-contaminated habitats (uranium mine Königstein in Saxony and the “Gessenhalde” next to the former leaching dump Ronneburg inThuringia) were studied by microscopical and molecular analysis (18S rDNA PCR). In the sulphate- and heavy metal-rich acidic mine drainage water of the uranium mine Königstein biofilms are formed as gelatinous filaments in the drainage channels and as stalactite-like snotites hanging from the ceilings. The results showed a low Eukaryote diversity of the sampled biofilms. Amoebozoa, Ciliophora and Heterolobosea were the dominants species. Fungi, Rotatoria und Flagellates were only present in minor amounts. Apikomplexa and Acari were detected sporadically. The creek of the Gessenwiese next to the former uranium field Ronneburg is characterized by an acid pH and a high concentration of sulphate. The biofilms are formed as thick algae mats are in form of filamentous stream biofilms. The diversity of Eukaryotes of these biofilms is higher in comparison to the biofilms of the uranium mine Königstein due to the environmental influence. The green algae Microspora and Klebsormidium dominated the sampled biofilm of the creek. In addition, Diatoms, Flagellates, Ciliates, Rotatoria, Amoebozoa, Fungi, Cryptophycaea, Heliozoa, Gastrotricha, Chrysophycaea, Insecta and Bryophyta were analyzed. The season-dependent differences between the diversity of Eukaryote groups were low. Algae cultures of the biofilms and algae single-culture of Klebsormidium sp. were analyzed with analytical methods and TEM/EDX using different pH. An accumulation of uranium at the algae cell wall of the single-culture of Klebsormidium sp. was only determined using a pH of 6.57 of the culture medium.

Keywords: microbial diversity; biofilms; uranium

  • Diploma thesis
    TU Dresden, FZD, 2010
    115 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14964
Publ.-Id: 14964


Sorption of U(VI) onto mineral model systems -An in situ ATR FT-IR spectroscopic study

Gückel, K.; Foerstendorf, H.; Brendler, V.

Motivation, Ziele und erste Ergebnisse der Doktorarbeit

  • Poster
    Doktorandenseminar im Rahmen des Kompetenzzentrums Ost für Kerntechnik, 16.12.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14963
Publ.-Id: 14963


Report and evaluation of the redox potential measurements during the Intercomparison Exercise of ReCosy

Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

The redox potential measurements were performed in systems with simple organics, near-natural, and natural ground- and porewater samples (NAT) and in microbial systems (MIC). As an example the results of the natural ground- and porewater samples (NAT), which were obtained by 10 to 19 groups or redox sensors, were interpreted in detail. Nine groups or redox sensors, including FZD, showed similar results. In most cases the measurements varied insignificantly. In some samples a difference of approximately 100 mV between the lowest and the highest value was determined. Accepting the measurement ranges, the results will give a good overview of the redox conditions in the near-natural, and natural ground- and porewater samples. However, in special cases further studies are needed for the interpretation of the measured redox potential, e.g. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), TEM in combination with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)/Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (LIFS).
Unfortunately, only one of the microbial system samples was studied. The results showed clearly that redox potential measurements of microbial systems need much more time for getting a stable signal due to microbially influenced processes.

Keywords: Redox potential; natural ground- and porewater; microbial systems

  • Contribution to external collection
    M. Altmaier, G. Buckau, D. Fellhauer, X. Gaona: ReCosy ICE Report - Assessment of ReCosy Intercomparison Exercise. Intercomparison of Redox Determination Methods on Designed and Near-Natural Aqueous Systems. KIT Scientific Reports 7572., Karlsruhe: KIT Sientific Publishing, 2011, 1-24

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14962
Publ.-Id: 14962


Tomography measurements of gas-holdup in rotating foam reactors with Newtonian non-Newtonian and foaming liquids

Tschentscher, R.; Schubert, M.; Bieberle, A.; Nijhuis, T. A.; van der Schaaf, J.; Hampel, U.; Schouten, J. C.

Rotating solid foam reactors have already proven to show high mass transfer rates and to be a potential alternative to slurry reactors. The rotation of a foam block stirrer results in a high mass transfer and in the development of different reactor sections showing specific hydrodynamics and gas holdup distributions. In order to optimize the reactor system the hydrodynamics in a lab scale reactor are studied using gamma-ray tomography, a powerful method to measure the gas holdup in three-phase reactors. The influence of liquid properties, such as viscosity and surface tension, and the rotational speed on the gas/liquid distribution in the different reactor sections is investigated. Especially the viscosity has a strong effect on the entrapment of gas bubbles in the foam block structure, while the surface tension is the dominant parameter in the outer reactor section. The influence of these paramters on the inset of foaming and the collapse of the gas/liquid dispersion is investigated. Conclusions on the mass transfer performance are drawn and recommendations for further optimizations of the reactor design and the operational conditions depending on the liquid properties are developed.

Keywords: multiphase reactors; gas holdup; tomography; solid foam

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14961
Publ.-Id: 14961


Advanced Laser Particle Accelerator Development at LANL: From Fast Ignition to Radiation Oncology

Flippo, K. A.; Gaillard, S. A.; Kluge, T.; Bussmann, M.; Offermann, D. T.; Cobble, J. A.; Schmitt, M. J.; Bartal, T.; Beg, F. N.; Cowan, T. E.; Gall, B.; Gautier, D. C.; Geissel, M.; Kwan, T. J.; Korgan, G.; Kovaleski, S.; Lockard, T.; Malekos, S.; Montgomery, D. S.; Schollmeier, M.; Sentoku, Y.

Laser-plasma accelerated ion and electron beam sources are an emerging field with vast prospects, and promise many superior applications in a variety of fields such as hadron cancer therapy, compact radioisotope generation, table-top nuclear physics, laboratory astrophysics, nuclear forensics, waste transmutation, Special Nuclear Material (SNM) detection, and inertial fusion energy. LANL is engaged in several projects seeking to develop compact high-current and high-energy ion and electron sources. We are especially interested in two specific applications: ion fast ignition/capsule perturbation and radiation oncology. Laser-to-beam conversion efficiencies of over 10% are needed for practical applications, and we have already shown inherent efficiencies of >5% from flat foils, on Trident using only a 5th of the intensity [1] and energy of the Nova Petawatt laser [2]. With clever target designs, like structured curved cone targets, we have also been able to achieve major ion energy gains, leading to the highest energy laser-accelerated proton beams in the world [3]. These new target designs promise to help usher in the next generation of particle sources realizing the potential of laser-accelerated beams.

Keywords: laser; proton; ion; plasma; acceleration; pulse duration; intensity; scaling; inertial fusion; warm dense matter; oncology; radiotherapy; trident; cone target

  • Contribution to proceedings
    AIP Conference Proceedings 1299(1) of the 14th Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop, AAC2010, 13.-19.06.2010, Annapolis, MD, United States of America
    Advanced Laser Particle Accelerator Development at LANL: From Fast Ignition to Radiation Oncology: AIP, 693-698

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14960
Publ.-Id: 14960


Prospects For and Progress Towards Laser-Driven Particle Therapy Accelerators

Cowan, T. E.; Schramm, U.; Burris-Mog, T.; Fiedler, F.; Kraft, S. D.; Zeil, K.; Baumann, M.; Bussmann, M.; Enghardt, W.; Flippo, K.; Gaillard, S.; Harres, K.; Herrmannsdoerfer, T.; Kluge, T.; Nürnberg, F.; Pawelke, J.; Roth, M.; Schmidt, B.; Sobiella, M.; Sauerbrey, R.

Recent advances in laser-ion acceleration have motivated research towards laser-driven compact accelerators for medical therapy. Realizing laser-ion acceleration for medical therapy will require adapting the medical requirements to the foreseeable laser constraints, as well as advances in laser-acceleration physics, beam manipulation and delivery, real-time dosimetry, treatment planning and translational research into a clinical setting.

Keywords: radiotherapy; proton; laser; acceleration; cancer; compact; plasma; dosimetry; beamline

Related publications

  • Contribution to proceedings
    14th Workshop on Advanced Accelerator Concepts, AAC2010, 13.-19.06.2010, Annapolis, MD, United States of America
    AIP Conference Proceedings, Advanced Accelerator Concepts, 1299: AIP, 721-726
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    AAC2010, 15.06.2010, Annapolis, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14959
Publ.-Id: 14959


Cluster dynamics study of neutron irradiation induced defects in Fe-12.5at%Cr alloy

Gokhman, A.; Ulbricht, A.; Birkenheuer, U.; Bergner, F.

Cluster dynamics (CD) is used to study the evolution of the size distributions of vacancy clusters (VC), self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters (SIAC) and Cr precipitates in neutron irradiated Fe-12.5at%Cr alloys at T = 573 K with irradiation doses up to 12 dpa and a flux of 140 ndpa/s. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) data on the defect structure of this material irradiated at doses of 0.6 and 1.5 dpa are used to calibrate the model. A saturation behavior was found by CD for the free vacancy and free SIA concentrations as well as for the number density of the SIAC and the volume fraction of the Cr precipitates for neutron exposures above 0.006 dpa. The CD simulations also indicate the presence of VC with radii less than 0.5 nm and a strong SIAC peak with a mean diameter of about 0.5 nm, both invisible in SANS and TEM experiments. A specific surface tension of about 0.028 J/m2 between the α matrix and the Cr-rich α' precipitate was found as best fit value for reproducing the long-term Cr evolution in the irradiated Fe-12.5%Cr alloys observed by SANS.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14958
Publ.-Id: 14958


Comparative studies on electrochemical and laser-based fiber-optic oxygen microsensors applied to uranium contaminated biofilms.

Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.; Steinbrück, D.; Arnold, T.; Schmälzlin, E.; Kumke, M.

Dissolved oxygen is one of the key parameters in biofilm systems and may show different O2 concentrations within the biofilm. The O2 concentration may also be influenced by the microbial response to the exposure of heavy metals. Oxygen sensor measurements in such biofilms are a useful tool in interpreting oxygen microprofiles, which are influenced by the microbial respiratory activity. Consequently microsensors help to evaluate on redox processes in biofilms induced by heavy metals. To compare the applicability of electrochemical and laser-based fiber-optical microsensors for microbial ecology studies, oxygen microprofiling measurements in uranium free biofilms and in biofilms exposed to ecologically relevant uranium concentration were performed. The data obtained from both microsensor methods were in good agreement up to a depth of 680 and 480 µm. To avoid the risk of destroying the sensor tip, electrochemical sensor measurements had to be stopped at this depth. In contrast, laser-based sensor measurements were acquired over an additional range of 1 mm down to the biofilm/solid glass slide interface since optodes offer a high stability against consolidated materials. Thus, additional information on the oxygen concentration in lower zones of biofilms were obtained.

Keywords: electrochemical sensor; fiber-optic sensor; biofilm; uranium

  • Contribution to external collection
    in: 2nd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Collaborative Project "Redox Phenomena Controlling Systems" (7th EC FP CP RECOSY), KIT Scientific Reports 7557, 139-146, 2010., Karlsruhe: KIT Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe, 2010

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14956
Publ.-Id: 14956


Second reporting of the scientific-technical outcome of WP 4.2: - chemical and redox behavior of the investigated radionuclides in the different systems through microbial mediated processes.

Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

First studies have been carried out in stalactite-like biofilms from the uranium mine Königstein (Germany), where the mining activities had been stopped in 1990 and the uranium mine has been partially flooded for remediation. In the acidic, sulphate-rich waters with high concentration of heavy metals and radionuclides (uranium) as contaminants, biofilms are formed and occur as gelatinous filaments, and as stalactite-like snotites. The analyses of the bacterial diversity of these biofilms showed a dominance of Ferrovum myxofaciens, an acidophilic, autotrophic, iron oxidizing bacteria, which belongs to the Betaproteobacteria. Ferrous iron is oxidized strongly catalyzed by Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria with the consequence of producing oxidizing conditions within the biofilm with high oxygen concentration. Fiber-optic oxgyen microprofiles, carried out in these snotites are in a good agreement with electro-chemical measurements. The oxygen concentration is decreasing slowly from the edge versus center of the snotite biofilm. Electrochemical redox potential micoprofilings were carried out in these snottite-biofilms by a miniaturized platinum redox electrode with a tip diameter of 10 µm, too. In the bulk solution a redox potential of 728 mV +- 9.5 mV was measured in comparison to an increased redox potential of 834.5 mV +- 10.21 mV within the snottite-biofilm. We guess that the different geochemical conditions are due to the oxidation of ferrous iron catalyzed by Fe(II) oxidizing bacteria and that they will have an influence on the uranium speciations. A pH-Eh diagram for the U-S-O-H-C system at 15 °C was constructed using the geochemical speciation code “Geochemist´s Workbench” Version 8.0.8 / ACT2 Version 8.0.8 and the most recent NEA database for Uranyl Silicates and solid Uranates (Guillaumont et al., 2003), supplemented with solubility data for Uranophane (Nguyen et al., 1992) and CaU2O7.3H2O(s) (Altmaier et al., 2006) and the analytical data of the bulk water for the calculation of the field stability boundaries of different uranium species. The plotting of the measured pH and Eh values into this diagram showed that the theoretical stability fields of U species are defined in areas characterized by higher pH or lower Eh. The measured values indicate that aqueous Uranium(VI) Sulfate Complexations were formed in the biofilm as well as in the bulk solution. Only the changing of the local conditions (e.g. closure of the underground galleries) will lead to substantial changes and the formation of solid uranium(IV) species.

Keywords: Biofilm; uranium; redox potential; sensor measurements

  • Contribution to proceedings
    2nd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Collaborative Project "Redox Phenomena Controlling Systems" (7th EC FP CP RECOSY), KIT Scientific Reports 7557, 51-54, 2010., 16.-19.03.2010, Larnaca, Cyprus: KIT Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14955
Publ.-Id: 14955


Development of redox determination methods

Steinbrück, D.; Kumke, M.; Neck, V.; Fellhauer, D.; Runke, J.; Grambow, B.; Landesman, C.; Ribert, S.; Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.; Perdicakis, M.

