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41396 Publications

Integration der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie in die Strahlentherapie mit hochenergetischen Photonen

Kunath, D.

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-525 2009
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13365
Publ.-Id: 13365


Messung des Wirkungsquerschnitts astrophysikalisch relevanter Kernreaktionen

Trompler, E.

Die 14^N(p,gamma)^15O-Reaktion ist die langsamste im Bethe-Weizsäcker-Zyklus des Wasserstoffbrennens und bestimmt dessen Rate. Der Wirkungsquerschnitt dieser Reaktion wurde in der Vergangenheit über einen weiten Energiebereich gemessen. Erneute, genauere Messungen im niederenergetischen Bereich hatten gezeigt, dass der Wirkungsquerschnitt um einen Faktor zwei niedriger ist als erwartet. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit soll überprüft werden, ob sich das auch für höhere Energien bestätigt.
Hierzu wurden Messungen am Protonenstrahl des 3 MV Tendetron-Beschleunigers, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, durchgeführt. Zunächst wird eine experimentelle Kalibrierung der gamma-Nachweiswahrscheinlichkeit dreier comptonunterdrückter Reinstgermanium-Detektoren im energiebereich von 0,7 bis 12 MeV durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis wird mit der bisher simulierten Effizienzkurve verglichen. Dann wird im Energiebereich von 0,5 bis 1,5 MeV der Wirkungsquerschnitt für 14^N(p,gamma)^15O*(6.7929), das heißt für den Einfang in den vierten angeregten von 15^O bei 6.792 keV, bestimmt. Der Einfang in diesen Zustand trägt mehr als die Hälfte zum extrapolierten Wirkungsquerschnitt bei Energien wie im Inneren der Sonne bei.

  • Open Access Logo Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-523 2009
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13364
Publ.-Id: 13364


Molecular Structure and Electrochemical Behavior of Uranyl(VI) Complex with Pentadentate Schiff Base Ligand: Prevention of Uranyl(V) Cation-Cation Interaction by Fully Chelating Equatorial Coordination Sites

Takao, K.; Kato, M.; Takao, S.; Nagasawa, A.; Bernhard, G.; Hennig, C.; Ikeda, Y.

The UVI complex with a pentadentate Schiff base ligand (N,N’-disalicylidenediethylene-triaminate = saldien2–) was prepared as a starting material of a potentially stable UV complex without any possibility of UVO2+•••UVO2+ cation-cation interaction, and was found in three different crystal phases. Two of them had the same composition of UVIO2(saldien)•DMSO in orthorhombic and monoclinic systems (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide, 1a and 1c, respectively). The DMSO molecule in both 1a and 1c does not show any coordination to UVIO2(saldien), but it is just present as a solvent in the crystal structures. The other isolated crystals consisted only of UVIO2(saldien) without incorporation of solvent molecules (1b, orthorhombic). Different conformation of the coordinated saldien2– in 1c from those in 1a and 1b was observed. The conformers exchange each other in a solution through a flipping motion of the phenyl rings. The pentagonal equatorial coordination of UVIO2(saldien) remains unchanged even in strongly Lewis-basic solvents, DMSO and N,N-dimethylformamide. Cyclic voltammetry of UVIO2(saldien) in DMSO showed a quasireversible redox reaction without any successive reactions. The electron stoichiometry determined by the UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical technique is close to 1, indicating that the reduction product of UVIO2(saldien) is [UVO2(saldien)]– which is stable in DMSO. The standard redox potential of [UVO2(saldien)]–/UVIO2(saldien) in DMSO is –1.584 V vs. Fc/Fc+. This UV complex shows the characteristic absorption bands due to f-f transitions in its 5f1 configuration and charge-transfer from the axial oxygen to U5+.

Keywords: Uranyl(V); Stabilization; Electrochemistry; f-f Transition

  • Inorganic Chemistry 49(2010)5, 2349-2359

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13363
Publ.-Id: 13363


First evaluation of a fast full 3D list-mode based image reconstruction for PET

Lougovski, A.; Mölle, H.; Langner, J.; Will, E.; van den Hoff, J.

Ziel/Aim:

Despite the fact that all modern PET scanners support 3D data acquisition protocols, up to now only a few of them have supported full 3D image reconstruction. Normally the reconstruction task is performed in sinogram space and reduced to a 2D problem using Fourier rebinning. This implies certain approximations and can degrade image quality. 3D list-mode reconstruction potentially is able to overcome these limitations while allowing at the same time flexible integration of motion correction methods into the reconstruction. The very limited availability of corresponding open-sourced software motivated us to develop our own, platform independent, fully 3D list-mode reconstruction with the final goal of integration of our event-based motion correction into it.

Methodik/Methods:

As the basis for our reconstruction we have taken the Ordinary Poisson List-mode Ordered Subsets Expectation Maximization algorithm (OP-LMOSEM) with on-the-fly system matrix simulation using a ray-tracing technique. The source code (C++) supports multi-threading and allows distributed computing, both of which decreases reconstruction time considerably. It also includes all
necessary corrections (attenuation, normalization, randoms etc.). We use the Single Scatter Simulation algorithm to compensate for Compton scatter and have evaluated the new reconstruction by comparison with the standard OSEM-reconstruction available with our Siemens EXACT HR+ scanner. Phantom measurements were performed in list-mode using the software previously developed in our lab. The evaluation procedure has been divided into three parts: i) quantitative accuracy (ROI's mean value comparison); ii) spatial resolution (FWHM comparison); iii) Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR (ratio of standard deviation to mean value in homogeneous ROIs).

Ergebnisse/Results:

Relative to the standard reconstruction we obtain the following results: quantitatively, images show reasonable concordance with the reference, abstract-dialog | Abstract Management System
the differences are below 8%. The reconstructed spatial resolution is on average 10% better (up to 20% in smaller structures). The mean SNR shows 6% improvement (especially at the axial edges of the field of view). Currently, reconstruction time for a typical 5 minute FDG brain scan is 13 minutes using 64 cores running at 2.3 GHz.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

3D list-mode reconstructions are approaching clinical usefulness and prospectively offer the optimal framework for incorporating event-based motion correction methods into the reconstruction. Our implementation has proven to provide results, which already are better then those of the standard reconstruction on our system, although there is still room for much improvement. In the next step we plan to incorporate motion correction into the algorithm.

  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Nuklearmedizin 49(2010)2, A26
    ISSN: 0029-5566
  • Lecture (Conference)
    48. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN), 21.-24.04.2010, Leipzig, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13362
Publ.-Id: 13362


Blood flow measurements using MRI and Arterial Spin Labeling: a comparison with radioactive microspheres

Bos, A.; Bergmann, R.; Strobel, K.; van den Hoff, J.

Aim:

Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) is a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique for quantitative blood flow measurements. While the principal validity of the technique has been shown, e.g. for human brain investigations, its practical applicability and accuracy depends very sensitively on the specific experimental setting. The purpose of this work was the evaluation of ASL for perfusion measurements in the rat brain by a comparison with microsphere derived regional perfusion information using dedicated small animal PET and SPECT systems.

Methods:

MRI measurements were performed first, immediately followed by the microsphere measurements. Before measurements, catheters were implanted through the right carotid artery into the left ventricle of the heart for administration of radio-labeled microspheres (20). The in-vivo distribution of radio-labeled microspheres was evaluated by PET (microPET P4, Siemens) using Cu-64 and Ga-68 microspheres. For SPECT (NanoSPECT, Bioscan) measurements Tc-99m microspheres were used. MRI perfusion measurements were performed in a 7T small animal system (BioSpec 70/30, BRUKER) with the vendor provided ASL protocol using a FAIR (flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery) sequence with an adiabatic hyperbolic secant inversion pulse (length-bandwidth product: 80). The global and selective T1 images were used for calculation of perfusion values.

Results:

For normal rat brain (without catheter) we measured perfusion values using FAIR-ASL ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 ml/min/g in the caudate putamen. The implantation of the catheter created differences in the perfusion between the right and left hemisphere of the brain (due to the partial blocking of the right carotid artery), which are apparent from the left/right differences in the microsphere distribution. These differences are visible in the ASL-derived perfusion as well, ranging from 25 - 60%. ASL-derived perfusion exhibits substantial inter- and intra-individual variability, the cause of which is currently under investigation.

Conclusions:
Quantitative perfusion measurements in the rat brain using ASL seem possible but are very susceptible to minor deviations from the optimal setup (e.g. concerning shimming of the magnetic field and motion artifacts). Overall regional contrast is on average concordant with regional distribution of microspheres. In order to be useful for routine application in small animal imaging, ASL data acquisition and data evaluation needs to be further optimized. A final calibration via a quantitative comparison with radio-labeled microspheres seems mandatory.

  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Nuklearmedizin 49(2010)2, A27
    ISSN: 0029-5566
  • Lecture (Conference)
    48. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN), 21.-24.04.2010, Leipzig, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13361
Publ.-Id: 13361


Beam-Shape Effects in Nonlinear Compton and Thomson Scattering

Heinzl, T.; Seipt, D.; Kampfer, B.

We discuss intensity effects in collisions between beams of optical photons from a high-power laser and relativistic electrons. Our main focus are the modifications of the emission spectra due to realistic finite-beam geometries. By carefully analyzing the classical limit we precisely quantify the distinction between strong-field QED Compton scattering and classical Thomson scattering. A purely classical, but fully covariant, calculation of the bremsstrahlung emitted by an electron in a plane wave laser field yields radiation into harmonics, as expected. This result is generalized to pulses of finite duration and explains the appearance of line broadening and harmonic substructure as an interference phenomenon. The ensuing numerical treatment confirms that strong focussing of the laser leads to a broad continuum while higher harmonics become visible only at moderate focussing, hence lower intensity. We present a scaling law for the backscattered photon spectral density which facilitates averaging over electron beam phase space. Finally, we propose a set of realistic parameters such that the observation of intensity induced spectral red-shift, higher harmonics, and their substructure, becomes feasible.

Keywords: high-intensity lasers; Compton scattering; Thomson scattering

  • Physical Review A 81(2010), 022125

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13360
Publ.-Id: 13360


Kann die Atembewegungskorrektur die Darstellung und Quantifizierung im Abdomenbereich verbessern?

Mölle, H.; Langner, J.; Beuthien-Baumann, B.; Oehme, L.; Hofheinz, F.; Kotzerke, J.; van den Hoff, J.

Ziel/Aim:

Vor dem Hintergrund einer kontinuierlichen Verbesserung der apparativ erreichbaren räumlichen Auflösung in der PET stellen Patientenbewegungen einen maßgeblichen Faktor dar, der die praktisch realisierbare räumliche Auflösung beschränkt. Bei PET-Aufnahmen vom Thorax und Abdomen kommt es insbesondere durch die unvermeidbare Atembewegung des Patienten zur zyklischen Verschiebung der inneren Organe sowie anderer Zielstrukturen. Hieraus resultiert eine unter Umständen beträchtliche Bewegungsunschärfe in den tomographischen Bilddaten. Dies erschwert die visuelle Beurteilung und führt zu Fehlern bei der Bestimmung quantitativer Parameter wie der maximalen Traceranreicherung und dem Volumen der Strukturen. Besonders betroffen hiervon sind kleine Strukturen wie etwa die Nierenkelche. So war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, die Quantifizierung und die Erkennbarkeit von kleinen Strukturen im Abdomen zu verbessern.

Methodik/Methods:

Bei 40 Patienten wurde eine Ganzkörperuntersuchung mit F18-FDG am PET-Scanner ECAT Exact HR+ durchgeführt. Gleichzeitig erfassten Infrarot-Tracking-Kameras die Atembewegung der Patienten. Anschließend wurde eine Atemtriggerung anhand der Atembewegungsamplitude durchgeführt. Die Bewegung der Nieren wurde durch die Differenz der Nierenpositionen in der end-exspiratorischen und der end-inspiratorischen Atemphase bestimmt. Die Korrektur der Nierenbewegung erfolgte mit Hilfe einer rigiden Transformation, die alle Atemphasen auf eine gemeinsame Atemphase abbildet.

Ergebnisse/Results:

Von 40 F18-FDG Patienten konnte bei 26 die Bewegung der linken und bei 24 die Bewegung der rechten Niere ermittelt werden. Bei den übrigen Patienten war die F18-FDG-Anreicherung in den Nieren zu gering, um die Bewegung zu bestimmen. Die mittlere kraniokaudale Bewegung der linken Niere betrug 8,6 mm und die der rechten Niere 8,2 mm. Es wurde ein Vergleich des maximalen SUV und des Volumens einer lokalen Traceranreicherung in der Niere zwischen dem bewegungskorrigierten und dem unkorrigierten PET-Bild durchgeführt. Bei den Patienten zeigte sich eine maximale Reduktion des Volumens um 40% und eine maximale Zunahme des SUV um 20%.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Die Atembewegung beeinflusst maßgeblich die Darstellung und Quantifizierung im Abdomenbereich. Für eine verlässliche Quantifizierung ist eine Korrektur der Bewegung im Abdomen notwendig.

  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Nuklearmedizin 49(2010)2, A28
    ISSN: 0029-5566
  • Lecture (Conference)
    48. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN), 21.-24.04.2010, Leipzig, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13359
Publ.-Id: 13359


Einfluss der event-basierten Bewegungskorrektur auf die Bestimmung pharmakokinetischer Parameter bei PET-Hirnuntersuchungen

Langner, J.; Mölle, H.; Oehme, L.; Hofheinz, F.; Beuthien-Baumann, B.; van den Hoff, J.

Ziel/Aim:

Patientenbewegungen sind in der PET unvermeidbar. So können hierdurch die Bilddaten z. B. verfälscht oder bei dynamischen Hirnuntersuchungen die Bestimmung von Zeit-Aktivitäts-Kurven (TAC) bzw. die Quantifizierung pharmakokinetischer Parameter beeinflusst werden. Die in diesem Zusammenhang in den letzten Jahren entwickelten Methoden zur Registrierung und Korrektur der Patientenbewegung stellen nützliche Werkzeuge zur Minimierung dieser Effekte zur Verfügung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit war es Ziel, den Einfluss einer bereits routinemäßig an unserer Einrichtung angewandten event-basierten Bewegungskorrektur, die auf der räumlichen Transformation jeder Line-of-Response (LOR) basiert, innerhalb eines größeren Patientenkollektivs zu untersuchen. Hierdurch sollten Aussagen darüber getroffen werden, in welchem Maße die Korrekturmethode in der Lage ist, den Einfluss der Bewegung auf die Auswertung von dynamischen Hirnuntersuchungen zu reduzieren.

Methodik/Methods:

Bei 645 [18F]DOPA-Untersuchungen mit Fragestellung Morbus Parkinson wurde eine Bewegungskorrektur durchgeführt. Hierbei wurde bei 20% eine maximale Bewegung größer 7 mm festgestellt. Für diese Untersuchungen wurden die Einstromraten (R0k3) mittels eines irreversiblen Zweikompartment-Modells mit Referenzgewebe (Patlak-Auswertung) sowohl vor als auch nach Bewegungskorrektur bestimmt. Hierfür wurden 8 ROIs innerhalb des Striatum sowie eine ROI im Referenzgewebe positioniert und für jede ROI im Striatum die Zeit-Aktivitäts-Kurve (TAC) sowie die Einstromrate berechnet. Des Weiteren wurden für jeden Datensatz parametrische Bilder erzeugt und mit den unkorrigierten Daten verglichen.

Ergebnisse/Results:

Die maximale Bewegung in den insgesamt 645 Untersuchungen verteilt sich wie folgt: (i) 31%: 0,5 – 3 mm, (ii) 31%: 3 – 5 mm, (iii) 18%: 5 – 7 mm, (iv) 20%: > 7 mm. Bei der quantitativen Auswertung zeigten sich Unterschiede im Verlauf der TAC von bis zu 30-40%. Die R0k3 Werte zeigten zum Teil Änderungen von mehreren hundert Prozent. Im Vergleich der parametrischen Bilder konnte dies verifiziert werden.

