Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

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41397 Publications

laser proton acceleration … aiming for cancer therapy

Schramm, U.

Invited talk at 440th WE Heraeus Seminar, Frauenwörth 2009, Laser driven particle and x-ray sources for medical applications

Keywords: laser proton acceleration; cancer ion therapy

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    Laser driven particle and x-ray sources for medical applications, 13.-17.09.2009, Kloster Frauenwörth, Chiemsee, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13158
Publ.-Id: 13158


Laser-accelerated ion beams for future medical applications

Kraft, S.

Recent success in laser-driven particle acceleration has increased interest in laser-generated “accelerator-quality” beams, for example, protons and ions have been produced with up to several tens of MeV per nucleon, and with extremely low emittance (<0.01 mm mrad, normalized). Compact, high-gradient laser-accelerators are therefore now being discussed as a potentially viable technology for a host of particle-beam applications, including future compact medical accelerators for medical diagnostics and therapy. After commissioning of a 150 TW laser system at the FZD, a joint research center for radiation therapy with laser-accelerator ions is being established together with the OncoRay Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, and the University Clinic of the Technical University of Dresden. The present status and future plans of the center, and the results from first proton acceleration experiments at FZD will be presented.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, 12.09.2009, München, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13157
Publ.-Id: 13157


Selenium(IV) retention onto ilite

Jordan, N.; Foerstendorf, H.; Brendler, V.

In the context of nuclear waste management, long-term safety assessments have shown that selenium-79, released from the solid waste matrix, could be one of the major isotopes contributing to the global radioactivity potentially reaching the biosphere. Selenium has a quite complex speciation, with four main oxidation states, depending on both the pH and the redox potential of the surrounding environment. Sorption onto minerals can strongly affect the availability and the mobility of selenium. It is thus of great importance to be able to characterize both at a macroscopic and a microscopic level the different processes (retention, reduction, surface precipitation, …) that can potentially take place.
Regarding the multi-barrier concept considered for deep underground storage of high level and long-lived radionuclides, clays are candidates as host rock as well as backfill materials. Clays like illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and bentonite constitute the main phases of clay rocks, together with other compounds like iron oxides, titanium oxide, pyrite, calcite and organic matter. We decided to focus our work on Illite since it is an abundant and well crystallized clay mineral in soils.
Thus, retention properties of illite towards selenium(IV) have been investigated during this study, using a combination of both macroscopic and microscopic measurements.
Illite du Puy (France) has been used as the sorbing phase. It has been purified in order to remove auxiliary and minor phases to get a homo-ionic “Na-illite” clay. Then, batch experiments aiming at studying the sorption behaviour of selenium(IV) onto illite have been performed in NaClO4. The influence of the suspensions´pH, as well as the ionic strength effect has been investigated. All the experiments have been performed under anoxic conditions in a glove box under N2 atmosphere (O2 < 1 ppm). Selenium speciation in solution has been checked using Hydride Generation-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy measurements. The oxidation state of the selenium species once sorbed onto the illite surface has been evidenced using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.
Electrophoresis measurements have also been performed during this work. Comparison between the zeta potential of the illite surfaces before and after selenium(IV) sorption has been done, to check whether the sorption takes place by chemical bonding formation or rather by electrostatic attraction.
Finally, ATR-FTIR measurements have been performed using an ATR ZnSe crystal. By comparison with former IR measurements concerning selenito-ligands containing complexes as well as phases with sorbed selenium species, the fashion binding of selenium(IV) onto illite has been evidenced.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.2010, Mariánské Lázne, Czech Republic, 0009-2770, s115

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13156
Publ.-Id: 13156


Uranium(VI) Diffusion in Opalinus Clay in the Absence and Presence of Humic Acid

Joseph, C.; Schmeide, K.; Sachs, S.; Bernhard, G.

As possible host rock and backfill material for a nuclear waste repository clay is discussed. The interaction of the clay with actinides, especially uranium (U), is the focus of our work. Batch sorption and diffusion experiments are performed in order to estimate the actinide migration in clay formations. Furthermore, the influence of humic acid (HA) on these processes is investigated. HA are ubiquitously found in natural environments. In a worst case scenario these polyelectrolytic macromolecules can be transported by aquifers through the clay formation, where they can interact with e.g. actinides of the nuclear waste. Natural clay contains also HA and fulvic acid like organic matter, which can be released from the clay. The extraction of small organic ligands from natural clay was shown in literature (Courdouan et al. 2007). HA has a multitude of functional groups, which are able to complex metal ions, like U(VI), very well. HA also forms stable colloids. Due to this behavior HA can influence the mobility of U(VI) in a nuclear waste repository.
Currently, we are studying the diffusion of U(VI) in opalinus clay (Mont Terri, Switzerland) in the absence and presence of HA by diffusion experiments using synthetic opalinus clay pore water (Pearson 1998; pH 7.6, I = 0.39 M) as mobile phase. In our studies the assembly of Van Loon et al. (2004) is used, where an intact opalinus clay bore core (diameter: 2.57 cm, thickness: 1 cm) is put into a diffusion cell, which is connected with a high and a low concentration reservoir containing the mobile phase with the tracer. All experiments are performed under anaerobic conditions. The direction of diffusion is perpendicular to bedding. The pressure exerted on the bore core samples is 5 MPa. The density of the bore core pieces is 1.85 g/cm3. For the experiments two diffusion cells are used for investigation of i) U(VI) diffusion in the absence and ii) presence of HA. At first the diffusion properties of the opalinus clay samples in the diffusion cells were determined by through- and out-diffusion experiments using HTO as tracer. As diffusion parameters for HTO in opalinus clay De = (5.31 ± 1.01) x 10-11 m2/s and De = (7.23 ± 1.36) x 10-11 m2/s were determined. The diffusion accessible porosities of HTO were ε = 0.44 ± 0.08 and ε = 0.55 ± 0.10. These two different results for two bore core parts show the heterogeneity of the clay. However, the data are in agreement with literature data (e.g. Tevissen et al. 2004). For the U(VI) diffusion experiments 233U and 14C-labeled synthetic HA (Sachs et al. 2004) are used as tracer. The concentrations are set to [U] = 1 x 10-6 M and [HA] = 10 mg/L in synthetic opalinus clay pore water as mobile phase. So far, the experiments are carried out for three months. During this time no activity of 233U was measured in the low concentration reservoirs. That points out the good retention behavior of opalinus clay towards U(VI). However, this result is in contrast to results of batch sorption experiments with opalinus clay powder. There, a low sorption affinity of U(VI) towards opalinus clay was determined in pore water, although a higher surface area was accessible for U(VI) (specific surface area (BET) = 41.6 m2/g). Opalinus clay contains a calcite fraction of 13 % (Nagra 2002). The leached out calcium ions determine the speciation of U(VI) in the pore water, because the neutral aquatic complex Ca2UO2(CO3)3 (Bernhard et al. 2001) is formed, which dominates the U(VI) speciation (99 %). This complex sorbs only weakly onto opalinus clay (0.05 ± 0.002 µg U/m2 clay). The good retention ability of opalinus clay during the diffusion experiments can be attributed to the lack of free length of paths for the present Ca2UO2(CO3)3(aq) in the intact bore core piece. In contrast to the U(VI) diffusion, diffused HA molecules were measured in the low concentration reservoir 13 days after start of the experiment...

Keywords: uranium(VI); humic acid; opalinus clay; diffusion; pore water; particle size distribution

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Clays in Natural & Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement, 29.03.-01.04.2010, Nantes, France
    Uranium(VI) Diffusion in Opalinus Clay in the Absence and Presence of Humic Acid
  • Poster
    Clays in Natural & Engineered Barriers for Radioactive Waste Confinement, 29.03.-01.04.2010, Nantes, France

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13155
Publ.-Id: 13155


Selenite retention by nanocrystalline magnetite: Role of adsorption, reduction and dissolution/co-precipitation processes

Missana, T. A.; Scheinost, U.; Granizo, A. C.; García-Gutiérrez, M.

We studied selenite (SeO32-) retention by magnetite (FeIIFeIII2O4) using both surface complexation modeling and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to characterize the processes of adsorption, reduction, and dissolution/co-precipitation.
The experimental sorption results for magnetite were compared to those of goethite (FeIIIOOH) under similar conditions. Selenite sorption was investigated under both oxic and anoxic conditions and as a function of pH, ionic strength, solid-to-liquid ratio and Se concentration. Sorption onto both oxides was independent of ionic strength and decreased as pH increased, as expected for anion sorption; however, the shape of the sorption edges was different. The goethite sorption data could be modeled assuming the formation of an inner-sphere complex with iron oxide surface sites (SOH). In contrast, the magnetite sorption data at low pH could be modeled only when the dissolution of magnetite, the formation of aqueous iron–selenite species, and the subsequent surface complexation of these species were implemented. The precipitation of ferric selenite was the predominant retention process at higher selenite concentrations (>1 104 M) and pH < 5, which was in agreement with the XAS results. Sorption behavior onto magnetite was similar under oxic and anoxic conditions. Under anoxic conditions, we did not observe the reduction of selenite. Possible reasons for the absence of reduction are discussed. In conclusion, we show that under acidic reaction conditions, selenite retention by magnetite is largely influenced by dissolution and co-precipitation processes.

Keywords: selenite; selenate; selenium; redox; sorption; EXAFS; structure; magnetite

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13154
Publ.-Id: 13154


Fano interference in the intersubband THz response of photoexcited GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Wagner, M.; Golde, D.; Stehr, D.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.; Andrews, A. M.; Roch, T.; Strasser, G.; Kira, M.; Koch, S. W.

In our work, we directly observe the interplay between ponderomotive contribution and true intersubband transition (IST). To this end, we probe the conduction IST of an undoped GaAs/Al0.34Ga0.66As multiple quantum well by transmitting broadband THz pulses after resonant photoexcitation with either a broad-band or narrowband laser at the 1s heavy-hole exciton. The field oscillations of the transmitted THz pulses are directly detected by phase-matched electro-optic sampling. We observe that the differential THz transmission transient as the pump-induced change in the transmitted THz field shows a strong beating. In the frequency domain this results in an intersubband resonance with a broad additional peak at lower energy. The line shape of this intersubband resonance strongly resembles a Fano-resonance with an undershoot at the low-frequency side and an asymmetric peak to higher frequencies. However, since we are able to measure differential transmission and total THz absorption separately, we find that the absorption does not show such a Fano-asymmetry, but reveals the expected Lorentzian-like line shape of the intersubband resonance. Especially, it is a single peak and therefore the beating in the time domain cannot originate from an adjacent second absorptive resonance next to the true IST resonance.
In our microscopic theory these features can be explained unambiguously by a phase-sensitive superposition of the true THz intersubband current and the ponderomotive current.

Keywords: Fano profile; THz probe; intersubband transition

  • Lecture (Conference)
    10th international conference on intersubband transitions in quantum wells ITQW2009, 06.-11.09.2009, Montreal, Canada

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13153
Publ.-Id: 13153


Experimental investigations on the condensation of steam bubbles injected into sub-cooled water

Lucas, D.; Beyer, M.; Szalinski, L.

Bubble condensation plays an important role e.g. in sub-cooled boiling or steam injection into pools. Since the condensation rate is proportional to the interfacial area density, bubble size distributions have to be considered in an adequate modelling of the condensation process. To develop and validate closure models for CFD codes new experimental data are required. The effect of bubble sizes is clearly shown in experimental investigations done at the TOPFLOW facility of FZD. Steam bubbles are injected into a sub-cooled upward pipe flow via orifices in the pipe wall located at different distances from measuring plane. 1 mm and 4 mm injection orifices are used to vary the initial bubble size distribution. The variation of the distance between the location of the gas injection and the measuring plane allows investigating the evolution of the flow along the pipe. Measurements are done using wire-mesh sensors and thermocouples. Condensation is clearly faster in case of the injection via the smaller orifices, i.e. in case of smaller bubble sizes. Data on averaged void fraction, radial gas volume fraction profiles, profiles of the gas velocity and bubble size distributions in dependency of the L/D ratio are presented in the paper.

Keywords: bubble flow; condensation; phase transfer; experiment; CFD

  • Contribution to proceedings
    5th European-Japanese Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, 20.-25.09.2009, Spoleto, Italien
  • Lecture (Conference)
    5th European-Japanese Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, 20.-25.09.2009, Spoleto, Italien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13152
Publ.-Id: 13152


Complexation of aqueous uranium(IV) with phosphate investigated using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS)

Lehmann, S.; Geipel, G.; Grambole, G.; Bernhard, G.

Heavy metals like the actinides possess a high risk potential to the environment not only because of their radiotoxicity but also due to their chemical toxicology. Uranium as one of the major actinide elements has to be considered in particular. Under reducing conditions, tetravalent uranium occurs primarily in the environment. To date, a lack of appropriate analytical techniques that featured sufficient sensitivity made it difficult to study the aqueous phosphate chemistry of uranium(IV) as such complexes show only low solubility. A novel time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy system was set up recently and optimized to do research on uranium(IV). By application of this laser system we could successfully study uranium(IV) phosphate in concentration ranges where no precipitation or formation of colloids occurred. At pH = 1.0, U4+ and one uranium(IV) phosphate complex existed in parallel in aqueous solution. The complex could be identified as [U(H2PO4)]3+. Determination of its corresponding complex formation constant via two different evaluation methods resulted in the finding of (1) logß = 26.37 ± 0.76 and (2) logß = 26.43 ± 0.23. Both values are in very good agreement with each other and prove that [U(H2PO4)]3+ is a very stable complex in solution under experimental conditions.

Keywords: uranium(IV); phosphate; fluorescence spectroscopy; TRLFS; complex formation constant

  • Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 283(2010), 395-401

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13151
Publ.-Id: 13151


AER working group D on VVER safety analysis – report of the 2009 meeting

Kliem, S.

The AER Working Group D on VVER reactor safety analysis held its 18th meeting in Řež, Czech Republic, during the period 18-19 May, 2009. The meeting was hosted by the Nuclear Research Institute Řež. Altogether 17 participants attended the meeting of the working group D, 16 from AER member organizations and 1 guest from a non-member organization. The co-ordinator of the working group, Mr. S. Kliem, served as chairman of the meeting.

The meeting started with a general information exchange about the recent activities in the participating organizations.

The given presentations and the discussions can be attributed to the following topics:

• Code validation and benchmarking
• Safety analysis and code developments
• Reactor pressure vessel thermal hydraulics
• Future activities including discussion on the participation in the OECD/NEA Benchmark for Kalinin-3 VVER-1000 NPP

A list of the participants and a list of the handouts distributed at the meeting are attached to the report. The corresponding PDF-files can be obtained from the chairman.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th Symposium of AER on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, Varna, Bulgarien
  • Contribution to proceedings
    19th Symposium of AER on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, Varna, Bulgarien
    Proceedings of the 19th Symposium of AER on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Budapest: KFKI AEKI, 9789633726402, 523-529

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13150
Publ.-Id: 13150


Technology Platform from Nature: Bacterial S-Layers

Kutschke, S.; Matys, S.; Pollmann, K.; Raff, J.

Starting point of our research were radio-ecological investigations on the interaction of actinides with bacteria, recovered from uranium mining waste piles. Thereby several isolates were subsequently analyzed regarding their growth in presence of different heavy metals and their heavy metal binding properties, particularly using uranium. Some isolates show a high and selective binding for uranium, cadmium, lead, and a few other heavy metals. Interestingly, the heavy metals were immobilized on the cell surface, preventing any sustainable damage of the cell. Responsible for the binding of heavy metals outside the cell is a proteinaceous cell envelope, a so-called surface layer (S-layer). The highly ordered S-layers are often composed of identical protein monomers, that possess the ability to self-assemble into two-dimensional paracrystalline lattices. The highly regular structure of the S-layers with many pores of identical size and many regularly arranged functional groups offers good binding sites for different kinds of ions and molecules. Furthermore, the pores serve as nucleation sites for the formation of metal nanoclusters or minerals.
In consequence of the mentioned properties, detailed studies on the metal binding of bacterial S-layers were accomplished. As turned out, specific S-layers are able to bind uranium, arsenic, platinum and palladium. By immobilization of the S-layers, metal selective filter materials were developed. Furthermore, the regular structure of the S-layers can be utilized for the production of clustered metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for many different (photo)catalytic approaches, e.g. CNT synthesis, degradation of pharmaceuticals and detoxification of heavy metals. Pd, ZnO, and TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on S-layer and/or S-layer coated industrial carriers were thusly produced and show a high catalytic activity in comparison to equally chemically produced nanoparticles. Moreover S-layers are very prospective for the development of compound specific biosensors by combining organic or inorganic fluorescence dyes with specific binding molecules.