To compare the applicability of an electrochemical and a laser-based fiber-optical microsensor for oxygen determination in biofilm samples, microprofiling measurements in uranium free biofilms and in biofilms exposed to ecologically relevant uranium concentration were performed. For our studies we used a commercial available Clark-type microelectrode and a custom fiber-optic instrument, which was optimized for tip probes < 10 µm (optodes) by use of a diode laser and the so-called two frequency phase modulation technique, to mask interfering background fluorescence.
The data obtained from both microsensor methods in uranium free and uranium contaminated biofilms were in good agreement. Fiber-optic and electrochemical microsensor measurements showed high concentrations of oxygen over the total thickness of the uranium free biofilms. In contrast, biofilms exposed to uranium revealed a much lower oxygen concentration in the upper layers of the biofilm. At a biofilm depth of approximately 750 µm no oxygen was detectable at all.

Keywords: Electrochemical microsensor; fiber-optic sensor; biofilms; uranium

  • Contribution to proceedings
    2nd Annual Workshop Proceedings of the Collaborative Project "Redox Phenomena Controlling Systems" (7th EC FP CP RECOSY) Kit Scientific Reports 7557, 11-26, 2010, 16.-19.03.2010, Larnaca, Cyprus, KIT Scientific Publishing, Karlsruhe

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14954
Publ.-Id: 14954


Automated radiosynthesis of the thiol-reactive labeling agent N-[6-(4-[18F]fluorobenzylidene)aminooxyhexyl]maleimide ([18F]FBAM)

Knieß, T.; Kuchar, M.; Pietzsch, J.

The two-step radiosynthesis of N-[6-(4-[18F]fluorobenzylidene)aminooxyhexyl]maleimide ([18F]FBAM) was adapted to a remotely controlled synthesizer module. After optimization of reaction conditions as well as solid phase extraction based purification steps, the final [18F]FBAM was obtained in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 29±4% (related to [18F]fluoride, n=12) within a total synthesis time of 40min. The radiochemical purity of [18F]FBAM was in the range of 94-98%, the specific activity was determined with 13.4-17.2 GBq/µmol.

Keywords: 18F-labeling; Positron emission tomography (PET); Michael addition; Maleimide

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14953
Publ.-Id: 14953


Neue Ergebnisse zur Komplexbildung und Sorption im System Am(III)/Eu(III)-Modellligand-Opalinuston

Müller, M.; Acker, M.; Schott, J.; Barkleit, A.; Taut, S.; Bernhard, G.

Die Komplexbildung von Am(III) und Eu(III) wurde mittels UV-vis Spektroskopie und TRLFS untersucht. Mit steigender Temperatur konnte ein Anstieg der Eu(III)-Lactat Komplexierung festgestellt werden. Die Stabilität logb des Am(III)-Lactat Komplexes konnte bei Raumtemperatur mit TRLFS, UV-vis mit LWCC und UV-vis mit Standardpfadlänge übereinstimmend auf 2,2 ± 0,2 beziffert werden und liegt damit in der Nähe des Eu(III)-Lactat Komplexes. Vorgestellt wurde außerdem der Einfluss von Temperatur, pH-Wert und Organik auf die Sorption von Eu(III) am Opalinuston im Porenwasser. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Sorption mit steigender Citrat und Tartat Konzentration abnimmt. Über TRLFS konnten Eu(III)-Citrat Spezies im Überstand der Batch-Sorptionsversuche, nicht jedoch am Opalinuston nachgewiesen werden. Die Erhöhung der Temperatur führt zwischen 20 und 60°C zu einer Verstärkung der Sorption. Ein Einfluss der Liganden auf die Sorptionsenthalpie konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.

Keywords: complex formation; sorption; americium; europium; opalinus clay; UV-vis; TRLFS; temperature dependence

  • Lecture (others)
    9. Workshop zum Verbundprojekt "Wechselwirkungen und Transport von Actiniden im natürlichen Tongestein", 05.-06.10.10, Mainz, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14952
Publ.-Id: 14952


On the use of the Serpent Monte Carlo code for few-group cross section generation

Fridman, E.; Leppänen, J.

Serpent is a recently developed 3D continuous-energy Monte Carlo (MC) reactor physics burnup calculation code. Serpent is specifically designed for lattice physics applications including generation of homogenized few-group constants for full-core core simulators.
Currently in Serpent the few-group constants are obtained from the infinite lattice calculations with zero neutron current at the outer boundary. In this study, in order to account for the non-physical infinite-lattice approximation, B1 methodology, routinely used by deterministic lattice transport codes, was considered for generation of leakage-corrected few-group cross sections in the Serpent code. A preliminary assessment of applicability of the B1 methodology for generation of few-group constants in the Serpent code was carried out according to the following steps. Initially, two-group constants generated by Serpent were compared with those calculated by Helios deterministic lattice transport code. Then, 3D analysis of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) core was performed by a nodal diffusion code DYN3D employing two-group cross section sets generated by Serpent and Helios. At this stage thermal-hydraulic (T-H) feedback was neglected. The DYN3D results were compared with those obtained from the 3D full core Serpent MC calculations. Finally, the full core DYN3D calculations were repeated taking into account T-H feedback and assuming Hot Full Power (HFP) conditions.
B1 two-group cross sections and diffusion coefficients generated by the Serpent and Helios codes agree within less than 2.5%. The results of the DYN3D calculations with the Serpent B1 cross-section sets agree very well with those of the Serpent full core MC calculations. The relative difference in keff is below 300 pcm. The maximum and root mean square (RMS) difference in the radial power distribution is 2.7% and 1.1% respectively. The results of the DYN3D full core calculations with T-H feedback obtained with Helios and Serpent generated cross-section libraries show an excellent agreement as well. The estimated critical boron concentration agrees within 5 ppm. The maximum and RMS difference in the core radial power peaking factors is 0.8% and 0.4% respectively.
In this study a Matlab script was used for calculation of the leakage-corrected few-group cross sections, however the B1 methodology has recently been implemented directly in the Serpent code.

Keywords: Monte Carlo; Lattice physics; Few-group cross section generation; Critical spectrum; 3D core analysis

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14951
Publ.-Id: 14951


Overview of the FZD and of the Institute of Safety Research / Counter-current flow limitation experiments in a model of the hot leg of a PWR

Vallée, C.

First, an overview of the FZD and of the Institute of Safety Research was presented. This includes in particular the departments of the institute, the main tests facilities and some examples of current research topics.
The second part of the presentation was focused on counter-current flow limitation experiments performed in a model of the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor. The background of this issue in the nuclear safety was introduced. Furthermore, the hot leg model of the TOPFLOW test facility and its particular operation in the pressure chamber were presented. The main results of the counter-current flow limitation experiments were shown in details, including the experimental procedure, a typical experiment performed with steam and saturated water at 50 bar, the method used to determine the flooding characteristics, the length characteristics in the Wallis parameter for channels with rectangular cross-sections and a comparison between air and steam experiments.

Keywords: FZD; hot leg; pressurised water reactor; PWR; counter-current flow limitation; CCFL

  • Lecture (others)
    Young scientists seminar, 08.11.2010, Mihama-cho (Fukui), Japan

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14950
Publ.-Id: 14950


Simulation of 1+1 dimensional surface growth and lattices gases using GPUs

Schulz, H.; Ódor, G.; Ódor, G.; Nagy, M. F.

Restricted solid on solid surface growth models can be mapped onto binary lattice gases. We show that efficient simulation algorithms can be realized on GPUs either by CUDA or by OpenCL programming. We consider a deposition/evaporation model following Kardar-Parisi-Zhang growth in 1+1 dimensions related to the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process and show that for sizes, that fit into the shared memory of GPUs one can achieve the maximum parallelization speedup (~ ×100 for a Quadro FX 5800 graphics card with respect to a single CPU of 2.67 GHz). This permits us to study the effect of quenched columnar disorder, requiring extremely long simulation times. We compare the CUDA realization with an OpenCL implementation designed for processor clusters via MPI. A two-lane traffic model with randomized turning points is also realized and the dynamical behavior has been investigated.

Keywords: surface growth model; lattice gas; GPU; parallel algorithm

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14949
Publ.-Id: 14949


S-layer based concept for the development of nano-structured biosensors

Weinert, U.; Günther, T.; Pollmann, K.; Raff, J.

The challenge for new sensor systems is to make them smaller and to achieve higher specifity and sensitivity to one analyte. Most promising, therefore, are bio molecules due to their typical sizes in the nano-meter range, self-assembly properties and the high affinity of biological binding molecules. Here we present a method to construct a nano-structured sensor device, using surface layer (S-layer) proteins as templates, aptamers (short oligonucleotides) as receptors and a dye pair for fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to detect the binding of one analyte . S-layer proteins are structural proteins, forming the outermost cell envelope of numerous bacteria and almost all archaea. They feature a lot of functions for the microbial cell such as protection, adhesion, filtration or framework. Their oblique, square or hexagonal structure, high content of regular arranged functional groups and the ability of the monomers to self-assembly in aqueous solution qualifies them for various nanotechnological purposes. The functional groups of the side chains of the S-layer proteins can be used for the sequential coupling of aptamers and organic or inorganic fluorescent dyes. In combination with an optical device for detection, a nano-structured sensor system is constructible. Aptamers were chosen as receptor system due to their high specificity, comparable to that of antibodies, and their higher stability against environmental changes. Currently we are working on a sensor system which is able to detect pharmaceuticals in water. Therefore different S-layer, aptamer and dye conformations will be tested to optimize the binding of a target molecule and to maximize the interference of the initial FRET between the two fluorescent dyes. It is expected to generate an optical signal that will allow the detection of very low analyte concentrations. An additional aim for the future is to bind two or more different aptamers to the S-layers, to develop a multiple detection system. Beside the construction of sensory devices, the aptamer-S-layers combination can be used for the construction of filter materials for the specific binding and degradation of toxic organic substances in water. For this purpose, photocatalytic active nanoparticles and aptamers are regularly arranged on the S-layer protein. Bound organic substances can be eliminated by the formation of reactive oxygen species induced by light irradiation.

Keywords: S-layer; aptamers; fluorescence dyes; FRET; biosensor

  • Poster
    Nanofair 2010 - 8th International Nanotechnology Symposium, 06.-07.07.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14947
Publ.-Id: 14947


Self assembling proteins as matrix for the construction of optical devices

Weinert, U.; Günther, T.; Raff, J.; Pollmann, K.

Self-assembling biomolecules are widespread in nature and attractive for technical purposes due to their size and highly ordered structures in nanometer range. Surface-layer (S-layer) proteins are one of those self-assembling molecules and their chemical and structural properties make them quite attractive for nanotechnical purposes. They possess a high content of functional groups so a sequential coupling of functional devices is possible and their ability to self assemble in aqueous solutions or on surfaces, e. g. SiO2 wafers, qualifies them for nanotechnical applications. In this work, first experiments were done in order to construct a sensory device containing S-layer proteins as matrix to bind optical elements and analytes for detection of specific substances. The S-layer proteins were isolated from the Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain JG-A12 recovered from a uranium mining waste pile in Germany. As optical elements fluorescent dyes or quantum dots can be used. Three different fluorescent dyes which are able to perform a Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) were used and coupled to the S-layer proteins. As receptor molecule aptamers were chosen due to their high specifity and stability towards many chemicals. Aptamers are short oligonucleotides which are able to bind specific molecules via their three dimensional structure. In this work, a model aptamer was used that is specific towards human thrombin. The aim was to construct a sensor system which is able to detect specific substances in very low concentration ranges in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: S-layer proteins; fluorescent dyes; aptamers

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Design and Nature 2010 Fifth International Conference on Comparing Design in Nature with Science and Engineering, 28.-30.06.2010, Pisa, Italia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14946
Publ.-Id: 14946


Morphology Induced Magnetic Anisotropy of Thin Films Deposited on Nanoscale Ripple Substrates

Körner, M.; Liedke, M. O.; Lenz, K.; Ranjan, M.; Fritzsche, M.; Facsko, S.; Fassbender, J.; von Hörsten, U.; Krumme, B.; Wende, H.

Magnetic properties of thin films are influenced by the morphology of substrates with periodically modulated patterns on the nanometer scale [1]. These well ordered surface modulations (ripple) can be produced by low energy ion beam erosion and are tuneable over a wide range [2]. Thin magnetic films deposited on these ripple surfaces repeat the surface profiles of these patterns and thus an additional uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is induced. This is shown for thin films of Fe, Co as well as the quasi-Heusler compound Fe3Si. The magnetic anisotropy is determined by means of angular- as well as frequency-dependent ferromagnetic resonance measurements using a vector network analyzer. We find a strong uniaxial magnetic anisotropy induced by the ripple surface, which is superimposed on the cubic anisotropy in the case of single crystalline films.
This work is supported by DFG grant FA 314/6-1.
[1] M. Körner et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 214401 (2009).
[2] J. Fassbender et al., New Journal of Physics 11, 125002 (2009).

Related publications

  • Poster
    DPG Frühjahrstagung der Sektion AMOP (SAMOP) und der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM) 2011, 13.-18.03.2011, Dresden, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14945
Publ.-Id: 14945


Novel biosensors by combining bacterial S-layers, fluorescent dyes and aptamers

Weinert, U.; Günther, T.; Pollmann, K.; Raff, J.