Schlussfolgerungen/Conclusions:

Die Quantifizierung tracerkinetischer Parameter wird von Patientenbewegungen, deren Ausmaß vergleichbar mit der Größe der Zielstrukturen ist, empfindlich beeinflusst und verliert u.U. ihre Gültigkeit. Eine event-basierte Bewegungskorrektur ist in der Lage, diese Fehlerquelle zu minimieren.

  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Nuklearmedizin 49(2010)2, A36
    ISSN: 0029-5566
  • Lecture (Conference)
    48. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin (DGN), 21.-24.04.2010, Leipzig, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13358
Publ.-Id: 13358


Fluorescence and Infrared Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy: A New Tool in Analysing Protein Conformational Coupling

Fahmy, K.

The allosteric regulation of biomolecules such as enzymes or receptors is based on structural changes that are initiated at a ligand-binding site and become transmitted to a "distant" active site where enzymatic efficiency or interaction with effectors is altered. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of this long range coupling between distinct protein domains is crucial for many pharmacoligically relevant systems where the conformation of a target molecule has to be specifically affected by a designed ligand. We have developed a generalized multidimensional spectoscopic approach to investigate long range conformational coupling in proteins. It employs the integration of fluorescence emission and infrared absorption data recorded simultaneously from the same protein sample that undergoes conformational transitions in response to an external perturbation. Using attenuated total relfectance (ATR) Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy, additional channels for excitation and detection of fluorescence where established by light guides positioned above the sample on the ATR crystal. Long range coupling in the signal transfer through rhodopsin has recently been identified by Fluorescence-IR-cross-correlation [1]. Using 2D-cross-correlation techniques, the kinetic asynchronicity of the emission from natural or artificial site-specific fluorophores relative to the secondary structure-sensitive IR-absorption bands can be determined. Thereby, IR absorptions can be identified in a model-free and unbiased way that can be assigned to secondary-strutural elements that become specifically stabilized by ligand interactions. Here, we demonstrate in a cytoskeletal protein the correlation of the loss of ligand-dependent static quenching of intrinsic tryptophan emission during thermal unfolding with the loss of structure monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. The high signal to noise ratio in 2D-correlation and the "synchronicity tagging" of the IR bands through their correlation with an independent monitor of ligand dissociation allows detecting ligand protein interactions with an accuracy that is not achieved by FTIR-spectroscopy alone. In addition, topological information can be obtained from the emission wavelength of the tryptophans that become gradually unquenched during temperature-induced ligand dissociation. Fluorescence-IR-cross-correlation spectroscopy thus extends the IR-based conformational analysis by the inclusion of site-specific information on local physical parameters (polarity, electrostatics, etc.) specifically affecting the emission of fluorophores. We show how this approach provides structural information on flavonoid binding to actin, a cytoskeletal and nuclear protein that has recently been shown to respond to the binding of these natural compounds by flavonoid-specific conformational changes [2].

Acknowledgement
We acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to KF (grant 248/4)

References
[1] N. Lehmann, U. Alexiev, K. Fahmy, J. Mol. Biol. 336 (2007) 1129–1141.
[2] M. Boehl, S. Tietze, A. Sokoll, S. Madathil, F. Pfennig, J. Apostolakis, K. Fahmy, H.-O. Gutzeit,
Biophys. J. 93 (2007) 2767-2780.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    XIII European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, 28.08.2009, Palermo, Italy

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13357
Publ.-Id: 13357


S-Layer protein from Lysinibacillus Sphaericus JG-A12 as matrix for AuIII sorption and Au-nanoparticle formation

Jankowski, U.; Merroun, M. L.; Selenska-Pobell, S.; Fahmy, K.

The strain Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12, isolated from the uranium mining site at Haberland, Saxony (Germany) selectively and reversibly accumulates radionuclides and toxic metals. Metal binding occurs to its surface layer (S-layer) surrounding the cells. Here, we have studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy the protein structure and stability as a function of AuIII binding and the subsequent reductively induced formation of Au-nanoclusters. Similar to previously studied complexes with PdII, Au-treated S-layers become resistant to acid denaturation evidenced by little response of their amide I absorption frequency. However, the strong effect of PdII exerted on the side chain carboxylate IR absorption intensity is not observed with gold. Particularly after reduction, the carboxyl absorption responds little to acidification and a fraction appears to be protonated already at neutral pH. We ascribe this to a hydrophobic environment of the carboxyl groups after formation of Au-nanoclusters. EXAFS spectra agree with the metallic Au-Au distance but the reduced coordination number indicates that the Au-nanoclusters do not exceed ~2 nm. Thus, the S-layer of L. sphaericus JG-A12 provides a biotemplate for efficient Au-nanocluster formation in an acid-resistant matrix and independently of cysteins.

Keywords: Au-nanocluster; S-layer; L. sphaericus JG-A12; Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy; EXAFS

  • Contribution to proceedings
    XIII European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, 28.08.-02.09.2009, Palermo, Italy
    Spectroscopy 24(2010)1-2 Special Issue, Amsterdam: IOS-Press, 177-181

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13356
Publ.-Id: 13356


Characterization of a Halobacterium sp. isolate cultivated from samples collected from Arava Desert

Jankowski, U.; Flemming, K.; Selenska-Pobell, S.

The Arava Desert is a hostile oligotrophic, extremely dry and hyper saline environment in Israel. Such environments are usually inhabited by microorganisms called extremophiles. In this study, an extreme halophilic Archaeon was cultivated from sand samples of the Arava Desert. The interactions of this archaeal isolate with radionuclides will be studied in the next future. Such studies are important because saline environments are perspective sites for deposition of radioactive wastes.

  • Contribution to HZDR-Annual report
    Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-511 Februar 2009, 35-35
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13355
Publ.-Id: 13355


Wie beeinflussen mikrobielle Lebensgemeinschaften (Biofilme) Uran in der Umwelt?

Krawczyk-Bärsch, E.

Biofilme sind Lebensgemeinschaften von verschieden Mikroorganismen, die allgegenwärtig sind. Über Poren und Kanäle in den Biofilmen werden Wasser, Nährstoffe, Signalstoffe, aber auch toxische Schwermetalle aus der umgebenden Lösung zu den einzelnen Mikroorganismen gebracht und Stoffwechselprodukte abgeführt. Am Beispiel von Uran als toxisches Schwermetall konnte eine Schutzfunktion und Überlebensstrategie der Biofilme nachgewiesen werden, durch die gelöstes Uran in wässrigen Lösungen zu unlöslichem Uran reduziert und in der Zwischenzellsubstanz der Biofilme „gespeichert“ wird.

  • Lecture (others)
    Tag des offenen Labors, 09.05.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13354
Publ.-Id: 13354


Spectroscopic characterization of Au complexation and nanoclusters formation on Bacillus sphaericus JG-A12 S-layer

Jankowski, U.; Fahmy, K.; Selenska-Pobell, S.; Merroun, M. M.

Protein secondary structure and stability of S-layers from B. sphaericus JG-A12 in Au-complexes with Au(III) and in Au(0) nanoparticles, produced by reduction of Au(III), was studied by FTIR spectroscopy.
The data show a different role of side chain carboxylates in complex formation as compared to an analogous study on complexation of Pd(II) or Pt(II).

  • Contribution to HZDR-Annual report
    Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; FZD-511 Februar 2009, 70-70
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13353
Publ.-Id: 13353


The European Physical Journal - Special Topics 177(2009)
'Advances in the Multi-Scale Computational Design of Condensed Matter Interfaces'

Emmerich, H.; Gemming, S.; (Editors)

Editorial - Materials have become an ever more important factor in most advanced technologies. It was no coincidence when the former State Secretary Christoph Matschie stated, at the opening of WING (Materials Innovations for Industry and Society initiated by the German Ministry for Education and Research), that nearly any new product is based on the improvement of an engineered material. This comes along with a constant quest for new materials, improved performance and decreased development costs. This quest is particularly strong for high-wage countries in the global market situation. Thus there is a steadily growing importance of systematic materials development supported by computer simulation methods in tailoring new materials for more and more specific demands for a wide range of applications from everyday household goods to opto-electronics and even further to medicine. In this context the tailoring of materials interfaces, respectively that of corresponding condensed matter systems, often used as model systems for the first ones, plays a particularly important role. The reason for this is that a material’s functional properties are to a large extent determined by its inner and outer interfaces. Prominent examples are corrosion-resistant surfaces of household goods, or likewise inert surfaces of prostheses engineered for medical applications. During materials processing the inner and outer interfaces of such functional materials evolve driven by the complex interplay of all the physical and chemical mechanisms contributing to interface energetics, interface kinetics and interface dynamics. Essentially, this opens a multiscale problem ranging from the quantum mechanical to the continuum scale.

Keywords: condensed matter; transport; multi-scale modeling; scale-bridging; concurrent; scale-hopping

  • Book (Editorship)
    Heidelberg: Springer, 2009
    205 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13352
Publ.-Id: 13352


Numerical and experimental investigation of electromagnetic separation control using different wave forms

Albrecht, T.; Weier, T.; Gerbeth, G.; Metzkes, H.; Stiller, J.

The separated flow around inclined airfoils can be controlled by unsteady actuation near the leading edge (LE), increasing the maximum lift coefficient without the need for heavy and complex high lift devices such as flaps. Zero net mass flow devices (ZNMF) are often used for this purpose. While certainly favorable for industrial application, actuation via ZNMF faces some problems. In particular, to independently control both amplitude and frequency of the excitation is considered a ``great challenge'' This is even more severe when the wave form of the actuation is non-sinusoidal, i.e., contains more than one frequency component. Lorentz forces do not suffer from such limitations; driven by an electric current, arbitrary wave forms can be generated easily. The main purpose here is to identify possibly different mechanisms triggered by different wave forms. In particular, we investigate electromagnetic excitation using a) a sinusoidal wave and b) rectangular waves at duty cycles of DC=1/4 and DC=1/8.

Keywords: flow control; Lorentz force

  • Lecture (Conference)
    5th AIAA Flow Control Conference, 28.06.-01.07.2010, Chicago, IL, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13351
Publ.-Id: 13351


Structural determination of neptunium redox spezies in aqueous solution

Ikeda-Ohno, A.; Hennig, C.; Rossberg, A.; Funke, H.; Scheinost, A. C.; Bernhard, G.; Yaita, T.

Neptunium (93Np) is one of the most important elements to be considered for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes, because of a considerable content in the wastes, and the high radioactivity, half-lives and radiotoxicity of its nuclides. From a chemist’s point of view, it is also a very interesting element because of its diversity of oxidation states from III to VII [1]. Whether Np may be retained in the waste repository for millions of years, or whether it will migrate to the biosphere, depends heavily on its chemical forms (speciation). We assume that oxidation state will have a strong influence on the speciation. Therefore detailed knowledge about the interrelation between oxidation state and the structure of chemical species is critical for the development of safe nuclear waste repositories. This motivated us to perform X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) studies to determine the complex structure of Np species in aqueous solutions at different oxidation states. The experiments were performed at the Rossendorf Beamline (BM20), the only beamline at the ESRF, where such studies with aqueous Np samples can be performed.

Keywords: Neptunium; EXAFS

  • Contribution to external collection
    G. Admans: ESRF Highlights, Grenoble: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 2009, 99-100

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13350
Publ.-Id: 13350


Structure of early actinides(V) in acidic solutions

Di Giandomenico, M. V.; Le Naour, C.; Simoni, E.; Gulliaumont, D.; Moisy, P.; Hennig, C.; Conradson, C.; Den Auwer, C.

Protactinium occupies a key position in the actinide series between thorium and uranium. In aqueous acidic solution, it is stable at oxidation state (V), occurring either as an oxocation or as a naked ion, depending on the media. Very few structural information on the hydration sphere of Pa(V) in acidic medium is available, in particular in hydrofluoric acid. Combined EXAFS and theoretical calculations have been used in this work to characterize the protactinium coordination sphere at various HF concentrations. The correlation of the XAFS data with quantum chemical calculations provides complementary structural and electronic models from ab initio techniques. At HF concentrations from 0.5 to 0.05 M, both theoretical calculations and EXAFS data suggest that the protactinium coordination sphere is mainly composed of fluoride ions. At the lowest HF concentration, the occurrence of a monooxo bond is observed with EXAFS, in agreement with the literature. A comparison of these data with related neptunium(V) and plutonium(V) diooxocations in perchloric acid is also presented.

Keywords: Actinide; Protactinium; EXAFS; Quantum chemistry

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13349
Publ.-Id: 13349


Complexation of U(VI) with highly phosphorylated protein, phosvitin. A vibrational spectroscopic approach

Li, B.; Barkleit, A.; Raff, J.; Bernhard, G.; Foerstendorf, H.

The complexation of uranium(VI) to variant functional groups of the highly phosphorylated protein phosvitin in aqueous solution was investigated by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-transform Infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. For the verification of the affinity of the actinyl ions to carboxyl and phosphate groups of the amino acid side chains, samples with different phosphate to uranium(VI) (P/U) ratios were investigated under denaturing conditions and as well as aqueous complexes. From a comparative study with other heavy metal ions, i.e. Ba2+ and Pb2+, a strong coordination of U(VI) to carboxyl and phosphoryl groups can be derived. Furthermore, the spectra indicate a preferential binding to phosphate groups at deficient U(VI) concentrations. These findings are confirmed by spectra of aqueous U(VI)-phosvitin complexes reflecting an explicit coordination of the uranyl ions to phosphate groups at a high P/U ratio. Our study provides a deeper insight into the molecular interactions between actinyl ions and basic biomolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids.

Keywords: Phosvitin; U(VI); ATR FT-IR; complexation

  • Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 104(2010)7, 718-725

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13348
Publ.-Id: 13348


Co-localisation of hypoxia and perfusion markers with parameters of glucose metabolism in human squamous cell carcinoma (hSCC) xenografts

Yaromina, A.; Quennet, V.; Zips, D.; Meyer, S.; Shakirin, G.; Mueller-Klieser, S.; Walenta, W.; Baumann, M.

Purpose: To examine relationships between tumour hypoxia, perfusion and metabolic microenvironment at themicroregional level in three different human squamous cell carcinomas (hSCC). Materials and methods: Nude mice bearing FaDu, UT-SCC-15, and UT-SCC-5 hSCC were injected with pimonidazole hypoxia and Hoechst perfusion markers. Bioluminescence imaging was used to determine spatial distribution of glucose and lactate content in serial tumour sections. Metabolite levels were grouped in 10 concentration ranges. Images were co-registered and at each concentration range the proportion of area stained for pimonidazole and Hoechst was determinedin 11–13 tumours per tumour line.
Results: The spatial distribution of metabolites in pimonidazole hypoxic and Hoechst perfused areas is characterised by pronounced heterogeneity. In all three tumour lines glucose concentration decreased with increasing pimonidazole hypoxic fraction and increased with increasing perfused area at the microregional level. A weak albeit significant positive correlation between lactate concentration and pimonidazole hypoxic fraction was found only in UT-SCC-5. Lactate concentration consistently decreased with increasing perfused area in all three tumour lines. Conclusions: Both glucose consumption and supply may contribute to the microregional glucose levels. Microregional lactate accumulation in tumours may be governed by clearance potential. The extent of microregional hypoxia cannot be predicted from the lactate concentration indicating that both parameters need to be measured independently.

Keywords: biological imaging; glucose metabolism; pimonidazole hypoxia; perfusion; human tumour xenografts; tumour micromilieu

  • International Journal of Radiation Biology 85(2009)11, 972-980

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13347
Publ.-Id: 13347


Temperature dependence of nitrogen diffusion in single crystalline austenitic stainless steel during ion beam nitriding

Martinavicius, A.; Abrasonis, G.; Möller, W.