Keywords: S-layer; biosensors; photocatalysis; metal removal; nanoparticles; catalyst; CNT syntesis

  • Lecture (Conference)
    WITS 2009 - Water, Innovation, Technology & Sustainability Conference, 23.-24.11.2009, Manaus, Brasilien
  • Contribution to proceedings
    WITS 2009 - Water, Innovation, Technology & Sustainability Conference, 23.-24.11.2009, Manaus, Brasilien

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13149
Publ.-Id: 13149


Schnelle Ionen für Europa - Das SPIRIT-Projekt

Möller, W.; Kolitsch, A.; Merchel, S.; Zier, M.; Spirit-Team

Das von der EU finanzierte SPIRIT-Projekt (Support of Public and Industrial Research using Ion beam Technology) [1] erlaubt Nutzern aus Forschung und Industrie den kostenfreien transnationalen Zugang zu Ionenstrahl-Infrastrukturen. Daneben fördert es die Weiterentwicklung der ionenstrahlbasierten Methoden und Instrumente zur Materialanalyse und –modifikation sowie die weitere Verbreitung der Verfahren in Gebieten aktueller Forschung und Technik. Die SPRIT-Partner sind die elf führenden Ionenstrahleinrichtungen in Europa.
Schnelle Ionen im Energie-bereich von ca. 10 keV bis 100 MeV werden von den SPIRIT-Partnern eingesetzt und externen Nutzern zur Verfügung gestellt. Diese Ionen dienen insbesondere der Modifikation und Analyse von Oberflächen, Grenzflächen, dünner Schichten und nanostrukturierten Systemen. Anwender aus der Grundlagenforschung und der angewandten Forschung nutzen diese schnellen Ionen in der Materialforschung, Lebens-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, bis hin zur Analyse von Kunst- und Kulturgütern. So können z. B. Elementkonzentrationen zerstörungs- und standardfrei mittels Ionenstrahlanalysemethoden wie
• Rutherford-Rückstreu-Spektrometrie (Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry - RBS)
• Kernreaktionsanalyse (Nuclear Reaction Analysis - NRA)
• Elastische Rückstreuanalyse (Elastic Recoil Detection - ERD)
• Teilchen-induzierte Röntgen- und Gamma-Emission (Particle-Induced X-Ray – PIXE und Gamma-Emission - PIGE).
bestimmt werden. Alle Elemente sind dabei zugänglich; die meisten Elemente in lateraler, manche sogar in 3-D-Auflösung mit einem analysierbaren Tiefenbereich von nm/µm und einer Tiefenauflösung von 0.5-30 nm. Typische Nachweisgrenzen sind 10 µg/g (H), 500 µg/g - 1% (He-O), 1 µg/g (F) bzw. 10-100 µg/g (Na-U).
Sieben SPIRIT-Partner stehen für den transnationalen Zugang allen Nutzern der europäischen Union kostenfrei zur Verfügung. Anträge [2] für selbst durchgeführte Experimente oder Auftragsarbeiten werden von einem internationalen Expertengremium begutachtet. Bei positiver Entscheidung werden alle Kosten inkl. der Reise- und Aufenthaltskosten von SPIRIT übernommen.

Referenzen
[1] www.spirit-ion.eu, 7.RP #227012. [2] http://www.spirit-ion.eu/application.html.

Keywords: ion beam analysis; ion beam modification

  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten (SNI2010), 24.-26.02.2010, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13148
Publ.-Id: 13148


Bestimmung langlebiger Radionuklide mittels Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie (AMS) mit DREAMS

Merchel, S.; Kolitsch, A.; Akhmadaliev, S.; Möller, W.

Das Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) erweitert sein Portfolio um eine weitere hochsensitive analytische Methode: die Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie (accelerator mass spectrometry = AMS). Diese Analysetechnik ist prädestiniert zur Bestimmung langlebiger Radionuklide, die entgegen der allgemein üblichen Zerfallszählung, nicht durch den eigentlichen Zerfall detektiert werden. Vielmehr werden die noch nicht zerfallenen Nuklide wesentlich effizienter massenspektrometrisch bestimmt. Dabei besitzt die AMS gegenüber der konventionellen Massenspektrometrie den Vorteil, dass sie Störsignale von Molekülionen oder Ionen ähnlicher Masse (Isobaren) effektiver unterdrücken kann. Die AMS liefert somit weitaus niedrigere Nachweisgrenzen (20000 Atome/g bzw. 10-9Bq) als die konventionellen Methoden.
Im Gegensatz zu den in Europa gängigen niederenergetischen AMS-Anlagen, die sich weitgehend auf die Bestimmung von 14C spezialisiert haben, wird die AMS-Anlage des FZD - DREAMS (DREsden AMS) - als erste moderne Anlage in der EU mit einer Terminalspannung von 6 MV betrieben werden. Anstelle eines üblichen van-de-Graaff-Prinzips zur Hochspannungserzeugung, garantiert ein Hochfrequenz-Kaskadengenerator höchste Stabilität. So wird DREAMS nicht nur hochempfindliche, sondern auch hochpräzise Messungen liefern.
Aufgrund der instrumentellen Weiterentwicklungen der AMS, die die Bestimmung von Isotopenverhältnissen im Bereich von 10-16 ermöglichen [1], haben sich die interdisziplinären Applikationsgebiete stark ausgeweitet. Anfänglich bevorzugt untersuchte Proben aus Kosmochemie, Astrophysik und nukleare Daten, werden zunehmend von Proben aus Strahlenschutz, Nuklearsicherheit, Nuklearentsorgung, Radioökologie, Phytologie, Ernährungswissenschaften, Toxikologie und Pharmakologie verdrängt. Die Inbetriebnahme von DREAMS in 2009, wird die interne Vernetzung der FZD-Forschungsaktivitäten in der Materialforschung, Strahlenphysik, Radiochemie und Radiopharmazie vorantreiben. Zudem wird DREAMS auch externen Nutzern zur Verfügung stehen. Die Bestimmung langlebiger Radionuklide wie 10Be, 26Al und 36Cl hat insbesondere in den Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften an Bedeutung gewonnen [2]. Durch deren Quantifizierung können prähistorische Ereignisse wie Vulkanausbrüche, Bergstürze, Tsunamis, Meteoriteneinschläge, Erdbeben und Gletscherbewegungen datiert werden. Untersuchungen an Eisbohrkernen erlauben zudem die Rekonstruktion und Vorrausage von Klimaveränderungen.

Referenzen [1] S. Merchel et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 266 (2008) 4921. [2] J.C. Gosse und F.M. Phillips, Quat. Sci. Rev. 20(2001) 1475.

Keywords: accelerator mass spectrometry; cosmogenic nuclides

  • Poster
    Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Synchrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten (SNI2010), 24.-26.02.2010, Berlin, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13147
Publ.-Id: 13147


Uranium(VI) accumulation in selected bacterial and fungal cells

Günther, A.; Merroun, M. L.; Geissler, A.; Selenska-Pobell, S.; Raff, J.

Bacteria and fungi in soil, sediment and water may have a significant influence on the transport of radionuclides and other heavy metals in nature. In addition to chemical and physical factors, that affect the migration behaviour of uranium, metabolic processes play an important role in its mobilisation or immobilisation. The aim of this project is to look for possible uranium uptake systems in selected bacteria and fungi, showing high uranium accumulation capacities. In our institute we are using different microscopic, spectroscopic and chromatographic methods for the localization of accumulated uranium and for the identification of binding relevant compounds on the cell surface and inside the cell.
The Arthrobacter strain JG37-Iso2, isolated from a soil sample of a uranium mining waste pile near the town of Johanngeorgenstadt (JG) in Germany, is able to accumulate large amounts of uranium inside the cell. Therefore systematic investigations of the growth behaviour, uranium binding and uranium accumulation of Arthrobacter JG37-Iso2 were performed. As indicated by the TEM analysis, uranium diffuses in the cells during the stationary growth phase, possibly due to a higher permeability caused by damages of the cell membranes. For comparison we also investigate the interaction of uranium(VI) with the reference strains Arthrobacter oxygen and Arthrobacter nicotinae. Both strains show a different binding behaviour for uranium. First spectroscopic results indicate the coordination of uranium via carboxylic groups of the cell compartments, whereas a additional co-ordination to organic phosphate groups can currently not be excluded.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    8th Symposium on remediation in Jena “Jenaer Sanierungskolloqium”: Geo-bio-processes at geochemical barriers Geo-bio-processes at geochemical barriers, 28.-29.09.2009, Jena, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13146
Publ.-Id: 13146


Burning plutonium and minimizing the radioactive waste in existing PWR

Mittag, S.; Kliem, S.

Long-lived radioactive actinides are produced in light water reactors (LWR) using conventional fuel. “Innovative” fuel matrices may reduce the breeding of these nuclides. However, inherent LWR safety features have to be preserved, which restricts the possibilities for new fuel-carrying matrices. Respective fuel-assembly and LWR-core safety studies indicate practicable new fuel options for the near future.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th AER SYMPOSIUM on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, St. St. Constantine and Elena resort (Varna), Bulgaria
  • Contribution to proceedings
    19th AER SYMPOSIUM on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, St. St. Constantine and Elena resort (Varna), Bulgaria, 363-370

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13145
Publ.-Id: 13145


Heterologous expression of the S-layer-like protein SllB induces the formation of long filaments of E. coli consisting of protein stabilized outer membrane

Lederer, F.; Günther, T.; Flemming, K.; Raff, J.; Fahmy, K.; Springer, A.; Pollmann, K.

Escherichia coli is one of the best studied microorganisms and is the mostly used host for genetic engineering. The gram-negative single cells are rod-shaped and filaments are usually not found. Here we describe the reproducible formation of elongated E. coli cells. During heterologous expression of the silent S-layer protein gene sllB from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-A12 in E. coli Bl21 (DE3) the cells are arranged as long cell chains and surrounded by a highly stable sheath with a length of >100 µm (defined as filaments) while growing at room temperature. In stationary growth phase, microscopic analyses show the formation of unusual long transparent tube-like structures enclosing separated single cells. The tube-like structures were isolated and analyzed by SDS-PAGE, IR-spectroscopy and different microscopic methods in order to identify their special composition and structure. We show that the tube-like structures are outer membrane-like, enriched in protein content and associated with the recombinant S-layer protein, indicating a disordered cell division. However, bacterial cells show a high viability and stability. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such drastic morphological changes of E. coli, induced by the expression of a foreign protein.

Keywords: S-layer; Outer membrane; morphology; tube; cell division

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13144
Publ.-Id: 13144


Investigation on accident management measures for VVER-1000 Reactors

Tusheva, P.; Schaefer, F.; Reinke, N.; Rohde, U.

A consequence of a total loss of AC power supply (station blackout) leading to unavailability of major active safety systems which could not perform their safety functions is that the safety criteria ensuring a secure operation of the nuclear power plant would be violated and a consequent core heat-up with possible core degradation would occur.

Currently a study which examines the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of the system is being performed. This paper focuses on the possibilities for delay or mitigation of the accident sequence to progress into a severe one by applying accident management measures. The strategy “Primary circuit depressurization” as a basic strategy, which is realized in the management of severe accidents is being investigated. By reducing the load over the vessel in severe accident conditions, prerequisites for keeping the state of the primary circuit are being created. The time-margins for operators’ intervention as key issues are being also assessed.

The analyses are performed applying the GRS (Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit mbH) thermal-hydraulic system code ATHLET. Comparative analysis of the accident progression for a station blackout event for a reference German PWR and a reference VVER-1000, taking into account the plant specifics is being investigated.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    19th AER SYMPOSIUM on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, St. St. Constantine and Elena resort, Bulgaria
    Investigation on accident management measures for VVER-1000 Reactors
  • Lecture (Conference)
    19th AER SYMPOSIUM on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, 21.-25.09.2009, St. St. Constantine and Elena resort, Bulgaria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13143
Publ.-Id: 13143


RPV material investigations of the former VVER-440 Greifswald NPP

Rindelhardt, U.; Viehrig, H.; Konheiser, J.; Schuhknecht, J.; Noack, K.; Gleisberg, B.

The real toughness response of RPV material can only be determined after the final shut down of the NPP. Such a chance is given now by investigating material from the former Greifswald NPP (VVER-440/230).
In the first part the paper deals with fast neutron fluence calculations and retrospective dosimetry based on Niobium. Unfortunately, a second neutron reaction besides Nb-93(n,n') leading to Nb-93m-activity is the reaction Mo-92(n,gamma)Mo-93. Based on the found Nb and Mo contents in the RPV material, it turned out that the Nb-93m generation on the Mo path mostly dominates over the fast neutron induced generation from Nb.
The comparison between the calculated and the measured Nb-93m activities typically resulted in deviations of 50%. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.
In the second part first results of fracture mechanic investigations are reported. SE(B) specimens from three thickness positions were tested and evaluated according to the test standard ASTM E1921-05. Cleavage fracture toughness values, K-Jc. were determined and Master Curve based reference temperatures (T-0) were evaluated. The T-0 measured at the inner surface of the RPV did not represent the conservative condition. The T-0 of disc 1-1.3 located between the surface and 1/4 thickness is about 40K higher compared with those of the surface.
The measured K-Jc values are not enveloped by the 5% fractile indexed with T-0 according to the Master Curve concept. However, the 5% fractile indexed with the VERLIFE reference temperature RTTo that includes an additional margin envelops the measured K-Jc values. Therefore the VERLIFE lower bound curve conservatively describes the fracture toughness of the investigated weld metal.

  • Nuclear Engineering and Design 239(2009)9, 1581-1590
    ISSN: 0029-5493

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13142
Publ.-Id: 13142


Corrosion Resistance of Aeronautics Alloys Treated by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII)

Da Silva, G.; Ueda, M.; Otani, C.; Reuther, H.

To increase the corrosion resistance of Al7075-T7351 and Ti-6Al-4V alloys were performed treatments by PIII. Experiments were made by using a mixture of N2 and H2 at ratio of 1:1. The time of treatment varied between one and three hours to verify its influence on the electrochemical behavior of these materials. After implantation process the samples of the aluminum and titanium alloys showed improved corrosion resistance. The better result was obtained to Al7075 alloy, due its smaller corrosion current density presented at polarization tests.

  • Poster
    11th International Conference on Advanced Materials, 20.-25.09.2009, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13141
Publ.-Id: 13141


Comparison of spectroscopic investigation and computer modelling of lanthanide(III) and actinide(III) speciation in human biological fluids

Barkleit, A.; Heller, A.; Baraniak, L.; Bernhard, G.

Radionuclides represent a serious health risk to humans in case of incorporation. To get a first insight into the transport and metabolism in the human organism, we compared the speciation of Eu(III) and Cm(III) in human biological fluids calculated by thermodynamic modelling with spectroscopic results obtained by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) with regard to the analogy of lanthanides and actinides.
For spectroscopic studies, fresh saliva and urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers and analyzed within few days. For TRLFS measurements, all samples have been spiked in vitro with europium or curium. To identify the dominant species the measured spectroscopic data were compared to reference spectra with single organic and inorganic constituents of the biological fluids.
The TRLFS spectra with urine showed that all samples with a pH below and all samples with a pH above 5.8 each exhibit strikingly similar spectra. The TRLFS spectra with saliva were all similar in the pH range between 5 and 8. Comparing the measured spectra with the reference data, we found that in urine at lower pH citrate complex species dominate the speciation of both metals while at higher pH and in saliva the spectra were identical to those in inorganic electrolyte solution.
The speciation calculation, carried out with the computer program MEDUSA and the accompanying hydrothermal database HYDRA, showed for urine in accordance to the experimental results at pH values around 5 a dominating citrate speciation for both metals. In contrast to the experiments resulted the calculation at higher pH values for urine and in the whole observed pH for saliva in a simple phosphate complexation. However, spectroscopic investigations signed of a more complex speciation behaviour which cannot be described with single inorganic complexes.
In conclusion, the comparison of experimental speciation investigation and computer modelling shows that because of their simplifications models cannot always image the complex natural processes correctly.

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Third European IRPA Congress, 14.-18.06.2010, Helsinki, Finland
    Third European IRPA Congress, Finland: STUK – Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 978-952-478-551-8, 2318-2327
  • Poster
    Third European IRPA Congress, 14.-18.06.2010, Helsinki, Finland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13140
Publ.-Id: 13140


Updated S-factors for the 7Be(p,gamma)8B reaction

Junghans, A. R.; Snover, K. A.; Mohrmann, E. C.; Adelberger, E. G.; Buchmann, L.

We present revised 7Be(p,gamma)8B S-factors based on our previously published measurements, using a more detailed target analysis and improved stopping powers.
Extrapolating our data below the 1+ resonance to solar energies using the latest cluster model calculations of Descouvemont, we find that S{17}(0) = 21.5 pm 0.6(expt) pm 0.6(theor) eV b. Fitting all modern, low-energy (p,$\gamma$) data with the same theory, we find a ``best" value S{17}(0) = 20.9 pm 0.6(expt) pm 0.6(theor) eV b.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13139
Publ.-Id: 13139


Theoretical and numerical approaches to the forward problem and sensitivity calculation of a novel contactless inductive flow tomography

Yin, W.; Peyton, A.; Stefani, F.; Gerbeth, G.

A completely contactless flow measurement technique based on the principle of EM induction measurements—contactless inductive flow tomography (CIFT)—has been previously reported by a team based at Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD). This technique is suited to the measurement of velocity fields in high conductivity liquids, and the possible applications range from monitoring metal casting and silicon crystal growth in industry to gaining insights into the working of the geodynamo. The forward problem, i.e. calculating the induced magnetic field from a known velocity profile, can be described as a linear relationship when the magnetic Reynolds number is small. Previously, an integral equation method was used to formulate the forward problem; however, although the sensitivity matrices were calculated, they were not explicitly expressed and computation involved the solution of an ill-conditioned system of equations using a so-called deflation method. In this paper, we present the derivation of the sensitivity matrix directly from electromagnetic field theory and the results are expressed very concisely as the cross product of two field vectors. A numerical method based on a finite difference method has also been developed to verify the formulation. It is believed that this approach provides a simple yet fast route to the forward solution of CIFT. Furthermore, a method for sensor design selection based on eigenvalue analysis is presented.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13138
Publ.-Id: 13138


Speciation of curium(III) and europium(III) in human urine samples

Heller, A.; Barkleit, A.; Bernhard, G.