Bacterial surface layer (S-layer) represent the outermost cell envelope of various bacteria and feature a lot of functions such as protection, binding, filtration or framework. From the uranium mining waste pile “Haberland” near Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony different Bacilli were isolated and their S-layer proteins were investigated. These S-layer proteins are able to self assemble in aqueous solution and form sheets or tubes with a hexagonal, square or oblique paracrystalline structure. By combining S-layers with polyelectrolytes, many technical surfaces, e.g. SiO2 wafers, can be covered with a closed and highly regular protein layer. The so modified materials are very promising for the construction of multifunctional materials, particularly new biosensors. Their high content of different and regularly arranged functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino and carboxyl groups provide a convenient platform for the sequential and defined coupling of sensor elements. So the idea is to construct a sensor system on the basis of S-layer proteins by combining fluorescence dyes with aptamers. Possible fluorescence dyes have an overlapping emission and excitation spectra and therefore the ability to induce a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). FRET describes a non radiation energy transfer between two chromophores. One chromophore (donor) in its excitated state will transfer energy to another chromophore (acceptor) and as a result the donor emission will decrease while the acceptor emission increases. The latter is detectable and can be used for the construction of the optical device of a sensor. One requirement therefore is the spatial proximity of both chromophores (<10nm), what can be easily achieved by using S-layers as nano-structured polymer with a high density of functional groups. Further components of the sensors are aptamers, working as specific receptors for analytes. Aptamers are short oligonucleotides with a high binding capacity towards a specific analyte, in present case specific pharmaceuticals and biocides. The combination of all three parts will lead to a selective, sensitive and adaptable sensory layer system useful for environmental technologies.

Keywords: S-layer; aptamers; fluorescence dyes; biosensor

  • Poster
    Nanocoatings-International Conference on Functional Nanocoatings, 28.-31.03.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14944
Publ.-Id: 14944


Entwicklung von sensorischen Schichten auf Basis bakterieller Hüllproteine

Weinert, U.; Günther, T.; Pollmann, K.; Raff, J.

Hüllproteine sind Strukturproteine, welche die äußerste Abgrenzung von zahlreichen Bakterien und fast allen Archaeen darstellen. Isoliert bilden diese Proteine in wässrigen Lösungen und an Grenzflächen regelmäßige parakristalline Gitterstrukturen aus, auf deren Oberfläche sich zahlreiche modifizierbare Carboxyl- und Aminogruppen befinden. Hüllproteine sind daher eine ideale Matrix zur Konstruktion von nanoskaligen sensorischen Schichten, bestehend aus Aptameren und Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen. Aptamere sind kurze Oligonukleotide, welche ähnlich wie Antikörper an Strukturmerkmale anderer Moleküle binden können, jedoch deutlich stabiler sind. Mittels dieser chemischen Antikörper lassen sich eine Vielzahl verschiedener Targetmoleküle spezifisch an die sensorische Schicht binden. Alle Komponenten des Detektionssystems befinden sich durch die regelmäßige Proteinmatrix in räumlicher Nähe, was einen Fluoreszenz Resonanz Energie Transfer zwischen den Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen ermöglicht. Dieser Energietransfer kann durch Binden eines Analyten an das Aptamer gestört werden (Quenching), was die Realisierung eines hochempfindlichen Sensors ermöglicht.

Keywords: S-layer; aptamers; fluorescence dyes; FRET; biosensor

  • Poster
    7. Max-Bergmann-Symposium, 16.11.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14943
Publ.-Id: 14943


Experimental characterisation of the interfacial structure during counter-current flow limitation in a model of the hot leg of a PWR

Vallée, C.; Nariai, T.; Futatsugi, T.; Tomiyama, A.; Lucas, D.; Murase, M.

In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour during counter-current flow limitation in the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor, dedicated experiments were performed in a scaled down model of Kobe University. The structure of the interface was observed from the side of the channel test section using a high-speed video camera. An algorithm was developed to recognise the stratified interface in the camera frames after background subtraction. The evolution of the water level along the hot leg is analysed in function of the liquid and gas flow rates.

Keywords: counter-current flow limitation; CCFL; hot leg; stratified two-phase flow; interfacial structure; image processing

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 14th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-14), 25.-29.09.2011, Toronto, Canada
    Proceedings of the 14th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermalhydraulics (NURETH-14), paper 175

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14942
Publ.-Id: 14942


1 J white-light continuum from 100 TW laser pulses

Petit, Y.; Henin, S.; Nakaema, W.; Béjot, P.; Jochmann, A.; Kraft, S.; Bock, S.; Schramm, U.; Stelmaszczyk, K.; Rohwetter, P.; Kasparian, J.; Sauerbrey, R.; Wöste, L.; Wolf, J.-P.

We experimentally measured the supercontinuum generation by 3 J, 30 fs laser pulses and measured white-light generation at the unprecedented level of 1 J. Such high energy is allowed by a strong contribution to the continuum by the photon bath, as compared to the self-guided filaments. This contribution due to the recently observed congestion of the filament number density in the beam profile at very high intensity, also results in a wider broadening for positively chirped pulses rather than for negatively chirped ones, similarly to broadening in hollow-core fibers.

Keywords: Beam trapping; Frequency conversion; harmonic generation; including higher-order harmonic generation; self-phase modulation; self focusing and defocusing

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14941
Publ.-Id: 14941


Mn-doped Ge and Si: A Review of the Experimental Status

Zhou, S.; Schmidt, H.

Diluted ferromagnetic semiconductors (FMS) are in the focus of intense research due to their potential applications in spintronics and their striking new physical properties. So far Mn-doped III-V compound semiconductors such as GaMnAs are the most important and best understood ones, but they are ferromagnetic only at well below room temperature. An interesting alternative could be magnetic semiconductors based on elemental semiconductors, also owing to their compatibility with Si microelectronics. In the last decades, considerable amount of work has been devoted to fabricate Mn-doped Ge and Si FMS. In this article, the structural, magnetic and magneto-transport properties of Mn-doped Ge and Si will be reviewed.

Keywords: Diluted ferromagnetic semiconductor; Mn doped Si; Mn doped Ge

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14940
Publ.-Id: 14940


XAS versus IC-ICP-MS for arsenic-sulfur speciation analysis

Planer-Friedrich, B.; Suess, E.; Scheinost, A. C.; Wallschläger, D.

Modern analytical methods have demonstrated that soluble arsenic-sulfur species constitute a major fraction of dissolved arsenic in sulfidic waters. However, an intense debate is going on about the exact chemical nature of these compounds, with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data suggesting thioarsenites, ion chromatographic and mass spectroscopic (IC-ICP-MS) data suggesting thioarsenates. We show here by XAS that thioarsenites are the primary reaction products of arsenite and sulfide which convert rapidly to thioarsenates when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. The predominance of dithioarsenate determined by IC-ICP-MS in arsenite-sulfide solutions is thus an analytical artifact. When eliminating oxygen by conducting the chromatographic separation under anaerobic conditions, thioarsenites convert to arsenite as they are instable in the acidic and alkaline pH-range and undergo competitive dissociation at decreasing SH-:OH- ratios when diluting a sample. As thioarsenites were found to be necessary precursor species for thioarsenate formation, their analysis at environmentally relevant concentrations is a necessity for modern arsenic speciation analysis.

Keywords: arsenic; sulfur; XAS

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    11th International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 03.-07.07.2011, Florence, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14939
Publ.-Id: 14939


Experimentelle Untersuchung polydisperser Dampf/Wasser-Strömungen mit Phasenübergang in einer vertikalen DN200-Teststrecke

Beyer, M.; Lucas, D.; Szalinski, L.; Pietruske, H.; Schütz, P.; Lindner, K.

Zweiphasenströmungen spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Sicherheitsbewertung bzw. Optimierung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse. Ein wichtiger Anwendungsbereich für Zweiphasenströmungen sind die konventionelle und die Kernkraftwerkstechnik, bei denen in Dampfkesseln, Dampferzeugern aber auch in Siedewasserreaktoren schon im Normalbetrieb unterschiedliche Dampfgehalte und damit verschiedene Strömungsformen auftreten. Für die nukleare Sicherheitsforschung ist die zuverlässige Vorhersage charakteristischer Parameter von Zweiphasenströmungen in Störfallanalysen wichtig. Bei hypothetischen Leck- bzw. Reaktivitätsstörfällen in Siedewasser- oder Druckwasserreaktoren können auf Grund der teilweisen Verdampfung des Kühlmittels komplexe Zweiphasenströmungen auftreten. Auch für solche Fälle muss die Abfuhr der im Kern generierten Nachzerfallswärme nachgewiesen werden.
Eine zweckmäßige Methode zur Modellierung von Mehrphasenströmungen ist die dreidimensionale rechnergestützte Simulation der Strömungsvorgänge mittels CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) Programmen. Während diese Programme gegenwärtig für einphasige Strömungen gute Ergebnisse liefern, besteht im Zweiphasenbereich noch Entwicklungsbedarf. Zur Modell-entwicklung und –validierung sind qualitativ hochwertige Daten von Experimenten in praxisrelevanten Geometrien bei hohen Drücken und Temperaturen erforderlich. Ein wesentlicher Teil dieser Datenbasis wird im Rahmen der TOPFLOW Projekte bereitgestellt.
Der Vortrag erläutert die Durchführung von Experimenten mit polydispersen nicht adiabaten Dampf/Wasser-Strömungen und beschreibt die speziell für den Hochtemperaturbereich entwickelte Messtechnik. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Seminars ist die Diskussion von ausgewählten Ergebnissen der Kondensationsversuche, die die Entwicklung der Strömungsstruktur über die Höhe eines vertikalen Rohres sowie die dabei auftretenden Energie- und Stofftrans-portprozesse zwischen den Phasen veranschaulichen.

Keywords: Steam/Water-flow; non adiabatic flow; wire-mesh sensor; gas velocity profiles; bubble size distributions; vertical pipe

  • Lecture (others)
    Institutsseminar, 09.12.10, FZD, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14938
Publ.-Id: 14938


Atom probe characterization of solute atom clustering in decommissioned Greifswald unit 4 weld metal

Nishida, K.; Soneda, N.; Nomoto, A.; Dohi, K.; Bergner, F.; Viehrig, H.-W.

Characterization of irradiation-induced microstructural features in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) materials is essential for the understanding of the mechanisms of RPV embrittlement. Particularly, analyses of materials from decommissioned RPVs are very important because the simulated irradiations in material testing reactors can never be the same as that of actual commercial reactors. In this study, we performed microstructural characterization of the weld metals cut from the decommissioned Greifswald Unit 4 RPV. Atom probe tomography technique was used to characterize the microstructural features in terms of solute atom clustering and segregation. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Carbides containing large amount of vanadium with a small size of ~10nm in diameter were observed. (2) Clusters which consist of Cu, Ni, Mn, Si, Cr and P are formed at Layer 4 and 6. (3) At Layer 4, two kinds of solute atom clusters i.e. with and without Cu atoms are observed, whereas almost all clusters contain Cu at Layer 6. (4) Concentrations of Ni, Mn, Si and Cr in the clusters are independent of cluster size. Si concentration is different between Layer 4 and 6. (5) There is a large scatter in the concentrations of Cu and P. However, the sum of Cu and P concentrations in the clusters is almost constant.

Keywords: Reactor pressure vessel steel; Atom probe tomography

  • Lecture (Conference)
    MRS Fall Meeting, 29.11.-03.12.2010, Boston, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14937
Publ.-Id: 14937


Exceptional points: Mathematical aspects and Krein space related physics (I + II)

Günther, U.

In the first one-hour lecture some basic mathematical facts are presented on an introductory level. Specifically, we discuss spectral singularities of various types, projective Hilbert space structures at exceptional points (EPs), Krein spaces and PT quantum mechanics (PTQM) as well as gauged PTQM and PTQM Jaynes-Cummings models.
The second one-hour lecture is devoted to Krein space related physics and some concrete applications. The topics of this lecture are higher-order EPs in PT-symmetric Bose-Hubbard models, the PTQM brachistochrone and entanglement dynamics. Additionally, we briefly comment on EPs in MHD dynamo setups.

Keywords: exceptional points; non-Hermitian operators; PT quantum mechanics; Krein space; projective Hilbert space; Bose-Hubbard model; Bose-Einstein condensate; gauged PT quantum mechanics; Jaynes-Cummings models; quantum brachistochrone; entangled states; MHD dynamos

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    The physics of exceptional points., 02.-05.11.2010, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14936
Publ.-Id: 14936


Krein spaces and PT quantum mechanics

Günther, U.

In 1998, 1999 it was shown by Bender and collaborators that there are certain classes of Hamiltonians which at a first glance seem not selfadjoint in Hilbert spaces, but which nevertheless are having real spectra. Examples are Hamiltonians of the type H=p2+x2(ix)μ. For parameters μ ∈ [0,1] these Hamiltonians have positive real eigenvalues with square integrable eigenfunctions defined over the real line. It was found that the reality of the eigenvalues was connected with an underlying PT-symmetry of the Hamiltonians and their eigenfunctions, i.e. the systems are in a sector of unbroken PT-symmetry. There exist other sectors like μ ∈ (-1,0) where this PT-symmetry is spontaneously broken: although the Hamiltonian remains PT-symmetric, part of its eigenfunctions loose PT-symmetry and the corresponding eigenvalues are coming in complex conjugate pairs. A PT phase transition occurs at μ=-0.
It turns out that the PT-symmetry of the Hamiltonian H induces a natural indefinite metric structure in Hilbert space and that H, instead of being selfadjoint in a usual Hilbert space (with positive definite metric), is selfadjoint in a generalized Hilbert space with an indefinite metric --- a so called Krein space. Similar to time-like, space-like and light-like vectors in Minkowski space a Krein space has elements of positive and negative type as well as neutral (isotropic) elements. Moreover in analogy to passing via Wick-rotation from Minkowski space to Euclidian space, in the sector of exact PT-symmetry there exists an operator which allows to pass from a Krein space description of the system to a description in a Hilbert space with a highly nontrivial metric operator. At the PT phase transition point this operator becomes singular and the corresponding mapping breaks down.
In the talk, on an introductory level, some of the basic structures of PT-symmetric quantum mechanics and their relation to corresponding Krein-space setups are sketched. For gaining some rough intuition, the facts are illustrated by simple matrix models. The richness of the systems is demonstrated on the simple example of a PT-symmetric two-mode Bose-Hubbard model, PT-symmetric brachistochrone setups and gain-loss-balanced PT-symmetric optical waveguide systems.

Keywords: PT quantum mechanics; PT-symmetry; non-Hermitian operators; Krein space; indefinite metric; phase transition; quantum brachistochrone; Bose-Hubbard model; PT-symmetric optical waveguides; gain-loss balanced systems

  • Lecture (others)
    seminar of the Computational Physics Group, Institute of Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, 26.11.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14935
Publ.-Id: 14935


Three models of Krein-space-related physics: PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics, Squire equation and the MHD α²-dynamo

Günther, U.

PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics, the Squire equation of hydrodynamics and the spherically symmetric α²-dynamo of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) can be structurally linked and treated in a unified way as spectral problems in Krein spaces. We demonstrate their interrelation explicitly and provide examples for specific parameter dependencies of their spectra. Special emphasis is laid on the physical relevance of transitions between real and complex spectral branches in connection with phase transitions between sectors of exact PT-symmetry and spontaneously broken PT-symmetry in Quantum Mechanics as well as with possible polarity reversals of dynamo maintained magnetic fields of planets. We briefly comment on third order spectral branch points with geometric multiplicity one and algebraic multiplicity three as well as on a dynamo related resonant unfolding of diabolical points (spectral intersection points of geometric and algebraic multiplicity two). Finally, we sketch the general technique of versal deformations as specific unfolding of Jordan-block related singularities.

Keywords: operator theory; Krein space; PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics; dynamo theory; Squire equation; spectral branch points; diabolical points; phase transition; perturbation theory; resonances; Puiseux expansions; versal deformations; Jordan block; unfolding of singularities

  • Lecture (others)
    weekly seminar of the Krein space group, 05.05.2010, Ilmenau, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14934
Publ.-Id: 14934


PT-symmetry, Cartan decompositions, Lie triple systems and Krein space related Clifford algebras

Günther, U.; Kuzhel, S.

Gauged PT quantum mechanics (PTQM) and corresponding Krein space setups are studied. For models with constant non-Abelian gauge potentials and extended parity inversions compact and noncompact Lie group components are analyzed via Cartan decompositions. A Lie-triple structure is found and an interpretation as PT-symmetrically generalized Jaynes-Cummings model is possible with close relation to recently studied cavity QED setups with transmon states in multilevel artificial atoms. For models with Abelian gauge potentials a hidden Clifford algebra structure is found and used to obtain the fundamental symmetry of Krein space related J-selfadjoint extensions for PTQM setups with ultra-localized potentials.

Keywords: PT quantum mechanics; non-Hermitian Hamiltonians; gauge theory; Abelian gauge field; non-Abelian gauge field; Cartan decomposition; compact and noncompact components; Lie triple system; Clifford algebra; ultra-localized potential; Krein space; J-selfadjoint extension; Jaynes-Cummings system; multilevel artificial atoms; cavity QED; transmon states

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14933
Publ.-Id: 14933


PT symmetry, Cartan decompositions, Lie triple systems and Krein space related Clifford algebras

Günther, U.; Kuzhel, S.

Gauged PT quantum mechanics (PTQM) and corresponding Krein space setups are studied. For models with constant non-Abelian gauge potentials and extended parity inversions compact and noncompact Lie group components are analyzed via Cartan decompositions. A Lie-triple structure is found and an interpretation as PT-symmetrically generalized Jaynes-Cummings model is possible with close relation to recently studied cavity QED setups with transmon states in multilevel artificial atoms. For models with Abelian gauge potentials a hidden Clifford algebra structure is found and used to obtain the fundamental symmetry of Krein space related J-selfadjoint extensions for PTQM setups with ultra-localized potentials.
The talk is based on arXiv:1006.1134[math-ph]

Keywords: PT quantum mechanics; non-Hermitian Hamiltonians; gauge theory; Abelian gauge field; non-Abelian gauge field; Cartan decomposition; compact and noncompact components; Lie triple system; Clifford algebra; ultra-localized potential; Krein space; J-selfadjoint extension; Jaynes-Cummings system; multilevel artificial atoms; cavity QED; transmon states

  • Lecture (Conference)
    21st International Workshop on Operator Theory and its Applications, 12.-16.07.2010, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14932
Publ.-Id: 14932


PTQM related involution structures

Günther, U.; Kuzhel, S.

Gauged PT quantum mechanics (PTQM) and corresponding Krein space setups are studied. For models with constant non-Abelian gauge potentials and extended parity inversions compact and noncompact Lie group components are analyzed via Cartan decompositions. A Lie-triple structure is found and an interpretation as PT-symmetrically generalized Jaynes-Cummings model is possible with close relation to recently studied cavity QED setups with transmon states in multilevel artificial atoms. For models with Abelian gauge potentials a hidden Clifford algebra structure is found and used to obtain the fundamental symmetry of Krein space related J-selfadjoint extensions for PTQM setups with ultra-localized potentials. Based on: arXiv:1006.1134[math-ph]

Keywords: PT quantum mechanics; non-Hermitian Hamiltonians; gauge theory; Abelian gauge field; non-Abelian gauge field; Cartan decomposition; compact and noncompact components; Lie triple system; Clifford algebra; ultra-localized potential; Krein space; J-selfadjoint extension; Jaynes-Cummings system; multilevel artificial atoms; cavity QED; transmon states

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics IX, 21.-24.06.2010, Hangzhou, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14931
Publ.-Id: 14931


PTQM related Cartan and Clifford structures

Günther, U.

Gauged PT quantum mechanics (PTQM) and corresponding Krein space setups are studied. For models with constant non-Abelian gauge potentials and extended parity inversions compact and noncompact Lie group components are analyzed via Cartan decompositions and an underlying Lie-triple structure is described. For models with Abelian gauge potentials a hidden Clifford algebra structure is found and used to obtain the fundamental symmetry of Krein space related J-selfadjoint extensions for PTQM setups with ultra-localized potentials.

Keywords: PT quantum mechanics; non-Hermitian Hamiltonians; gauge theory; Abelian gauge field; non-Abelian gauge field; Cartan decomposition; compact and noncompact components; Lie triple system; Clifford algebra; ultra-localized potential; Krein space; J-selfadjoint extension

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Analytic and algebraic methods VI, 10.-11.05.2010, Prague, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14930
Publ.-Id: 14930


Redox-dependent suphate coordination of neptunium in aqueous solutions

Hennig, C.; Ikeda-Ohno, A.; Tsushima, S.; Scheinost, A.

A direct determination of actinide coordination in aqueous solution under controlled redox conditions is an important issue to understand the specific chemical reactions and to predict the behavior in nuclear waste repositories. We developed several techniques to study actinide solutions under dedicated redox conditions at the ESRF. The methods to control the actinide redox state are based on potentiostatic or galvanostatic electrolyses. The solutions can be investigated either ex situ or in situ with a specific spectroelectrochemical cell where the electrochemical process is combined with EXAFS spectroscopy. As example we show the redox reaction of 0.05 M neptunium in presence of 2.0 M sulfate. The neptunium species occur preferred with one monodentate (Np5+) and two bidentate (Np6+) sulfate ligands. Np4+ forms very strong complexes with up to fife sulfate ligands. The EXAFS signal reveals a unique ligand rearrangement during the redox reaction. This provides the explanation why the cyclic voltammogram show irreversible reaction steps.

Keywords: Neptunium; EXAFS; elektrochemistry

Related publications

  • Contribution to external collection
    G. Admans: ESRF Highlights 2009, Grenoble: Müllerdruck Mannheim, 2010, 84-85

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14929
Publ.-Id: 14929


Structure, energetics and thermodynamics of copper-vacancy clusters in bcc-Fe: An atomistic study

Al-Motasem, A. T.; Posselt, M.; Bergner, F.; Birkenheuer, U.

A combination of on-lattice simulated annealing based on Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations and off-lattice relaxation by Molecular Dynamics is applied in order to determine the structure and energetics of coherent copper-vacancy clusters in bcc-Fe. The most recent interatomic potential for Fe-Cu alloys is used. About 150 clusters consisting of up to 200 monomers (vacancies or copper atoms) are investigated. The atomic structure and the formation energy of the most stable configurations as well as their total and monomer binding energy are calculated. All clusters show facets which correspond to the main crystallographic planes. In the case of mixed clusters a core-shell structure is found where Cu atoms coat the outer surface of vacancy clusters. These findings are in agreement with previous theoretical results and with indications from measurements. For small clusters the total binding energy determined in this work shows a good agreement with literature data obtained by first-principle calculations. For further application in rate theory and object kinetic Monte Carlo simulations compact and physically-based fit formulae are derived from the atomistic data for the total and the monomer binding energy. The fit is based on the classical capillary model. An atomistic nucleation model is established, and for typical irradiation conditions the nucleation free energy of pure vacancy and pure copper as well as the critical size for cluster formation are estimated.

Keywords: Diluted iron alloy; Copper-vacancy clusters; Atomistic simulation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14928
Publ.-Id: 14928


Das Arcanum von Meissner Porzellan: Beharrung oder Wandel?

Neelmeijer, C.; Pietsch, U.; Ulbricht, H.

Das Arcanum zur Herstellung von Hartporzellan in Europa geht auf ein Patent von Johann Friedrich Böttger im Jahre 1708 zurück. Seitdem ist die Porzellanmanufaktur Meißen Hersteller und Vertreiber des „Weißen Goldes“. Wie streng wird auf dem dort hinterlegten Geheimnis seiner Rezeptur beharrt? Gibt es durch Variationen in den Einsatzstoffen entscheidende Modifikationen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung?
Die zerstörungsfreie Materialanalyse mittels Protonenstrahl an Luft gestattet es, dieser Frage nachzugehen. Vor der Restaurierung war die nicht glasierte Porzellanmasse an Defekten von 34 gesicherten Originalen aus dem 18. Jahrhundert für den Rossendorfer Protonenstrahl (5 MV Tandembeschleuniger) und das Arrangement verschiedener, simultan arbeitender Nachweisgeräte zugänglich.
Über den Untersuchungszeitraum von knapp 100 Jahren erweist sich die Porzellanzusammensetzung als erstaunlich stabil. Unikate von höchstem Wert sind in die Untersuchungen eingebunden, auch deren Glasuren und Malfarben.

Keywords: Porcelain; chemical analysis; Ion beam Analysis; PIXE; PIGE

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    DGZfP Arbeitskreis – 09. Dezember 2010, 09.12.2010, Residenzschloss Dresden, Deutschland
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Das Arcanum von Meissener Porzellan: Beharrung oder Wandel?, 09.12.2010, Residenzschloss Dresden, Deutschland
  • Communication & Media Relations
    DGZfP Dach-Zeitschrift 06.01.2011
    1 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14927
Publ.-Id: 14927


Tuning the shape and damage in ion-beam induced ripples on silicon

Biermanns, A.; Hanisch, A.; Grenzer, J.; Metzger, T. H.; Pietsch, U.

We investigate the influence of ion beam parameters on the ripple formation on Si(001) surfaces after bombardment with Xe+ ions of 25 keV kinetic energy using a scanning ion beam system. By combining grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, small angle scattering and x-ray reflectivity, we show that during ion irradiation with 70◦ off-normal angle of incidence, changing the size of the irradiated area leads to an increased number of defects at the interface towards crystalline material. At 65◦ angle of incidence, the ripple amplitude grows.

Keywords: ion beam erosion; x-ray diffraction

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14926
Publ.-Id: 14926


In-situ grazing incidence scattering investigations during magnetron sputtering deposition of FePt/Ag nanocomposite layers

Cantelli, V.; Grenzer, J.; Jeutter, N. M.; von Borany, J.

We report on an in-situ GISAXS study of the evolution of nanocomposite magnetic L10-FePt/Ag layers as a function of the Ag amount. Simultaneously, the formation of the hard ferromagnetic L10 phase has been detected by x-ray diffraction at grazing incidence. The methodology applied is a sequential magnetron sputtering deposition of FePt and Ag at 400°C on an a-SiO2 substrate: the deposition chamber is equipped with two Be windows to allow x-ray penetration and mounted on the six-circle goniometer of ROBL – BM 20 at the ESRF.

[1] V. Cantelli, J. von Borany, N.M. Jeutter, J. Grenzer, Adv. Eng. Mat. 11, 478 (2009).

Keywords: In-situ sputtering; X-ray scattering

Related publications

  • Poster
    10th Biennial Conference on High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Imaging, 20.-23.09.2010, Warwick, England

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14925
Publ.-Id: 14925


X-ray scattering and diffraction from Xe-beam induced ripples in crystalline Si

Biermanns, A.; Hanisch, A.; Grenzer, J.; Facsko, S.; Metzger, T. H.; Pietsch, U.

In recent years, the creation of surface-nanostructures due to ion-beam sputtering has gained much interest due to the possibility to pattern large surface areas with tunable morphologies in a short time. One kind of those nanostructures are wave-like patterns (ripples) produced by an interplay between a roughening process caused by ion beam erosion (sputtering) of the surface and strengthening processes caused by surface diffusion [1]. In this contribution we report on investigations of patterned Si (001) surfaces after irradiation with Xe-ions using ion-energies up to 70keV. During the sputtering, an amorphous surface-layer is formed followed by an interface towards crystalline material, showing the same morphology as the surface. The structure and morphology of the amorphous layer and the amorphous-crystalline (a/c) interface were studied using synchrotron-radiation. Whereas the combination of grazing-incidence small angle scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray reflectivity can be used to study the surface morphology with large statistical sampling (Fig. 1), grazing incidence diffraction (GID) gives access to the buried crystalline material and probes both the morphology and the crystal structure of the a/c interface.
We found that for non-optimal sputter conditions, defects are created at the a/c interface, leading to a net expansion of the crystal along the ripples [2]. This inclusion of defects can be reduced if optimal sputter conditions are chosen, leading to an increasing ripple amplitude rather than the formation of defects.
Referenzen
[1] M. A. Makeev et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 197, 185 (2002)
[2] A. Biermanns et al., J. Appl. Phys. 104, 044312 (2008)

Keywords: ion beam erosion; X-ray diffraction and scattering

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten (SNI2010), 24.-26.02.2010, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14924
Publ.-Id: 14924


Growth of quantum dot crystals in amorphous matrix on rippled substrates

Buljan, M.; Grenzer, J.; Keller, A.; Radić, N.; Cornelius, T.; Metzger, T. H.; Holý, V.