Temperature dependence of the nitrogen diffusion coefficient in the expanded austenite γN of single crystalline austenitic stainless steel (ASS) during ion beam nitriding is investigated. Single crystalline [orientations (001), (110) and (111)] AISI 316L ASS samples have been ion beam nitrided in the temperature range of 370-430 °C for 60 min with an ion acceleration voltage of 1 keV and a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. The N depth distribution profiles have been determined by means of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), while the N diffusion coefficients D have been extracted by fitting the NRA profiles with the “trapping-detrapping” model. The results show that the nitrogen diffusivity strongly depends on the single crystal orientation in the sequence D001>D011>D111. These differences are not related to the activation energy which is similar for all three orientations, but to the diffusion coefficient exponential pre-factor D0 whose value varies by 3 orders of magnitude depending on the orientation. The results are discussed on the basis of ion irradiation effects such as defects and vibrational lattice excitations.

  • Poster
    VEIT 2009 - Fifteenth International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies, 28.09.-02.10.2009, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13346
Publ.-Id: 13346


Atomic-level computer simulations of copper-vacancy clusters in alpha-Fe

Al-Asqalani, A. T.; Posselt, M.; Bergner, F.; Birkenheuer, U.

Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels consist of polycrystalline alpha-Fe with different alloying elements, e.g. nickel, and different impurities, e.g. copper. During the operation of a nuclear fission reactor at a temperature of about 300 °C this material is continuously irradiated by neutrons and both vacancies and self-interstitials are formed. The presence of point defects enhances the diffusion of impurities and leads to precipitation if their solid solubility is small. The precipitates may not only contain the impurity species but also point defects since vacancies and/or self-interstitials take part in the process of clustering. Furthermore, pure vacancy and self-interstitial clusters may be formed. Copper-rich precipitates (CRP) are assumed to be the main cause of hardening and embrittlement of Cu-bearing RPV steels since these defects act as obstacles to dislocation motion within the grains of polycrystalline alpha-Fe. There is clear evidence that these nanoclusters remain small and have the bcc structure of the surrounding matrix. CRP and nanovoids have been observed by different experimental methods such as small angle neutron scattering, tomographic atom probe, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. On the other hand, multiscale modeling contributes to a better understanding of the various physical processes that occur during the formation of clusters and precipitates. Rate theory is a useful and efficient tool to simulate defect evolution on realistic time and length scales. However, the values of many parameters used in rate theory, such as diffusion coefficients of mobile species and free binding energies of clusters, are not very well known from experimental investigations. Atomic-level computer simulations can provide these data.

In the present work a combination of Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations on a rigid bcc lattice and molecular dynamics simulations [1,2] is applied in order to determine the most stable configuration of numerous CunVm clusters. In all calculations the most recent Fe-Cu interatomic potential by Pasianot and Malerba [3] is used. Present investigations do not only yield formation energies of the most stable clusters but also the corresponding binding energies. The results are compared with literature data [1,2] obtained by the potentials of Ackland-Bacon [4] and Ludwig-Farkas [5]. The configuration of some clusters containing both copper and vacancies are visualized and their morphology is compared with the interpretation of recent experimental investigations.

References
[1] A. Takahashi, N. Soneda, S. Ishino, and G. Yagawa, Phys. Rev. B 67, 024104 (2003).
[2] D. Kulikov, L. Malerba, and M. Hou, Philos. Mag. 86, 141 (2006).
[3] R. C. Pasianot and L. Malerba, J. Nucl. Mater. 360, 118 (2007).
[4] G. J. Ackland, D. J. Bacon, A .F. Calder, and T. Harry, Philos. Mag. A 75, 713 (1997).
[5] M. Ludwig, D. Farkas, D. Pedraza, and S. Schmauder, Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.
6, 19 (1998).

Keywords: Computer simulation iron defects

  • Poster
    First international school on materials for nuclear reactors (MATRE-1), 18.-23.10.2009, Rochehaut-sur-Semois, Belgium

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13345
Publ.-Id: 13345


Quenched-in vacancies in Fe-AL alloys

Melikhova, O.; Cizek, J.; Prochazka, I.; Kuriplach, J.; Lukac, F.; Cieslar, M.; Brauer, G.; Anwand, W.

Quenched-in vacancies in Fe3Al-based intermetallics were studied in this work. A stoichiometric Fe3Al alloy was compared with non-stoichiometric specimens either with a deficiency or with an excess in Al content. Vacancies in specimens quenched from the disordered A2 phase were investigated by three independent techniques of positron annihilation spectroscopy: positron lifetime (LT) studies, slow positron implantation spectroscopy (SPIS) with a continuous slow positron beam, and coincidence Doppler broadening (CDB). It was found that the combination of LT and SPIS enables to determine reliably even very high concentrations of vacancies. Infor-mation about the local chemical environment of quenched-in vacancies was obtained from CDB measurements.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13344
Publ.-Id: 13344


Polishing of titanium and enhancing the wear resistance of the titanium alloys with a low-energy high-current electron beam

Markov, A. B.; Reuther, H.; Shevchenko, N.

Polishing of titanium and enhancing the wear resistance of the titanium alloys with a low-energy high-current electron beam

  • Lecture (Conference)
    14th International Conference on Radiation Physics and Chemistry of Inorganic Materials, 06.-10.10.2009, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • Izvestija vyssich ucebnych zavedenj 8(2009), 425-428

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13343
Publ.-Id: 13343


Investigation of high intensity laser proton acceleration with underdense targets

D'Humières, E.; Feugeas, J. L.; Nicolaï, P.; Gaillard, S.; Cowan, T.; Sentoku, Y.; Tikhonchuk, V.

In the last few years, intense research has been conducted on laser-accelerated ion sources and their applications. Recently, experiments have shown that a gaseous target can produce proton beams with characteristics comparable to those obtained with solid targets. In underdense laser proton acceleration, volume effects dominate the acceleration, while in target normal sheath acceleration, the electric field value is directly related to the electron surface density. Using Particle-In-Cell simulations, we have studied in detail the effect of an underdense density gradient on proton acceleration with high intensity lasers. Underdense laser ion acceleration strongly depends on the length, the shape and the amplitude of the density gradient and on the laser pulse shape. The accelerated proton beam characteristics in the shock-like regime are very promising.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13341
Publ.-Id: 13341


Proton acceleration from ultrahigh-intensity short-pulse laser-matter interactions with Cu micro-cone targets at an intrinsic ~10-8 contrast

Gaillard, S. A.; Flippo, K. A.; Lowenstern, M. E.; Mucino, J. E.; Rassuchine, J. M.; Gautier, D. C.; Workman, J.; Cowan, T. E.

In this paper, we report on experiments performed on the 200 TW Trident laser (80 J, 600 fs, ~7 µm spot size, S-polarization and ~1.5x1020 W/cm2) at an intrinsic (to the system’s regenerative amplifier) ASE contrast of 10-8, using various geometries of conical Cu targets, as well as Cu flat foils for comparison. The work presented in this paper follows on some earlier work on proton acceleration on Trident (20 J, ~14 µm spot size, P-polarization, ~1019 W/cm2 and also at the intrinsic contrast of 10-8), using Flat Top Cone (FTC) targets [1] and which demonstrated an enhancement in both proton energies and conversion efficiencies. In the current experiment, an electron spectrometer was added, which shows linear correlation of electron temperatures and proton energies, as well as a Cu Kα imaging diagnostic, to determine the characteristics of laser absorption in the FTC, which demonstrates that the laser is absorbed in the preplasma filling the cone, preventing the previously observed enhancement in proton energies.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13340
Publ.-Id: 13340


Status of the Leopard Laser Project in Nevada Terawatt Facility

Wiewior, P.; Astanovitskiy, A.; Aubry, G.; Batie, S.; Caron, J.; Chalyy, O.; Cowan, T.; Haefner, C.; Le Galloudec, B.; Le Galloudec, N.; Macaulay, D.; Nalajala, V.; Pettee, G.; Samek, S.; Stepanenko, Y.; Vesco, J.

Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF) currently operates a high-intensity laser system—Leopard. NTF already operates a powerful z-pinch device, called Zebra, for plasma and High Energy Density physics research. The unique research opportunities arise from the combination of NTF’s terawatt Zebra z-pinch with 50-terawatt-class Leopard laser. This combination also provides opportunities to address fundamental physics of inertial fusion and high energy density physics with intense laser beam. We report on the status, design and architecture of the Leopard laser project. A first experiments carried out with Leopard will be also briefly mentioned.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13339
Publ.-Id: 13339


Importance of magnetic resistive fields in the heating of a micro-cone target irradiated by a high intensity laser

D’Humières, E.; Rassuchine, J.; Baton, S.; Fuchs, J.; Guillou, P.; Koenig, M.; Gremillet, L.; Rousseaux, C.; Kodama, R.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Norimatsu, T.; Batani, D.; Morace, A.; Redaelli, R.; Dorchies, F.; Fourment, C.; Santos, J. J.; Adams, J.; Korgan, G.; Malekos, S.; Cowan, T. E.; Sentoku, Y.

Obtaining keV ion temperatures at solid density, i.e. “warm dense matter”, in the laboratory would be of great interest to measure opacity and equations of state of matter under extremes conditions. Here we report a new means to effectively confine the energetic electrons and localize the energy deposition to a small, more uniformly heated, volume at the tip of nanofabricated micro-cone targets. This is achieved with very high contrast laser irradiation, which interacts with the cone wall to generate strong (~10 MG) localized resistive magnetic fields within the target bulk. Temperatures of up to ~200 eV are observed, with an input laser energy of 10 J. This new means has been investigated both experimentally and with Particle-In-Cell simulations.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13338
Publ.-Id: 13338


THEREDA in an European context - comparison of thermodynamic databases

Brendler, V.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13337
Publ.-Id: 13337


Neues zur Fluoreszenz von Actiniden

Geipel, G.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13336
Publ.-Id: 13336


Reaction of Pu(IV) and Pu(III) with Fe minerals under anoxic conditions - XANES and EXAFS results

Kirsch, R.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13335
Publ.-Id: 13335


Characterization of an uranium accumulating plant in its terrestrial ecosystem and under laboratory conditions

Viehweger, K.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13334
Publ.-Id: 13334


Uranium(IV) colloids in near-neutral solutions - Preparation and stability

Dreissig, I.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13333
Publ.-Id: 13333


Influence of calcite on the sorption of U(VI) and HA onto Opalinus clay

Joseph, C.

  • wird nachgereicht
  • Lecture (Conference)
    10. Koordinierungsgespräch FZD/IRC - PSI/LES, 28.-29.10.2009, Villigen, Schweiz

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13332
Publ.-Id: 13332


Transition metal sulfide clusters below the cluster-platelet transition theory and experiment

Gemming, S.; Seifert, G.; Götz, M.; Fischer, T.; Ganteför, G.

The structural and electronic properties of neutral and anionic molybdenum sulfide clusters with the composi-tion Mo3Sn (n=0-12) were studied by density-functional calculations. The theoretical results are confirmed by a comparison with photoelectron spectra of the correspond-ing W3Sn- anions providing experimental values for the vertical detachment energies and the HOMO-LUMO gaps. For sulfur contents up to n=9 the clusters are com-posed of a central Mo3 unit, which is decorated by bridg-ing, terminal and three-fold coordinated S atoms. For n>9, a cleavage of the Mo3 center is observed. The formation of disulfide like ions is found for Mo3S9 and larger spe-cies. In accordance with investigations of MoSn, Mo2Sn and Mo4Sn clusters, the heat of formation and the vertical detachment energy reaches a maximum in the sulfur-rich region beyond the composition Mo : S = 1 : 2.

Keywords: molybdenum sulfide; clusters; density-functional; pulsed-arc; HOMO-LUMO gap; tungsten sulfide

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13331
Publ.-Id: 13331


Adsorption of nucleotides on the rutile (110) surface

Gemming, S.; Enyashin, A.; Frenzel, J.; Seifert, G.

The present study aims at the computer-aided design of suitably functionalizedoxide surfaces for the integration of nanotubes into multi-purpose nano-electronic devices. The adsorption of cytidine monophosphate on the rutile(110) surface is investigated by density-functional-based tight-binding calculations. The most favorable amchoring of the nucleotide is bidentate via oxygen sites of the phosphate part. Adsorption occurs preferentially at two neighboring five-fold coordinated Ti atoms along the [001] direction, thus opening a pathway to an ordered adsorption of nanotubes along [001]. The electronic densities of states show that the aromatic part of the cytidine part remains unchanged upon adsoption on rutile. This implies that no significant changes occur in the nanotube binding capacity by pi-stacking of the aromatic part, hence, nucleotide-functionalized oxide surfaces are ideal substrates for the ordered, stable and electronically and chemically inert immobilization of nanotubes.

Keywords: CNT; DNA; nanotube; nucleotide; surface functionalization; rutile; adsorption; chemisorption

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13330
Publ.-Id: 13330


Electric field mediated switching of mechanical properties of strontium titanate at room temperature

Stöcker, H.; Zschornak, M.; Leisegang, T.; Shakhverdova, I.; Gemming, S.; Meyer, D. C.

In situ application of an electric field to a SrTiO3 single crystal plate during nanoindentation led to a reversible change of the mechanical properties at room temperature. When a field of 8 kV/cm was applied, Meyer hardness and Young's modulus decreased by 0.6 GPa and 11 GPa, respectively. An explanation for this behaviour is given by the diffusion of oxygen vacancies resulting in a distortion of the perovskite-type of structure in the near-surface layer tested by nanoindentation. Simulations using density functional theory support the dependence of elasticity on the presence of vacancies. Thus, we can show the remarkable influence of electric fields on oxide materials which should be considered and used in designing future applications.

Keywords: strontium titanate; functional oxide; mechanical properties; density-functional; hardness; vacancy; point defect

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13329
Publ.-Id: 13329


Surface Nanostructures Induced by Low Energy Ion Sputtering

Facsko, S.; Keller, A.; Ranjan, M.; Möller, W.

Under special conditions low energy ion sputtering of solid surfaces leads to the formation of regular nanopatterns. These surfaces represent an interesting example of spontaneous pattern formation in nonequilibrium systems exhibiting different features like wavelength coarsening or a transition to spatiotemporal chaos. Different pattern types are observed for different experimental conditions, i.e. wavelike ripple patterns and hexagonally ordered dot arrays under oblique and normal ion incidence, respectively [1]. These patterns have gained increasing interest in recent years as templates for thin film growth. According to the model of Bradley and Harper (BH) [2], the regular patterns result from the competition between curvature dependent roughening and smoothing of the surface. Since the local erosion rate is higher in the valleys than on crests, the eroded surface is unstable. In the presence of smoothing mechanisms, however, a wave vector selection occurs and a periodic pattern with one spatial frequency is observed. The pattern formation can be described by continuum equations based on the BH model. Several extensions have been proposed in the last years, with the stochastic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation being the most prominent one [3]. However, although most experimental investigations on ion-induced pattern formation were performed under oblique ion incidence, only few theoretical studies focused on the corresponding anisotropic KS (aKS) equation. We will also present studies of thin film growth on these patterns. Depending on the interface energy of the metal film with the substrate the films grow in a conformal way reproducing the surface topography or as nanoparticles on the substrate surface. Furthermore, depending on deposition angle, substrate temperature, beam flux, and deposition time, the nanoparticles align parallel to the ripples, eventually coalescing and forming nanowires. Metal thin films grown in this way exhibit distinct optical properties due to their localized surface plasmon resonance. Because of the alignment these nanoparticles exhibit a strongly anisotropic plasmonic resonance [4]. In addition, the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic thin films grown on rippled surfaces are drastically change by the presence of the interface and surface periodic roughness [5].
[1] W. L. Chan and E. Chason, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 121301 (2007)
[2] R. Bradley and J. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 2390 (1988)
[3] R. Cuerno and A.-L. Barabási, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4746 (1995)
[4] T.W.H. Oates, A. Keller, S. Facsko, et al., Plasmonics 2, 47 (2007).
[5] M. O. Liedke, B. Liedke, A. Keller, et al., Phys. Rev. B 75, 220407 (2007).