Due to their radiation and heavy metal properties, radionuclides represent a serious health risk to humans in case of incorporation. To understand their toxicity, transport, deposition and elimination in the human organism, it is therefore crucial to elucidate their chemical behavior and properties on a molecular level. For trivalent actinides originating from nuclear power plants knowledge about their metabolism is very limited. In case of incorporation, they tend to accumulate in liver and skeleton and are excreted to maximum 10 – 20 % within the first week. Nevertheless this excretion occurs mainly through the kidneys, which are known to be particularly radiation sensitive.
To address the lack of knowledge, we studied the speciation of curium (as a representative of trivalent actinides) and europium (as the lanthanide analogue) in human urine and their complexation with single constituents. Since both of these heavy metals exhibit unique fluorescence properties, time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) is an adequate tool for this purpose.
Fresh 24-hours-urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers and analyzed within few days. The inorganic composition of all samples was determined using mass spectrometry with inductive coupled plasma (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC). Then all samples were spiked in vitro with curium or europium and single as well as time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectra were measured. We analyzed at least 10 different urine samples and were able to divide all samples into two different groups according to their fluorescence spectra.
We found that all samples with a pH below 5.6 and all samples with a pH above 6.0 each exhibit strikingly similar spectra. Compared to each other the spectra of both groups are very different and therefore easy to distinguish. Furthermore the lifetime of the metals in samples with higher pH is substantially longer than in samples with lower pH. ICP-MS and IC analysis revealed that the inorganic composition of samples which exhibit the same fluorescence spectra can vary broadly within magnitudes. Therefore the most important factor influencing the speciation of metals in human urine does not seem to be the composition but was determined to be the pH.
To identify the dominating species we also recorded the fluorescence spectra of both metals in electrolyte solution containing all inorganic but no organic components of urine. Furthermore we studied the complexation of both metals with urea and citric acid as main organic urine constituents. Comparing the measured spectra and lifetimes with this reference data, we found that at lower pH a complex citric acid species dominates the speciation of both metals while at higher pH the spectra where identical to those in electrolyte solution ruling out any involvement of organic ligands. The exact nature of this inorganic metal species has yet to be clarified.

Keywords: curium(III); europium(III); biofluids; speciation; TRLFS; trivalent actinides; human urine

  • Lecture (Conference)
    Radchem 2010 - 16th Radiochemical Conference, 18.-23.04.2010, Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13137
Publ.-Id: 13137


Removal of As (V) from contaminated waters by microorganisms and isolated S-layers

Matys, S.; Stein, R.; Katzschner, B.; Raff, J.; Soltmann, U.; Böttcher, H.; Kießig, G.; Pompe, W.

With the objective to develop new filter materials for cleaning of arsenic contaminated waters based on sol-gel immobilized microorganisms various bacterial strains and their isolated surface layers were investigated. Interestingly, the binding capacity of four S-layers, namely that of Lysinibacillus sphaericus NCTC 9602, Bacillus soil isolates JG-B 53 and JG-B 62 as well as Geobacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 was 1.5 to 5fold enhanced in comparison to the commercial sorbent Ferrosorp with As(V) model solutions. Thereby, a different binding behaviour between whole cells and their corresponding S-Layers could be observed even in dependence on the used arsenic concentration. AFM investigations revealed more elevated and expanded S-Layer agglomerates in the case of G. stearothermophilus ATCC 12980 after loading with As.

  • Poster
    8th Symposium on remediation in Jena “Jenaer Sanierungskolloqium”: Geo-bio-processes at geochemical barriers, 28.-29.09.2009, Jena, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13136
Publ.-Id: 13136


Antiproliferative effect of ferrocifen drug candidateson malignant pleural mesothelioma cell lines

Zanellato, I.; Heldt, J.-M.; Vessieres, A.; Jaouen, G.; Osella, D.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiproliferative potential of two novel bio-organometallic drug candidates, based on hydroxyl-phenyl-but-1-ene skeleton and containing the ferrocenyl (Fc) moiety, namely ferrociphenol (Fc-diOH) and ferrocifen (Fc-OH-TAM), on two cell lines, named BR95 (epithelial-like) and MM98 (sarcomatous-like), obtained from pleural effusions of previously untreated malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients. In vitro chemosensitivity of MPM cells towards the title compounds was evaluated by cell viability assay, alkaline Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet test) and western blotting evaluation of p53 induction. The two bio-organometallic derivatives were found to be more potent in inhibiting cell proliferation than the reference metallo-drug cisplatin (CDDP). This antiproliferative effect cannot be attributed to estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity, since both cell lines resulted to be estrogen insensitive (ER−). Fc-diOH and CDDP were able to upregulate wild type p53 present in MM98 cell line, while Fc-OH-TAM was not. Similarly, Fc-diOH and CDDP induced early DNA damage, while Fc-OH-TAM did not. This indicates that, albeit the similar structures, the two ferrocifens exhert different mechanisms of cytotoxicity on MPM cells.

Keywords: Malignant mesothelioma; Antiprloliferative activity; Ferrocifens; Bio-orgometallic chemistry

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13135
Publ.-Id: 13135


The French accelerator mass spectrometry facility ASTER: Improved performance and developments

Arnold, M.; Merchel, S.; Bourlès, D. L.; Braucher, R.; Benedetti, L.; Finkel, R. C.; Aumaître, G.; Gottdang, A.; Klein, M.

After the installation and acceptance test of the French 5 MV AMS facility ASTER, the focus has been on improving 10Be and 26Al routine measurements. Quality assurance was established by introducing traceable AMS standards for each nuclide, self-monitoring by taking part in round-robin exercises and proficiency testing, and surveillance of long- and short-time variability of blank and reference materials. A background level of 3x10-14 makes ASTER well-suited for measuring 41Ca/40Ca in the 10-12 region, which is sufficient for a wide range of applications. Routine AMS measurements of volatile elements like 36Cl and 129I are most likely feasible in the very near future after sophisticated ion source improvements took place.

Keywords: accelerator mass spectrometry; terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN); calibration

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13133
Publ.-Id: 13133


Visualization of microorganisms in acidophilic biofilms

Brockmann, S.; Arnold, T.

Biofilms are ubiquitous and so they can also be found in regions with high concentrations of heavy metals. Due to their ability to change geochemical parameters e.g. O2-concentrations, Eh, pH, and by generating metabolites they are very important for the investigation of transport processes of heavy metals in nature. However, the influence of biofilms on the migration of uranium in contaminated environments, e.g. the former uranium mining areas in eastern Germany, was disregarded so far. In the former underground uranium mine in Königstein thick biofilms in form of streamers were observed in the mine adit drainages and in form of dripstone-like biofilms with slimy endings.
The biofilm structure was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fluorescent dyes were used for staining the microorganisms and the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Unfortunately, the biofilms from acid mine drainages (AMD) have pH-values not higher than 3 and the most common fluorescent dyes are not stable below pH-values of 4. Hence, the first step in this study was to find new acid-stable fluorescent dyes to stain the acidophilic microorganisms without any increase of the pH. For this purpose a variety of new fluorescent dyes were tested and the most suitable ones were compared with the common fluorescent dyes DAPI and SYTO 59. It was found that the selected new fluorescent dyes did very well stain acidophilic biofilm microorganisms whereas DAPI and SYTO 59 fail.

  • Poster
    8th Symposium on remediation in Jena “Jenaer Sanierungskolloquium”: Geo-bio-processes at geochemical barriers, 28.-29.09.2009, Jena, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13132
Publ.-Id: 13132


TRLFS investigation on seepage waters of the Gessenbach grassland

Baumann, N.; Arnold, T.

Laser fluorescence techniques possess some superior features, above all a very high sensitivity for fluorescent heavy metal ions. The predominance of TRLFS compared to other spectroscopic techniques, e.g. XRD and IR was showed in Baumann N. et al. (2008) in analyzing the speciation of U(VI) in a thin layer of an alteration product formed on depleted uranium. With their high sensitivity TRLFS is also suited to identify the U(VI) speciation in plant constituents. Long delay steps in time-resolved measurements avoid annoying fluorescence emission caused by organic substances.
Uranium speciation in seepage water of the Gessenbach grassland was determined by TRLFS. This was done to compare it in a later stage with the uranium speciation in plants, which grow on that grassland and ingest the same uranium contaminated water during their growth. The uranium content in those samples GB 3 and GB 6 was 75.1 and 291 ppb, respectively, and both samples delivered an evaluable fluorescence signal for TRLFS. The positions of the six peak maxima from these signals are in both water samples in concordance with data for uranium sulfate species published in the literature, e. g. in Bernhard G. et al. (1996) at 477, 493, 513, 537, 562 and 591 nm. Moreover, the time-resolved fluorescence signals of both water samples possess a mono-exponential decay, indicating the presence of one species only. These two characteristics, i.e. positions of peak maxima and lifetimes revealed without doubt that the uranium speciation in the seepage water is dominated by uranium (VI) sulfate species.
TRLFS measurements with plant compartments (e.g. roots, leaves, shoots) which grow in association with the seepage water will be carried out in future investigations. U(VI) components could be extracted from the plant compartments by centrifugation as cell sap, or as solid milled plant compartment sample and subsequently studied by TRLFS. Information in preparation of the plant compartments for TRLFS analyses has been reported in Günther A. et al. (2003) and were further refined. As suggested by Carrière M. et al. (2005) reactivity and toxicity of uranium depend on the speciation of heavy metals and accordingly have to be considered as important possible risk factor as uranium may enter economic plants and eventually arrives in the food chain.

Baumann N. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 8266-8269 (2008)
Bernhard G. et al. Radiochim. Acta 74 87-91(1996)
Günther A. et al. Radiochim. Acta 91 319-328 (2003)
Carrière M. et al. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 231, 268-273 (2005)

  • Lecture (Conference)
    8th Symposium on remediation in Jena “Jenaer Sanierungskolloquium”: Geo-bio-processes at geochemical barriers, 28.-29.09.2009, Jena, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13131
Publ.-Id: 13131


On the coupled solution of a combined population balance model using the least-squares spectral element method

Zhu, Z.; Dorao, C. A.; Lucas, D.; Jakobsen, H. A.

In this work, a cross-sectional averaged two-fluid model combined with a population balance model is applied to simulate the flow field and the bubble size distributions in a two-phase bubble column. The Martinez-Bazan breakage kernel and a modified Prince and Blanch coalescence kernel have been chosen to describe bubble breakage and bubble coalescence, respectively. In the present study, we discuss the use of a higherorder spectral element methodsthe least-squares methodsto compute the system of equations in a coupled manner. The least-squares method is highly accurate and has a number of advantages over the conventional numerical methods like the finite difference and finite volume methods. In contrast to the finite volume method, when desinging an overall solution algorithm, this least-squares method ensures that all the continuity equations are satisfied individually and it deals with both the convective and diffusive terms stably and accurately. The novel iterative algorithm solves the flow and the population balance equation in a coupled manner. The model has been validated against experimental data obtained for two-phase flow in a bubble column. The predicted bubble size distribution and other flow quantities are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Keywords: population balance; bubble; coalescence; breakup

  • Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48(2009), 7994-8006
    ISSN: 0888-5885

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13130
Publ.-Id: 13130


Uranium speciation in biofilms studied by Laser fluorescence techniques

Arnold, T.; Großmann, K.; Baumann, N.

Biofilms may immobilize toxic heavy metals in the environment and thereby influence their migration behavior. The mechanisms of these processes are currently not understood. This is due to the complexity occurring in such biofilms creating many discrete geochemical microenvironments which may differ from the surrounding bulk solution in their bacterial diversity, their prevailing geochemical parameters, e.g. pH and dissolved oxygen concentration, their presence of organic molecules, e.g. metabolites, and many more. All of them may affect the metal speciation. To obtain such information, which are necessary for performance assessments studies or the development of new cost effective strategies for cleaning waste waters, it is however very important to develop new non-invasive methods applicable to study the interactions of metals within biofilm systems. Laser fluorescence techniques possess some superior features above all a very high sensitivity for fluorescent heavy metals. An approach of combining confocal laser scanning microscopy and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy to study the interactions of biofilms with uranium is presented and it was found that the coupling of these techniques is a promising tool to study in situ in non-invasive fashion fluorescent heavy metals within biofilm systems. Information on uranium speciation and uranium redox states can be generated.

Keywords: biofilm; uranium; confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS)

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13129
Publ.-Id: 13129


Characterization of single ZnO nanorods by conductive atomic force microscopy

Beinik, I.; Kratzer, M.; Wang, L.; Brauer, G.; Anwand, W.; Teichert, C.

  • Poster
    Joint Annual Meeting of the Austrian Physical Society (ÖPG), 02.-04.09.2009, Innsbruck, Austria

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13128
Publ.-Id: 13128


Characterisation of ZnO single crystals – a challenge to positron annihilation spectroscopy

Brauer, G.

  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar am Institut für Kristallzüchtung Berlin, 17.08.2009, Berlin, Germany
  • Lecture (others)
    Seminar an der Charles University Prague, 02.11.2009, Prague, Czech Republic

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13127
Publ.-Id: 13127


Pattern rotation in the anisotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

Keller, A.; Nicoli, M.; Cuerno, R.; Facsko, S.; Möller, W.

The formation of regular nanopatterns during low energy ion sputtering of solid surfaces has become a topic of intense research. This research is mainly motivated by promising applications of nanopatterned surfaces e.g. in thin film growth. On the other hand, these surfaces represent an interesting example of spontaneous pattern formation in non-equilibrium systems exhibiting different features like wavelength coarsening or a transition to spatiotemporal chaos. Different pattern types are observed for different experimental conditions, i.e. wavelike ripple patterns and hexagonally ordered dot arrays under oblique and normal ion incidence, respectively [1].
According to the model of Bradley and Harper (BH) [2], the regular patterns result from the competition between curvature dependent roughening and diffusional smoothing of the surface. Since the local erosion rate is higher in troughs than on crests, the eroded surface is unstable against any periodic perturbances. In the presence of a smoothing mechanism, however, wave vector selection occurs and a periodic pattern with a characteristic spatial frequency is observed. During recent years, several nonlinear extensions of the linear BH model have been proposed with the stochastic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation having played a prominent role [3]. However, although most experimental investigations on ion-induced pattern formation were performed under oblique ion incidence, only few theoretical studies focused on the corresponding anisotropic KS (aKS) equation.
In this work, we have investigated the influence of anisotropy on the morphology evolution in numerical integrations of the aKS equation. For a strong nonlinear anisotropy, a rotation by 90° of the initially formed ripple pattern was observed for intermediate and long integration times. Comparison with analytical predictions indicates that the observed rotated ripple pattern arises from anisotropic renormalization properties of the aKS equation. This result may also offer an explanation for the recent observation of transient structures in high-temperature experiments on Si(111) [4].

[1] W. L. Chan and E. Chason, J. Appl. Phys. 101, 121301 (2007)
[2] R. Bradley and J. Harper, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6, 2390 (1988)
[3] R. Cuerno and A.-L. Barabási, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4746 (1995)
[4] A.-D. Brown, J. Erlebacher, W.-L. Chan, and E. Chason, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 056101 (2005)

  • Poster
    Workshop Nanoscale Modification of Surfaces and Thin Films, 30.08.-03.09.2009, Rathen, Germany

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13125
Publ.-Id: 13125


The use of Th in HTR: state of the art and implementation in Th/Pu fuel cycles

Mazzini, G.; Bomboni, E.; Cerullo, N.; Fridman, E.; Lomonaco, G.; Shwageraus, E.

Nowadays nuclear power is the only greenhouse-free source that can contribute appreciably to the solution of the increasing world-wide energy demand problem. The use of Thorium in the nuclear energy production may offer some unique advantages to accomplish this task. Extensive research and development on the thorium fuel cycle has been conducted in many countries around the world. Starting from the current nuclear waste policy as well as from the (V)HTR good capabilities of Pu burning, the EU PUMA project focus on core physics investigations, in order to further demonstrate the potential benefits of using the HTR core as a Pu/MA transmuter. In this paper the following aspects have been analyzed:

– The state of art about the studies focusing on the use of Th in different core concepts
– The use of Th in HTRs, with a particular emphasis on Th-Pu fuel cycles
– An original assessment of Th-Pu fuel cycles in HTR, on the basis, the energy produced totally, per initial Pu and the ratio between discharged and loaded Pu mass
Some aspects related to Thorium exploitation were outlined, with a particular emphasis on its suitability for working in pebble-bed HTR as a fertile element in a Th-Pu fuel cycle, that is a promising kind of fuel considered in the framework of the EU PUMA project. Particularly, the influence of the Th/Pu weight fraction at BOC in a typical HTR pebble was analyzed as far as the reactivity trend vs. burn-up, the energy produced per Pu unit mass, and the Pu isotopic composition at EOC are concerned. The obtained results suggest us that there is not a best composition for the PBMR Pu/Th fuel. However deeper investigations need to be performed in order to draw final conclusions. Thus, at the moment it is possible to state that some optimized Th percentage in the initial Pu/Th fuel could be suggested on the basis of the aim we are trying to reach.