The formation of quantum dot crystals by multilayer deposition has been reported and explained satisfactorily only in crystalline materials, so far. Here we demonstrate a method for the growth of quantum dot crystals in amorphous matrices. The ordering of the positions of quantum dots is induced by the deposition of a multilayer on a periodically rippled substrate at an elevated substrate temperature. During the deposition, the quantum dots self-arrange following the morphology of the substrate. The result is a formation of well ordered lattice of Ge quantum dots in amorphous silica matrix. We have investigated the ordering of the dots by grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and we found that the distance of the dots in the multilayer interfaces close to the rippled surface indeed equals the ripple period. However, in more distant interfaces the dot-dot distance approaches the value for non-rippled substrate and the dot ordering is slightly less pronounced. This finding confirms the beneficial influence of the rippled substrate on the ordering of quantum dots in an amorphous matrix.

Keywords: x-ray diffraction and scattering

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 21.-26.03.2010, Regensburg, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14923
Publ.-Id: 14923


In-situ grazing incidence scattering investigations during magnetron sputtering deposition of FePt/Ag thin films

Grenzer, J.; Cantelli, V.; Jeutter, N. M.; von Borany, J.

We report on an in-situ study on the evolution of granular magnetic L10 -FePt/Ag layers deposited by magnetron sputtering on an amorphous SiO2 substrate. Using synchrotron radiation we investigated the nanostructure growth during deposition as function of the Ag thickness by the simultaneous detection of the cluster growth and of the formation of the hard ferromagnetic L10 -phase applying grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and X-ray diffraction, respectively. FePt/Ag nanoparticle were prepared using a dual magnetron deposition chamber, equipped with two Be windows to allow X-ray penetration, that was mounted on the six-circle goniometer of the Rossendorf beam line (ROBL BM20) at the ESRF (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility). The possibility to tune X-ray beam energy, to reduce air scattering and absorption, together with the high brilliance of the synchrotron source had made it possible to obtain a reliable GISAXS signal and to control the cluster morphology the initial stage [1].

[1] V. Cantelli, J. von Borany, N.M. Jeutter, J. Grenzer, Adv. Eng.Mat. 11, 478 (2009).

Keywords: in-situ x-ray diffraction

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM), 21.-26.03.2010, Regensburg, Deutschland
  • Lecture (Conference)
    "Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten“ (SNI2010), 24.-26.02.2010, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14922
Publ.-Id: 14922


In-situ X-ray Scattering: a Tool to Investigate the Formation of Nanostructures

Grenzer, J.

Nowadays, the development of new materials is often associated with specific properties of functionalized nanostructures. X-ray investigations are a very important tool to find the link between the functional (magnetism, luminescence) and the corresponding structural properties (size, orientation etc.) that are generating this function and to explain the underlying physical processes. This knowledge makes it possible to design new materials with specific properties. We report on (in-situ) X-ray studies that are focused to ion-beam sputtering (IBS) processes creating nanostructures either by ion beam erosion or by sputter deposition processes.

Keywords: in-situ x-ray diffraction; nano structures

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    SLS Seminar, 19.02.2010, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14921
Publ.-Id: 14921


X-ray Investigations on CoSi2 nano wires manufactured by focused ion beam synthesis

Grenzer, J.; Biermanns, A.; Akhmadaliev, C.; Bischoff, L.

Nano wires and chains of nano particles are of emerging interest in nanoelectronics, nano-optics and plasmonics as well as for their monolithic integration into microelectronic devices; CoSi2 is a promising material due to its CMOS-compatibility that shows metallic behavior with low resistivity and high thermal stability. It is well known that cobalt disilicide films can be formed in silicon by implanting Co in stoichiometric concentration and a subsequent annealing procedure. It has been shown that ion beam synthesis allows the fabrication of epitaxial buried or surface CoSi2 layers on silicon. Submicron patterns can be directly produced by a writing focused ion beam (FIB) cobalt implantation. The formation of continuous nano wire structures follows always the <110> direction [1].
We have studied the strain of the Si host lattice in the surrounding area of a single nanostructures depending on their crystallographic orientation using high resolution X-ray diffraction in combination with a highly focused (~1µm) X-ray beam at the beam line ID01 at the ESRF. The crystalline nano wire is embedded into the Si matrix and shows a tensile strain of about 1.4%. This feature can be only found if the beam focused on the nano wire itself. We will show that it is possible to investigate a single nano wire of a size of below 50 nm. The CoSi2 peak intensity is strongly modulated if we move from one wire to an other. Moreover the diffuse scattered intensity around the Si bulk reflection is increased and is getting even more enhanced between the wires (see Figure 1). A possible mechanism, the formation of stable dislocation loops, lying behind the formation of CoSi2 wires will be discussed.

[1] Ch. Akhmadaliev, B. Schmidt and L. Bischoff, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 223129 (2006); Ch. Akhmadaliev, L. Bischoff and B. Schmidt; Mat. Sci. & Eng., C26, 818 (2006).

Keywords: Nanostrukturen; focused x-ray beams

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Science with X-ray Nano-beams, 09.-12.02.2010, Grenoble, Frankreich
  • Poster
    10th Biennial Conference on High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction and Imaging, 20.09.2010, Warwick, England

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14920
Publ.-Id: 14920


Structural characterization of buried superconducting Ga rich films in Si

Fiedler, J.; Heera, V.; Skrotzki, R.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Voelskow, M.; Mücklich, A.; Schmidt, B.; Skorupa, W.; Gobsch, G.; Helm, M.; Wosnitza, J.

Recently it has been shown that heavily p-doped group-IV semiconductors such as diamond, silicon and germanium can become superconducting at low temperatures. Here, we present a study of Ga-implanted Si that becomes superconducting due to precipitation after annealing. Ion implantation allows introducing a high Ga dose (4E16cm-2) in Si that leads to peak concentrations far beyond the solid solubility limit. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) causes redistribution of the Ga and re-crystallization of the amorphous implanted Si layer. After annealing at temperatures up to 850°C the implanted layers are polycrystalline and contain Ga-rich precipitates. Structural investigations by means of RBS/C measurements and TEM demonstrate a high density of precipitates at the interface of a protective SiO2 layer and the silicon substrate. At optimized annealing conditions (600-700°C) such samples become superconducting with critical temperatures up to 7 K [1].
[1] Skrotzki R. et al. , Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 (2010) 192505

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM) 2011, 13.-18.03.2011, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14919
Publ.-Id: 14919


Acceptor deactivation in individual silicon nanowires: From thick to ultrathin

Ou, X.; Geyer, N.; Kögler, R.; Werner, P.; Skorupa, W.

An individual free standing spicular silicon nanowire (NW) fabricated by Ag assisted chemical etching was doped to 1018 dopants/cm-3 by boron ion implantation and annealed at 1000°C. The presented NW is around 900 nm in length and consists of two connected parts, a thicker basis with a diameter of about hundred nm and of a thin top part with an average diameter as thin as 16 nm. This NW was analyzed by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM). The paper demonstrates that SSRM is capable to spatially and electrically resolve such an ultrathin NW with the thinnest part down to 12 nm in diameter. Experimental results show the dependence of the acceptor deactivation on the diameter of the NW cross section. The doping efficiency of the NW dramatically decreases as the diameter is below 25 nm. Deactivation mechanisms are discussed.

Keywords: nanowire; SSRM; doping; implantation

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14918
Publ.-Id: 14918


Three-dimensional carrier profiling of individual Si nanowires by scanning spreading resistance microscopy

Ou, X.; Das Kanungo, P.; Kögler, R.; Werner, P.; Gösele, U.; Skorupa, W.; Wang, X.

Individual silicon nanowires (Si NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy and in-situ doped with boron were investigated by scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM), a technique based on the conductive atomic force microscopy. The carrier profiles of the NWs were derived from the measured spreading resistance values and calibrated with the known carrier concentration of the underlying epi-layer. The three-dimensional SSRM profile of a NW was obtained by measuring the NW cross sections at different depths along the radial direction. Scanning the same NW with a controlled force on the SSRM tip can abrade material from the cross-sectional surface and the tip moves deeper into the volume of the NW after each image scan. Repeated stripping of the material from the NW results in a "thinning" of the remaining NW segment and a corresponding increase of its resistance which can be addressed by an appropriate data correction. The achieved three-dimensional carrier profile reveals a multi-shell structure of the carrier distribution across the NW diameter which consists of a lower doped core region, a higher doped shell region and a carrier depleted sub-surface region.

Keywords: nanowire; doping; three-dimensional; carrier profile; SSRM

Related publications

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14917
Publ.-Id: 14917


Aqueous coordination chemistry and photochemistry of uranium(VI)

Tsushima, S.

We have been exploring aqueous coordination chemistry of uranium(VI) by combining different spectroscopic techniques and computational chemistry, i.e. EXAFS and FTIR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. In uranyl(VI) sulfate system we found sulfate may bound to uranium in both unidentate and bidentate modes.
Whether ligand bind to uranium in unidentate or bidentate might seem to be irrelevant. However the EXAFS and DFT study on uranyl(VI) oxalate system proved that this is entirely not the case and the mode of ligand coordination plays decisive role to the photoreactivity of uranyl(VI) oxalate. Only the uranyl(VI) oxalate having unidentate coordination was found to be photoreactive. The result is consistent with recent UV-Vis absorption spectroscopic study by Görller-Walrand and Servaes.
The validity of the use of DFT on uranium complexes is often disputed. Sophisticated theory such as CASPT2 is proved to be requisite for getting accurate excitation energies of uranyl(VI) complexes. However, DFT calculations were also proved to provide accurate geometries as long as the ground states and the lowest lying triplet states are concerned. Photoluminescence characters of uranium(VI) were also found to be well reproduced by cost-effective DFT calculations.

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Seminar at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 14.01.2011, Leuven, Belgium

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14916
Publ.-Id: 14916


Improved vortex nucleation in truncated soft magnetic cones

Martin, N.; Mönch, I.; Schäfer, R.; Schultz, L.; McCord, J.

Magnetic vortex structures are promising for data storage applications due to the possibility to switch vortex chirality and core orientation independently. Subsequently two bits per element can be stored, which is favorable for high data storage densities. The magnetic vortex state of soft-magnetic nano-disks is stable over a large range of thickness and radii. Nevertheless the formation of a vortex state has to overcome an energy barrier in order to nucleate the vortex at the element’s edge. In the presented work the influence of a large edge tilt on the behavior of vortex nucleation is studied experimentally and by numerical simulations. Single elements and arrays of closely packed elements with a diameter of approx. 300 nm were fabricated by means of nanosphere lithography, by which an element edge tilt of 45° could be achieved. From the simulations it was found that with decreasing edge tilt from 90° (cylindrical dot) to 45° the probability to nucleate a vortex during magnetization reversal increases. For cylindrical elements at the onset of vortex nucleation the out of plane component of magnetization near the edge has opposite signs at the top and bottom of the element. For truncated cones, however, the magnetization points only in one direction and favors the nucleation of a magnetic vortex. Thus, the vortex formation in smaller elements is facilitated by engineering the shape of the dots. For narrowly packed structures it is shown that despite of strong dipolar interactions the magnetization reversal involves a vortex nucleation and annihilation process.

Keywords: magnetic vortex; nanosphere lithography; vortex nucleation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    55th Annual Conference on Magnetism & Magnetic Materials, 14.-18.11.2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14915
Publ.-Id: 14915


Competition of dipolar interactions and lateral exchange spring effect in NiFe elements

Martin, N.; Strache, T.; Mönch, I.; Schultz, L.; Fassbender, J.; McCord, J.

Conventional exchange spring systems consist of directly exchange coupled hard and soft magnetic layers, which characteristic behaviour is related to an interlayer domain wall that is formed during reversal of magnetization. Recently, a similar exchange spring effect was achieved in lateral hard/soft magnetic stripe structures, which were fabricated by means of ion implantation of single layer films [1]. This technique offers the possibility to directly investigate the changes of magnetization in and between the hard/soft phases.

In the presented work, lateral exchange spring structures were prepared on patterned samples to investigate the interplay between structuring and additional dipolar fields. In contrast to extended films, the lateral exchange spring effect only occurs for a higher difference in saturation magnetization Ms between the two magnetic phases. The measured collective magnetization reversal of hard and soft phase is attributed to strong dipolar fields at the element edges that cause a hysteresis behaviour which is comparable to that of a magnetic homogeneous square element. The exchange spring behaviour, occurring with increasing difference in Ms between the two phases is related to an increase in effective shape anisotropy in the high Ms stripes. The magnetization reversal approaches an individual switching of the stripes, with the low Ms stripes switching first. This results in an antiparallel alignment of magnetization of the individual stripes with lateral domain walls in between, which configuration is stabilized by the inter-stripe flux closure. The resulting two-step reversal is modelled, taking the demagnetization and domain wall energy terms into account.

Keywords: ion implantation; thin films; Permalloy; magneto-optical imaging

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    55th Annual Conference on Magnetism & Magnetic Materials, 14.-18.11.2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14914
Publ.-Id: 14914


Herstellung und Charakterisierung magnetisch heterogener, dünner Schichten

Martin, N.; Schäfer, R.; Fassbender, J.; Schultz, L.; McCord, J.

In der Präsentation werden Methoden vorgestellt, die das Hystereseverhalten dünner magnetischer Schichten gezielt beeinflussen. Insbesondere geht es dabei um lokale Eigenschaftsveränderungen durch Strukturierung mittels lithografischer Techniken und anschließender Ionenimplantation. Der Einfluss der Strukturierung auf das Ummagnetisierungsverhalten der gesamten Schicht wird anhand von magneto-optisch gemessenen Hysteresekurven und Domänenaufnahmen dargestellt und mittels geeigneter Modelle erklärt.

Keywords: thin films; magnetic microstructure; magneto-optical imaging

Related publications

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    VAC-Kolloqium, 09.-10.12.2010, Hanau, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14913
Publ.-Id: 14913


Lipid Protein Interactions underlie an Evolutionary Conserved Proton Switch in a Transmembrane Peptide derived from Helix-3 of Class-1 GPCRs

Eichler, S.; Madathil, S.; Fahmy, K.