Keywords: ion beam sputtering; self-organized nanostructures

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films, 26.-30.04.2010, San Diego, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13328
Publ.-Id: 13328


Self-aligned metal nanoparticles and nanowires grown on ripple-templates

Facsko, S.; Ranjan, M.; Keller, A.; Oates, T. W. H.; Rosen, J.

Nobel metal nanoparticles exhibit distinct optical properties due to their localized surface plasmon resonance. They are used nowadays in various applications, like solar cells, nonlinear optical devices or sensors. Especially for nanoscale optics aligned equidistant chains of metal nanoparticles are favored [1]. Ion beam sputtered surfaces featuring self-organized ripple patterns are excellent templates for the alignment of these metal nanoparticles. Depending on deposition angle, substrate temperature, beam flux, and deposition time, the nanostructures align parallel to the ripples, eventually coalescing and forming nanowires [2]. Because of alignment the nanoparticles exhibit a strongly anisotropic plasmonic resonance [3]. We will present how Ag nanoparticles grow and align on ion beam rippled Si surfaces and how the optical properties depend on their shape, size, and alignment.

[1]S.A. Maier and H.A. Atwater, Jour. Appl. Phys. 98, 011101 (2005).
[2]T.W.H. Oates, A. Keller, S. Noda, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 (2008).
[3]T.W.H. Oates, A. Keller, S. Facsko, et al., Plasmonics 2, 47 (2007).

Keywords: self-aligned clusters; ripple pattern; anostructures

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    MRS Fall Meeting, 29.11.-4.12.2009, Boston, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13327
Publ.-Id: 13327


Selbstorganisierte Nanostrukturierung von Oberflächen mittels Ionenstrahlen

Facsko, S.; Keller, A.; Ranjan, M.

Oberflächen und Grenzflächen spielen eine große Rolle in allen technologischen Bereichen. Kaum eine Anwendung kommt ohne Materialien aus, die aus Mehrfachschichten aufgebaut sind oder funktionale Oberflächen aufweisen. Die Herstellung und Erforschung dieser funktionalen Oberflächen bzw. Schichten mit Strukturen im Submikrometerbereich wurde deshalb in den letz-ten Jahren verstärkt vorangetrieben, da eine steigenden Nachfrage in der mikro- und optoe-lektronischen Industrie nach derartigen Strukturen zu erwarten ist. Zwei komplementäre Ansätze existieren zur Erzeugung von Nanostrukturen: Der Top-down- und der Bottom-up-Ansatz.
Der Top-down-Ansatz umfasst konventionelle Techniken wie optische oder Elektronen¬stahllithographie kombiniert mit Übertragung der geschriebenen Strukturen, während der Bot-tom-up-Ansatz Selbstorganisationsphänomene an Oberflächen oder beim Wachstum dünner Schichten ausnutzt. Die Ionenerosion von Festkörperoberflächen mit niederenergetischen Ionen ist eine vielversprechende Bottom-up-Methode zur Herstellung großflächiger Felder von Na-nostrukturen [1]. Diese Methode und Anwendungen, die darauf basieren, werden im Folgenden vorgestellt.

Keywords: surface nanostructures; ion beam sputtering

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Mikro- und Nanosrtukturen an Oberflächen - Herstellung und Anwendungen, 9.10.2009, Dresden, Deutschland
    Selbstorganisierte Nanosrtukturierung von Oberflächen mittels Ionenstrahlen

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13326
Publ.-Id: 13326


Analsyis of the spatial isotopic distributions during the burnup of UMOX- and ThMOX-fuels on unit cell basis

Merk, B.; Scholl, S.; Fridman, E.

A detailed analysis of the plutonium burning in a representative PWR fuel pin is performed for comparison of the ThMOX and UMOX fuel performance. Special effort is made in the analysis of the changes in the spatial distribution of isotope concentrations during the burnup in a representative LWR fuel pin. This unique analysis of the changes in the spatial particle densities gives a new insight into the system behaviour. The different ways of plutonium breeding and reduction for the major isotopes of the two considered fuels are analyzed and discussed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of the use of Thorium based MOX fuel for the burning of plutonium are discussed. The calculations are performed with the licensing grade code module HELIOS 1.9.

Keywords: plutonium reduction; thorium fuels; actinide transmutation; PWRs

  • Contribution to proceedings
    PHYSOR 2010, 09.-14.05.2010, Pittsburgh, USA
  • Lecture (Conference)
    PHYSOR 2010, 09.-14.05.2010, Pittsburgh, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13325
Publ.-Id: 13325


A solution for the telegrapher’s equation with external source: application to YALINA - SC3A and SC3B

Merk, B.; Glivici-Cotruta, V.; Weiß, F. P.

This work represents the detailed comparison of the analytical solutions for the space and time Telegrapher’s equations with the experimental results, obtained for the YALINA-Booster subcritical facility in 2008. The derivation of analytical solution for the Telegrapher’s equation with a special temporal shape of the external source is described. The Green’s function method was applied. Qualitative results of the obtained solutions and the experimental results are analyzed. The special configuration of the YALINA-Booster facility is discussed.

Keywords: Yalina; experimental analysis; Green’s function; Telegrapher’s equation

  • Contribution to proceedings
    PHYSOR 2010, 09.-14.05.2010, Pittsburgh, USA
  • Lecture (Conference)
    PHYSOR 2010, 09.-14.05.2010, Pittsburgh, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13324
Publ.-Id: 13324


Radiation enhanced diffusion in germanium

Schneider, H.; Bracht, H.; Klug, J. N.; Lundsgaard Hansen, J.; Bourgeard, D.; Liao, C. Y.; Haller, E. E.; Posselt, M.; Wündisch, C.

Ge isotope heterostructures were irradiated with 2.5 MeV protons at temperatures between 550°C and 640°C. The applied proton flux was varied up to 3.8 μA per cm2. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was utilized to record concentration profiles of the Ge-isotopes after the irradiation treatment. The SIMS profiles show a homogenous broadening of the multilayer structure. Continuum theoretical simulations were performed which are based on diffusion models that consider the formation of Frenkel-defects and their annihilation. Best fits to the experimental profiles are obtained when the boundary conditions for vacancies and self-interstitials are assumed differently. Ge self-interstitials are reflected at the surface, whereas the concentration of Ge vacancies approaches the thermal equilibrium value. To check these boundary conditions, experiments on the diffusion of n-type dopants under irradiation were performed.

Keywords: germanium diffusion irradiation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    25th International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-25), 20.-24.06.2009, St. Petersburg, Russia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13323
Publ.-Id: 13323


Mikroskopische Aufnahmen neu gedeutet - Revolution in der Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie?

Baumgart, C.; Schmidt, H.

In den letzten Jahren hat die Mikroskopie enorme Fortschritte gemacht. Moderne Mikroskope können Moleküle dreidimensional abbilden, kleinste Strukturen bis hin zu einzelnen Atomen erkennen und vor allem auch unterschiedliche Arten von Atomen sicher voneinander unterscheiden. Die "Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskopie" ist eine besondere Technik der Rasterkraft-Mikroskopie, wobei die ihr zugrunde liegende Methode auf Lord Kelvin zurück geht. Sie kam 1991 auf den Markt. Mit dem Raster-Kelvin-Mikroskop wurde eine wissenschaftliche Erklärung mitgeliefert, wie die Aufnahmen zu interpretieren seien. Daran rüttelt nun die Physikerin Christine Baumgart, die in der "Nanospintronik-Gruppe" am Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) promoviert.

  • GIT Labor-Fachzeitschrift 53(2009), 680-681

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13322
Publ.-Id: 13322


Heavily Ga-doped Germanium Layers Produced by Ion Implantation and Flash Lamp Annealing - Structure and Electrical Activation

Heera, V.; Mücklich, A.; Posselt, M.; Voelskow, M.; Wündisch, C.; Schmidt, B.; Skrotzki, R.; Heinig, K. H.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Skorupa, W.

Heavily p-type doped Ge layers were fabricated by 100 keV Ga implantation and subsequent flash lamp annealing for 3 ms in the temperature range between 700°C and 900°C. For comparison some samples were annealed in a rapid thermal processor for 60 s. Ga fluences of 2x1015cm-2, 6x1015cm-2 and 2x1016cm-2 were chosen in order to achieve Ga peak concentrations ranging from values slightly below the equilibrium solid solubility limit of 4.9x1020 cm-3 up to 3.5x1021 cm-3 which corresponds to a maximum Ga content of about 8 at-%. The structure of the doped layer and the Ga distribution were investigated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in combination with ion channelling, cross-sectional electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Temperature dependent Hall effect measurements were carried out in order to determine the electrical properties of the Ga doped layers. It is shown that by flash lamp annealing Ga diffusion into the bulk can be completely avoided and the Ga loss by outdiffusion from the surface is reduced. The lowest sheet resistances of 36 Ohm/sq. was achieved for the medium Ga concentration annealed at 900°C. The best Ga activation values are 73%, 60% and 24% for the three Ga fluences under investigation. The Ga activation is correlated with the layer regrowth. Incomplete epitaxial regrowth as observed in some samples leads to lower activation.

Keywords: Germanium; Ga implantation; electrical activation; flash lamp annealing; rapid thermal annealing; Hall effect measurements

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13321
Publ.-Id: 13321


Novel and compact accelerator concepts for radiation therapy

Schramm, U.; Cowan, T. E.; Bock, S.; Bussmann, M.; Debus, A.; Erler, C.; Illing, R.; Jochmann Metzges, J.; Kluge, T.; Kraft, S.; Kroll, F.; Richter, C.; Richter, T.; Seidl, W.; Siebold, M.; Wünsch, R.; Schwoerer, K.; Liesfeld, B.; Amthor, K.-U.; Ziegler, W.; Jäckel, O.; Pfotenhauer, S.; Podleska, S.; Bödefeld, R.; Hein, J.; Polz, J.; Ronneberger, F.; Schlenvoigt, H.-P.; Beleites, B.; Sauerbrey, R.

scaling (optimizing) of conventional techniques
novel techniques: dielectric wall accelerators
new concepts: laser plasma acceleration and
local beam guiding systems

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    440th WE Heraeus Seminar,, 14.09.2009, Frauenwörth, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13320
Publ.-Id: 13320


Die Kraft des Lichts

Sauerbrey, R.

Wenn die Intensität von Laserlicht, das mit Materie wechselwirkt, 1018 W/cm2 übersteigt, wird die Bewegung der Elektronen im Laserfeld relativistisch. Dies führt zu einer Vielzahl neuer optischer Effekte, die unter dem Namen „Relativistische Optik“ zusammengefasst werden. Der vielleicht wichtigste und zurzeit am meisten diskutierte neue Effekt, der in diesem Zusammenhang auftritt, ist die effiziente Laserbeschleunigung von Elektronen und Ionen. Mit Hochintensitätslasern kann man heute monochromatische Elektronenstrahlen mit Energien bis zu 1 GeV erzeugen. Kürzlich wurden auch monoenergetische Ionenstrahlen im MeV-Bereich durch Hochintensitätslaser erzeugt. In dem Vortrag werden die Mechanismen der Laser Teilchenbeschleunigung im Zusammenhang mit nun möglich erscheinenden Anwendungen dieser Teilchenstrahlen in der Medizin diskutiert.

  • Lecture (others)
    Kolloquium, 26.01.2009, Bochum, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13319
Publ.-Id: 13319


A solution for the Telegrapher’s equation with external source: development and first application

Merk, B.; Glivici-Cotruta, V.; Weiß, F. P.

This work represents the detailed comparison of the analytical solutions for the space and time dependent diffusion and Telegrapher’s equations to the experimental results, obtained for the YALINA-Booster subcritical facility during the experimental campaign in 2008. The derivation of analytical solution for the Telegrapher’s equation with a special temporal shape of the external source (switch on followed by a switch off after a finite time period) is described. The Green’s function method was applied. Qualitative results of the obtained solutions and the experimental results are analyzed.
The special configuration of the YALINA-Booster facility is discussed.

Keywords: Yalina; subcritical system; Telegrapher's equation; Green's function; experimental analysis

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13318
Publ.-Id: 13318


Domain-wall pinning and depinning at soft spots in magnetic nanowires

Vogel, A.; Wintz, S.; Moser, J.; Bolte, M.; Strache, T.; Fritzsche, M.; Im, M.-Y.; Fischer, P.; Meier, G.; Fassbender, J.

The local modification of magnetic properties by ion irradiation opens the possibility to create pinning sites for domain walls in magnetic nanowires without geometric constrictions. Implantation of chromium ions into Ni80Fe20 nanowires is used to cause a local reduction of the saturation magnetization Ms and thus a decrease of the exchange energy associated with the domain wall. Field-driven pinning and depinning of a domain wall at the here so-called magnetic soft spots is directly observed using magnetic transmission soft X-ray microscopy. The pinning rate and the depinning field considerably depend on the wire width and the chromium fluence.

Keywords: Domain walls and domain structure; Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials; Magnetic properties of nanostructures; Magnetization reversal mechanisms

  • Poster
    MML 2010 - IEEE 7th International Symposium on Magnetic Multilayers, 19.-24.09.2010, Berkeley, USA
  • IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 46(2010)6, 1708-1710

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13317
Publ.-Id: 13317


Untersuchung von Chlorophyllspezies in uranhaltigen Pflanzen

Woitha, D.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Auswirkung von Uran speziell auf Chlorophyll a und Chlorophyll b untersucht. Die Messungen erfolgten mittels HPLC-Analytik, mit photometrischen Messungen und Dünnschichtchromatographie. Es wurden die Absorptionsmaxima sowie die Retentionszeiten der Pigmente bestimmt. Den Untersuchungen lag die Frage zugrunde, ob ein Austausch des zentralen Magnesiums aus dem Chlorophyll-Molekül durch Uran möglich ist. Für die Messungen standen Proben von Löwenzahn und Arabidopsis zur Verfügung. Neben den hydroponisch herangezogenen Arabidopsis-Kulturen (mit und ohne Uranylnitrat in der Nährlösung) wurden auch Pflanzen einer unsanierten Uranerzhalde in Johanngeorgenstadt untersucht.
Die Messung von bioverfügbarem Uran in den Bodenproben aus Johanngeorgenstadt und die Akkumulation von 5 μg Uran pro g Frischgewicht in den Pflanzenblättern stellt die Voraussetzung eines Austausches von Magnesium gegen Uran im Chlorophyll-Molekül dar. Anhand der Chromatogramme und der Absorptionsspektren ließen sich jedoch keine Anzeichen für eine Modifikation des Chlorophylls identifizieren.

Keywords: Uran; Chlorophyll; Arabidopsis

  • Other report
    Masterarbeit (Studiengang Biotechnologie): HS Anhalt, 2009
    77 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13316
Publ.-Id: 13316


Measuring the Saturation Magnetization in Samples with Unknown Magnetic Volume due to Intermixing by Ion Irradiation

Markó, D.; Lenz, K.; Strache, T.; Kaltofen, R.; Fassbender, J.

We present a method to determine the saturation magnetization of samples for which the magnetic volume is unknown and thus cannot be calculated from the magnetic moment. This can happen, e.g., in multilayers, where the spacer material is likely to cause intermixing or whenever ion irradiation is used to modify the magnetic properties of samples on purpose. In both cases the active magnetic volume is altered from its nominal value in unknown manner. Therefore magnetometry like supraconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) or vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) fail, because they detect the magnetic moment but do not provide information on the respective magnetic volume. In this article we have used thin films of Permalloy (Py) and Py/Ta multilayers. Some of the Py/Ta samples were irradiated with Ne ions in order to modify the interfacial mixing. The saturation magnetization is determined by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR).