  • Open Access Logo Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2009(2009), 749736

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13124
Publ.-Id: 13124


Preliminary evaluation of a nuclear scenario involving innovative gas cooled reactors

Vezzoni, B.; Cerullo, N.; Forasassi, G.; Fridman, E.; Lomonaco, G.; Romanello, V.; Shwageraus, E.

In order to guarantee a sustainable supply of future energy demand without compromising the environment integrity, some actions for a substantial reduction of CO2 emissions are nowadays deeply analyzed. One of them is the improvement of the nuclear energy use. In this framework, innovative gas-cooled reactors, both the thermal and the fast solutions, seem to be very attractive for the electricity production point of view and for the potential industrial use along the high temperature processes (e.g. H2 production by steam reforming or I-S process). This work focuses on a preliminary (and conservative) evaluation of possible advantages that a symbiotic cycle (EPR-PBMR-GCFR) could entail, with special regard to the reduction of the HLW inventory and the optimization of the exploitation of the fuel resources. The comparison between the symbiotic cycle chosen and the reference one (once-through scenario – EPR-SNF directly disposed) shows a reduction of the time needed to reach a fixed reference level from ~170000 years to ~1550 years, time comparable with typical human times and for this reason more acceptable by the public opinion. In addition, this cycle enable to have a more efficient use of resources involved, obtaining that the total electric energy produced becomes equal to 630.54 TWh/year (instead of only 529.62 TWh/year, case of only EPR) without consuming additional raw materials.

  • Open Access Logo Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2009(2009), 940286

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13123
Publ.-Id: 13123


Interactions of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius with uranium

Reitz, T.; Merroun, M. L.; Rossberg, A.; Selenska-Pobell, S.

Interactions of the acidothermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639 with U(VI) were studied by using a combination of wet chemistry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). We demonstrated that at pH 2 this archaeal strain possesses a low tolerance to U(VI) and that its growth is limited to a uranium concentration below 1.1 mM. At similarly high acidic conditions (pH 1.5 and 3.0), covering the physiological pH growth optimum of S. acidocaldarius, at which U(VI) is soluble and highly toxic, rapid accumulation of the radionuclide by the cells of the strain occurred. About half of the uranium bind-ing capacity was reached by the strain after an incubation of five minutes and nearly total saturation of the binding sites was achieved after 30 minutes. Both, EXAFS- and TRLF-spectroscopic analyses showed that the accumulated U(VI) was complexed mainly through organic phosphate groups. The EXAFS measurements revealed that U(VI) is coordinated to the organic phosphate ligands of the archaeal cells in a monodentate binding mode with an average U-P bond distance of 3.60 ± 0.02 Å.

Keywords: Uranium; Archaea; Tolerance; Biosorption; EXAFS; TRLFS

  • Radiochimica Acta 98(2010), 249-257

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13119
Publ.-Id: 13119


System Solution for In-Beam Positron Emission Tomography Monitoring of Radiation Therapy

Shakirin, G.

In-beam Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a system for monitoring high precision radiation therapy which is in the most cases applied to the tumors near organs at risk. High quality and fast availability of in-beam PET images are, therefore, extremely important for successful verification of the dose delivery. Two main problems make an in-beam PET monitoring a challenging task. Firstly, in-beam PET measurements result in a very low counting statistics. Secondly, an integration of the PET scanner into the treatment facility requires significant reduction of the sensitive surface of the scanner and leads to a dual-head form resulting in imaging artifacts. The aim of this work is to bring the imaging process by means of in-beam PET to optimum quality and time scale. The following topics are under consideration:

  • analysis of image quality for in-beam PET;
  • image reconstruction;
  • solutions for building, testing, and integration of a PET monitoring system into the dedicated treatment facility.

Keywords: in-beam PET; radiation therapy

  • Book (Editorship)
    Dresden: TUDPress, 2009
    112 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-941298-33-0

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13118
Publ.-Id: 13118


In-situ X-ray scattering investigations at ROBL

Baehtz, C.; Jeutter, N.; Grenzer, J.; von Borany, J.

The beamline BM20 operated by the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is located at ESRF storage ring and divided into two stations for spectroscopy and diffraction in the range of 6 to 30 keV. The core competences of material research station are different in-situ X-ray scattering and diffraction investigations also combined with X-ray spectroscopy using a dual magnetron sputtering deposition chamber. Hereby the syntheses of SiO2/GeOx multilayers to create Ge nanocrystalls with well defined sizes by thermal decomposition afterward or directly by sputtering at elevated temperature were investigated. These are promising materials is in the field of solar cells. On the other side by the use a hemispherical Beryllium dome (optional with electrical resitivity four-point setup) the catalyst formation for the carbon nano tubes synthesis was characterized by in-situ diffraction experiment under controlled reactive atmosphere. By in-situ investigations process were characterized on-line and structural und functional properties are correlated directly with each other, which increase the comprehension of synthesis and processing of functional materials.

Keywords: in-situ; diffraction; carbon nano tubes; magnetron sputtering

  • Poster
    Euromat 2009, 07.-10.09.2009, Glasgow, UK

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13117
Publ.-Id: 13117


Comparison of PET Concepts for Dose Delivery Monitoring of Particle Therapy

Kunath, D.; Braess, H.; Fiedler, F.; Laube, K.; Parodi, K.; Priegnitz, M.; Shakirin, G.; Enghardt, W.

Tumor therapy using particle beams is highly precise and requires methods for monitoring of dose delivery. Solutions based on positron emission tomography (PET) are successfully implemented for the radiation therapy with carbon ions and protons at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany, at the Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator at Chiba, Japan, at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA, at the Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center, Japan as well as at the National Cancer Center Kashiwa, Japan. Furthermore, the PET monitoring technique has been tested experimentally for 3He, 7Li, and 16O. The main requirements for the PET monitoring are (1) to produce images containing relevant information for the evaluation of dose delivery and (2) to reduce the additional time required for imaging as much as possible. There are three technical realizations: (1) In-beam PET (measurement during the irradiation), (2) In-room PET (measurement immediately after the irradiation of each portal using a PET scanner placed in the therapy room), (3) Off-line PET (measurement after the complete irradiation by means of a PET scanner located in a different room). These three concepts have been evaluated concerning workflow, counting statistics, and imaging. The treatment workflow is mostly affected by off-line PET. In the case of in-room and off-line PET, the counting statistics is approximately one half of that for in-beam PET if reasonable measuring times (<= 15 min) are assumed. Furthermore, there is an information loss using off-line PET. Thus, in-beam and in-room PET are the most feasible concepts to integrate PET into the particle therapy for dose monitoring.

Keywords: Positron emission tomography; dose monitoring; particle therapy

  • Contribution to proceedings
    Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering World Congress, 07.-12.09.2009, München, Deutschland, Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer, 978-3-642-03897-6
  • Lecture (Conference)
    Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering World Congress, 07.-12.09.2009, München, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13116
Publ.-Id: 13116


Simulation des Boreinspeisesystems und seiner Reaktivitätswirksamkeit in einem Siedewasserreaktor (SWR)

Laczkó, G.

Der vorliegende Bericht befasst sich mit der Modellierung des Vergiftungssystems TW und der Simulation von auslegungsüberschreitenden Störfalltransienten, in denen eine Boreinspeisung erfolgt. Die Modellierung des Vergiftungssystems beinhaltet die Simulation des Transports und der Reaktivitätswirksamkeit des Bors während einer beliebigen Transiente. Das Modell berücksichtigt den Verlust des Boranteils, der in die Dampfphase übergeht (Dampfflüchtigkeit des Bors) und damit im Hinblick auf den Neutronenhaushalt verloren geht. Um die Dampfflüchtigkeit des Bors quantitativ zu berücksichtigen, wurden die aktuellen Messdaten der TU Dresden herangezogen. Diese Arbeit wurde im Rahmen eines gemeinsamen Förderprogramms zwischen dem Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) und der Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy (VENE) durchgeführt.

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2009
    FZD\FWS\2009\01
    112 Seiten
    ISSN: 1437-322X

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13115
Publ.-Id: 13115


Efficient THz sideband generation in GaAs/AlGaAs multi quantum wells

Wagner, M.; Schneider, H.; Winnerl, S.; Helm, M.; Roch, T.; Andrews, A. M.; Schartner, S.; Strasser, G.

We have investigated the third-order nonlinear mixing process between a near-infrared laser and a free-electron laser in an undoped symmetric GaAs/AlGaAs multi quantum well. AC THz electric fields which couple strongly with intraband excitations in semiconductors can lead to spectral sidebands of simultaneous interband excitation. In this nonlinear mixing process a near-infrared (NIR) laser beam is mixed with the THz beam to generate sidebands around the NIR frequency with a frequency spacing equal to the THz frequency or multiples of it: ω = ω_NIR ± n × ω_THz (with integer n). We have investigated the third-order nonlinear mixing process between a near-infrared laser and a free-electron laser (FEL) in an undoped symmetric GaAs/AlGaAs multi quantum well. The sample is studied in transmission under illumination by FELBE, the free-electron laser (FEL) of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. We use the tunability of the FEL to study the dependence of the mixing efficiency on THz wavelength. We find resonances related to heavy- to light-hole transitions, but also to the heavy-hole intra-exciton 1s-2p transition. It turns out that the conversion efficiency of the n=+2 sideband is largest (up to 0.1 %) for the 1s-2p intra-exciton transition, which is comparable to values previously reported for n=+1.

Keywords: THz sidebands; nonlinear mixing; intraexcitonic transition

  • Poster
    EDISON16, 24.-28.08.2009, Montpellier, Frankreich

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13112
Publ.-Id: 13112


On the spectrum of the magnetohydrodynamic mean field α2-dynamo operator

Günther, U.; Langer, H.; Tretter, C.

The existence of magnetohydrodynamic mean-field α2-dynamos with spherically symmetric, isotropic helical turbulence function α is related to a non-self-adjoint spectral problem for a coupled system of two singular second oder ordinary differential equations. We establish global estimates for the eigenvalues of this system in terms of the profile α and its derivative α'. They allow us to formulate an anti-dynamo theorem and a non-oscillation theorem. The conditions of these theorems, which again involve α and α', must be violated in order to reach overcritical and oscillatory regimes, respectively.

Keywords: magnetohydrodynamics; MHD; alpha-dynamo; anti-dynamo theorem; oscillation; polarity reversal; field reversal; oscillating dynamo; operator theory; non-self-adjoint operator; resolvent estimates

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13111
Publ.-Id: 13111


Fano profile in the intersubband THz response of photoexcited GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Wagner, M.; Golde, D.; Stehr, D.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.; Andrews, A. M.; Roch, T.; Strasser, G.; Kira, M.; Koch, S. W.

In our work we probe the conduction intersubband transition of an undoped GaAs/Al0.34Ga0.66As multiple quantum well via broadband terahertz pulses after resonant photoexcitation at the 1s heavy-hole exciton. The pump-induced change in the transmitted terahertz field shows a strong beating. In the frequency domain this results in an asymmetric Fano-like line shape for the intersubband resonance and an additional broad low-frequency peak. However, the total THz absorption shows only the single symmetric peak of the intersubband transition. In our microscopic theory these signatures unambiguously originate from the phase sensitive superposition of ponderomotive and terahertz intersubband currents.

Keywords: Fano profile; THz probe; intersubband transition

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13110
Publ.-Id: 13110


Absorptions- und Emissionsspektroskopische Messungen an Chlorophyll und entsprechenden Derivaten

Jentsch, A.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Wechselwirkung von Chlorophyll a mit Uranylionen zu untersuchen. Es wurde eine methanolische Chlorophylllösung mittels Absorptionsspektroskopie charakterisiert. Das Absorptionsmaxima befindet sich bei 665,1 nm. Anschließend wurde das Zentralatom aus dem Komplex entfernt. Das Absorptionsmaximum der erhaltenen Pheophytinlösung liegt bei 653,1 nm. Nach Zugabe von Uranylnitrat war eine bathochrome Verschiebung des Peakmaxima nach 691,3 nm zu beobachten. Die aufgenommenen Emissionsspektren deuten ebenfalls darauf hin, dass der Uranylchlorophyll-Komplex synthetisiert werden konnte. Bei ausreichendem Überschuss an Uranylionen wird das Magnesium im Chla-Molekül durch UO22+ ersetzt.
Anhand der Absorptionspektren wurde versucht, die Assoziationskonstante K für die Bildung des U-Chla-Komplexes aus Pheophytin a zu ermitteln. Man erhält log K = 4,70 ± 0,35.

Keywords: chlorophyll; pheophytin

  • Other report
    TU Dresden: Bachelorarbeit (Studiengang Chemie), 2009
    40 Seiten

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13109
Publ.-Id: 13109


Laser Cooling at ESR, CSR and FAIR

Bussmann, M.; Schramm, U.; Dimopoulou, C.; Kozhuharov, C.; Kuehl, T.; Noertershaeuser, W.; Steck, M.; Stoehlker, T.; Winters, D.; Ma, X.; Wen, W.; Zhang, D.; Geppert, C.; Novotny, C.; Birkl, G.; Walther, T.

Laser cooling of ion beams is a promising technique to achieve ultracold ion beams of unprecedented brilliance in storage rings. Recent experiments at the ESR/GSI have shown that laser cooling at relativistic beam energies is feasible, opening the route towards laser cooling at future storage rings such as SIS300/FAIR. In this talk we present recent results on laser cooling of C3+ ion beams at the ESR. The results presented show that with laser-cooling space-charge dominated ion beams are observed with at least one order of magnitude smaller momentum spread than attained with electron cooling. This allows to reach the regime of strong coupling, which is a prerequisite for beam crystallization. Based on these results we present new experiments planned at ESR and CSR which will take full advantage of all-optical beam diagnostics that will allow to overcome the limited resolution of standard ion beam diagnostics. In combination with all-optical cooling schemes which do not rely on initial electron cooling of the ion beam, laser cooling is one of the most promising candidates for cooling ion beams at ultra-relativistic energies accessible at the future FAIR facility.

Keywords: laser cooling; relativistic ion beam; esr; csr; fair; optical diagnostics; pulsed laser; schottky pickup; momentum spread; strongly coupled plasma; crystalline ion beam

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    International workshop on beam cooling and related topics, COOL'09, 31.08.-04.09.2009, Lanzhou, China

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13108
Publ.-Id: 13108


Radiosynthesis of New [90Y]-DOTA-Based Maleimide Reagents Suitable for the Prelabeling of Thiol-Bearing L-Oligonucleotides and Peptides

Schlesinger, J.; Fischer, C.; Közle, I.; Vonhoff, S.; Klussmann, S.; Bergmann, R.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Steinbach, J.

We describe the radiosynthesis of two new [90Y]-DOTA-based maleimide reagents, suitable for the mild radiolabeling of L-RNAs and peptides modified with thiol-bearing linkers. The synthesis procedure of both maleimide-bearing 90Y complexes, [{(2S)-2-[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzyl]-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl}tetraacetato][90Y]yttrate(1-)([90Y]3) and [{(2S)-2-(4-{[4-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)butanoyl]amino}benzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-cyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl]tetraacetato}[90Y]yttrate(1-)([90Y]4), was optimized in terms of an easy purification method via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Application as well as reactivity of both maleimide reagents were initially evaluated by the prelabeling of glutathione (GSH) and a thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA as model substances. In comparison to the N-aryl maleimide-bearing complex [90Y]3, N-alkyl maleimide-bearing complex [90Y]4 showed an increased hydrolytic stability at pH g 7. A slightly higher reactivity was found for [90Y]3 by prelabeling of 0.1 and 1 μg glutathione, respectively, in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at room temperature. In terms of very high radiochemical yields, the direct radiolabeling of DOTA-L-RNA conjugate with [90Y]YCl3 proved to be more suitable than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA derivative with [90Y]4.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13107
Publ.-Id: 13107


Radiopharmaceutical basic principles of 18F-DOPA in nuclear medicine

Füchtner, F.

kein Abstract verfügbar

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    International Congress congenital hyperinsulinism and pancreatic tumors in childhood, 16.-18.09.2009, Greifswald, D

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13106
Publ.-Id: 13106


Synthesis if new [Y-90]-DOTA based Meleimides for the prelabeling of thiol-bearing L-oligonucleotides and peptides

Pietzsch, H.-J.; Schlesinger, J.; Fischer, C.; Közle, I.; Vonhoff, S.; Klussmann, S.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.