The visual photoreceptor rhodopsin is a proto¬typical class-I (rhodopsin-like) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Photoisomerization of the covalently bound ligand 11-cis-retinal leads to restructuring of the cytosolic face of rhodopsin. The ensuing protonation of Glu-134 in the class-conserved D(E)RY motif at the C-terminal end of trans¬membrane helix-3 promotes the formation of the G-protein-activating state. Glu-134 acts as an autonomous proton switch also in synthetic transmembrane peptides, where lipid protein interactions couple protonation to helix extension and hydrophobic burial of the side chain resulting in an elevated side chain pKa. The implied change in "helical-end-solvation" by interfacial water has been investigated by pulsed hydration experiments. we observed within several seconds (i) lipid/peptide conformational changes by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy and (ii) water penetration into the lipidic phase using the simultaneous recording of the fluorescence of a tryptophan (trp) inserted 3 amino acids N-terminally from the ERY motif. Cross-correlation of both monitors reveals the linkage of lipid ester carbonyl hydration to helical end unwinding followed by water penetration into the bilayer one helical turn N-terminally of the conserved ERY motif. Trp-emission further shows that the indole ring is more water-exposed in the ionized than in the protonated state of the adjacent ERY motif evidencing a shift of the lipid/water phase boundary relative to the transmembrane peptide upon proton uptake. The proton-dependent reorganisation of the lipid/peptide/water microdomain N-terminally of the ERY motif is further supported by a pH-sensitive Förster-resonance-energy-transfer from the peptidic trp to 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl (DANSYL)-labelled lipids. In conclusion, the data reveal a conserved hydration site at the membrane water interface of GPCRs that attracts or repels water in response to protonation, thereby, linking proton uptake to protein conformation and rearrangement of the lipid/peptide/water phase boundary independently of helix-helix interactions.

Keywords: G protein; infrared; spectroscopy; peptide; rhodopsin

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Annual Meeting of the German Biophysical Society 2009, 03.-06.10.2009, Bochum, Deutschland
    Book of Abstracts

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14912
Publ.-Id: 14912


Zum Komplexbildungsverhalten ausgewählter Actiniden (U, Np, Cm) mit mikrobiellen Bioliganden

Glorius, M.

Diese Arbeit war ein eigenständiger Teil eines Projektes, welches sich mit der Aufklärung des Einflusses von Mikroorganismen auf die Ausbreitung von Actiniden bei einer Freisetzung dieser aus dem Endlager beschäftigt. Dabei wurde der Einfluss von mikrobiell produzierten Substanzen auf die Mobilisierung ausgewählter Actiniden untersucht. Die in diesem Projekt untersuchten mikrobiell produzierten Substanzen, sogenannte Bioliganden, wurden von Bakterien des Genus Pseudomonas unter speziellen Bedingungen produziert. Die von den Pseudomonaden freigesetzten Bioliganden, hier Siderophore vom Pyoverdin-Typ, haben ein hohes Potential, Metalle, insbesondere Eisen(III), zu komplexieren und so zu transportieren. Es wurde untersucht, in welcher Weise und unter welchen Bedingungen diese Bioliganden in der Lage sind, auch radioaktive Schadstoffe zu komplexieren und damit zu mobilisieren. Für die Untersuchungen wurden die α-strahlenden Actiniden Uran, Curium und Neptunium ausgewählt, weil diese auf Grund ihrer Langlebigkeit und Radiotoxizität von besonderem Interesse sind.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Wechselwirkung der Actiniden U(VI), Np(V) und Cm(III) mit Modellliganden, die die Funktionalitäten der Pyoverdine simulieren. Für die Metallbindung der Pyoverdine sind die Katecholgruppe des Chromophors und die funktionellen Gruppen der Peptidkette (Hydroxamsäuregruppen und α-Hydroxysäurereste) verantwortlich. Für die Simulation der Hydroxamsäuregruppen kamen dabei die Monohydroxamate Salicylhydroxamsäure (SHA) und Benzohydroxamsäure (BHA) und das natürliche Trihydroxamat Desferrioxamin B (DFO) zum Einsatz und für die Katecholgruppe das 6-Hydroxychinolin (6HQ) und 2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalin (NAP). Als Vergleichsligand wurde außerdem Benzoesäure (BA) untersucht. Für die Bestimmung der Stabilitätskonstanten zur Einschätzung der Stärke der gebildeten Komplexe, die Aufklärung der Struktur der Actinid-Ligand-Verbindungen und die Verfolgung der Änderung der Speziation der Actiniden vor und nach der Wechselwirkung mit den Modellliganden kamen verschiedene spektroskopische Verfahren wie Absorptionsspektroskopie, Laserfluoreszenzspektroskopie,
Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie und Schwingungsspektroskopie zum Einsatz. Außerdem wurden erstmals theoretische Modellierungen zur Aufklärung der Struktur der Actinid-Modellligand-Komplexe durchgeführt.
Die Ziele dieser Arbeit waren also die spektroskopische Charakterisierung und Bestimmung der Speziation und Komplexbildungskonstanten sowohl der ausgewählten Modellliganden als auch der gebildeten Actinid-Modellligand-Komplexe, die Aufklärung möglicher Strukturen der Komplexe sowie ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit denen der Pyoverdine.
Der Vergleich der Stabilitätskonstanten der untersuchten Liganden mit den drei Actiniden U(VI), Cm(III) und Np(V) ergab im Wesentlichen folgende Reihenfolge der Komplexstärke:
PYO ≥ DFO > NAP > 6HQ > SHA ≥ BHA > BA.
Benzoesäure besitzt als einziger Ligand eine Carboxylfunktionalität und weist mit 103 die geringste Stabilitätskonstante auf. Die beiden Monohydroxamate SHA und BHA bilden mit allen drei Actiniden ähnlich starke 1:1-Komplexe. Bei den 1:2-Komplexen besitzt SHA mit Cm(III) und Np(V) etwas höhere Stabilitätskonstanten als BHA, wahrscheinlich verursacht durch einen stabilisierenden Einfluss der zusätzlichen phenolischen OH-Gruppe. Dieser Trend wurde auch in den theoretischen Modellierungen für die U(VI)-Komplexe beobachtet. Die natürlichen Siderophore DFO und PYO bilden die stärksten Komplexe mit den Actiniden (Stabilitätskonstanten von 1012 bis 1034). Dies liegt in der Struktur und der hohen Anzahl an funktionellen Gruppen begründet; DFO besitzt drei Hydroxamatgruppen, das Pyoverdinmolekül neben den Hydroxamatgruppen noch die Katecholgruppen der Chromophorfunktionalität. Die Modellliganden für die Chromophorfunktionalität, NAP und 6HQ, bilden stärkere Komplexe als die Monohydroxamate SHA und BHA, aber schwächere Komplexe als DFO und PYO. Daraus lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Chromophorfunktionalität eine wichtige Rolle bei der Anbindung der Actiniden an die Pyoverdine spielt.
Der Vergleich der Stabilitätskonstanten der Komplexe der Liganden SHA, BHA und 6HQ mit den drei untersuchten Actiniden U(VI), Cm(III) und Np(V) untereinander zeigte, dass die Stärke der Komplexe von U(VI) über Cm(III) zu Np(V) abnimmt. Der Grund dafür liegt in den unterschiedlichen Ladungsdichten der Actinidionen. Während das UO22+-Ion mit einer Koordinationszahl von 5 und einem Ionenradius von ~ 0.6 eine effektive Ladung von + 3.3 besitzt, hat das Cm3+-Ion eine effektive Ladung von + 2.6 und das NpO2+-Ion von + 2.3. Damit besitzt das NpO2+-Ion die geringste Ladungsdichte der untersuchten Actinidionen und bildet damit auch die schwächsten Komplexe mit den niedrigsten Stabilitätskonstanten. Die Stärke der Komplexe der Liganden NAP, DFO und PYO nimmt von Cm(III) über U(VI) zu Np(V) ab. Obwohl Cm(III) eine geringere effektive Ladung als U(VI) hat, bildet es stärkere Komplexe als U(VI). Eventuell sind dafür strukturelle Behinderungen der Koordination durch die lineare O=U=O Einheit verantwortlich.
In einer Kooperation mit dem Institut für Theoretische Chemie der Universität zu Köln wurden für die 1:1- und 1:2-Komplexe der wässrigen U(VI)-SHA-, U(VI)-BHA- und U(VI)-BA-Systeme erstmals theoretische Modellierungen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden die Strukturen der Komplexe sowohl in der Gasphase als auch unter Berücksichtigung der Solvatation optimiert und die relativen Stabilitäten und Anregungsspektren berechnet. Die mit DFT berechneten Bindungsenergien bestätigen die experimentell anhand der Stabilitätskonstanten log β ermittelte Reihenfolge der Komplexstabilitäten (SHA ≥ BHA > BA). Außerdem zeigen die höheren Bindungsenergien der 1:2-Komplexe, dass diese stabiler sind als die 1:1-Komplexe. Dies lässt sich auch anhand der experimentell ermittelten Stabilitätskonstanten nachweisen. Für den 1:1-Komplex des U(VI)-SHA-Systems konnte mit Hilfe der theoretischen Modellierung die strukturelle Anbindung des Uranylions an die Hydroxamsäuregruppe aufgeklärt werden. Der Vergleich der berechneten Strukturen, Bindungsenergien, Bindungslängen und Anregungsspektren der beiden möglichen Anbindungsmodi [O,O] und [N,O’] zeigte deutlich, dass das Uranylion bevorzugt über die beiden Sauerstoffatome der Hydroxamsäuregruppe, also den [O,O]-Modus, gebunden wird. Die Methode der DFT konnte also dazu beitragen, Defizite in der experimentellen Aufklärung der Komplexstruktur im Fall des U(VI)-SHA-Systems zu beheben.
Die Modellliganden und deren Komplexe mit U(VI), Cm(III) und Np(V) wurden zum größten Teil erstmals spektroskopisch charakterisiert sowie deren bisher weitgehend unbekannten Stabilitätskonstanten bestimmt. Außerdem konnte die Struktur der U(VI)-Hydroxamat-Komplexe mit Hilfe der ATR-FTIR-Spektroskopie und der theoretischen Modellierung aufgeklärt werden. Im Vergleich der Ergebnisse der Modellliganden mit denen der Pyoverdine konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Katecholfunktionalität der Pyoverdine eine große Rolle bei der Komplexierung mit den Actiniden spielen wird. Weiterhin ließen sich aus den Ergebnissen Schlussfolgerungen zur Stärke der gebildeten Actinid-Modellligand- und Actinid-Pyoverdin-Komplexe ziehen. Die Pyoverdine bildeten mit U(VI) Komplexe mit Stabilitätskonstanten bis 1030, mit Cm(III) bis 1032 und mit Np(V) bis 1020. Die wichtigsten, in höheren Konzentrationen vorkommenden anorganischen Komplexbildner in natürlichen Wässern sind das Hydroxidion OH- sowie das Carbonation CO32-. Diese besitzen eine hohe Komplexierungsfähigkeit und bilden mit den drei Actiniden U(VI), Cm(III) und Np(V) Komplexe mit Stabilitätskonstanten von 102 bis 1020. Der Vergleich der Konstanten von OH und CO32- mit denen der organischen, mikrobiellen Pyoverdin-Liganden zeigt, dass die Pyoverdine ähnlich starke bzw. teilweise stärkere Komplexe mit den Actiniden bilden als die anorganischen Komplexbildner. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Pyoverdine selbst in niedrigeren Konzentrationen ein hohes Potential besitzen, Actiniden in natürlichen Wässern zu binden und damit zu transportieren. Die untersuchten Bioliganden sind also in der Lage, bei Anwesenheit in der Natur in bestimmten Konzentrationen im Grundwasser Actiniden, z. B. durch Herauslösen aus Festphasen, zu mobilisieren. Damit können solche Bioliganden das Verhalten der Actiniden in der Umwelt entscheidend beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit tragen dazu bei, den Einfluss der mikrobiellen Liganden auf die Mobilisierung und Ausbreitung der Actiniden besser einschätzen zu können. Damit können die Ergebnisse zur Quantifizierung des Mobilisierungseffekts der Actiniden durch freigesetzte Bioliganden im Nahfeld genutzt werden.

Keywords: Actiniden; Hydroxamsäure; Pyoverdin; Spektroskopie; Komplexierung; actinides; hydroxamic acids; pyoverdin; spectroscopy; complex formation

Related publications

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2009
    Dissertation
    152 Seiten
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14911
Publ.-Id: 14911


Fluence dependence of small-angle neutron scattering in neutron-irradiated Fe-Cr

Bergner, F.; Heintze, C.; Ulbricht, A.

Four Fe-Cr alloys with chromium concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 12.5 at% in three irradiation conditions (0.06, 0.6 and 1.5 displacements per atom) were investigated by means of small-angle neutron scattering. For Fe-12.5 at% Cr, alpha‘–phase particles were unambigiously identified. The size distribution of these particles was estimated and the kinetics of formation were compared with a rate theory model which allows to extrapolate the evolution of the nanostructure to still lower dpa-levels. For 2.5, 5 and 9 at% Cr, the results of the SANS investigation are more complex and the input from other methods, such as APT and TEM, is needed in order to explore the irradiation effects in detail.

Keywords: Fe-Cr alloy; neutron irradiation; SANS

  • Lecture (Conference)
    17th Workshop on Multiscale Modelling and Basic Experiments of Iron-Chromium Alloys for Nuclear Applications, 03.-04.11.2010, Stockholm, Schweden

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14910
Publ.-Id: 14910


Investigation of wear-out phenomena in Eu-implanted metal-oxide semiconductor light emitting devices

Lehmann, J.; Rebohle, L.; Kanjilal, A.; Voelskow, M.; Skorupa, W.; Helm, M.