Keywords: Ferromagnetic Resonance; Saturation Magnetization; Ion Irradiation; Intermixing

  • Contribution to proceedings
    MMM/Intermag, 18.-22.01.2010, Washington DC, USA
    IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 46(2010)6, 1711-1714

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13315
Publ.-Id: 13315


Mode-locking via active gain modulation in quantum cascade lasers

Kuznetsova, L.; Wang, C. Y.; Gkortsas, V. M.; Diehl, L.; Kärtner, F.; Belkin, M. A.; Belyanin, A.; Li, X.; Ham, D.; Schneider, H.; Liu, H. C.; Capasso, F.

A mode-locking mechanism by active gain modulation is studied numerically and experimentally. The parameter window for the emission of stable pulse trains was found. Pulses as short as 3ps (~0.5pJ) were characterized by second-order autocorrelation.

Keywords: Infrared and far-infrared lasers; mode-locked lasers; semiconductor lasers; quantum cascade lasers

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2009 and 2009 Conference on Quantum electronics and Laser Science Conference. CLEO/QELS 2009, 02.-04.06.2009, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Contribution to proceedings
    Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2009 and 2009 Conference on Quantum electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2009, 02.-04.06.2009, Baltimore, MD, USA
    Proc. CLEO/QELS 2009 Persistent Link (OPAC): http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=5197900

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13314
Publ.-Id: 13314


Recent results at LULI on fast electron transport with and without guiding cone in the context of fast ignitor

Baton, S. D.; Koenig, M.; Fuchs, J.; Gremillet, L.; Rousseaux, C.; Batani, D.; Morace, A.; Nakatsutsumi, M.; Kodama, R.; Norimatsu, T.; Nishida, A.; Dorchies, F.; Fourment, C.; Santos, J. J.; Rassuchine, J.; Cowan, T.

We present experimental and numerical results obtained at LULI (Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation des Lasers intenses) on propagation and energy deposition of laser-generated fast electrons into conical targets. The experimental measurements were performed by means of several diagnostics in order to assess the predicted benefit of conical targets over standard planar ones. Various configurations have been tried, regarding the laser parameters with the aim of optimizing the laser-to-target coupling. Our best results have been obtained when the laser was frequency-doubled at 0.53 μm, corresponding to interaction conditions without laser pedestal due to the ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Our data pinpoint the detrimental influence of the pre-plasma generated by the laser pedestal at 1.057 μm, whose confinement is enhanced in conical geometry as evidenced by shadowgraphic measurements which is also confirmed by 2D Cu-Ka transverse images obtained from Cu cones. The consequence is the filling of the cone, preventing the laser beam from efficiently reaching the cone tip. These experimental results are compared to 2D PIC simulations modeling of the laser-cone interaction.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13313
Publ.-Id: 13313


Betriebserfahrungen mit der 40-MW-Photovoltaik-Anlage Waldpolenz

Rindelhardt, U.; Fröhler, D.

Deutschlands bis dahin größte Photovoltaikanlage (PVA) wurde von 2007 bis 2008 in der Nähe von Leipzig errichtet und schrittweise in Betrieb genommen. Sie befindet sich auf einer militärischen Konversionsfläche. Die PVA ist auf einer Fläche von ca. 120 Hektar mit insgesamt 589000 rahmenlosen CdTe-Modulen von First Solar (Leistung zwischen 65 und 75 W) ausgerüstet, die gesamte Modulfläche liegt bei etwa 40 Hektar. Jeweils 45 Module sind auf einen Tisch montiert und elektrisch zu 5 Strings verschaltet. Die 12440 Tische bestehen aus Aluminium-Profilen mit eingerammten Pfosten.
Betriebsergebnisse der PVA Waldpolenz wurden für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 ausgewertet. Der saisonale Verlauf der Erträge folgt den jeweiligen Einstrahlungen. Die Jahreserträge entsprechen den Erträgen von ertragstarken benachbarten PVA mit kristallinen Modulen. Auffallend sind die hohen PR-Werte der PVA (Jahr 2008: 90 %).

Keywords: photovoltaic; CdTe module; pv plant; performance

  • Contribution to proceedings
    25. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 03.-05.03.2010, Staffelstein, Deutschland
    25. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, Regensburg: Otti, 978-3-941785-23-6, 152-157
  • Poster
    25. Symposium Photovoltaische Solarenergie, 03.02.-05.03.2010, Staffelstein, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13312
Publ.-Id: 13312


Laufwasserkraftwerke an der Saale

Rindelhardt, U.

Die Arbeit beschreibt den Stand und die Perspektiven der Wasserkraftnutzung an der Saale in Thüringen und Sachsen-Anhalt. Das Arbeitsvermögen der derzeit bestehenden 33 Wasserkraftanlagen beträgt 120 GWh/a, dazu kommen 110 GWh/a regenerative Stromerzeugung aus den Pumpspeicherwerken Bleiloch und Hohenwarthe. Unter den derzeitigen Rahmenbedingungen ist ein Zubau um etwa 22 GWh/a möglich.

Keywords: Hydro power plants; Saale river

  • Wassertriebwerk 58(2009)12, 231-240
    ISSN: 0509-8858

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13311
Publ.-Id: 13311


The molecular dynamics simulation of ion-induced ripple growth

Sule, P.; Heinig, K.-H.

The wavelength-dependence of ion-sputtering induced growth of repetitive nanostructures, such as ripples has been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in Si. The early stage of the ion erosion driven development of ripples has been simulated on prepatterned Si stripes with a wavy surface. The time evolution of the height function and amplitude of the sinusoidal surface profile has been followed by simulated ion-sputtering. According to Bradley-Harper (BH) theory, we expect correlation between the wavelength of ripples and the stability of them. However, we find that in the small ripple wavelength regime BH theory fails to reproduce the results obtained by molecular dynamics. We find that at short wavelengths < 35 nm the adatom yield drops hence no surface diffusion takes place which is sufficient for ripple growth. The MD simulations predict that the growth of ripples with wavelengths > 35 nm are stabilized in accordance with the available experimental results. According to the simulations, few hundreds of ion impacts in wavelength-long and few nm wide Si ripples are sufficient for reaching saturation in surface growth for wavelengths > 35 nm ripples. In another words, ripples in the long wavelength limit seems to be stable against ion-sputtering. A qualitative comparison of our simulation results with recent experimental data on nanopatterning under irradiation is attempted.

Keywords: surface patterning; self-organisation; ion erosion; computer simulation; molecular dynamics

  • Journal of Chemical Physics 131(2009)20, 204704

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13310
Publ.-Id: 13310


Monte Carlo simulations of ion channeling in crystals containing extended defects

Turos, A.; Nowicki, L.; Stonert, A.; Pagowska, K.; Jagielski, J.; Muecklich, A.

Monte Carlo simulations code of ion channeling in crystals containing extended defects has been developed. Bent channel model of lattice distortions produced by dislocations have been used for defect analysis in ion implanted GaN. To test the code energy dependence of dechanneling parameter has been calculated for crystals containing randomly displaced atoms and bent channels. It follows the 1/E and E1/2 dependence, respectively.

Keywords: Rutherford backscattering; ion channeling; Monte Carlo simulations; GaN epitaxial layers; ion bombardment; extended defects

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th International Conference on Ion Beam Analysis, 07.-11.09.2009, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268(2010)11-12, 1718-1722
    DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.046
    Cited 31 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13309
Publ.-Id: 13309


Some lessons learned from the use of two-phase CFD for nuclear reactor thermalhydraulics

Bestion, D.; Lucas, D.; Boucker, M.; Anglart, H.; Tiselj, I.; Bartosiewicz, Y.

Two-phase Computational Fluid Dynamics (2-phase CFD) is now increasingly applied to some Nuclear Reactor thermalhydraulic investigations. The main purpose of this paper is to give some guidance to two-phase CFD potential users, based on previous experience of these tools. This experience comes first from a Writing Group (WG3) of the OECD-CSNI-GAMA on the “extension of CFD to two-phase safety issues” which has identified a list of Nuclear Reactor Safety issues for which the use of 2-phase CFD can bring a real benefit and which proposed a general multi-step methodology. Then experience was gained with the NEPTUNE-CFD code which is being developed by EDF and CEA and sponsored by IRSN and AREVA-NP for nuclear application. Also the NURESIM Integrated Project of the European Commission 6th Framework Program has been using 2-phase CFD for Direct Contact Condensation, Pressurized Thermal Shock, boiling flow, DNB and Dry-Out investigations. Although some progress has been made on all these applications, several difficulties are encountered and are here identified. Based on this experience, this paper intends to update the state of the art, to review the main modeling difficulties and to make recommendations for future developments, validation and application of two-phase CFD. The choice of a basic model, of space and time resolution, the deterministic or statistical treatment of interfaces, the characterization of the interfacial structure, and the automatic recognition of the local flow structure are discussed. Transport of interfacial area, modeling of polydispersion and some closure problems for turbulent, wall, and interfacial transfers are also reviewed.

Keywords: Nuclear Reactor Thermalhydraulics; Two-phase CFD; Direct Contact Condensation; Pressurized Thermal Shock; boiling flow; DNB; Dry-Out

  • Contribution to proceedings
    The 13th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-13), 27.09.-02.10.2009, Kanazawa, Japan
    Proceedings of the 13th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-13), Paper N13P1139

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13308
Publ.-Id: 13308


Spinodal decomposition and secondary phase formation in Fe-oversaturated GaN

Talut, G.; Reuther, H.; Grenzer, J.; Mücklich, A.; Shalimov, A.; Skorupa, W.; Stromberg, F.

The flash-lamp annealing technique was applied to a GaN epilayer implanted with Fe in order to investigate the recovery of the crystal structure and the process of secondary phase formation. In the as-implanted state a spinodal decomposition occurs due to the oversaturation of Fe in GaN and a behavior similar to a spin-glass is observed. The precipitation occurs even after annealing for the shortest annealing time of 3 ms. Iron nitrides as well as bcc-Fe are formed upon annealing for 20 ms and are responsible for the ferromagnetic response. No indication of the formation of a diluted magnetic semiconductor is observed. The connection between the structure, magnetism and Fe-charge state was determined by x-ray diffraction, magnetometry and Mößbauer spectroscopy measurements.

Keywords: Fe; GaN; DMS; Mößbauer; flash-lamp annealing

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13307
Publ.-Id: 13307


Preparation of shallow n+-layers in Ge using flash lamp annealing

Wündisch, C.; Posselt, M.; Schmidt, B.; Mücklich, A.; Skorupa, W.; Clarysse, T.; Simoen, E.; Hortenbach, H.

Although the first transistor was made on germanium, most integrated circuits are fabricated using silicon substrates. The main reasons for the change from Ge to Si are the excellent physical properties of the SiO2/Si interface. Today SiO2 is more and more replaced by high-k dielectrics. This fact and the advantage of the higher carrier mobility in Ge compared to Si have led to a renewed interest in Ge as material in future CMOS applications. Previous investigations on the formation of ultra shallow junctions by ion beam processing have shown that p+-doping using B implantation yields junctions that meet the requirements for the 22 nm technology node, whereas the formation of n+-junctions by P or As is complicated by the high diffusivity and the low solubility of the dopants.
The present work deals with the application of millisecond flash lamp annealing (FLA) to samples containing an implanted surface layer of about 100 nm thickness. The layers were formed using P ions with an energy of 30 keV and a fluence of 3x1015 cm-2. The investigations are focused on solid phase recrystallization, dopant redistribution and dopant activation. The dependence of these effects on the heat transfer to the sample during FLA as well as on pre-amorphization and pre-annealing treatment is discussed. The results are compared to typical data achievable by conventional rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with durations of some seconds. Different characterization methods are employed. Channeling Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) are used to monitor the recrystallization of the amorphous layers formed during implantation. The depth distributions of P are measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. In order to determine the sheet resistance variable probe spacing and micro four point probe measurements are utilized. Selected samples are studied by XTEM to search for precipitates and end-of-range defects. While in RTA the concentration dependent dopant diffusion hinders the formation of shallow n+ layers, FLA does not cause any diffusion but leads to dopant activation up to about 5x1019 cm-3.

Keywords: germanium; shallow junction; flash lamp annealing; diffusion; activation

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Nordic semiconductor meeting, 14.-17.06.2009, Reykjavik, Island

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13306
Publ.-Id: 13306


Millisecond flash lamp annealing of shallow implanted layers in Ge

Wündisch, C.; Posselt, M.; Schmidt, B.; Heera, V.; Schumann, T.; Mücklich, A.; Grötzschel, R.; Skorupa, W.; Clarysse, T.; Simoen, E.; Hortenbach, H.

Shallow n+ layers in Ge are formed by phosphorus implantation and subsequent millisecond flash lamp annealing. Present investigations are focused on the dependence of P redistribution, diffusion and electrical activation on heat input into the sample and flash duration. Furthermore, the influence of pre-amorphization implantation and pre-annealing is studied. In contrast to conventional annealing procedures an activation up to 6.5×1019 cm-3 is achieved without any dopant redistribution and noticeable diffusion. Present results suggest that independently of pre-treatment the maximum activation should be obtained at a flash energy that corresponds to the onset of P diffusion. The deactivation of P is explained qualitatively by mass action analysis which takes into account the formation of phosphorus-vacancy clusters.

Keywords: Germanium; millisecond annealing; electrical activation; shallow junctions

  • Applied Physics Letters 95(2009)25, 252107

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13305
Publ.-Id: 13305


Research at High Magnetic Fields

Wosnitza, J.

es hat kein Abstract vorgelegen!

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    ILL-TAS Scientists Outing, 01.-02.10.2009, Lamastre, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13304
Publ.-Id: 13304


Electronic properties of quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductors

Wosnitza, J.

Since the discovery of the first organic superconductor, about 30 years ago, these materials revealed many fascinating properties and allowed to study fundamental low-dimensional physics. Besides superconductivity, the organic metals show a wealth of different ground states such as antiferromagnetic, spin-Peierls, spin-density-wave, and charge-density-wave phases. These ground states are accessible by tuning the structure, counter anion, magnetic field, temperature, and pressure. The study of these fertile phase diagrams has led to new theoretical concepts; however, a solid understanding of some of these states still remains a challenge. Even the normal metallic phase of these electronically low-dimensional metals reveals unusual properties sometimes not in line with conventional Fermi-liquid theory. Here, a review on selected normal-state and superconducting properties of the layered quasi-two-dimensional organic superconductors will be given. Thereby, the focus will be laid on the charge-transfer salts based on bisethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene, or ET for short, the building block of most of the to-date known organic superconductors. Some basic features of the crystallographic structure, the highly anisotropic electronic band structure for some materials, as well as unusual electronic-transport properties will be highlighted. A brief overview on the superconducting properties including the recently reported evidence for the existence of a Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state will be presented.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    I.F. Schegolev Memorial Conference "Low-Dimensional Metallic and Superconducting Systems", 10.-16.10.2009, Chernogolovska, Russia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13303
Publ.-Id: 13303


Evolution of the Fermi Surface of the Electron-Doped High-Temperature Superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4 Revealed by Shubnikov–de Haas Oscillations

Helm, T.; Kartsovnik, M. V.; Bartkowiak, M.; Bittner, N.; Lambacher, M.; Erb, A.; Wosnitza, J.; Gross, R.

We report on the direct probing of the Fermi surface in the bulk of the electron-doped superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4 at different doping levels by means of magnetoresistance quantum oscillations. Our data reveal a sharp qualitative change in the Fermi surface topology, due to translational symmetry breaking in the electronic system which occurs at a critical doping level significantly exceeding the optimal doping. This result implies that the (π/a, π/a) ordering, known to exist at low doping levels, survives up to the overdoped superconducting regime.

  • Physical Review Letters 103(2009), 157002

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13302
Publ.-Id: 13302


Complexation of curium(III) with pyoverdin-model compounds

Moll, H.; Bernhard, G.