Objectives: A common chelator for radioisotopes of Y and the lanthanides is DOTA. However, the elevated temperatures necessary to achieve sufficient radiochemical yields may be a drawback, especially for the radiolabeling of thermally sensitive molecules such as DOTA-modified antibodies. A promising alternative to the “direct” radiolabeling of DOTA conjugates (“postlabeling”) is the use of so-called “prelabeling” agents. Here, we present the synthesis of two novel [90Y]-DOTA-based maleimide reagents, [90Y]2 and [90Y]3, suitable for the mild radiolabeling of thiol-bearing peptides or thiol-modified L-RNAs. Application and reactivity of both maleimide reagents were evaluated by the labeling of glutathione (GSH) and a thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA as model substances.
Methods: L‑RNA [sequence: 5’‑(1-hydroxy-7,8-dithia-tetradecyl) UGACUGACUGAC‑3’, MW 4124] was synthesized at NOXXON Pharma AG (Germany). (S)‑p‑NH2‑Bn‑DOTA was purchased from Macrocyclics (USA). 90Y was purchased as [90Y]YCl3 from QSA Global GmbH (Germany). Measurements of 90Y were done in the 90Y channel of a dose calibrator ISOMED 2000 (Nuklear-Medizintechnik Dresden, Germany) by measuring the bremsstrahlung. The compounds were characterized by HPLC, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
Results: A straightforward method to synthesize [90Y]‑MAD [90Y]2 and [90Y]‑MABD [90Y]3 is to initially complex [90Y]Y3+ with (S)‑p‑NH2‑Bn‑DOTA and to subsequently transform the purified complex [90Y((S)‑p‑NH2‑Bn‑DOTA)]- into the corresponding maleimides by using activating agents. The scheme illustrates the subsequent preparation of [90Y]‑MAD‑GSH and [90Y]‑MABD‑GSH and the 90Y-labeling of an L‑RNA via the pre- and postlabeling approach. In comparison to the N‑aryl maleimide [90Y]‑MAD, N‑alkyl maleimide [90Y]-MABD showed an increased hydrolytic stability at pH ≥ 7. A slightly higher reactivity was found for [90Y]‑MAD by prelabeling of 0.1 and 1 μg glutathione, respectively in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) at room temperature. In terms of high radiochemical yields, the direct radiolabeling of DOTA-L-RNA with [90Y]YCl3 proved to be more suitable than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer L-RNA derivative with [90Y]‑MABD.
Conclusions: We could demonstrate the applicability of maleimide reagents [90Y]‑MAD and [90Y]-MABD for the prelabeling approach. Both reagents showed a high potential for that purpose. Concerning high radiochemical yields, the direct labeling of DOTA‑l‑RNA with [90Y]YCl3 proved to be more efficient than the prelabeling of the thiol-modified 12mer l‑RNA with [90Y]‑MABD at low activity levels. With regard to 90Y‑labeling of thermally sensitive molecules prelabeling could have more advantages than the direct radiolabeling, due to the milder labeling conditions.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S491
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13105
Publ.-Id: 13105


Imaging of the cell cycle: Synthesis and radiopharmacological evaluation of 124I-labeled CDK4 inhibitors

Köhler, L.; Graf, F.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.; Pietzsch, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: Tumor cells are characterized by their loss of growth control resulting from alterations in regulating pathways of the cell cycle, e.g., a deregulated cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) activity and/or expression. In 80% of tumors the cell cycle relevant Cdk4-cyclin D1/retinoblastoma (pRb) cascade is altered. Hence, appropriately radiolabeled Cdk4 inhibitors are discussed as promising molecular probes for imaging cell proliferation processes and tumor visualization by PET. This work describes the synthesis and radiopharmacological evaluation of two 124I-labeled Cdk4 inhibitors as potential radiotracers for imaging of Cdk4 in vivo.
Methods: Reference substances and labeling precursors 1 and 2 were prepared with minor modifications according to literature procedures. Radioiodination was performed through regioselective destannylation reaction under mild conditions using [124I]NaI and Iodogen® as the oxidizing agents (Fig. 1). 124I-labeled radiotracers [124I]CKIA and [124I]CKIB were used in cell uptake studies. Biodistribution and small animal PET studies were carried out.
Results: Treatment of a solution containing labeling precursors 1 or 2 (5 mg/ml) with [124I]NaI (29.0 to 275.0 MBq) in Iodogen® precoated tubes gave radiolabeled Cdk4 inhibitors [124I]CKIA and [124I]CKIB in radiochemical yields of up to 35% after removal of Boc protecting group and final HPLC purification. Both compounds were isolated in high radiochemical purity exceeding 95%. The specific radioactivity (As) was 25-35 GBq/μmol at the end of synthesis. The lipophilicity (logP) was determined to be 2.77±0.13 for [124I]CKIA and 1.99±0.03 for [124I]CKIB, respectively. Both compounds remained stable in buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and ethanol after 24 h at 37°C. In vitro radiotracer uptake studies in human tumor cells using [124I]CKIA showed substantial uptake in adenocarcinoma HT-29 (1264±84 %ID/mg protein) and squamous cell carcinoma FaDu cells (1429±229 %ID/mg protein) after 2 h at 37°C (As:25 GBq/μmol). A significantly lower uptake was detected at 4°C (HT-29: 383±38 %ID/mg protein, FaDu: 437±25 %ID/mg protein). Biodistribution studies of [124I]CKIA and [124I]CKIB showed rapid blood clearance in rats. [124I]CKIA and [124I]CKIB were mainly accumulated and metabolized by liver. Both radiotracers were administered intravenously to mouse FaDu xenograft tumor model and imaging studies were performed on a small-animal PET scanner confirming a high radioactivity concentration in the liver and intestine for both compounds. No radioactivity was found in the brain. PET showed only little uptake of both radiotracers in the tumor.
Conclusions: The radiosynthesis of two 124I-labeled Cdk4 inhibitors has been developed. Both radiotracers were obtained in reproducible radiochemical yields and purity enabling detailed radiopharmacological characterization. Small-animal PET and autoradiography studies showed only low tumor uptake. Further studies are needed to search for more suitable derivatives of these substances as radiotracers for imaging Cdk4 by means of PET.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S406
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13104
Publ.-Id: 13104


Pre-clean-up of reaction mixtures in radiopharmaceutical manufacturing by on-line solid phase extraction using HPLC

Füchtner, F.; Mäding, P.; Preusche, S.; Zessin, J.; Steinbach, J.

Objectives: Radiopharmaceuticals are usually synthesised by reaction of simple radiolabeled compounds with a non-radioactive precursor. Afterwards the labeled precursor compound undergoes frequently a deprotection reaction. The resulting reaction mixture is often quite complex and needs HPLC purification to isolate the labeled target compound in high chemical and radiochemical purity. In some cases the composition of the reaction mixture is such complex, that an off-line solid phase extraction (SPE) step is carried out before HPLC purification to separate matrix components and/or interfering solvents. This SPE prepurification of the reaction mixture is difficult to automate and needs special hardware and solvents for rinsing and eluting the SPE cartridge. Additionally, remote controlled synthesis modules become more complex.The general aim of the present work is to develop a process, which allows the pre-cleaning of reaction mixtures from disturbing matrix components by online SPE using HPLC. In detail it results from the need to improve the radiochemical purity of [18F]FDOPA and to reduce the solvent content of dimethylformamide (DMF) during manufacturing of the serotonin transporter radioligand [18F]FMeMcN 5652.
Methods:
The figure shows the scheme of the HPLC hardware, whereas a pre- or guard-column is used as pre-clean-up-column (X) instead of an injection loop. The selectivity of the packing material of both columns (III & X) can be selected in accordance with the separation requirements.The process includes following steps:1. Injection valve (I) in “load position”, The reaction mixture is transferred from the reaction vessel (IX) onto the pre-clean-up-column. The diameter of the packing material of the pre-clean-up-column is in the range, which allows the feeding by gas overpressure. The disturbing matrix components are passed to waste and the target compound is retained.2. The rinsing liquid is filled into the reaction vessel and rinse out the dead volume of the pre-clean-up-column. The target compound is cleaned-up and concentrated.3. Injection valve in “inject position”, The target compound is back flushed out of the pre-clean-up-column onto the separation column (III) by the HPLC mobile phase. The finely purification takes place on the separation column. The eluate is fractionated and the target compound is collected in the common way.For the purification of [18F]FDOPA from the critical radiochemical impurity [18F]fluoride a pre-clean-up-column filled with polymer-based reversed phase (RP) material is used. The finely separation was performed on a silica-based RP column.In case of [18F]FMeMcN 5652 production the clean-up from the solvent, needed for the radiolabeling, and the finely separation is carried out on columns filled with silica-based RP materials.
Results:
...........................................................................[18F]FDOPA............................[18F]FMeMcN
HPLC purification method
...........................................................................[18F]Fluoride [%].....................DMF [mg/ml]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Injection loop.........................................................7.7 (n=93)..............................1.4 (n=5)
Pre-clean-up-column............................................1.4 (n=25)..............................< 0.001 (n=4)

Conclusions: Using the interlinked on-line SPE / HPLC system, reaction mixtures of radiopharmaceutical synthesis can be cleaned up and disturbing matrix components can be separated from the target compound more efficiently.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S306
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13103
Publ.-Id: 13103


Direct labeling of peptides with [18F]FDG

Hultsch, C.; Bergmann, R.; Berndt, M.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: The routine 18F labeling of biomacromolecules like peptides and proteins mainly exploits the use of bifunctional labeling precursors, also referred to as prosthetic groups. 2-[18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) is the most important clinical PET radiotracer, but only very few examples using readily available [18F]FDG as a building block for the radiosynthesis of 18F-labeled compounds. The present study describes the use of [18F]FDG as a 18F building block for the direct labeling of various aminooxy-functionalized peptides via chemoselective oxime formation. The potential of this novel peptide labeling reaction was expemplified by means of various neurotensin NT(8-13) derivatives.
Methods: The labeling reaction was performed using a 0.9% NaCl solution of [18F]FDG and aminooxy-functionalized peptide at different concentrations in a mixture of MeOH/H2O at 80 °C for 30 min. The reaction mixture was analyzed by radio-HPLC to determine the radiochemical yield of the conjugation reaction (Fig. 1).
Results: Direct labeling of aminooxy-functionalized peptides with [18F]FDG was strongly dependent on the amount of used peptide. Monomeric NT(8-13) derivative gave best radiochemical yields of up to 80% based upon [18F]FDG. More complex dimeric and tetrameric neurotensin derivatives gave lower radiochemical yields at comparable peptide concentrations. Increase of [18F]FDG activity also lowered radiochemical yield due to an increasing competitive reaction with glucose originating from the [18F]FDG solution. Depending on the size of the used peptide, separation of [18F]FDG-labeled peptide from glucose-labeled peptide is possible by semi-preparative HPLC. The formation of isomers during the aminooxy-aldehyde conjugation reaction between [18F]FDG and aminooxy-functionalized peptides in aqueous media leads to the formation of isomers according to literature reports.
Conclusions: For the first time, readily available PET radiotracer [18F]FDG was shown to be a suitable prosthetic group for direct labeling of aminooxy-functionalized peptides with fluorine-18 under mild conditions. The reaction is especially suitable for small peptides. However, application of larger peptides seems to be limited by increasing separation difficulties of the corresponding glucose-peptide conjugate.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S145
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13102
Publ.-Id: 13102


Fluorine-18 Labeling of Phosphorpeptides: A convenient Approach for the Evaluation of Phosphorpeptide Metabolism in vivo

Richter, S.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.; Pietzsch, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: Phosphopeptides are very useful reagents to study signal transduction pathways related with cellular protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation. Phosphopeptides also have been identified as important drug candidates to both inhibit and stimulate intracellular signaling mechanisms through targeting phosphotyrosine, phosphoserine or phosphothreonine residue-binding protein domains. In this work we describe a convenient method for the mild and sufficient radiolabeling of phosphopeptides with the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 to allow radiopharmacological studies on phosphopeptide metabolism in vivo by means of positron emission tomography (PET).
Methods: Peptide syntheses were performed on peptide synthesizer (Syro I, MultiSynTech, Germany) using standard Fmoc chemistry. Radiolabeling was accomplished via conjugation of the N-terminus of Polo-box domain (PBD)-binding phosphopeptide H-Met-Gln-Ser-pThr-Pro-Leu-OH 1 and its unphosphorylated analog 2 with the bifunctional labeling agent N-succinimidyl-p-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) (Fig. 1).
The radiolabeled phosphopeptide [18F]FB-Met-Gln-Ser-pThr-Pro-Leu-OH [18F]-1 and its unphosphorylated analog [18F]FB-Met-Gln-Ser-Thr-Pro-Leu-OH [18F]-2 were subjected to radiopharmacological evaluation involving investigation of metabolic stability in vitro and in vivo, cell uptake studies in human adenocarcinoma (HT-29) and squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu) cell lines, and small-animal PET studies in Wistar rats and NMRI nu/nu HT-29 tumor-bearing mice.
Results: Radiolabeling was achieved via 18F-fluorobenzoylation using the Bolton-Hunter-type reagent N-succinimidyl-p-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB). The optimized radiosynthesis was conducted in a 0.05 M Na2HPO4 buffer solution (pH 9.0) at 40°C within 30 min using low amounts of peptide precursor (0.5 mg) to afford reproducible radiochemical yields (25-29%) and high radiochemical purity (>98%) within 95-109 min including HPLC purification. Cell uptake studies in HT-29 and FaDu tumor cells revealed only very little radiotracer uptake (less than 0.6% ID/mg protein). Radiolabeled phosphopeptide [18F]-1 showed remarkable high metabolic stability in vivo (65% intact peptide after 20 min) compared to the corresponding unphosphorylated peptide [18F]-2 (<5% intact peptide after 20 min). A detailed discussion on the radiopharmacological profile in vitro and in vivo of peptides [18F]-1 and [18F]-2 will be presented.
Conclusions: We developed a reproducible synthesis for 18F-labeled phosphopeptides, and the presented method is a promising approach for studying phosphopeptide metabolism and kinetics in vivo. Furthermore, cell penetrating peptides (CPP) are currently under investigation as potential mediators to enhance cell uptake of the desired 18F-labeled phosphopeptides.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S144
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13101
Publ.-Id: 13101


Radiofluorination via Staudinger Ligation

Mamat, C.; Pretze, M.; Steinbach, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: The chemical labeling of biomolecules continues to be an important tool for the study of the cellular fate.[1] In particular the introduction of 18F into higher molecular weight compounds like peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides or antibodies represents a special challenge. Usually they can not be labelled with 18F at high specific activity directly due to the rough reaction conditions. To circumvent this problem prostetic groups were used for 18F labeling of peptides and proteins. Therefore 18F labeled small organic molecules were synthesised capable of being linked to peptides, proteins or antibodies under mild conditions. Only a handful of reactions are known for the selective introduction of these labeling agents.
Methods: Although several bioconjugation techniques are available for preparation of bioconjugates substituted with a limited number of functional groups, truly chemoselective ligation reactions are rather limited. Most ligation reactions rely on the reaction of an electrophile with a nucleophile. As biological systems are rich in diverse electrophilic and nucleophilic sites, only a few functional groups are available that exhibit orthogonal reactivity to the functional groups present. Bioorthogonal reactions like the [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition[3] were applicated for the selective radiolabeling[4] of biomolecules. The Staudinger Ligation introduced by Saxon and Bertozzi[5] exploits the smooth reaction between an azide and a phosphane to form an amide bridge between the labeling agent and the respective biomolecule.
Results: Substituted phosphanes were used as synthons for the Staudinger Ligation. The preparation of these compounds succeeds via Pd-catalyzed P-C cross coupling of iodophenyl benzoates with HPPh2. No extensive protection group chemistry is needed for this coupling reaction.[2] The radiofluorination proceeds under standard conditions and the subsequent ligation reaction occurs under mild conditions (20 min, 50 watt microwave) that affords the respective Staudinger products in high yields.
Conclusions: Our first promising results show the potential of this labeling method for the radiofluorination of various organic model compounds and biomolecules. The experimental details will be presented.

References: [1] J. A. Prescher, C. R. Bertozzi, Nature Chem. Biol. 2005, 1, 13-21. [2] C. Mamat, A. Flemming, M. Kckerling, J. Steinbach, F. R. Wuest, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009, submitted. [3] C. Mamat, T. Ramenda, F. R. Wuest, Mini-Rev. Org. Chem. 2009, 6, 21-34. [4] T. Ramenda, R. Bergmann, F. Wuest, Lett. Drug Design Disc. 2007, 4, 279-285. [5] K. L. Kiick, E. Saxon, D. A. Tirrell, C. R. Bertozzi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99, 19-24.