The anomalous wear-out phenomenon of Eu-implanted MOS based light emitting devices (MOSLED’s) was investigated intensively by many different techniques, on samples exposed to different annealing temperatures and times. It will be shown, that in contrast to other rare earth elements the EL intensity of Eu-implanted SiO2 layers can rise under constant current injection before the known EL quenching will start. Under certain circumstances this rise may amount up to two orders of magnitude. The EL behaviour will be correlated with the microstructural and electrical properties of the devices. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to trace the growth of Eu / Eu oxide clusters and the diffusion of Eu to the interfaces of the gate oxide layer, which are induced by the annealing process. Current-voltage (I(V)) characteristics, EL decay times (τ) and the evolution of the voltage under constant current injection (Vcc) as well as evolution of the EL spectrum with injected charge (EL(Qinj)) were studied with respect to charging and trapping phenomena in the oxide layer in order to reveal details of the EL excitation mechanism. A qualitative model for the anomalous wear-out phenomenon is proposed.

Keywords: Electroluminescence; rare earth; charge trapping; ion implantation; Europium; Si-based light emission; Electroluminescence wear-out; quenching

Related publications

  • Poster
    Nanofair 2010 - 8th International Nanotechnology Symposium, 06.-07.07.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14909
Publ.-Id: 14909


Wear-out phenomena in Si-based light emitting devices with ion beam implanted europium

Lehmann, J.; Rebohle, L.; Kanjilal, A.; Voelskow, M.; Helm, M.; Skorupa, W.

Recently, it was shown that it is possible to obtain efficient electroluminescence (EL) from UV to IR by implanting lanthanides into the oxide layer of metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures [1]. The best efficiencies could be achieved on a Tb-implanted light emitter with an external quantum efficiency of 16% and a corresponding power efficiency of 0.3%. With these electrically driven Si-based light emitting devices, also called MOSLEDs, it is possible to build an integrated biosensor for the detection of organic molecules like estrogene, e.g. see Ref. [2]. For this purpose, the intensity and stability of the emitted EL are the most critical properties of the light emitters. Usually, lanthanide implanted MOSLEDs show a quenching of the EL-signal with time, which can be attributed to charge trapping in the oxide layer. In contrast to this normal wear-out phenomenon, Eu-implanted MOSLEDs can show a rise in the EL-signal during the operation time of the device [3]. Due to this anomalous wear-out phenomenon, Eu-implanted MOSLEDs offer the possibility to build a device with an extremely stable EL if the occurring processes can be better understood. For this reason, an intensive investigation was performed on Eu-implanted MOSLEDs exposed to different annealing temperatures and times. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to trace the growth of Eu / Eu oxide clusters and the diffusion of Eu to the interfaces of the gate oxide layer, respectively. Both of them were induced by the annealing process. Resonant nuclear reaction analysis (rNRA) was used to measure the hydrogen depth profile in the dielectric. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics, the EL decay times (τ) and the evolution of the voltage under constant current injection (Vcc) as well as the evolution of the EL spectrum with injected charge (EL-Qinj) were studied with respect to charging and trapping phenomena in the oxide layer in order to reveal details in the occurring wear-out mechanism of the EL. It will be shown, that for certain annealing conditions the EL intensity of Eu-implanted SiO2 layers can increase during constant current injection which is followed by the known EL quenching. In extreme cases this rise may amount up to two orders of magnitude. The EL behaviour will be correlated with the microstructural and electrical properties of the devices. A qualitative model for the anomalous wear-out phenomenon is proposed.

Keywords: Electroluminescence; rare earth; charge trapping; ion implantation; Europium; Si-based light emission; Electroluminescence wear-out; quenching

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Ion Implantation and Other Applications of Ions and Electrons (ION 2010), 14.-17.06.2010, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14908
Publ.-Id: 14908


Influence of Al concentration on structure and electrical properties of polycrystalline and epitaxial Al-doped ZnO films grown by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering

Cornelius, S.; Vinnichenko, M.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.

Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films which combine maximum carrier mobility (μe), moderate free electron densities (Ne) and high surface roughness are of special interest for application as transparent front electrode in thin film solar cells. They posses high transmission in the near infrared region, close to the bandgap energy of absorber materials like Si (Eg =1.11 eV), and enable a superior light trapping behaviour. A key to tailor AZO film properties is understanding the mechanisms and effects of the Al-dopant incorporation into the ZnO matrix. The present work focuses on investigation of the influence of Al concentration on the electrical properties of AZO and on establishing performance limits with respect to carrier mobility and resistivity (ρ). Polycrystalline and epitaxial AZO films are grown on fused silica and c-axis oriented sapphire substrates, respectively, by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering using several sets of Zn/Al alloy targets with an Al concentration (cAl) between 0.7 and 8.7 at%. A systematic variation of process parameters such as substrate temperature (Ts) and oxygen partial pressure results in polycrystalline films with μe>45 cm2V-1s-1 and ρ<2.3x10-4 Ωcm at optimum conditions, whereas μe~55 cm2V-1s-1 could be obtained for epitaxial films. It is observed that cAl has a strong influence on the optimum value of Ts, the maximum μe and Ne values and also on film structure and surface roughness. Extensive XRD investigations reveal that Al incorporation in the ZnO matrix has a detrimental effect on in-plane orientation and texture of epitaxial films, even for the lowest cAl used. Furthermore RBS and ERDA confirm a considerable Al enrichment in the films which correlates with deterioration of μe, when Ts is increased above its optimum value. The observed dependence of carrier mobility on Ne in ZnO:Al is discussed in the framework of ionized impurity scattering and clustering as well as grain boundary limited transport which predicts a fundamental physical limit of μe.

Keywords: reactive sputtering; zinc oxide; AZO; mobility; density; resistivity; RBS; ERDA; transparent conductive oxides; ionized impurity scattering

Related publications

  • Poster
    Twelfth International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE 2010), 13.-17.09.2010, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14907
Publ.-Id: 14907


A Compton Imager for in-vivo Dosimetry of Proton Beams - A Design Study

Kormoll, T.; Fiedler, F.; Schöne, S.; Wüstemann, J.; Zuber, K.; Enghardt, W.

In-beam SPECT during therapeutic proton beam irradiation is a novel method for three dimensional in-vivo dose verification. For this purpose a Compton camera design is evaluated with respect to the special requirements and conditions that arise from this application. Different concepts are studied by means of simulation concerning the angular resolution and the efficiency. It was found that a cadmium zinc telluride system can perform sufficiently well. For further evaluation the construction of a semiconductor scintillator hybrid system is under way.

Keywords: in-beam SPECT; in vivo dosimetry; ion beam therapy; proton therapy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14906
Publ.-Id: 14906


Lateral straggling and its influence on lateral diffusion in implantation with a focused ion beam

Batabyal, R.; Roy, A.; Roy, S.; Bischoff, L.; Dev, B. N.

Ion implantation plays an important role in semiconductor industry. Different kinds of ions are introduced into semiconductors by implantation in order to form n-type and p-type semiconductors. Nanoscale doped structures are required to be fabricated, usually by a focused ion beam (FIB), for applications in nanoelectronics. However, how closely these structures could be fabricated for an effective device performance would be determined by the limitation imposed by the lateral diffusion of the implanted species. For ion implantation, lateral straggling of the ion beam also produces defects surrounding the implanted region. This would produce radiation enhanced lateral diffusion. It is important to understand the lateral diffusion in FIB-fabricated nanostructures. We present a method based on photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) for the determination of lateral diffusion coefficient in nanostructures. As an example, we present the investigation of lateral diffusion of Ga in FIB-fabricated structures of Ga-implanted n-type Si. For a set of parallel Ga implanted stripes, the diffusion profiles at the end of the stripes along their length obey the standard diffusion equation and the diffusion coefficient is extracted. However, across the stripes the diffusion profile is more complex, due to the presence of defects due to lateral straggling in the neighbouring stripes.

Keywords: photoemission; focused ion beam; diffusion in nanostructures

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    24th International Conference on ATOMIC COLLISIONS IN SOLIDS, ICACS-24, 18.-23.07.2010, Krakow, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14905
Publ.-Id: 14905


Spectroscopic studies of arsenic retention onto biotite

Chakraborty, S.; Bardelli, F.; Mullet, M.; Greneche, J.-M.; Varma, S.; Ehrhardt, J.-J.; Banerjee, D.; Charlet, L.

Biotite is a constituent Fe-bearing mineral of Delta subsoils in India and Bangladesh and has been hypothesized as a primary source of arsenic (As). The adsorption behavior of As onto structural Fe(II,III)-bearing biotite fractions (<50 µm) was investigated in the pH range 4-8 under a CO2-free, anoxic condition (O2 <1 ppmv) using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The batch experiments indicate that As adsorption is strongly pH dependent and As(V) adsorbs more efficiently than As(III). X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectra show no oxidation or reduction of As by biotite after 3 days reaction with As(III) or As(V) solutions. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopic results suggest that As(III) forms bidentate mononuclear edge-sharing (2E) and bidentate binuclear corner-sharing (2C) surface complexes at pH 7.7 as indicated by the average As-Fe bond distances at 3.00 ± 0.02 Å and 3.37 ± 0.03 Å respectively. The surface speciation retrieved by XPS does not provide any evidence of reduction of As(V) on biotite after 30 days further confirming the thermodynamic prediction and the XANES results. This study has therefore significant environmental implications for As contaminated areas, where biotite retards the release of As into reducing groundwater. The changes in soil redox condition and weathering of biotite may likely contribute to the occurrence of high As in groundwater.

Keywords: Arsenic; adsorption; biotite; surface complex; reduction

Related publications

  • Chemical Geology 281(2011), 83-92

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14904
Publ.-Id: 14904


On the "yl" bond weakening in uranyl(VI) coordination complexes

Tsushima, S.

The U–Oyl triple bonds in the UO22+ aquo ion are known to be weakened by replacing the first shell water with organic or inorganic ligands. Weakening of the U–Oyl bond may enhance the reactivity of “yl” oxygens and uranyl(VI) cation–cation interactions. Density functional theory calculations as well as previously published vibrational spectroscopic data have been used to study the origin of the U–Oyl bond weakening in uranyl(VI) coordination complexes. Natural population analyses (NPA) revealed that the electron localization on the Oyl 2p orbital is a direct measure of the U–Oyl bond weakening, indicating that the bond weakening is correlated to the weakening of the U–Oyl covalent bond and not that of the ionic bond. The Mulliken analysis gives poor results for uranium to ligand electron partitioning and is thus unreliable. Further analyses of molecular orbitals near the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) show that both the sigma and pai donating abilities of the ligands may account for the U–Oyl bond weakening. The mechanism of the bond weakening varies with coordinating ligand so that each case needs to be examined independently.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14903
Publ.-Id: 14903


Influence of humic acids on the actinide migration in the environment: Suitable humic acid model substances and their application in studies with uranium – a review

Sachs, S.; Bernhard, G.

Humic acids (HA) can influence the speciation of metal ions, e.g., actinide ions, and thus their migration in the environment. Therefore, knowledge of the impact of HA on the actinide migration is required to assess their transport in natural systems. However, due to the complex and heterogeneous nature of HA, there are a lot of difficulties in the thermodynamic description of their geochemical interaction behavior. A more basic understanding of the interaction processes of HA can be obtained by investigations applying HA model substances with more defined and specific properties. This work gives a review of selected types of HA model substances (HA-alike melanoidins, synthetic HA with pronounced redox functionality, modified HA with blocked phenolic/acidic OH groups, synthetic humic substance-clay-associates), their synthesis, isotopic labeling, and characterization in comparison to isolated natural HA. Examples for their application in various geochemical studies, such as complexation, redox, sorption and migration studies with uranium as representative for actinides are presented.

Keywords: Humic acids; model substances; synthesis; characterization; labeling; modification; application; uranium; actinides

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14902
Publ.-Id: 14902


On the use of different analytical solutions for recalculation of the YALINA-Booster experiment SC3A

Merk, B.; Glivici-Cotruţă, V.; Weiß, F.-P.

The SC3A experiment in the YALINA-Booster facility in Belarus is described and investigated. For this investigation the very special configuration of YALINA-Booster core, consisting of a fast and a thermal zone, decoupled with a neutron ‘valve’ is analyzed in detail based on a full HELIOS model for the calculations. The two region design causes unexpected results in the experiments The special problems for the analysis of the experiments are shown. For an improved representation, a recently developed two group analytical solution for the time dependent diffusion equation obtained by Green’s function method without separation of space and time is used. To model the streaming of neutrons from the thermal area into the fast area an analytical solution for the space-time dependent neutron flux with two sources has been developed from the available Green’s functions for two groups. The space-time dependent thermal and fast neutron flux distributions are discussed. The new analytical solution shows very good agreement in the comparison with the experimental results, even for the unexpected behavior at the outermost detector. Thus analytical solutions without separation of space and time are a very promising tool to develop a new method for the analysis of ADS experiments

Keywords: Yalina; experimental analysis; Green’s function; Two group diffusion equation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14901
Publ.-Id: 14901


Constraining the S factor of 15N(p,g)16O at Astrophysical Energies

Leblanc, P. J.; Imbriani, G.; Goerres, J.; Junker, M.; Azuma, R.; Beard, M.; Bemmerer, D.; Best, A.; Broggini, C.; Caciolli, A.; Corvisiero, P.; Costantini, H.; Couder, M.; Deboer, R.; Elekes, Z.; Falahat, S.; Formicola, A.; Fulop, Z.; Gervino, G.; Guglielmetti, A.; Gustavino, C.; Gyurky, G.; Kaeppeler, F.; Kontos, A.; Kuntz, R.; Leiste, H.; Lemut, A.; Li, Q.; Limata, B.; Marta, M.; Mazzocchi, C.; Menegazzo, R.; O'Brien, S.; Palumbo, A.; Prati, P.; Roca, V.; Rolfs, C.; Rossi Alvarez, C.; Somorjai, E.; Stech, E.; Straniero, O.; Strieder, F.; Tan, W.; Terrasi, F.; Trautvetter, H. P.; Uberseder, E.; Wiescher, M.