The aerobic groundwater bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (CCUG 32456) isolated from the aquifers at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden secretes siderophores of the pyoverdin-type. Besides iron(III), these unique bioligands are also able to form strong complexes with actinides (e.g., U(VI), Np(V), and Cm(III)) [1-3]. For U(VI) and Np(V) we could show that mainly the catecholate and to less extend the hydroxamate functionalities of the pyoverdin molecule are involved in the actinide coordination [1, 2]. For Cm(III) it is still not clear which functional group of the pyoverdin molecule causes the great stability constants. In general, Cm(III) interactions with pyoverdin-model compounds and especially with chromophore-models are poorly understood. To address this lack, we thus present findings regarding the speciation of Cm(III) with 2,3­dihydroxynaphthalene in aqueous solution by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) at trace Cm(III) concentrations (0.3 µM) over a wide pH range. TRLFS is a well established direct speciation technique for investigating the complexes formed by actinides in both geochemical and biochemical environments. Four Cm(III)- dihydroxynaphthalene species of the type MxLyHz could be identified from the spectroscopic measurements. The stability constants of these strong Cm(III)- bioligand complexes and their individual spectroscopic properties (excitation and emission spectra, lifetimes) are reported. TRLFS shows that Cm(III)- dihydroxynaphthalene species cause a strong red shift of the characteristic Cm(III) (aq) emission band at 593.8 to 614.4 nm. The findings of our Cm(III) speciation study in comparison with the literature indicate a stronger affinity of Cm(III) to the catechol functionality of the pyoverdin molecules as found for U(VI) and Np(V).

[1] H. Moll, M. Glorius, G. Bernhard, A. Johnsson, K. Pedersen, M. Schäfer, H. Budzikiewicz, Geomicrobiol. J. 25, 157-166 (2008).
[2] H. Moll, M. Glorius, A. Johnsson, M. Schäfer, H. Budzikiewicz, K. Pedersen, G. Bernhard, Radiochim. Acta, submitted (2009).
[3] H. Moll, A. Johnsson, M. Schäfer, K. Pedersen, H. Budzikiewicz, G. Bernhard, BioMetals 21, 219-228 (2008).

Keywords: Curium(III); TRLFS; Speciation; Pyoverdin; 2; 3-Dihydroxynaphthalene; excitation spectra; Chromophore-models

  • Lecture (Conference)
    RadChem 2010 - 16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.2010, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13301
Publ.-Id: 13301


Photodisintegration of the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm in the astrophysically relevant energy window

Nair, C.; Erhard, M.; Junghans, A. R.; Bemmerer, D.; Beyer, R.; Grosse, E.; Klug, J.; Kosev, K.; Rusev, G.; Schilling, K. D.; Schwengner, R.; Wagner, A.

The heavy neutron deficient p-nuclei are produced in explosive stellar environments via photodisintegration reactions like (g ,n), (g ,p) and (g ,alpha) on r- or s- seed nuclei. The reaction rates of p-nuclei are mostly based on theoretical parameterizations using statistical model calculations. We study experimentally the photodisintegration rates of heavy nuclei at the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE of FZ Dresden-Rossendorf. Photoactivation measurements on the astrophysically relevant p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed with bremsstrahlung end-point energies from 10.0 to 16.5 MeV. The activation yields are compared with calculations using cross sections from recent Hauser-Feshbach models. The sensitivity of the statistical models to the input ingredients like photon strength function, optical potentials are tested against the experimental activation yield.

Keywords: photodisintegration; p-nuclei; photoactivation

  • Contribution to proceedings
    International conference Nuclei in Cosmos- X, 27.07.-01.08.2008, Mackinac Island, Michigan, United States
    Photodisintegration of the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm in the astrophysically relevant energy window: Proceedings of Science

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13300
Publ.-Id: 13300


Application of Focused Ion and Electron Beams in Materials Research

Bischoff, L.

At the beginning the lecture I will briefly give an overview about the organization of the Research Centre Dresden-Rossendorf with different Institutes and research topics. In the Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research the application of ion beams in advanced materials science is manifold: for example, they are used to generate new or improved functional surfaces, and they are ideally suited to produce micro- and nanostructures in semiconductors. For these purposes in the Institute a couple of modern ion beam instruments for the fabrication and analysis of nanostructures is available. Among them there are a mass separated focused ion beam (FIB) and a crossbeam system, consisting of a high resolution Ga-FIB and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which will be discussed more in detail. During the last decades, focused ion beams became a very useful and versatile tool in microelectronics industry, as well as in the field of basic and applied research and became an indispensable tool in nanotechnology. For special purposes like ion milling, ion beam writing for doping or patterning on μm- and nm-scale without any lithographic steps Ga+ and increasingly other ion species are of great interest. An introduction in design and operation of mass separated FIB systems (e.g. CANION31Mplus), equipped with metal alloy liquid ion sources as well as the development and characterization of them will be given. The combination of a focused electron beam with a high resolution FIB column in a crossbeam arrangement (NVision40) enables the in-situ inspection and analysis of FIB fabricated nanostructures with a resolution down to one nm without surface damaging. An included gas injection system allows the MO-CVD of nanostructures of different materials using either the focused ion or the electron beam. The fabrication possibilities of nanostructures, like nanowires, nanobridges and nanocantilevers by ion beam synthesis using different kinds of focused ion beams will be demonstrated and possible applications will be mentioned. Some examples, like ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 nano-structures, the generation of fluorescent colour centres, sputtering investigations and applications, the formation of ripples under FIB irradiation or the fabrication of NEMS structures on SOI substrates will be shown to demonstrate the manifold utilization of the microbeam technology. Furthermore, the possibility of varying the flux in the FIB by changing the pixel dwell-time in a wide range gives the opportunity to investigate radiation damage and dynamic annealing effects in Si, Ge, SiC and other materials at elevated implantation temperatures using different projectile ion species. Finally, the state-of art of FIB applications for TEM lamella preparation, FIB lithography of thin films and ion beam microscopy will be presented and shortly discussed.

Keywords: Focused Ion Beam; Liquid Metal Ion Source; Electron Microscopy; Nanotechnology

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    imdea nanociencia, 04.11.2009, Madrid, Spanien
  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Kolloquiumsvortrag, 10.12.2009, Leipzig, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13299
Publ.-Id: 13299


Pipe dream

Azzopardi, B.; Hampel, U.; Hunt, A.

Gas-liquid flows are central to oil and gas production and because of the very flexible nature of the interface between the fluids, the flows can be very complex exhibiting a wide variety of three dimensional structures. In the field the steel pipes in which these two-phase mixture flow make it difficult to observe them. Even in the laboratory where pipes can be made of transparent plastic, we can still normally only see what is occurring near the pipe wall as bubbles clustering near the wall, or wavy films of liquid flowing along the walls, obscure what is occurring at the middle of the pipe. One way in which these visual limitations can be overcome is to employ electrical tomography methods. In research at the University of Nottingham we are working with Forschungzentrum Rossendorf-Dresden from Germany and Tomoflow Limited to use electrical tomography to 'see' into the pipe.

Keywords: multi-phase flow; wire mesh sensors; electrical capacitance tomography

  • TCE - The chemical engineer (2009)820, 39-41

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13298
Publ.-Id: 13298


Simulating Strongly Coupled Plasmas on High-Performance Computers

Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Thirolf, P.; Habs, D.

Simulating strongly coupled plasmas is a demanding computational task. When a plasma is strongly coupled, the mutual Coulomb energy between the plasma particles is much stronger than their kinetic energy. Such a system can undergo a phase transition into a state in which long-range ordering of the plasma constituents can be observed. In a realistic simulation of the plasma dynamics one has to compute the total mutual interaction of each particle with each other particle for particle numbers up to hundred thousand particles. To study the microscopic and macroscopic dynamics of the plasma on a long time scale one thus has to rely on the computational power which is only available at supercomputing centers such as the Leibniz Rechenzentrum.

Keywords: strong coupling; plasma; ocp; one-component plasma; simulation; molecular dynamics; checker-board algorithm; laser cooling; particle; highly-charged ion; hci; cooling; stopping

  • Contribution to proceedings
    HLRB, KONWIHR and Linux-Cluster Review and Results Workshop, 08.-09.12.2009, Garching, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13297
Publ.-Id: 13297


GPU-based Particle-in-Cell Simulation

Burau, H.; Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Cowan, T.; Widera, R.; Hönig, W.; Juckeland, G.

Accelerating Plasma Simulations using novel computing hardware is a promising way towards a cost-efficient decrease of the runtime of realistic plasma simulations. We present a new particle-in-cell algorithm for simulating laser plasma acceleration of particles which has been developed to run on a NVIDIA GPU system. Using a sliding-window technique we are able to run large-scale 2D simulations of laser wakefield acceleration. We present the algorithm in detail and show that it is easy to extend to 3D geometries. We will conclude by discussing both obstacles and promises encountered when porting the algorithm to a standard CPU-based Linux cluster in which each node is equipped with one or more GPUs.

Keywords: gpu; gpgpu; cuda; particle-in-cell; pic; simulation; algorithm; cluster; message passing interface; pic; vampir; laser; plasma; acceleration

  • Poster
    ICNSP 09 - 21st International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Plasmas 2009, 06.-09.10.2009, Lisboa, Portugal

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13296
Publ.-Id: 13296


The economy of Yb:lasers

Siebold, M.

Introduction of high-energy class diode-pumped solid-state lasers (HEC-DPSSLs) worldwide, efficiency limitations and energy extraction issues of high-energy laser based on Yb-doped materials, room-temperature vs. cryogenically cooled lasers, simulation and experimental results obtained with multi-pass pumping - a technique for efficiency enhancement.

  • Lecture (others)
    workshop on High-Energy Class Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers (HEC-DPSSL), 10.-12.06.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13295
Publ.-Id: 13295


Neue Materialien für Hochintensitätslaser sowie deren Anwendungen

Siebold, M.

Erzeugung hoher Lichtintensitäten mittels Ultrakurzpulslaser, Laser-Teilchenbeschleunigung, diodengepumpte Festkörperlaser, neue Ytterbium-dotierte Lasermaterialien für Kurzpulslaserverstärker

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    workshop: Festkörperlaser – Materialien und Anwendungen, 10.-11.09.2009, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13294
Publ.-Id: 13294


Diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification to the TW level using Yb:CaF2

Siebold, M.; Hornung, M.; Hein, J.; Uecker, R.; Debus, A.; Kaluza, M. C.

We present a terawatt diode-pumped chirped pulse amplifier using single-crystalline Yb:CaF2 as the gain medium. A maximum pulse energy of 420 mJ and a repetition rate of 1 Hz was obtained. After recompression, a pulse energy of 197 mJ and a pulse duration of 192 fs were achieved, corresponding to a peak power of 1TW.

Keywords: Diode-pumped lasers; Ytterbium-doped solid state lasers; optical pulse generation and pulse compression

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Ultra-Intense Laser Interaction Science (ULIS), 24.-29.05.2009, Frascati, Italia
    Diode-pumped chirped pulse amplification to the TW level using Yb:CaF2, vol. 2109: American Institute of Physics, 119-122
  • Poster
    Ultra-Intense Laser Interaction Science, 26.05.2009, Frascati, Italia

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13293
Publ.-Id: 13293


In-situ observation of secondary phase formation in Fe implanted GaN annealed in low pressure N-2 atmosphere

Talut, G.; Grenzer, J.; Reuther, H.; Shalimov, A.; Baehtz, C.; Novikov, D.; Walz, B.

The formation of secondary phases in Fe implanted GaN upon annealing in low pressure N2-atmosphere was detected by means of in-situ x-ray diffraction and confirmed by magnetization measurements. A repeatable phase change from Fe2N at room temperature and Fe(3-x)N at 1023 K was observed in-situ. The phase transformation is explained by the change of lattice site and concentration of nitrogen within nitrides. The diffusion of Fe towards sample surface and oxidation with increasing annealing cycles limits the availability of secondary phase and hence the repeatability. At high temperature GaN dissolves and Ga as well as Fe oxidize due to presence of residual oxygen in the process gas. The ferromagnetism in the samples is related to nanometer sized interacting Fe(3-x)N crystallites.

Keywords: GaN; Fe-nitrides; DMS

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13292
Publ.-Id: 13292


Xe ion beam induced ripple structures on differently oriented single-crystalline Si surfaces

Hanisch, A.; Biermanns, A.; Pietsch, U.; Grenzer, J.; Facsko, S.

We report on Xe+ induced ripple formation at medium-energy on single crystalline silicon surfaces of different orientation using substrates with an intentional miscut from the [001] direction and a [111] oriented wafer. The ion beam incidence angle in respect to the surface normal was kept fixed at 65° and the ion beam projection was parallel or perpendicular to the [110] direction. By a combination of atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy we found that the features of surface and the subsurface rippled structures such as ripple wavelength and amplitude and the degree of order do not depend on the surface orientation as assumed in recent models of pattern formation for semiconductor surfaces.

Keywords: ripples nanostructures Xe self-organisation silicon miscut ion implantation

  • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43(2010)11, 112001

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13291
Publ.-Id: 13291


Bestimmung des Ausdampfverhaltens des Reaktorkerns bei Ausfall der Nachkühlung im Mitte-Loop-Betrieb bei geöffnetem Reaktordeckel auf Basis von Rechnungen mit dem Programm ATHLET

Kliem, S.

Unter Verwendung des Rechenprogramms ATHLET wurde das Ausdampfverhalten des Reaktorkerns bei Ausfall der Nachkühlung untersucht. Dafür wurde der Primärkreislauf des Reaktors vom Austritt aus dem Pumpenbogen bis zum Eintritt in den Dampferzeuger modelliert. Bei einer fest vorgegebenen Nachzerfallsleistung von 22 MW wurde das axiale Profil variiert. Neben einem symmetrischen kosinusähnlichen Profil wurden jeweils ein Profil für den Beginn und das Ende eines Brennstoffzyklus eines typischen Druckwasserreaktorkerns verwendet.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2009
    FZD\FWS\2009\06
    26 Seiten
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13290
Publ.-Id: 13290


Characterization and tuning of ultrahigh gradient permanent magnet quadrupoles

Becker, S.; Bussmann, M.; Raith, S.; Fuchs, M.; Weingartner, R.; Kunz, P.; Lauth, W.; Schramm, U.; Ghazaly, M. E.; Grüner, F.; Backe, H.; Habs, D.

The application of quadrupole devices with high field gradients and small apertures requires precise control over higher order multipole field components. We present a new scheme for performance control and tuning; which allows the illumination of most of the quadrupole device aperture because of the reduction of higher order field components. Consequently, the size of the aperture can be minimized to match the beam size achieving field gradients of up to 500 T m -1 at good imaging quality. The characterization method based on a Hall probe measurement and a Fourier analysis was confirmed using the high quality electron beam at the Mainz Microtron MAMI.

Keywords: compact; permanent; magnetic; quadrupole; lens; beam focusing; multipole; tuning; halbach; electron beam; x-fel

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13289
Publ.-Id: 13289


Measurement of Radiation Hardness of PET Components

Fiedler, F.; Braess, H.; Enghardt, W.

In-beam PET has given valuable feedback on treatment quality over the 11 years of operation time between 1997 and 2008 of the heavy ion treatment facility at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt. Based on this technical expertise a next generation of in-beam PET scanners will be developed. An experiment addressing the question whether the detectors and electronic components used in state-of-the-art PET-systems can be also utilized to configure a future in-beam PET scanner was performed at the medical beam line of GSI. The equipment for a new in-beam PET scanner should be tested whether it will resist the fluence of secondaries arising from the patient treatment of about 5 years. A ^12C beam of an energy of E=430.10AMeV was stopped in a PMMA phantom. The primary particle fluence of this irradiation was equivalent to about 5300 patient fractions (3 GyE per fraction). The detectors were placed at several angles to simulate a higher secondary particle fluence, i.e. a longer time of usage. They have been exposed to a secondary particle fluence equivalent up to 13 years of usage in an in-beam PET scanner. The equipment was provided by CPS and tested before and after the experiment. No damage was found applying the standard test procedure. analyzing the detectors after the experiment.