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S142
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13100
Publ.-Id: 13100


Synthesis and Radiopharmacological Evaluation of 18F-labeled Bombesin Analog [18F]BX-00374436 for Imaging of GRP Receptor-Expression Prostate Cancer

Ramenda, T.; Bergmann, R.; Friebe, M.; Borkowski, S.; Srinivasan, A.; Dinkelborg, L.; Pietzsch, J.; Steinbach, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: Over the last two decades, radiolabeled peptides have been widely used as promising radiotracers for tumor targeting. In recent years, bombesin and bombesin analogs have attracted much attention as high affinity and selectivity ligands for the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor. The GRP receptor was found to be overexpressed and implicated in a variety of human tumors. Radiolabeled bombesin and bombesin analogs represent an interesting class of diagnostic probes for molecular imaging of GRP receptor-expressing prostate cancer. This work is aimed at the development of an 18F-labeled bombesin analog for molecular imaging GRP receptors in prostate cancer xenografts.
Methods: Aminopentanoic acid-modified bombesin analog BX-06053011 was conjugated with the bifunctional labeling agent N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) in borate buffer (pH = 8.2) for 30 min at 50 °C to give the desired 18F-labeled bombesin analog [18F]BX-00374436 (Fig. 1). Tumor-targeting of radiolabeled bombesin analog [18F]BX-00374436 was evaluated in male nude mice bearing human prostate cancer (PC3) by means of biodistribution and dynamic small animal PET studies.
Results: 18F-labeled bombesin analog [18F]BX-00374436 was prepared in 30% radiochemical yield (based upon [18F]SFB) within 80 min including HPLC purification, evaporation of HPLC eluent and formulation in 0.9% saline. The radiochemical purity exceeded 95%, and the specific activity was 20 GBq/μmol. The binding affinity (KD) of fluorobenzoylated bombesin BX-00374436 was determined to be 0.7 nM. Radiotracer [18F]BX-00374436 showed reasonable metabolic stability in mouse blood, being 65% of intact radiolabeled peptide after 60 min. Tumor uptake of [18F]BX-00374436 in PC3 tumor bearing nude mice was 2.75 %ID/g after 5 min p.i., and 2.45 %ID/g after 60 min p.i. The receptor specificity of radiotracer [18F]BX-00374436 could be demonstrated by effective blocking of tumor uptake in the presence of non-radioactive BX-00374436. Dynamic small animal PET imaging confirmed specific radiotracer uptake in the PC3 tumor.
Conclusions: The present study showed that 18F-labeled bombesin analog [18F]BX-00374436 is a suitable radiotracer for molecular imaging of GRP receptor-positive prostate cancer by means of PET.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S29
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13099
Publ.-Id: 13099


Labelling of Proteins with Fluorine-18 via Click Chemistry

Ramenda, T.; Knieß, T.; Steinbach, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: The radiolabeling of peptides and proteins with the short-lived positron emitter 18F requires rapid and mild reaction conditions compatible with the structural and functional integrity of these biomolecules. Over the last two years several approaches have been published focusing on the application of copper(I)-mediated 1,3-dipolar [3+2]cycloaddition of azides and alkynes for labeling peptides with 18F. However, to date no 18F labeling of proteins via click chemistry has been reported. In this work we describe for the first time the application of click chemistry for 18F labeling of proteins as exemplified with azide-functionalized human serum albumin (HSA). Click chemistry was accomplished through 4-[18F]fluoro-N-methyl-N-(prop-2-ynyl)benzenesulfonamide (p[18F]F-SA) as novel alkine-containing 18F-labeled click chemistry building block.
Methods: The novel click chemistry building block p[18F]F-SA was prepared in a single step reaction in a remotely controlled synthesis module starting from readily available labeling precursor (Fig. 1).
HSA was modified with azide residues through conjugation of the lysine residues in HSA with an azide-functionalized active ester. Azide-modified HSA was subjected to digest with three different endoproteinases and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis to assess the number of introduced azide residues. Radiolabeling of modified HSA was accomplished with p[18F]F-SA in the presense of Cu(I)Br and the Cu(I) chelating ligand tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine (TBTA). Radiolabeled HSA was purified with size-exclusion chromatography and analyzed with SDS-PAGE.
Results: Radiolabeled sulfonamide p[18F]F-SA could be obtained in an automated synthesis unit in radiochemical yields of 21-35% (decay-corrected) within 75 min after HPLC purification. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity was in the range of 71-128 GBq/μmol. Sulfonamide p[18F]F-SA showed favorable lipophilicity (logP = 1.6) allowing application in aqueous reaction media. Tryptic digest and subsequent MALDI-TOF MS analysis of modified HSA revealed the introduction of an average of 28 azide residues into HSA. Click chemistry of azide-functionalized HSA (0.5 mg) with CuBr (0.2 mg) and TBTA in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) gave 31% of 18F-labeled HSA after size-exclusion chromatography.
Conclusions: The convenient radiosynthesis of p[18F]F-SA as a novel 18F-labeled sulfonamide-based click chemistry building block in an automated synthesis unit allows its wide application for a broad range of click chemistry reactions. For the first time, click chemistry could successfully be applied to the 18F labeling of proteins, which further expands the scope of click chemistry as versatile tool for radiolabeling reactions.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Scieneces, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S25
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13098
Publ.-Id: 13098


Synthesis of a potential tyrosine kinase inhibitor by knoevenagel condensation of oxindole with 4-[18F]Fluorbenzaldehyde

Knieß, T.; Kuchar, M.; Steinbach, J.; Wüst, F.

Objectives: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play an important role in tumour angiogenesis through their involvement in proliferation, migration and differentiation between tumour and endothelial cells. Recently, small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®), Gefitinib (Iressa®) and SU11248 (Sutent®) have been radiolabelled to study tumour angiogenesis in vivo1,2,3. The aim of the present work is the development of an sufficient radiosynthesis of 3-(4’-[18F]fluoro-benzylidenyl]-indolin-2-one 2 as derivative of potent RTK inhibitor Semaxinib® based on Knoevenagel condensation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde with oxindole.
Methods: Synthesis of 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde was performed by reacting [18F]fluoride with 4-trimethylammoniumbenzaldehyde triflate in an automated synthesis module (Nuclear Interface). Briefly, 15 mg of precursor dissolved in acetonitrile (1 ml) was heated with dried [18F]KF at 90 °C for 10 min. After addition of water (11 ml), 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde was purified via solid-phase extraction on a HLB-plus cartridge (250 mg, Waters). Purified 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde was eluted from the cartridge with ethanol (3 ml) and transferred into a separate reaction vial containing oxindole 1 (10 mg) and a base. Knoevenagel condensation occurred at 90 °C for 20 min (Fig. 1). The radiochemical yield of product 2 was determined by radio-HPLC.

Results: Knoevenagel condensation of oxindole 1 with 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde was optimised by screening the influence of different bases on the radiochemical yield (RCY) of the carbonyl olefination reaction. The results are summarised in Table 1. Knoevenagel condensation strongly depends on the used base. Best results could be obtained by using amine bases piperidine (18% to 29%) or diethylamine (48%). Application of stronger amine bases (DABCO, diisopropyl-ethyl amine) or weaker bases (ammonium acetate, 2,6-di-tert.-butyl pyridine) resulted in lower or no product formation. Phosphazane as a very strong base yielded 26% of desired product 2 along with formation of large amounts of non-identified side products.

Table 1. Knoevenagel condensation between 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde and oxindole

Conclusions: Knoevenagel condensation of 4-[18F]Fluorobenzaldehyde with oxindole is a suitable labelling technique for the synthesis of radiotracer 2. Within a series of different bases, diethylamine provides highest radiochemical yields of up to 48%. The Knoevenagel condensation reaction optimised under the object of radiolabeling involving readily available 4-[18F]Fluorobenzaldehyde should be applicable for the convenient radiosynthesis of other compounds containing a benzylidene motif.

References: [1] Kil KE et al. Nucl Med Biol, 2007, 34, 153. [2] Wang JQ et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2006, 16, 4102. [3] Wang JQ et al. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2005, 15, 4380.

Keywords: 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; Knoevenagel condensation

  • Poster
    18th International Symposium on Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, 12.-17.07.2009, Edmonton, Canada
  • Abstract in refereed journal
    Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 52(2009)Suppl 1, S.182
    ISSN: 0362-4803

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13097
Publ.-Id: 13097


MnSi1.7 nanoparticles embedded in Si: Superparamagnetism with collective behavior

Zhou, S.; Shalimov, A.; Potzger, K.; Helm, M.; Fassbender, J.; Schmidt, H.

The doping of Mn in Si is attracting research attentions due to the possibility to fabricate Si-based diluted magnetic semiconductors. However, the low solubility of Mn in Si favors the precipitation of Mn ions even at nonequilibrium growth conditions. MnSi1.7 nanoparticles are the common precipitates, which show exotic magnetic properties in comparison with the MnSi1.7 bulk phase. In this paper we present the static and dynamic magnetic properties of MnSi1.7 nanoparticles. Using the Preisach model, we derive the magnetic parameters, such as the magnetization of individual particles, the distribution of coercive fields and the interparticle interaction field. Time-dependent magnetization measurements reveal aging and memory effects, qualitatively similar to those seen in spin glasses.

Keywords: ageing; coercive force; elemental semiconductors; magnetic anisotropy; magnetic particles

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13096
Publ.-Id: 13096


The effects of surface tension on flooding in counter-current two-phase flow in an inclined tube

Deendarlianto; Ousaka, A.; Indarto; Kariyasaki, A.; Lucas, D.; Vierow, K.; Vallee, C.; Hogan, K.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of surface tension on flooding phenomena in counter-current two-phase flow in an inclined tube. Previous studies by other researchers have shown that surface tension has a stabilizing effect on the falling liquid film under certain conditions and a destabilizing or unclear trend under other conditions. Experimental results are reported herein for air-water systems in which a surfactant has been added to vary the liquid surface tension without altering other liquid properties. The flooding section is a tube of 16 mm in inner diameter and 1.1 m length, inclined at 30 to 60 degree from horizontal. The flooding mechanisms were observed by using two high-speed video cameras and by measuring the time variation of liquid hold-up along the test tube. The results show that effects of surface tension are significant. The gas velocity needed to induce flooding is lower for a lower surface tension. There was no upward motion of the wave upon flooding occurrence, even for lower a surface tension. Observations on the liquid film behavior after flooding occurred suggest that the entrainment of liquid droplets plays an important role in the upward transport of liquid. Finally, an empirical correlation is proposed that includes functional dependencies on surface tension and tube inclination.

Keywords: Counter-current two-phase flow; Flooding; Inclined tube; Surface tension; Flooding mechanisms

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13095
Publ.-Id: 13095


Nanopatterning of Si surfaces by normal incident ion erosion: Influence of iron incorporation on surface morphology evolution

Zhou, J.; Facsko, S.; Lu, M.; Möller, W.

The surface morphology of Si(100) induced by 1200 eV Ar+ ion bombardment at normal incidence with and without Fe incorporation is presented. The formation of nanodot patterns is observed only when the stationary Fe areal density in the surface is above a threshold value of 8×1014 cm-2 . This result is interpreted in terms of an additional surface instability due to locally nonuniform sputtering in connection with the presence of a Fe rich amorphous phase at the peak of the nanodots. At Fe concentrations below the threshold, smoothing dominates and pattern formation is inhibited. The transition from a k-2 to a k-4 behavior in the asymptotic power spectral density function supports the conclusion that under these conditions ballistic smoothing and ion-enhanced viscous flow are the two dominant mechanisms of surface relaxation.

Keywords: dot patterns; ion sputtering; silicon; metal incorporation

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13094
Publ.-Id: 13094


Superconductivity of Mg-B layers prepared by a multi-energy implantation of boron into magnesium and magnesium into boron bulk substrates followed by the furnace and pulsed plasma annealing

Piekoszewski, J.; Kempinski, W.; Barlak, M.; Werner, Z.; Los, S.; Andrzejewski, B.; Stankowski, J.; Piekara-Sady, L.; Skladnik-Sadowska, E.; Szymczyk, W.; Kolitsch, A.; Groetzschel, R.; Starosta, W.; Sartowska, B.

B ions into Mg and Mg ions into B substrates were implanted in triple mode, i.e. each sample was sequentially implanted at three different energies starting from the highest one (80-150 keV range) to the lowest one (40-70 keV range). The energies and fluencies in each particular batch were simulated to yield a possibly large region in which the Mg:B ratio corresponds to stoichiometric MgB2 compound. These structures were next annealed using high intensity hydrogen plasma pulses of energy densities between 1.5 and 4.0 J/cm(2), or furnace annealed at 350-600 degrees C in a stream of flowing Ar-4%H-2 mixture. The simulated profiles were in fair agreement with those derived from the RBS measurements. Magnetically modulated microwave absorption (MMMA), magnetization and resistance measurements showed that the superconducting transition onset temperature T-c(onset) shifted from about 13 K in the best magnesium sample implanted with single-energy B ions, to 22-28 K for multi-energy!
implantation treatments. Respective shift in Mg-implanted boron samples was from about 33.3 K to 36.5 K. However, broadening of the transition to the superconducting state is observed for the multi-energy treatment in both cases. Possible reasons for these effects and proposed means to improve the method are discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 203(2009)17-18, 2694-2699
    ISSN: 0257-8972

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13093
Publ.-Id: 13093


Wettability improvement of carbon ceramic materials by mono and multi energy plasma pulses

Barlak, M.; Piekoszewski, J.; Werner, Z.; Stanislawski, J.; Skladnik-Sadowska, E.; Borkowska, K.; Miskiewicz, M.; Kolitsch, A.; Groetzschel, R.; Starosta, W.; Sartowska, B.; Kierzek, J.

joining of carbon type ceramics with other materials presents an important challenge, especially in view of ITER technology. The crucial problem in joining is wettability of such ceramics with copper. In our previous works we succeeded in improving wettability using two-steps procedure, i.e.: pre-treatment of the ceramics surface with Ti ions implantation and/or deposition of metallic Ti using high intensity pulse plasma treatment followed in both cases by the deposition of additional, thicker Ti layers using the Arc PVD technique. In the present work we performed successful experiments in which two-steps procedure is reduced to the one step using exclusively the pulse plasma pre-treatment in various combinations of the number of pulses and their energy density. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • Surface & Coatings Technology 203(2009)17-18, 2536-2540
    ISSN: 0257-8972

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13092
Publ.-Id: 13092


Plasma-Immersion-Ion-Implantation of Fluorine to Protect TiAl-Components against High-Temperature Oxidation

Donchev, A.; Kolitsch, A.; Schuetze, M.; Yankov, R.

Titanium aluminides are promising light weight materials for several high-temperature applications, e.g., in aero engines but due to their insufficient oxidation resistance at temperatures above roughly 800 degrees C they cannot be used yet despite of their good mechanical high-temperature properties. The oxidation behavior of TiAl-alloys can be improved significantly by adding small amounts of fluorine into the subsurface zone of the components (microalloying). One possibility to apply fluorine to the surface of complex TiAl-components is the PI3-technique (plasma-immersion-ion-implantation). The use of an Ar/CH2F2-plasma for the F-PI3 into small coupons led to a positive effect which was as good as the beamline implantation of elemental fluorine gas into samples of the same geometry. Turbine blades, as examples for real TiAl-components, were implanted with an optimum set of parameters. Post-exposure investigations like scanning electron microscopy revealed a thin protectiv!
e alumina scale on the surface of the implanted samples in contrast to a thick mixed oxide scale (TiO2/Al2O3) growing on untreated samples during high-temperature oxidation in air. The high-temperature oxidation resistance of several TiAl-alloys was improved by plasma-immersion-ion-implantation of fluorine. Small coupons showed a much lesser oxidation during high-temperature exposure after fluorine treatment than untreated samples. The performance of turbine blades for the low pressure compressor of a new generation of jet engines was also improved. Fluorine treated samples are covered with a thin, protective alumina scale after high-temperature exposure in air instead of a fast growing, nonprotective mixed oxide (TiO2/Al2O3) scale which is found on untreated samples.

  • Plasma Processes and Polymers 6(2009)6, 434-439
    ISSN: 1612-8850

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13091
Publ.-Id: 13091


Quantitative dopant profiling in semiconductors: A Kelvin probe force microscopy model

Baumgart, C.; Helm, M.; Schmidt, H.

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is used to investigate the electrostatic force between a conductive probe and nanostructured Si with shallow or buried selectively doped regions under ambient conditions. A unique KPFM model correlates the measured Kelvin bias with the calculated Fermi energy, and thus allows quantitative dopant profiling. We show that due to an asymmetric electric-dipole formation at the semiconductor surface the measured Kelvin bias is related with the difference between Fermi energy and respective band edge, and independent of the probe potential.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13090
Publ.-Id: 13090


Einführung eines Dokumentenmanagementsystems für die Unterstützung des Beschaffungsprozesses des Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Zander, R.

In dieser Arbeit wird ein Lösungsvorschlag für die Einbindung eines Dokumentenmanagementsystems in den Beschaffungsprozess des Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf vorgestellt. Nach einer eingehenden Analyse der Prozessabläufe bei der Beschaffung und der am Standort vorhandenen IT-Landschaft wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit den zukünftigen Anwendern und einer beratenden externen Firma ein Konzept erarbeitet, durch dessen Umsetzung das Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in der Lage ist, seinen Beschaffungsprozess zu optimieren.

Keywords: Dokumentenmanagementsystem; DMS; Beschaffungsprozess

  • Article, self-published (no contribution to HZDR-Annual report)
    Forschungszentrum Rossendorf 2009
    Diplomarbeit
    64 Seiten
    ISSN: 1437-322X

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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13089
Publ.-Id: 13089


Qualitative und quantitative Analysen dünner Funktionsschichten für das Kleben durch XPS-, AES-, REM- und TEM-Untersuchungen

Lebelt, P.; Gehrke, J.; Hallmeier, K.-H.; Reuther, H.; Dörfel, I.

Die Schwachstelle aller Klebverbindungen ist die Grenzschicht zwischen Klebstoff und Substrat. Aus diesem Grund ist eine Optimierung hinsichtlich Klebstoffauswahl und Oberflächenvorbereitung/-vorbehandlung des Substrats unerlässlich, um definiert und sicher zu kleben.

  • Galvanotechnik 100(2009)4, 930-937
    ISSN: 1435-5043

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13088
Publ.-Id: 13088


Spin-dependent transport in nanocomposite C:Co films

Zhou, S.; Berndt, M.; Bürger, D.; Heera, V.; Potzger, K.; Abrasonis, G.; Radnóczi, G.; Kovács, G. J.; Kolitsch, A.; Helm, M.; Fassbender, J.; Möller, W.; Schmidt, H.

The magneto-transport properties of nanocomposite C:Co (15 and 40 at.% Co) thin films are investigated. The films were grown by ion beam co-sputtering on thermally oxidized silicon substrates in the temperature range from 200 to 500 °C. Two major effects are reported: (i) a large anomalous Hall effect amounting to 2 μΩ cm, and (ii) a negative magnetoresistance. Both the field-dependent resistivity and Hall resistivity curves coincide with the rescaled magnetization curves, a finding that is consistent with spin-dependent transport. These findings suggest that C:Co nanocomposites are promising candidates for carbon-based Hall sensors and spintronic devices.