The 15N(p,g)16O reaction represents a break out reaction linking the first and second cycle of the CNO cycles redistributing the carbon and nitrogen abundances into the oxygen range. The reaction is dominated by two broad resonances at Ep = 338 keV and 1028 keV and a Direct Capture contribution to the ground state of 16O. Interference effects between these contributions in both the low energy region (Ep < 338 keV) and in between the two resonances (338

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14900
Publ.-Id: 14900


Blitzlampentemperung für die Photovoltaik

Skorupa, W.

A review regarding the application of flash lamp annealing for photovoltaic purposes was presented.

Keywords: Flash lamp annealing; doping; ion implantation; solar cells

Related publications

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Topical meeting with members of the company Bosch, 10.02.2010, FZ Dresden-Rossendorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14899
Publ.-Id: 14899


Advances in Si & Ge millisecond processing: From SOI to superconducting Ge

Skorupa, W.; Wündisch, C.; Posselt, M.; Heera, V.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Buca, D.; Mantl, D.; Haeberlein, S.; Fendler, R.; Gebel, T.

Recently we could demonstrate that advanced SOI material can be treated in advantageous manner regarding USJ formation [1]. Especially, strained Si and SiGe/Si heterostructures on insulator are promising channel materials for future nanoelectronics devices. Their successful integration into new device architectures depends on the ability of forming ultra shallow and ultra steep junctions. We present results for dopant activation in SOI, sSOI, HOI and sHOI [2]. FLA allows complete suppression of diffusion while obtaining sheet resistances lower than 500 Ω/□ in both, SOI and sSOI. Strained and unstrained SiGe heterostructures indicated significant diffusional broadening of Sb implant profiles and low electrical activation. In contrast, B shows higher activation but significant dopant loss in the near surface region. Moreover, we demonstrate that, after diamond and silicon, the third elemental group-IV semiconductor, germanium, exhibits superconductivity at ambient pressure [3]. For the first time, techniques of the state-of-the-art semiconductor processing as ion implantation and FLA were used to fabricate such material, i.e. a highly Ga-doped Ge (Ge:Ga) layer in near-intrinsic Ge. It is shown that superconductivity can be generated and tailored in the Ge host at temperatures as high as 0.5 K. Results of critical-field measurements demonstrate the quasi-two-dimensional character of superconductivity in the 60 nm thick Ge:Ga layer.
[1] F. Lanzerath, D. Buca, H. Trinkaus, M. Goryll, S. Mantl, J. Knoch, U. Breuer, W. Skorupa, B. Ghyselen, J. Appl. Phys. 104 (2008), 044908
[2] R. A. Minamisava, W. Heiermann, D. Buca, H. Trinkaus, J. Hartmann, W. Skorupa, U. Breuer, B. Ghyselen, S. Mantl, Proc. 215th ECS Meeting, Vol. 19, Issue 1, May 24-29, 2009
[3] T. Herrmannsdörfer, V. Heera, O. Ignatchik, M. Uhlarz, A. Mücklich, M. Posselt, H. Reuther, B. Schmidt, K.-H. Heinig, W, . Skorupa, M. Voelskow, C. Wündisch, R. Skrotzki, M. Helm, J. Wosnitza,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 102 (2009) 217003, Supercond. Sc. & Techn., 23 (2010) 034007

Keywords: ion implantation; flash lamp annealing; SOI; superconduction; germanium; silicon

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    The VIII-th International Conference on Ion Implantation and other Applications of Ions and Electrons – ION 2010 will be held in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, between 14-th and 17-th June 2010., 14.-17.06.2010, Kazimierz Dolny, Poland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14898
Publ.-Id: 14898


Doping of Vertical Si Nanowires by Ion Implantation

Skorupa, W.

A review of recent work published in:

ADVANCED MATERIALS Volume: 22 Issue: 36 Pages: 4020-4024
NANO LETTERS Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-175
NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Pages: 243-246

Keywords: ion implantation; silicon nanowires; doping; scanning spreading resistance microscopy

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    43.Deutsches Nutzertreffen Ionenimplantation, 06.05.2010, Erlangen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14897
Publ.-Id: 14897


Literaturübersicht Temperaturmessung in RTP Mit Augenmerk auf die Blitzlampenausheilung

Reichel, D.; Skorupa, W.; Lerch, W.; Gelpey, J.

No abstract available.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    25. Treffen der Nutzergruppe RTP, 07.05.2009, Erlangen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14896
Publ.-Id: 14896


Application of Large-Eddy Simulation to Pressurized Thermal Shock: assessment of the accuracy

Loginov, M. S.; Komen, E.; Höhne, T.

Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) is identied as one of the safety issues where Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can bring real benefits. The turbulence modeling may impact overall accuracy of the calculated thermal loads on the vessel walls, therefore advanced methods for turbulent fows are required. The feasibility and mesh resolution of LES for single-phase PTS are assessed earlier in a companion paper. The current investigation deals with the accuracy of LES approach with respect to the experiment. Experimental data from the Rossendorf Coolant Mixing (ROCOM) facility is used as a basis for validation. Three test cases with dierent ow rates are considered. They correspond to a buoyancy-driven, a momentum-driven, and a transitional coolant mixing pattern in the downcomer. Time- and frequency-domain analysis are employed for comparison of the numerical and experimental data.

Keywords: PTS; CFD; Coolant Mixing; ROCOM

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14895
Publ.-Id: 14895


Doping Issues of Si Nanowires

Skorupa, W.

A review of recent work published in:

ADVANCED MATERIALS Volume: 22 Issue: 36 Pages: 4020-4024,
NANO LETTERS Volume: 10 Issue: 1 Pages: 171-175,

Keywords: Doping; ion implantation; scanning spreading resistance profiling; silicon nanowire

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  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    27.Deutsches Nutzertreffen RTP und Heissprozesse, 05.05.2010, Erlangen, Deutschland

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Publ.-Id: 14894


Biaxial optical anisotropy of self aligned silver nanoparticles and nanowires

Ranjan, M.; Facsko, S.; Möller, W.

In the present study ion beam sputtering has been used for prestructuring of a silicon substrate followed deposition of metal by ebeam evaporation. First a low energy ion beam (Ar+, 500 eV) is incident on the substrate surface at an angle of 67∘ to the surface normal to produce well ordered (20-50 nm) ripple patterns. Then physically vaporized Ag atoms are deposited at grazing angle of 70∘ to the surface normal and normal to the ripples direction. Varying deposition parameters, i.e. ripple periodicity, substrate temperature and atomic flux, we were able to produce well ordered nanoparticles and nanowires. Self-aligned Ag nanoparticles and nanowires deposited on pre-patterned ripple surfaces exhibit strong optical anisotropy. Generalised ellipsometry measurements show that off diagonal Jones matrix elements (Ψ_ps, Δ_ps, Ψ_sp, Δ_sp) are non zero and vary with Eulers angle \phi. This indicates that such a medium is biaxial in nature. A biaxial layer model approach is used to calculate dielectric functions for such a system. Tauc-Lorentz oscillators are used along x and y direction independently and Drude model along z-direction for nanoparticles. This approach provides a very good fitting with the measured Jones matrix element Ψ_pp, Δ_pp, Ψ_ps, Δ_ps, Ψ_sp, Δ_sp. Different cases for ordered nanoparticles and wires will be presented.

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  • Lecture (Conference)
    DPG Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Kondensierte Materie (SKM) 2010, 21.-26.03.2010, Regensburg, Germany

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Publ.-Id: 14892


Self-Organisation of metal nanoparticles and nanowires grown on ripple templates

Ranjan, M.; Oates, T. W. H.; Facsko, S.

Nobel metal nanoparticles exhibit distinct optical properties due to their localized surface plas-mon resonance. Potential applications of these structures can be found in solar cells, nonlinear optical devices, or sensors. Especially for nanoscale optics aligned equidistant chains of metal nanoparticles are favored.
Ion beam sputtered surfaces featuring self-organized ripple patterns have proven to be excellent templates for the alignment of these metal nanoparticles [1]. In the continuous sputtering proc-ess, induced by the bombardment with low-energy ions (100 – 2000 eV), periodic surface pat-terns appear in form of ripples or arrays of hexagonally ordered mounds, which show a very high degree of regularity [2]. The dimension of the pattern is related to the size of the typical collision cascade of a single ion event and lies in the range of ten to tens of nanometers. The periodicity and regularity of the pattern is established by the effective filtering of a narrow band of spatial frequencies on the surface, which results from the interplay between a surface instability caused by the sputtering and surface diffusion processes. Regular ripple morphologies have been pro-duced in this way on very different materials including semiconductors, isolators, and metals, demonstrating the universality of the mechanism [3].
Depending on deposition angle, substrate temperature, beam flux, and deposition time, the metal nanostructures align parallel to the ripples, eventually coalesce forming nanowires [4]. Due to the alignment the nanoparticles exhibit strongly anisotropic optical properties. The difference in the interparticle distance along the parallel and perpendicular direction, respectively, leads to different plasmonic coupling in the respective directions. Therefore a red shift of the plasmon-polariton resonance is observed for light polarized parallel to the ripple direction. In addition, the resonance shifts with the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. Energy shifts of the plasmon reso-nance of 0.2 eV to 0.7 eV have been determined for aspect ratios in the range of 2 to 5.
This work is partly supported by DFG FOR 845.
REFERENCES
1. T.W.H. Oates, A. Keller, S. Facsko , A. Mücklich , Plasmonics 2, 47 (2007).
2. A. Keller, S. Rossbach, S. Facsko, et al., Nanotechnology 19, 135303 (2008).
3. A. Keller, S. Facsko, and A. Moller, Jour. Phys. Cond. Matt. 21, 495305 (2009).
4. T.W. H.Oates, A.Keller, S.Noda, S.Facsko , Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 063106 (2008

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    Nanofair 2010, 06.07.-07.11.2010, Dresden, Germany

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Publ.-Id: 14891


Self-Organisation of metal nanoparticles on ion beam produced ripple templates

Ranjan, M.; Facsko, S.; Möller, W.

Ion beam sputtering has been used for pre-structuring of the substrate. Low energy ion beam (Ar+, 500 eV) incident on the substrate surface (Si in our case) at an angle of 67o to the surface normal to produce well ordered (20-50 nm) ripple patterns [1, 2]. The periodicity and regularity of the pattern is estab-lished by the effective filtering of a narrow band of spatial frequencies on the surface, which results from the interplay between a surface instability caused by the sputtering and surface diffusion processes. Regular ripple morphologies have been produced in this way on very different materials including semiconductors, iso-lators, and metals, demonstrating the universality of the mechanism [2].
Depending on deposition angle, substrate temperature, beam flux, and deposition time, the metal nanostruc-tures align parallel to the ripples, eventually coalesce forming nanowires [3,4].A very high degree of align-ment not reported so far using the present technique has been achieved. Due to the alignment the nanoparti-cles exhibit strongly anisotropic optical properties. The difference in the interparticle distance along the paral-lel and perpendicular direction, respectively, leads to different plasmonic coupling in the respective direc-tions. Therefore a red shift of the plasmon-polariton resonance is observed for light polarized parallel to the ripple direction. In addition, the resonance shifts with the aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. Energy shifts of the plasmon resonance of 0.2 eV to 0.7 eV have been determined for aspect ratios in the range of 2 to 5.
References:
[1]. Keller.A, Rossbach.S, Facsko.S, Nanotechnology 19(2008) 135303
[2]. Keller.A, Facsko.S,Möller.W, Jour. Phys. Cond. Matt. 21(2009) 495305
[3]. Oates.T.W.H, Keller.A, Facsko.S, A. Mücklich, Plasmonics 2(2007) 47
[4]. Oates.T.W.H, Keller.A, Noda.S, Facsko.S, Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(2008) 063106

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  • Poster
    Workshop Ion Beam Physics, 29.-31.03.2010, Dresden, Germany

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Self-assembled Ag nanoparticles on plasma sputtered hexagonally ordered GaSb nanodots

Ranjan, M.; Fritzsche, M.; Zhou, J.; Facsko, S.; Möller, W.

Low energy ion-irradiation is capable to produce self-organized ripple and dot pattern on surfaces [1, 2].Ion bombardment normal to surface generate hexagonally correlated dot pattern on semiconductor surfaces [2]. Metal film grown on such pre-patterned substrate may lead to highly ordered self-assembled nanoparticles or nanowires [3]. Ordered metal nanoparticles show unique optical properties [4, 5]. In this work negatively biased (-1.2 kV) GaSb substrate was immersed in an inductively coupled RF plasma. Plasma sheath formation around the sample maintained the normal ion incidence. Ion fluence equivalent to 1x1018 cm-2 is sufficient to produce well pronounced hexagonally ordered dot structures. Later oblique incidence PVD growth of silver on such substrate, produce self-assemble nanoparticles fallowing the dots periodicity. Reflection measurement shows a plasmonic splitting and results in two pronounce resonance peak. Such a splitting is arises due to hexagonal arrangement of nanoparticles, not appeared for non-ordered particles. More details study of this work will be presented.

References:

[1] A. Keller, S. Facsko, W. Möller, New J. Phys. 10 (2008) 063004
[2] S.Facsko, T.Dekorsy, C. Koerdt, H. Kurz, A. Vogt, H. Hartnagel, Science 285 (1999)1551
[3] T.W. H.Oates, A.Keller, S.Noda, S.Facsko, Appl. Phy. Lett., 93(2008) 063106.
[4] T.W. H.Oates, A.Keller, S.Facsko, A.Mücklich, Plasmonics 2(2007) 47.
[5] A. Taleb, V. Russier, A. Courty, M. P. Pileni, Phys.Rev.B 59 (1999) 13350

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  • Poster
    Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE), 13.-17.09.2010, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Deutschland

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Publ.-Id: 14889


Radioökologische Forschung als Basis zur Entwicklung neuer Materialien

Raff, J.

wird nachgereicht

  • Lecture (others)
    Besuch ehemaliger IRC-Mitarbeiter, 19.11.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-14888
Publ.-Id: 14888


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