Keywords: radiation hardness; in-beam PET; ion therapy

  • Lecture (Conference)
    2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, 25.-31.10.2009, Orlando, USA
  • Contribution to proceedings
    2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, 23.10.-01.11.2009, Orlando, USA
    Conference Record

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13288
Publ.-Id: 13288


A FAIR equation of state

Schulze, R.; Kämpfer, B.

kein Abstract verfügbar

Keywords: QCD; equation of state; FAIR; quasiparticles

  • Lecture (others)
    Institutsinternes WIP-Seminar, 16.10.2009, Dresden-Rossendorf, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13287
Publ.-Id: 13287


Discrimination of thioarsenites and thioarsenates by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Suess, E.; Scheinost, A. C.; Bostick, B. C.; Merkel, B. J.; Wallschlaeger, D.; Planer-Friedrich, B.

Soluble arsenic−sulfur compounds play important roles in the biogeochemistry of arsenic in sulfidic waters but conflicting analytical evidence identifies them as either thioarsenates (= AsV−sulfur species) or thioarsenites (= AsIII−sulfur species). Here, we present the first characterization of thioarsenates (mono-, di-, and tetrathioarsenate) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and demonstrate that their spectra are distinctly different from those of AsIII−sulfur species, as well as from arsenite and arsenate. The absorption near edge energy decreases in the order arsenate > thioarsenates > arsenite > AsIII−sulfur species, and individual thioarsenates differ by 1 eV per sulfur atom. Fitted AsV−S and AsV−O bond distances in thioarsenates (2.13−2.18 Å and 1.70 Å, respectively) are significantly shorter than the corresponding AsIII−S and AsIII−O bond distances in AsIII−S species (2.24−2.34 Å and 1.78 Å, respectively). Finally, we demonstrate that thioarsenates can be identified by principal component analysis in mixtures containing AsIII−sulfur species. This capability is used to study the spontaneous reduction of tetrathioarsenate to AsIII−sulfur species (possibly trithioarsenite) upon acidification from pH 9.5 to 2.8.

Keywords: Arsenic; speciation; thioarsenite; thioarsenate; EXAFS; XANES

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13286
Publ.-Id: 13286


System Solution for Particle Therapy PET

Shakirin, G.; Braess, H.; Fiedler, F.; Kunath, D.; Laube, K.; Parodi, K.; Priegnitz, M.; Enghardt, W.

At present, positron emission tomography (PET) is the only available technique for an in-vivo, non-invasive monitoring of the dose delivery precision in highly conformal ion beam therapy. The successful exploitation of in-beam PET at the Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany during the last decade and a rising number of built or planned proton and heavier ion therapy facilities worldwide makes the development of a particle therapy PET (PT-PET) system of the next generation reasonable. The in-beam PET installation at GSI is a double-head positron scanner with a very limited solid angle which results in severe artifacts in the reconstructed images and in a low counting statistics. Thus, it is highly desirable to have larger solid angle coverage for PT-PET scanners of the next generation. However, increasing the effective area of a scanner might be limited by several requirements for the equipment of a radiotherapy treatment unit. Possible solutions for a prospective PT-PET system as well as a methodology for the evaluation of concurrent designs of the scanner taking into account the requirements of a therapy facility are discussed in this paper.

Keywords: in-beam PET; particle therapy; PT-PET

  • Poster
    2009 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, 24.10.-01.11.2009, Orlando, USA
  • Contribution to proceedings
    IEEE NSS MIC, 24.-31.10.2009, Orlando, USA
    System Solution for Particle Therapy PET

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13285
Publ.-Id: 13285


Quark stars from lattice QCD

Schulze, R.; Kämpfer, B.

At small net baryon densities ab initio lattice QCD provides valuable information on the finite-temperature equation of state of strongly interacting matter. Our phenomenological quasiparticle model provides a means to map such lattice results to regions relevant for future heavy-ion experiments at large baryon density; even the cool equation of state can be inferred to address the issue of quark stars. We report on (i) the side conditions (charge neutrality, beta equilibrium) in mapping latest lattice QCD results to large baryon density and (ii) scaling properties of emerging strange quark stars.

Keywords: QCD; quasiparticle model

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Dense Matter in Heavy-Ion collisions and Supernovae, 11.-13.10.2009, Prerow, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13284
Publ.-Id: 13284


Synthesis of new bifunctional chelators for conjugation to vector molecules for tumor targeting.

Heldt, J.-M.; Ruffani, A.; Zenker, M.; Walther, M.; Stephan, H.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Steinbach, J.

Problem:

The goal of this study is to prepare novel chelators suitable for conjugation to vector molecules which can be labeled by yttrium or copper in order to achieve high specific activities and to improve pharmacokinetics. In this context, new water soluble bifunctional DOTA- and bis(2-pyridylmethyl)triazacyclocyclononane (DMPTACN)-based chelators have been synthesized and conjugated to the monoclonal antibody Cetuximab which binds to HER2 of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) family which is over-expressed by various tumors.

Material and Method:

Both chelators have been conjugated to Cetuximab via thiourea-bridging. Radiolabeling of DOTA derivatives has been performed in aqueous ammonium acetate solution at r.t. using 86YCl3 or 90YCl3. Radiolabeling of DMPTACN conjugates with 64Cu was achieved in MES buffer solution at 50°C using 64CuCl2. The affinity of the bioconjugates towards EGFR was determined by ELISA.

Results:

The ELISA test showed that the affinity of the bioconjugates has decreased compared to native Cetuximab. A chelator/antibody molar ratio of 4 was achieved as determined by MALDI-TOF-MS for the DOTA-Cetuximab conjugate. Radiolabeling of DOTA-conjugates with 86Y and 90Y at 37°C requires optimization to improve radiochemical yield. DMPTACN-Cetuximab conjugates can be rapidly labeled with 64Cu under mild conditions in almost quantitative yield.

Conclusions:

DMPTACN- and DOTA-ligands are attractive bifunctional chelating agents which can be conjugated to vector molecules for PET-imaging and radiotherapy. In the near future, the work with the ligands investigated will be extended using the pre-labeling approach.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Targeting and Imaging of the Tumor Microenvironment, 23.-26.09.2009, Berder island, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13283
Publ.-Id: 13283


Structure-activity relationship of radiocopper-labeled DMPTACN-Bombesin conjugates

Ruffani, A.; Stephan, H.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.; Gasser, G.; Spiccia, L.

Aim:

Radiometal‐labeled peptide derivatives of bombesin are very interesting targeting vectors for certain types of cancer. Bombesin derivatives have shown very high selectivity and affinity to
G‐protein‐coupled gastrin‐releasing‐peptide‐receptor (GRPR), which is over‐expressed in a variety of tumors including breast‐, prostate‐ and pancreatic‐tumors. Consequently, the
application of radiolabeled bombesin‐analogs for both the diagnosis and therapy of such tumors is being intensively investigated. However, the development of chemically and radiolytically
stable compounds which can be easily radiolabeled presents significant challenges. We recently showed that bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)triazacyclocyclononane (DMPTACN) was a promising candidate
for radiocopper‐labeling. In this study we examine structure‐activity relationships for new [64Cu]DMPTACN bombesin derivatives including their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in
prostate cancer (PC3) xenografted tumor mice.

Methods:

Stabilized bombesin derivatives β‐Ala‐β‐Ala‐[Cha13,Nle14]BBN(7‐14) and β‐homo‐Glu‐β‐Ala‐β‐Ala‐[Cha13, Nle14]BBN(7‐14) were conjugated to the N‐terminus with DMPTACN ligands containing either a carboxylate or phenylisothiocyanate pendant arm via amide coupling and thiourea‐bridging, respectively. Radiolabeling of DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives with 64Cu was performed in aqueous ammonium acetate solution (pH=6) at 50°C using [64Cu]CuCl2. The affinity of DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives for the GRPR was determined using a competitive displacement/binding assay in human prostate (PC3) cancer cells. Internalization data for the [64Cu]Cu‐DMPTACN bombesin derivatives were obtained in the same cell line. Partition coefficients of the radiocopper‐labeled complexes of the DMPTACN‐BBN derivatives were determined in a 1‐octanol/buffer system. Biodistribution studies were performed on Wistar rats and NMRI nu/nu mice bearing the human prostate tumor PC‐3. Tumor accumulation was evaluated with small animal PET.

Results:

Radiolabeling of DMPTACNBBN‐bioconjugates was achieved in 30 min, yielding >99% radiochemical purity and specific activity up to 30 GBq/μmol after HPLC. DMPTACN‐NCS derivatives could be rapidly labeled with 64Cu under mild conditions in almost quantitative yield. The DMPTACN‐BBN conjugates showed high affinity to the GRPR and high uptake in PC‐3 cells. PET studies on tumor‐bearing PC‐3 mice revealed an accumulation in the GRPR‐positive tissue. Clear visualization of the tumor tissue and noticeable delineation from healthy tissue was achieved.

Conclusion:

DMPTACN ligands are attractive chelates for the development of radiocopper pharmaceuticals featuring very high chemical and radiolytical stability. They can be effectively coupled to target‐oriented peptides, such as bombesin. However, many issues need to be resolved, including the metabolic stabilization of the peptides and the direct fixation of radiometalated conjugates in the tumor tissue. DMPTACN‐isothiocyanate was found to be rapidly and efficiently labeled with 64Cu. These features make it a promising candidate as a pre‐labeling building block for antibody and synthetic polymers.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM´09), 10.-14.10.2009, Barcelona, Spain
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36(2009)Suppl. 2, S207
    DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1227-5

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13282
Publ.-Id: 13282


Synthesis and Metabolic Stability of 11C-Labelled SU11248 Derivative as Inhibitor of Tyrosine Kinases

Knieß, T.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.

Aim:

SU11248 is a novel inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plated‐derived growth factor (PDGF) [1]. Due to the fact that RTKs are overexpressed in some tumour entities, they might be a suitable target for cancer imaging by positron emission tomography (PET). A tyrosine kinase inhibitor labelled with a positron emitting isotope could represent a useful tool for monitoring levels of RTKs in tumour tissue by giving valuable information for anti‐angiogenic therapy. For this purpose we synthesized a methoxy substituted derivative of SU11248 and performed the radiosynthesis with the PET radionuclide carbon‐11 to the corresponding 11C‐labelled radiotracer. First investigations on the in vivo metabolic stability of the new 11C‐labelled SU11248 derivative are reported.

Materials and methods:

The radiolabelling was performed via 11C‐methylation reaction of the corresponding desmethyl precursor with [11C]MeI in a TRACERLab FXC gas phase synthesizer (GE). After purification by semi‐preparative HPLC and solid phase extraction the radiotracer was dispensed with E153 electrolyte solution and injected intravenously into male Wistar rats. For metabolite analysis blood samples were taken from the arteria femoralis at 1.5; 3; 5; 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes past injection. After centrifuging blood samples 5 min 13.000 rpm at 4°C plasma was analyzed by radio HPLC.

Results:

The synthesis of the non‐radioactive methoxy‐substituted SU11248 as well as the desmethyl precursor was accomplished by reacting 5‐methoxy‐ and 5‐hydroxyl‐oxindole with 5‐formyl‐2,4‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐3‐carboxylic‐acid‐(2‐diethylaminoethyl)‐amide. Radiolabelling was achieved by reaction of the 5‐hydroxy‐substituted SU11248 derivative with [11C]CH3I in DMF/aqueous NaOH at 80°C. After semi‐preparative HPLC purification the 11C‐labelled radiotracer was obtained in 14‐17% decay corrected radiochemical yield at a specific activity of 162‐198 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis in 94‐99% radiochemical purity. Metabolism analysis in rat plasma showed 96% of intact compound 3 min and 73% 60 min p.i., together with three more polar metabolites.

Conclusion:

The new 11C‐labelled derivative of SU11248 can be synthesized in good radiochemical yield, sufficient purity and high specific activity. The found metabolic stability in rat plasma showing 73% of intact radiotracer 60 min p.i. suggests that the 11C‐methoxy labelling group is preserved under in vivo conditions. These findings are encouraging for further investigation with this radiotracer on RTK expressing cells and tumour tissue to answer the question if this radiotracer would be a useful tool for monitoring angiogenic processes by PET. [1] Sun L., Liang C. et al., J. Med. Chem., 46, (2003), 1116

  • Poster
    Annual Congress of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), 10.-14.10.2009, Barcelona, Spain
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 36(2009)Suppl. 2, S310-S311
    DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1227-5

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13281
Publ.-Id: 13281


Structural Aspects of Uranyl Complexes with Lipopolysaccharide

Barkleit, A.; Li, B.; Foerstendorf, H.; Rossberg, A.; Moll, H.; Bernhard, G.

It is well-known that microorganisms play an important role in bioremediation. Because of the high retention capability of heavy metal ions, they significantly influence mobilization and immobilization of cations in soils. The prediction of the radionuclide transport in the environment and the improvement of technical bioremediation strategies require a detailed understanding of the binding mechanisms on a molecular level.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the main part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, sticks out of the cell wall and is in direct contact with the (aqueous) environment. With its high content of negatively charged functional groups (mainly carboxyl and phosphoryl groups) it plays a key role in protection of contaminants.
We investigated the uranyl LPS interactions to gain detailed information about the coordination sphere in the molecular environment of the uranyl ion. We focused on the identification of the coordinating functional groups over a wide pH range (from 2.5 to 7) and under different stoichiometric conditions. In particular, the discrimination between carboxyl and phosphoryl groups and their binding behaviours was elucidated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy at the U LIII-edge and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. With respect to environmental conditions, samples with an excess of LPS were investigated by EXAFS. Furthermore, samples with equimolar ratios of uranyl and functional groups of LPS according to a slight deficit of phosphoryl groups were determined with FT-IR.
EXAFS spectra show great similarities to the uranyl mineral phase meta-autunite. A four-fold complexation of the uranium was derived from very short U Oeq distances of 2.28 Å and U P distances of 3.58 Å indicating unidentate coordinated phosphoryl groups. Furthermore, U U interactions can be observed at 5.2 Å and 6.9 Å.
FT-IR spectra show spectral evidence for both, carboxyl and phosphoryl coordination. A downshift of the antisymmetric stretching mode of the carboxylate group from 1576 (uncomplexed LPS) to 1530 cm−1 and an upshift of the symmetric stretching mode from 1404 (uncomplexed LPS) to 1455 cm−1 upon complexation provides evidence for a bidentate complexation to carboxylate groups. The antisymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of the complexing phosphoryl groups are observed at 1105 and 1060 cm−1.
In summary, we determined at high LPS excess preferential phosphoryl coordination, whereas with an increasing relative amount of uranyl ions, corresponding to a decreasing number of functional groups of LPS, additional carboxylate coordination becomes important. This complexation behaviour remains within a broad pH range from slight acidic to neutral values. Under the investigated experimental conditions, the coordination of uranyl ions to the LPS molecule is obviously controlled by the U/LPS concentration ratio irrespective from prevailing pH.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    RadChem 2010 - 16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.2010, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13280
Publ.-Id: 13280


Investigations on seepage waters of the test site Gessenwiese by TRLFS

Baumann, N.; Arnold, T.

The test field “Gessenwiese” was installed on a leaching heap at the former uranium mining area Ronneburg (western Thuringia) for investigations in acid mining drainage and in heavy metals retention, especially uranium (Grawunder A. et al. 2009). The uranium speciation in seepage water of the Gessenwiese was determined by TRLFS. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) posses some superior features, above all a very high sensitivity for fluorescent heavy metal ions. The predominance of TRLFS compared to other spectroscopic techniques, e.g. XRD and IR was showed in Baumann N. et al. (2008) in analyzing the speciation of U(VI) in a thin layer of an alteration product formed on depleted uranium. TRLFS analyses in seepage water of the Gessenwiese were carried out to compare it in a later stage with the uranium speciation in plants, which grow on that grassland and may take up uranium contaminated water.
Grawunder A. et al. Chem Erde-Geochem. 69 5-19 (2009)
Baumann N. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 8266-8269 (2008)

Keywords: Uranium; Speciation; TRLFS

  • Contribution to proceedings
    16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.10, Marienbad, Tschechische Republik
    Chemické listy S - Booklet of Abstracts, Praha: CSAV, s190

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13279
Publ.-Id: 13279


Investigations on Stability and Structure of Thorium Colloids in near-neutral Solutions

Dreissig, I.; Weiss, S.; Zanker, H.; Hennig, C.; Brendler, E.; Bernhard, G.

This work presents results about the formation of thorium(IV) colloids and precipitates in the presence of silicic acid. Three methods were used for the preparation of the thorium compounds:

  • Experiment A: Silicic acid concentrations and ionic strengths were adjusted in the presence of preformed stable ThO2 colloids at neutral pH (0.4 mM Th; 0 3 mM Si; I = 0.05 M NaClO4)
  • Experiment B: Precipitation of ThO2 colloids in the presence of silicic acid by neutralization from the acidic side of the pH scale (1 mM Th; 0-4.2 mM Si; I = 0.1 M NaClO4)
  • Experiment C: Precipitation of Th(IV) colloids in the presence of silicic acid by neutralisation of a Th(IV) carbonate solution from the alkaline side of the pH scale (1 mM Th; 0-3 mM Si; I = 0.1 M NaClO4)
For the characterization of the colloids, zeta potential measurements as well as NMR and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were applied.
The zeta potentials of the thorium compounds in experiments A, B and C were determined by laser Doppler velocimetry at pH values of 2 – 10. These measurements allowed the estimation of the isoelectric points (IEPs) of the colloids and conclusions about the colloidal stability of the suspensions formed.
By the addition of silicic acid to preformed ThO2 colloids (experiment A), a significant shift of the IEPs from pH ~ 8.5 to lower values (pH ~ 6.5) was observed. Similar results were found in experiment B. Here, the IEP shifted from pH ~ 7.3 to pH ~ 6.0 in the presence of silicic acid. For both experiments the shift of the IEP was a function of the silicic acid concentration. Obviously, the significant amounts of silicate in/on the Th(IV) particles shift the IEP toward the IEP of pure silicic acid (pH < 3[1]).
On the other hand, the results of the zeta potential measurements on the Th(IV) colloids from experiment C demonstrated that the IEP did not change in the presence of varying amounts of silicic acid but remained constantly at pH ~ 5.2. It was also significantly lower than the IEPs of the colloids from experiments A and B formed under acidic conditions. The IEP behaviour of the experiment C colloids is not yet fully understood.
The results of 29Si solid state NMR and EXAFS spectroscopy of the thorium samples from experiment C showed that silicate was built in into the solid structure of ThO2. A possible mechanism is the partial replacement of the Th-O-Th bonds by bridging silicic acid and the formation of Th-O-Si-O-Th links. It is discussed whether the integration of silicic acid in the solid structure results in the formation of a still unknown thorium compound or a thorite (ThSiO4) like material was formed.
[1] R. K. Iler, K. Ralph, The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties and Biochemistry of Silica, John Wiley & Sons, 1979.

Keywords: Colloid; nanoparticle; zetapotential; isoelectric point; thorium; Th(IV); silicic acid; silicate; EXAFS; 29-Si-NMR

  • Contribution to proceedings
    RadChem 2010 - 16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.2010, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic
    Radchem 2010 - BOOKLET OF ABSTRACTS CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13278
Publ.-Id: 13278


Effect of the Nature of Anions of Aluminum Salts Used to Synthesize a Precursor of the Al2O3-ZrO2 Ceramics on the Stabilization of the Tetragonal Modification of Zirconium Dioxide

Zharnylskaya, A. L.; Volkhin, V. V.; Reuther, H.

Samples of a precursor for an aluminum oxide ceramics reinforced with zirconium oxide were synthesized by hydrolysis of various aluminum salts in the presence of a ZrO2 sol under conditions of urea decomposition at 90 degrees C and pH < 4 maintained, with hydrolysis products deposited onto the surface of ZrO2 sol particles. It was found that the nature of a salt anion affects the interaction of hydrolysis products of the aluminum cation with the surface of ZrO2 sol particles. The structure of products formed in thermal treatment of samples of a precursor for Al2O3-ZrO2 (T = 1250 degrees C) was characterized by X-ray phase analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The phase transition temperatures of the oxides Al2O3 and ZrO2 contained in the precursor were estimated using the results of thermal analysis of the samples in the temperature range 20-1300 degrees C.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13277
Publ.-Id: 13277


Improvement of Satellite Imaging Câmera Components Made of SS304 by Nitrogen PIII Treatments

Siqueira, R. H. M.; Ueda, M.; Lepienski, C. M.; Reuther, H.

Improvement of Satellite Imaging Câmera Components Made of SS304 by Nitrogen PIII Treatments

  • Poster
    10th International Workshop on Plasma Based Ion Implantation and Deposition, 07.-11.09.2009, São José dos Campos, Brasil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13276
Publ.-Id: 13276


Enhancement of Surface Properties of SAE 1070 by Chromium Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition

Mello, C. B.; Ueda, M.; Oliveira, R. M.; Reuther, H.; Lepienski, C. M.

Enhancement of Surface Properties of SAE 1070 by Chromium Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition

  • Lecture (Conference)
    10th International Workshop on Plasma Based Ion Implantation and Deposition, 07.-11.09.2009, São José dos Campos, Brasil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13275
Publ.-Id: 13275


Modificação da Superfície da Liga Ni-Ti Pela Implantação Iônica por Imersão em Plasma

Camargo, E. N.; Silva, M. M.; Baldissera, S.; Ueda, M.; Otubo, J.; Reuther, H.

Modificação da Superfície da Liga Ni-Ti Pela Implantação Iônica por Imersão em Plasma

  • Lecture (Conference)
    64º Congresso da ABM – Associação Brasileira de Metalurgia, Materiais e Mineração, 13.-17.07.2009, Expominas, Belo Horizonte, Brasil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13274
Publ.-Id: 13274


Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitrided in a Hybrid Glow Discharge Plasma

Oliveira, R. M.; Ueda, M.; Silva, L. L. G.; Reuther, H.; Lepienski, C. M.

Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steel Nitrided in a Hybrid Glow Discharge Plasma

  • Open Access Logo Brazilian Journal of Physics 39(2009), 554-558
  • Lecture (Conference)
    17th International Conference on Wear of Materials, 19.-23.04.2009, Las Vegas, USA

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13273
Publ.-Id: 13273


Nanoindentation response and microstructure of irradiated Fe-Cr alloys

Bergner, F.; Heintze, C.; Hernandez-Mayoral, M.

Self-ion irradiation in combination with nanoindentation offers the possibility to characterize irradiation damage in a broad range of irradiation temperature and fluence. Nanoindentation results are reported for Fe-Cr alloys containing 2.5 to 12.5 at% Cr irradiated at ambient and elevated temperatures. The investigation also comprises dual-beam ion irradiations. The effects of indentation load, Cr content, fluence and irradiation temperature are discussed. We have found cases of both broad consistence with and deviations from reported trends. Hardening features are characterized by means of TEM. The results are compared with TEM, SANS and hardness data reported for neutron-irradiated conditions of the same alloys.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics of Materials under Neutron and Charged Particle Irradiation, 16.-19.11.2009, Wien, Österreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13272
Publ.-Id: 13272


FP7 project LONGLIFE: Treatment of long term irradiation embrittlement effects in RPV safety assessment

Altstadt, E.; Bergner, F.; Hein, H.; Gillemot, F.; Serrano, M.; Brumovsky, M.; Lidbury, D.; Marcelles, I.

In view of the increasing age of the European NPPs and envisaged life time extensions up to an EOL of 80 years, there is a need for an improved understanding of RPV irradiation embrittlement effects specific to long term operation (LTO). The project aims at: 1) improved knowledge on LTO phenomena relevant for European reactors; 2) assessment of prediction tools, codes, standards and surveillance guidelines. The scope of work comprises the analysis of LTO boundary conditions, microstructural investigations (e.g. LBP) and supplementary mechanical tests (e.g. RPV steels from decommissioned plants), training activities and elaboration of recommendations for RPV materials assessment and embrittlement surveillance under LTO conditions. The duration of the collaborative project will be 36 months with 15 partners participating.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    15th Workshop of the International Group on Radiation Damage Mechanisms in Pressure Vessel Steels (IGRDM-15), 11.-16.10.2009, Budapest, Ungarn

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13271
Publ.-Id: 13271


Fluence dependence of SANS and yield stress increase observed for low-Cu RPV steels

Bergner, F.; Ulbricht, A.; Viehrig, H.-W.

The investigation is focussed on three low-Cu RPV steels, JPB, JPC and JFL, irradiated at 255°C up to several levels of neutron fluence. The SANS data obtained will be discussed as a function of fluence and correlated with measured values of the yield stress increase. There is strong evidence for a late-blooming effect from both SANS and hardening. The results will be compared with those from similar investigations for RPV steels and model alloys irradiated at higher temperatures and higher flux.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    15th Workshop of the International Group on Radiation Damage Mechanisms of Pressure Vessel Steels (IGRDM-15), 11.-16.10.2009, Budapest, Ungarn

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13270
Publ.-Id: 13270


The microstructure of neutron-irradiated Fe-Cr alloys: A small-angle neutron scattering study

Bergner, F.; Heintze, C.; Ulbricht, A.

Ferritic-martensitic chromium steels are candidate materials for future applications in both Gen-IV fission and fusion technology. Experimental investigation of neutron-irradiated Fe-Cr model alloys is important in order to gain a better understanding of the interplay of chromium content and irradiation behaviour. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is particularly well suited to unfold the size distribution of non-planar irradiation-induced nanoscale features such as defect-solute clusters, nanovoids and ’-particles. This size distribution represents a statistically reliable average over a macroscopic volume. Assumptions on the dominant type of features can be checked against the ratio of magnetic and nuclear scattering.
The materials investigated in this work are commercial-purity Fe-Cr alloys of nominal compositions Fe-2.5Cr, Fe-5Cr, Fe-9Cr and Fe-12.5Cr (at%). Neutron irradiation was performed in the reactor BR2 at Mol (Belgium) at a temperature of 300°C and neutron flux of 9 x 1013 cm-2 s-1 (E > 1 MeV) [Matijasevic, JNM 377 (2008) 147]. The neutron exposures expressed in units of displacements per atom correspond to 0.6 and 1.5 dpa. A wavelength of 0.58 nm and three detector-sample distances of 1, 4 and 16 m were used in the SANS experiments carried out at the SANS-2 facility of GKSS Geesthacht (Germany). The samples were placed in a saturation magnetic field in order to separate magnetic and nuclear contributions. The scattering curves obtained for the unirradiated conditions of the four Fe-Cr alloys were taken as reference.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Joint EC-IAEA Topical Meeting on “Development of New Structural Materials for Advanced Fission and Fusion Reactor Systems”, 05.-09.10.2009, Barcelona, Spanien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13269
Publ.-Id: 13269


Characterization of Fe-Cr alloys using SANS, nanoindentation and ultrasound

Heintze, C.; Bergner, F.; Ulbricht, A.

Ferritic/martensitic Cr-steels are candidate structural materials for future nuclear applications. Fe-Cr alloys serve as model alloys for the investigation of the effect of Cr on microstructure, properties and irradiation behaviour. Industrial purity Fe-Cr alloys of Cr levels of 2.5, 5, 9 and 12 at% were produced at SCK•CEN Mol within the MIRE project and characterized with respect to composition, microstructure, dislocation arrangement and tensile properties [M. Matijasevic et al., JNM 377 (2008) 147]. The present contribution is devoted to the complementary characterization of the same set of materials by means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS), depth-sensing nanoindentation and sound velocity measurements.
SANS experiments were performed in the wide range of scattering vectors from 0.03 to 3 nm 1 using three different sample-detector distances. Incoherent and coherent scattering were identified and discussed as a function of Cr content. Depth-sensing nanoindentation was performed at maximum loads ranging from 1 to 500 mN and supplemented with Vickers hardness. Interestingly, some of the curves representing the load dependence of nanohardness for different Cr contents cross one another indicating an effect of Cr on the indentation-size effect. The velocity of both longitudinal and shear waves was measured using the ultrasound pulse-echo technique. The polycrystalline averages of the elastic constants were estimated as a function of Cr. First results on the effect of both ion and neutron irradiation will also be presented.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    EUROMAT 2009, 07.-10.09.2009, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13268
Publ.-Id: 13268


Cluster dynamics simulation of point defect clusters in neutron irradiated pure iron

Gokhman, A.; Bergner, F.

The effect of the size dependence of production rate of point defect clusters is taken into account in the cluster dynamics modeling of the simultaneous formation of vacancy clusters and self-interstitial atom clusters in neutron irradiated pure iron. The calibration of material parameters has been carried out. The correspondence between small angle neutron scattering, transmission electron microscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy and cluster dynamics data is studied.

Keywords: Neutron irradiation; Pure iron; Cluster dynamics (CD)

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13267
Publ.-Id: 13267


Arsenic doped p-type zinc oxide films grown by radio frequency magnetron sputtering

Fan, J. C.; Zhu, C. Y.; Fung, S.; Zhong, Y. C.; Wong, K. S.; Xie, Z.; Brauer, G.; Anwand, W.; Skorupa, W.; To, C. T.; Yang, B.; Beling, C. D.; Ling, C. C.

As-doped ZnO films were grown by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method As the substrate temperature during growth was raised above ~400°C, the films changed from n-type to p-type. Hole concentration and mobility of ~6x10^17 cm^-3 and ~6 cm^2 V^-1 s^-1were achieved. The ZnO films were studied by secondary mass spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low temperature photoluminescence (PL), and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS). The results were consistent with the As/Zn-2V/Zn shallow acceptor model proposed by Limpijumnong et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 155504 (2004)]. The results of the XPS, PL, PAS, and thermal studies lead us to suggest a comprehensive picture of As-related shallow acceptor formation.

  • Journal of Applied Physics 106(2009), 073709-1-073709-6

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13266
Publ.-Id: 13266


Hydrodynamische Untersuchungen in Festbettreaktoren mit Gittersensoren

Schubert, M.

Kenntnisse über die Gas/Flüssig-Strömungen in chemischen Reaktoren und Kolonnen sind von elementarer Bedeutung für die Auslegung und den effizienten Betrieb. Besonders bei der Durchströmung von Schüttungen und Packungen könnten Fehlverteilungen auftreten und damit Druckverlust und Ausbeute nachteilig beeinflussen. Die am Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf entwickelten Gittersensoren stellen eine hybride Messtechnik dar, die die Vorteiler lokalen Sonden und tomographischer Verfahren kombiniert. In porösen Packungen können Flüssigkeitsanteile und Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeiten mit hoher zeitlicher Auflösung im Durchströmungsquerschnitt verteilt ermittelt werden.
Der Vortrag gibt eine Übersicht zu Anwendung und Untersuchungsmöglichkeiten von Gas/Flüssig-Strömungen in Packungen mit den Schwerpunkten Strömungsvisualisierung, Holdupverteilung und Geschwindigkeitsmessung. Exemplarisch wird die Anwendung der Gittersensoren für größere Reaktordurchmesser demonstriert.

Keywords: wire mesh sensors; liquid holdup; liquid velocity; industrial scale sensor

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar "Sensoranwendung in der Chemieindustrie" der BASF Ludwigshafen, 14.10.2009, Ludwigshafen, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13265
Publ.-Id: 13265


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