Keywords: Carbon:cobalt nanocomposite; TEM; Magneto-transport; Anomalous hall effect; Magnetic nanoparticles

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13087
Publ.-Id: 13087


Wire-mesh sensors for high-resolution gas-liquid multiphase flow visualization

Da Silva, M. J.; Thiele, S.; Schleicher, E.; Hampel, U.

Wire-mesh sensors are flow imaging devices and allow the investigation of multiphase flows with high spatial and temporal resolution. This type of sensor was introduced about ten years ago at Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany and since then it has been successfully employed to investigate several single phase and two-phase flow phenomena. The sensor can be seen as a hybrid solution in between intrusive local measurement of phase fraction and tomographic cross-sectional imaging. It comprises of two set of wires stretched over the cross-section of a vessel or pipe. The planes of wires are perpendicular to each other with a small axial separation between them, thus forming a grid of electrodes. The associated electronics measures an electrical property of the flowing media at each crossing point in a very fast and multiplexed manner. The wire mesh subdivides the flow channel cross section into a number of independent sub-regions, whereas each crossing point represents one sub-region. Each of the measured signals reflects the constitution of the flow within its associated sub-region, i.e. each crossing point acts as local phase indicator. Hence, the set of data obtained from the sensor directly represents the phase distribution over the cross-section and no reconstruction procedure, e.g. by solving an inverse problem as usual in tomography, is needed in order to determine cross-sectional phase distributions. The first generation of wire-mesh sensors is based on conductivity measurements, thus being able to investigate electrically conducting fluids only. Typically air-water and steam-water flows have been investigated. Recently, the capacitance wire-mesh sensor has been developed and tested, which allow the investigation of non-conducting fluids such as oil or organic liquids. The newest systems are able to produce up to 10,000 images per second. Sensors can be constructed to operate under temperatures up to 286 °C and pressures up to 7 MPa. First this article reviews the measuring principle of wire-mesh sensors. In addition, measurement results of the application of a new-developed capacitance wire-mesh sensor to investigate two-phase gas-oil flow are presented. Furthermore, the use of a wire-mesh sensor for the investigation of a simulated three-phase flow in a laboratory setup is described and discussed. Thus, the wire-mesh sensor can considered as a simpler and inexpensive alternative to investigate either two-phase gas-liquid or three-phase gas-liquid-liquid flows. The good accuracy achieved in the permittivity measurement allows the wire-mesh system to securely distinguish even each of the three phases of a gas-oil-water flow.

Keywords: multiphase flow; flow visualization; phase fraction; wire-mesh sensor; imaging system

  • Contribution to proceedings
    20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 15.-20.11.2009, Gramado, Brazil
    Proceedings of COBEM 2009, Paper No. COB09-2457, 2176-5480
  • Lecture (Conference)
    20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 15.-20.11.2009, Gramado, Brazil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13086
Publ.-Id: 13086


Investigation on drag reduction phenomenon in oil-water dispersed pipe flow via wire-mesh sensor

Rodriguez, I. H.; Yamaguti, H. K. B.; de Castro, M. S.; Da Silva, M. J.; Rodriguez, O. M. H.

Liquid-liquid flows are present in a wide range of industrial processes; however they have not been studied as intensively as gas-liquid flows. The interest in two-phase liquid-liquid flows have increased recently mainly due to the petroleum industry where oil and water are often produced and transported together for long distances. Nevertheless, the frictional pressure gradient in oil-water pipe flow not rare cannot be predicted by correlations developed for gas-liquid flow. The dispersed flow pattern is common in crude oil transmission pipelines and offshore pipelines, with either oil or water as the dominant phase. An interesting feature of dispersed flow is that it can behave as a non-Newtonian fluid. There are several works on drag reduction in single and gas-liquid two-phase flows, but only few on liquid-liquid flow. Drag reduction phenomenon in oil-water flows without the addition of any drag reduction agent has been detected in previous works, but the physics behind the phenomenon is yet not well understood. This work’s main goal is the experimental study of the drag reduction phenomenon in dispersed oil-water flow. Pressure gradients were measured during the flow of oil (860 kg/m3 density and 100 mPa.s viscosity) and water. The experimental work was performed in a 12-m-long 2.62-cm-i.d. horizontal glass pipe. A new wire-mesh sensor based on capacitance (permittivity) has been employed in this study. The sensor consists of two layers made of 8 steel wires each separated 1 mm from each other. It is able to discriminate fluids having different relative permittivity values in a multiphase flow and was used to measure local, transient and time-and-space averaged phase fraction distributions in the flow cross-section. A high-speed video camera and the Quick Closing Valves technique were used to compare and validate the signals of the wire-mesh sensor.

Keywords: liquid-liquid flow; drag reduction; dispersed flow; pressure gradient; wire-mesh sensor; liquid holdup

  • Contribution to proceedings
    20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 15.-20.11.2009, Gramado, Brazil
    Proceedings of COBEM 2009, Paper No. COB09-0476
  • Lecture (Conference)
    20th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 15.-20.11.2009, Gramado, Brazil

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13085
Publ.-Id: 13085


Kapazitäts-Gittersensor: Prinzip und Anwendung

Da Silva, M. J.; Hampel, U.

Gittersensoren ermöglichen räumlich und zeitlich hochaufgelöste Untersuchungen von Mehrphasenströmungen. Solche Sensoren können damit für viele strö-mungsdiagnostische Probleme in der Forschung und Industrie eingesetzt werden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den neu entwickelten Kapazitäts-Gittersensor, welcher auf der Messung der elektrischen Permittivität (Kapazität) basiert. Neben der Beschreibung des Messprinzips und der dazugehörigen Messelektronik wird auch ein ausgewähltes Anwendungsbeispiel der Visualisierung einer Gas-Öl-Zweiphasenströmung präsentiert.

Keywords: wire-mesh sensor; multiphase flow; flow visualization; void fraction; electrical capacitance

  • Contribution to proceedings
    XXIII. Messtechnisches Symposium des Arbeitskreises der Hochschullehrer für Messtechnik e.V., 17.-19.09.2009, Bremen, Deutschland
    Tagungsband XXIII. Messtechnisches Symposium des AHMT, Gert Goch (Hrsg.), Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 978-3-8322-8491-6, 139-148
  • Lecture (Conference)
    XXIII. Messtechnisches Symposium des Arbeitskreises der Hochschullehrer für Messtechnik e.V., 17.-19.09.2009, Bremen, Deutschland
  • Technisches Messen 77(2010), 209-214
    DOI: 10.1524/teme.2010.0055
    Cited 3 times in Scopus

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13084
Publ.-Id: 13084


Thermoelectric currents in laser induced melts pools

Lange, A.; Cramer, A.; Beyer, E.

Applying an external static magnetic field to laser beam welding may lead to a change in geometry of the weld seam. Since the most common influence of a magnetic field acting on an electrically high conducting fluid is the generation of a Lorentz force, the outcome of such experiments is a strong indication of the presence of electric current in the melt pool. Owing to the static nature of the magnetic field, induction is restricted to the movement of the liquid metal and therefore negligible, leaving thermoelectricity as the sole potential source of current. The present work discloses analytically that the current may indeed originate from a gradient of thermoelectric power. Based on the examples iron and aluminum, key features of the current distribution are determined numerically together with an investigation of the dependence of the distribution on material properties. By carrying out welding experiments in the heat conduction mode, validation is achieved of the thermoelectric source of the current and of basic properties of its contribution.

Keywords: thermoelectric current; laser welding; geometry of weld seam

  • Journal of Laser Applications 21(2009)2, 82-87

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13083
Publ.-Id: 13083


Voigt effect measurement on PLD grown NiO thin films

Scarlat, C.; Mok, K. M.; Zhou, S.; Vinnichenko, M.; Lorenz, M.; Grundmann, M.; Helm, M.; Schubert, M.; Schmidt, H.

NiO has great potential applications in spin valves, magnetooptical sensors, optical fibers, solar thermal absorbers, and in nonvolatile resistive random access memory devices. In our study NiMnO and NiMnLiO films have been grown on double-side polished r-plane sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We measured the complex Voigt angle using the polarized light from a HeCd laser, a Glan Taylor polarizer, a Hinds PEM-100 [1] and two Lock-Ins. The Voigt effect is a second order magnetooptic effect [2]. The polarization state of light after transmission through a sample consisting of ca. 1 μm thick, weak ferromagnetic NiO thin on purely diamagnetic r-plane sapphire substrates has been modelled using the 4x4 matrix formalism [3] in dependence of an external magnetic field applied in-plane, i.e. in Voigt configuration. The modelling results revealed that for the diamagnetic sapphire substrate the Voigt angle depends parabolically on the external magnetic field and that the weak ferromagnetic NiO thin films change the parabolic dependence of the Voigt angle in the range of ±0.1 T to a flat-top shape in agreement with the experimentally determined Voigt angle.

[1] http://www.hindsinstruments.com/.
[2] R. Carey and B.W.J. Thomas, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 7,
2362-2368 (1974).
[3] M. Schubert, Phys. Rev. B 53, 4265 (1996).

Keywords: Magnetooptical effects; Magnetic semiconductors

  • Contribution to proceedings
    12th International Conference on the Formation of Semiconductor Interfaces (ICFSI-12), 05.-10.07.2009, Weimar, Germany
  • Physica Status Solidi (C) 7(2010)2, 334-337

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13082
Publ.-Id: 13082


Paramagnetic Mn-implanted amorphous Si

Xu, Q.; Zhou, S.; Schmidt, B.; Mücklich, A.; Schmidt, H.

Different fluences of Mn ions have been implanted into 200 nm thick, n-type conducting amorphous Si films on a cold stage cooled by liquid N2 with a Mn concentration in MnxSi1-x ranging from x=0.0006 to 0.088. Magnetic measurements reveal paramagnetism in all the films at temperatures down to 2 K. The field dependent magnetization curves were well fitted by Brillouin functions, indicating that the magnetically active Mn ions are on MnI 2+ interstitial sites with J=5/2. Only a small percentage of the implanted Mn ions contribute to the magnetization, indicating that the magnetic moments are quenched for most of the Mn ions, which was attributed to the nonuniform distribution of Mn ions in amorphous Si. Positive magnetoresistance due to ordinary magnetoresistance was observed at 5 K in the highest fluence Mn implanted amorphous Si film, indicating the lack of magnetic scattering of the conducting electrons by the implanted Mn2+ ions.

Keywords: diluted magnetic semiconductor; implantation; paramagnetism; magnetoresistance

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13081
Publ.-Id: 13081


Micro-Hall effect probes for applications at pulsed magnetic fields above 75 T

Mironov, O. A.; Palewski, T.; Zherlitsyn, S.; Uhlarz, M.; Skourski, Y.; Wosnitza, J.

Microminiature Hall probes (MHP) may be used as magnetic field transducers, with virtually no change of sensitivity with temperature, for applications at room and cryogenic temperatures. The probes have a nominal active sensing area of 90x90 µm and are based on Sn-doped n-InSb/i-GaAs MBE-grown heterostructures. Previously MHPs were intensively tested [1] and shown to be appropriate for various applications in the temperature range 50 mK- 300 K and in pulsed magnetic fields up to 52 T (of 120 ms pulse duration). The latest probes, with overall dimensions of 150x750 µm, are the smallest encapsulated Hall probes currently available and can be placed in areas not previously accessible to commercial packaged sensors. The new MHP modification has recently been tested in pulsed magnetic fields above 75 T using a new 9 MJ dual-coil magnet designed and fabricated at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The inner coil, having a bore of 20 mm, produced a 10 ms pulse on top of the 30 T background field from the outer coil of 100 ms duration. Tests over the range 300 K to 78 K yielded a remarkably linear Hall voltage up to 76.7 T, with a temperature independent sensitivity of 2.3 µV/mT (at an input current of 5 mA). The Hall-device input resistance was less than 0.4 ohms and < 1.5 ohms including the 80 mm long MHP copper wires.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13080
Publ.-Id: 13080


Optimization of large multiple coil systems for pulsed magnets

Perenboom, J. A. A. J.; Frings, P.; Béard, J.; Bansal, B.; Herlach, F.; Peng, T.; Zherlitsyn, S.

The generation of pulsed magnetic fields is limited by the Lorentz force on the conductor and by ohmic heating. A large coil can give higher field (and/or longer pulse duration), but for a single coil this may require high power that cannot be supplied by a feasible source. Power can be kept within acceptable limits by using a system of multiple coils. Pulsed field coils can be energized either by a pulsed power supply or a pulsed energy source. The energy or power supplies tend to be the most expensive part of the installation and a combination of high power and high energy is extremely expensive. In a multi-coil system , the increased design freedom allows to optimize the strength, pulse duration and heating of the coil, and to optimize the selection of materials and power supplies; one can so also minimize damage in case of coil failure. Because of the increased number of parameters, systematic insight into their mutual dependence is helpful in order to converge to an optimized design. Since the local optima are relatively weak, for the final design any standard method of pulsed coil design can be used. In this paper we will discuss strategies to determine the optimum choice for the design of inner- and outer-coil and how to optimize their design in relation to the supply type used. In particular, we will consider energy-limited capacitor banks and power-limited supplies. The approach will use scaling arguments and modeling tools as the PMDS package originally developed in Leuven. Optimization of coil systems is demonstrated with practical examples, such as the successful 87 T pulsed dual coil system in Dresden, and the design of the future ‘ARMS’ successor in Toulouse

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13079
Publ.-Id: 13079


Temperatur Dependence of the Upper Critical Field of Superconducting Eu0.5K0.5Fe2As2

Weickert, F.; Hirale, J. S.; Gegenwart, P.

The discovery of superconductivity (SC) in FeAs-layered systems has triggered enormous activities on this field of solid state physics. Up to now a variety of compounds based on the two families RFeOAs (R = rare-earth element) and AFe2As2 (A = Ba, Sr, ...) were found with transition temperatures up to 57 K. A main feature of these compounds is, that SC occurs in close proximity to magnetic order, which suggests, that magnetic fluctuations play a crucial role in the formation of the superconducting ground state. In the system EuFe2As2 even two different types of magnetic order have been found. At 190 K a Fe spin density wave (SDW) forms, which is accompanied by a structural phase-transition. Below 19 K a second magnetic phase transition is observed, where Eu2+-irons order antiferromagnetically. Band structure calculation suggest, that both magnetic lattices are predominantly decoupled. A detailed study of Eu1-xKxFe2As2 indicates the complete suppression of the SDW order for x = 0.5 and the simultaneous development of SC below 32 K. In the contribution, we present magnetoresistance measurements carried out at the Hochfeldmagnetlabor Dresden on polycrystalline samples of Eu0.5K0.5Fe2As2 in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. We could determine the complete temperature dependence of the upper critical field Hc2(T), at temperatures down to 1.5 K. The initial slope µ0dHc2/dT in the proximity of Tc(H = 0) varies between -1.60 T/K (0.1 Rn) and -1.75 T/K (0.9 Rn), dependent on the used criterion, and is rather small compared to other pnictides of the same family. A comparison of our results with the Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg (WHH) model indicates that the upper critical field in Eu0.5K0.5Fe2As2 is not Pauli limited. Moreover, the experimentally estimated critical field µ0Hc2(T → 0) of 45 T is significant higher than the value of 38 T expected for orbital limiting in the WHH model.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13078
Publ.-Id: 13078


Probing magneto-transport properties of carbon nanostructures in pulsed magnetic fields

Jhang, S.; Marganska, M.; Schmidmeier, S.; Skourski, Y.; Preusche, D.; Eroms, J.; Grifoni, M.; Strunk, C.

We present the magnetoconductance of carbon nanostructures (including carbon nanotubes, graphene and graphene nanoribbons) in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 Tesla. Applying a magnetic field to such systems provides an efficient tool to investigate the band structure near the charge neutrality point. From the study of magnetoconductance in carbon nanotubes, we show how axial magnetic field as well as curvature, spin-orbint coupling, and Zeeman splitting modify the bandstructure of carbon nanotubes. Preliminary results on graphene and graphene nanoribbons are also reported, and technical issues to measure magnetoconductance of nanostructures in pulsed magnet facility are discussed.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13077
Publ.-Id: 13077


Evidence for a metamagnetic transition in the heavy fermion system CeTiGe

Deppe, M.; Skourski, Y.; Caroca-Canales, N.; Geibel, C.; Sereni, J. G.

Systems located close to a quantum critical point are of high interest, because low lying quantum fluctuations (QF’s) can lead to new physical phenomena. The compound CeTiGe crystallizes in the CeFeSi structure type, which presents some (2D) character enhancing QF’s. Our first detailed investigations of Cp(T), Chi(T), and rho(T) at low temperatures for CeTiGe indicate that it is a new paramagnetic heavy fermion system with an enhanced Sommerfeld - coefficient gamma0 ≈ 0.3 J/(K2mol). Further analyses using the Coqblin-Schrieffer (CS) model showed that the whole J = 5/2 multiplet is involved in the formation of the ground state. The CS - model predicts a broad s-shaped magnetization at high fields and to study this we extended our investigation to measurements under high magnetic field. Here we present the results of magnetization measurements M vs. B in fields up to 14 T performed in a commercial Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS®) and additional data obtained in pulsed high fields up to 60 T performed at the Dresden high magnetic field laboratory (HLD). Instead of the expected behavior these measurements revealed a steplike metamagnetic transition (MMT) at a critical field of μ0Hc ≈ 12.5 T of the size ΔM ~ 0.74 μB/Ce for T = 1.4 K. Thus CeTiGe is the second paramagnetic Ce - based Kondo lattice besides CeRu2Si2 showing a clear MMT below 20 T. In contrast to CeRu2Si2, CeTiGe shows a hysteresis at the MMT. We shall further present the effect of substitution La for Ce on this metamagnetic transition.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13076
Publ.-Id: 13076


Nitrocarburizing of AISI-304 stainless steel using high-voltage plasma immersion ion implantation

Abd El-Rahman, A. M.; Mohamed, S. H.; Ahmed, M. R.; Richter, E.; Prokert, F.

AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel has been nitrocarburized in N-2 and C2H2 ambient using high-voltage plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) technology. The use of different PIII treatment times revealed important hints with respect to the microstructural, mechanical and corrosion properties of the nitrocarburized layer. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) shows the presence of nitride (gamma(N) and CrN) and carbide (gamma(c) and Fe3C) phases. Glow discharge optical spectroscopy (GDOS) has been used to characterize the elemental depth profiles in which the thickness of the modified layers is derived. Dynamic microindentation method is used for the study of mechanical performance of the nitrocarburized layer as well as the untreated material. The microhardness has been increased to a maximum value of more than nine times compared to that of the untreated one. The corrosion performance is characterized by potentiodynamic polarization technique and was found to be t! reatment time dependent.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13075
Publ.-Id: 13075


Stoichiometric MgB2 layers produced by multi-energy implantation of boron into magnesium

Werner, Z.; Szymczyk, W.; Piekoszewski, J.; Seah, M. P.; Ratajczak, R.; Nowicki, L.; Barlak, M.; Richter, E.

Ion implantation manufacture of superconducting magnesium diboride films of the MgB2 stoichiometry (B: Mg = 2:1 composition) by boron implantation in Mg wafers requires a precise knowledge of the implantation process properties, in particular of the partial sputtering yields of Mg atoms by B ions. To verify these yields experimentally we deposited thin Mg films on glassy carbon platelets and implanted them with high fluences of 40, 60, and 80 keV B+ ions. He-backscattering (RBS) spectrometry was used to determine before- and after-implantation depth profiles of Mg and B. The sputtering yields turned out to be small enough (<0.1 atoms per ion) to neglect sputtering in simulations of the implanted profiles. The results of the simulations have been compared to RBS spectra recorded on samples treated with 3 energies/fluencies optimised for a wide plateau of the B:Mg = 2:1 stoichiometric composition.

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13074
Publ.-Id: 13074


Upper critical field measurements up to 60 T in arsenic-deficient LaO0.9F0.1 Fe As: Pauli limiting at high fields vs. improved superconductivity at low fields

Fuchs, G.; Drechsler, S.-L.; Kozlova, N.; Bartkowiak, M.; Wosnitza, J.; Behr, G.; Nenkov, K.; Klaus, H.-H.; Büchner, B.; Schultz, L.

We report resistivity, Hall and upper critical field Bc2(T) data for arsenic deficient LaO0.9F0.1 FeAs1-δ in a wide temperature and high field range up to 60 T. These disordered samples exhibit a slightly enhanced transition temperature of Tc = 29.0 K and a significantly enlarge slope dBc2/dT = –5.4 T/K near Tc. The high-field Bc2(T) data obtained from resistance measurements in pulsed magnetic fields follow up to about 30 T the WHH (Werthamer-Helfand-Hohenberg) curve for the orbital limited upper critical field, but show a clear flattening above 30 T. This flattening is interpreted as the onset of Pauli-limited behavior with Bc2(0) ~ 63 to 68 T. We compare our results with Bc2(T) data reported in the literature for clean and disordered samples. Whereas clean samples show no Pauli-limiting behavior for fields below 60 to 70 T as measured so far, the hitherto unexplained flattening of Bc2(T) for applied fields H||ab observed for several disordered closely related systems as Co-doped BaFe2As2 or (Ba,K)Fe2As2 (obtained from a Sn-flux) is interpreted as a manifestation of Pauli-limiting behavior. The corresponding enhanced Maki parameters point to significant paramagnetic effects in these disordered FeAs-based superconductors. Consequences of our results are discussed in terms of disorder effects within the frame of conventional and unconventional superconductivity. The enhancement of the upper critical field slope near Tc by strong disorder provides evidence for an important attractive intraband contribution to s-wave pairing of Cooper pairs in disordered Fe pnictides at relatively high transition temperatures.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13073
Publ.-Id: 13073


Magnetic properties of ZnO nanopowders

Xu, Q.; Zhou, S.; Schmidt, H.

We report the magnetic characterization of ZnO nanopowders with an average grain size of about 50 nm prepared by sol-gel method. At room temperature, ZnO nanopowders exhibit diamagnetism like bulk ZnO. However, strong paramagnetism was observed at 4 K. With increasing temperature, ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition happens at around 90 K. Paramagnetism changes to diamagnetism at around 100 K, which is due to the competition between the paramagnetism from defects and diamagnetism from the bulk ZnO. Our work clearly demonstrates that the interaction betweeen the defects is short-range. Thus the interaction between the defects is weak due to low defect concentration. It is suggested that a high defect concentration is needed for room temperature ferromagnetism.

Keywords: Diluted magnetic semiconductor; ZnO; Magnetism; Defect

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13072
Publ.-Id: 13072


Charge Transport and Magnetotransport Properties of Polyimide Irradiated by 80 keV Co Ions

Chen, T.; Yao, S.; Hua, W.; Fa, T.; Li, L.; Zhou, S.

Charge transport properties of polyimide films implanted with 80 keV Co ions at two different fluences (series I: 1.25 x 10(17) ions/cm(2), series II: 1.75 x 10(17) ions/cm(2)) are studied in detail. For series I, the temperature dependence of surface resistivity fits Mott's equation very well. It is on the insulating side of the insulator-metal transition (IMT). However, for series II, the temperature dependence of surface resistivity is not in agreement with Mott's equation. It is on the metallic side of IMT. The magnetotransport properties of these two series are also studied. No significant magnetoresistive effect is observed for series I at both 5K and 300 K. For series II, an obvious magnetoresistive effect is observed at 5K, while there is no magnetoresistive effect at 300 K. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is applied to confirm the actual fluence for these two series.

  • Chinese Physics Letters 26(2009), 087201

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13071
Publ.-Id: 13071


Modification of the electrical properties of polyimide by irradiation with 80 keV Xe ions

Chen, T.; Yao, S.; Wang, K.; Wang, H.; Zhou, S.

We modify the electrical properties of polyimide (PI) films by irradiation with 80 keV Xe ions. The surface resistivity of irradiated PI film at room temperature decreases remarkably from 1.2 x 10(14) Omega/square for virgin PI film to 3.15 x 10(6) Omega/square for PI film irradiated by 5.0 x 10(16) ions/cm(2), and the temperature dependence of the resistivity of the treated films is well-fit using Mott's Equation. The irradiated PI film structure is studied using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry. The concentration of O in the irradiated layer decreases with increasing fluence, while the variation of N concentration is negligible. Graphite-like carbon-rich phases are created in the irradiated layers, leading to the modification of the electrical properties. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Ion implantation; Polyimide; Electrical properties

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13070
Publ.-Id: 13070


Dose effect curve for in vitro cell irradiations with laser accelerated electrons

Karsch, L.; Beyreuther, E.; Enghardt, W.; Kaluza, M.; Laschinsky, L.; Lessmann, E.; Naumburger, D.; Nicolai, M.; Pawelke, J.; Richter, C.; Sauerbrey, R.; Schlenvoigt, H.; Baumann, M.

Fragestellungen: Die neue Technologie der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung verspricht die Realisierung von kompakten und ökonomisch effektiven Therapieanlagen. Die dabei zur Anwendung kommenden Hochintensitätslaser führen, verglichen mit den heute in der Strahlentherapie eingesetzten Beschleunigern, zu viel kürzeren Teilchenpulsen mit geringerer Wiederholfrequenz, aber viel größerer Pulsdosisleistung. Vor einem klinischen Einsatz der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung müssen deshalb die Konsequenzen bezüglich dosimetrischer Erfassung und Strahlenwirkung auf menschliches Gewebe untersucht werden. Im Beitrag werden die weltweit ersten systematischen Zellbestrahlungen mit Laser beschleunigten Elektronen vorgestellt und die Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Methodik: Die Experimente wurden am Lasersystem JETI in Jena durchgeführt.
Das Lasersystem, bisher nur für physikalische Einzelschussexperimente benutzt, wurde für die Durchführung von Routine-Zellbestrahlungen angepasst und ein geeignetes Dosimetriesystem für die ultrakurz gepulsten Elektronen mit einer Energie bis zu 20 MeV entwickelt. Über einen Zeitraum von mehreren Monaten wurden Zellen von je zwei humanen Normal- und Tumorgeweben bestrahlt. Zur Erfassung der Strahlenwirkung wurden die residuellen Doppelstrangbrüche (24 h nach Bestrahlung) und der Anteil des klonogenen Zellüberlebens bestimmt. Der Effekt jeder applizierten Dosis wurde zunächst durch Bestrahlung mehrerer Zellproben an einem Tag doppelt bestimmt und jede Dosis-Effekt-Kurve an zwei weiteren Tagen wiederholt. Parallel dazu wurden Referenzbestrahlungen mit kontinuierlicher 200 kV Röntgenstrahlung durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Auf dem Weg zur klinischen Anwendung der Laserteilchenbeschleunigung sind die erfolgreichen systematischen in vitro Zellbestrahlungen ein erster wichtiger Schritt. Obwohl die hohen Anforderungen für Patientenbestrahlung noch nicht vollständig erfüllt sind, wurde über mehrere Wochen ein für Zellbestrahlungen ausreichend stabiler, reproduzierbarer Elektronenstrahl erzeugt. Die dosimetrische Überwachung erlaubte eine kontrollierte Bestrahlung der Zellen mit einer vorgegebenen Dosis. Für alle vier Zelllinien wird eine deutlich niedrigere biologische Wirksamkeit der ultrakurz gepulsten, Laser beschleunigten Elektronenstrahlen nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse der beiden biologischen Endpunkte sind dabei konsistent.
Schlussfolgerungen: Gegenwärtige Experimente untersuchen die Ursache der reduzierten Strahlenwirkung für Laser beschleunigte Elektronen. Erste Ergebnisse zum Einfluss der Pulsdosisleistung, der mittleren Dosisleistung und dem Energiespektrum werden vorgestellt.
Die Arbeit wird gefördert durch das BMBF 03ZIK445.

  • Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 185(2009)(Suppl. 1), 158
  • Poster
    DEGRO 2009 15. Jahreskongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie, 11.-14.06.2009, Bremen, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13069
Publ.-Id: 13069


Magnetic-field dependence of the T*-anomaly in quasi-2D organic superconductors

Brandenburg, J.; Müller, J.; Das, P.; Lang, M.; Weickert, F.; Bartkowiak, M.; Wosnitza, J.

The family of quasi-2D superconductors kappa–(BEDT–TTF)2X are model systems for strongly correlated low–dimensional metals. Recently, the unusual normal–conducting state — characterized by a line of anomalies T* (in the order of 40 K) — has attracted considerable attention: a ”pseudo-gap”behavior in analogy to the high-Tc cuprates, a crossover from an incoherent ”bad” metal to a coherent Fermi–liquid regime, and a density–wave–type phase transition have been suggested as possible scenarios. To investigate the possibility of a magnetic origin we carried out detailed transport measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 60 T. For two different compounds, X = Cu[N(CN)2 ]Br and Cu(NCS)2 , we observed a maximum in the relative magnetoresistance change right around T* . This indicates the significance of magnetic degrees of freedom which are coupled to the transport properties. Also, for the first time we were able to determine the magnetic–field dependence of T* showing a small negative shift with increasing field. We discuss the implications of our experimental data for possible models explaining the anomalous normal–conducting state.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13068
Publ.-Id: 13068


Theory of Unusual Superconducting Phase Transitions in Heavy Fermion Metals at High Magnetic Fields

Maniv, T.; Zhuravlev, V.; Wosnitza, J.

The large effective masses characterizing heavy-fermion metals enable, at sufficiently high magnetic fields and low temperatures, paramagnetically-driven first-order superconducting (SC) phase transitions, as well as phase transitions to non-uniform SC states with spatially modulated order parameters along the field direction. Here, we present a non-perturbative theory of these phase transitions, which reliably determines the stable SC phases, treats properly the corresponding finite jumps of the order parameter, and can account for various unusual features reported recently for some heavy-fermion superconductors. It is found that for quasi-2D heavy-fermion metals, such as CeCoIn5, at high magnetic fields oriented perpendicular to the highly conducting planes, the compensation effect of the Fulde-Ferrel (FF) modulation is too weak to prevent a first-order phase transition from the normal to the uniform SC state. No modulated FF phase can be therefore stabilized at fields below Hc2 in this material. The calculated thermodynamic properties are in good quantitative agreement with the experimentally derived phase diagram [1] and the sharp additional damping of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations observed at Hc2 in CeCoIn5 [2]. For 3D heavy-fermion metals, such as URu2Si2, the FF modulation stabilizes, under a decreasing magnetic field, a non-uniform SC state via a second-order phase transition from the normal state. However, at a slightly lower field the modulated phase becomes unstable, transforming to a uniform SC state via a first-order transition. The sharp onset of the SC order parameter calculated for this double-stage scenario of the SC transition, including fluctuation effect, is found to be in good agreement with dHvA results in the SC state of URu2Si2 [3].

  • Lecture (Conference)
    RHMF 09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13067
Publ.-Id: 13067


Violation of critical universality at the antiferromagnetic phase transition of YbRh2Si2

Krellner, C.; Hartman, S.; Pikul, A. P.; Oeschler, N.; Klingner, C.; Donath, J. G.; Geibel, C.; Steglich, F.; Wosnitza, J.

In recent years,....

  • Poster
    Quantum Critically & Novel Phases 2009, 02.-05.08.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13066
Publ.-Id: 13066


Stand der experimentellen Arbeiten im Rahmen des TOPFLOW-PTS Projektes

Beyer, M.; Schleicher, E.; Pietruske, H.; Hampel, U.; Weiß, F.-P.

Ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Aufgabenstellung und eines kompakten Überblicks über die TOPFLOW Versuchsanlage wird im Vortrag auf die in den Jahren 2006 bis 2009 realisierten Arbeitsschwerpunkte eingegangen. Detailliert werden die notwendigen anlagentechnischen Erweiterungen im Bereich des TOPFLOW Drucktankes sowie die Konstruktion und der Aufbau der Testsektion beschrieben. Des Weiteren enthält der Vortrag ausführliche Informationen zur Spezialmesstechnik und zur Versuchsmatrix. Eine Zusammenfassung der gegenwärtigen Arbeitsaufgaben und ein Ausblick schließen den Vortrag ab.

Keywords: PTS; pressurized thermal shock; TOPFLOW facility; pressure equilibrium; wire mesh sensor; heat flux prob

  • Lecture (others)
    Steering Committee Meeting on R&D Cooperation between FZD and AREVA NP GmbH, 07.09.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13065
Publ.-Id: 13065


Stand der experimentellen Arbeiten im Rahmen des TOPFLOW-II Projektes

Beyer, M.; Fischer, F.; Danciu, D. V.; Seidel, T.; Schütz, P.; Pietruske, H.; Lucas, D.; Weiß, F.-P.

Ausgehend von einer Darstellung der versuchstechnischen Aufgaben und einem kurzen Überblick über die TOPFLOW Anlage wird der aktuelle Stand der Arbeiten zum Projekt erläutert. Insbesondere in den Bereichen Kondensations- und Verdampfungsexperimente sowie zur schnellen Röntgentomographie werden die 2008 und 2009 durchgeführten Arbeiten detailliert beschrieben. Zu den Experimenten mit Phasenübergang an freien Oberflächen wird auf die Designphase des Testbassins und die in den vergangenen Jahren durchgeführten kleinskaligen Versuche zum impinging jet eingegangen. Eine Zusammenfassung und ein Ausblick auf die zukünftigen Arbeitsaufgaben schließen den Vortrag ab.

Keywords: condensation; evaporation; vertical tube; condensation on free surfaces; impinging jet; bubble entrainment; wire mesh sensor; CFD validation; TOPFLOW facility

  • Lecture (others)
    CFD im Containment / CFD für Zweiphasenströmungen (Meilstein-Workshop Sommer 2009), 29.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13064
Publ.-Id: 13064


Spraying spin coating silanization at room temperature of a SiO2 surface for silicon-based integrated light emitters

Cherkouk, C.; Rebohle, L.; Skorupa, W.; Strache, T.; Reuther, H.; Helm, M.

A new silanization method for SiO2 surfaces has been developed for Si-based light emitters which are intended to serve as light sources in smart biosensors relying on fluorescence analysis. This method uses a special silanization chamber and is based on spraying and spin coating (SSC) in nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 10 min. It avoids processes like sonication and the use of certain chemicals being harmful to integrated light emitters. The surface of a SiO2 layer serving as a passivation layer for the light emitters was hydrolyzed to silanols using an in situ-hybridization chamber and catalyzed with MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfone acid hydrate) buffer solution. Subsequently, the substrates were silanized with the SSC method using two coupling agents as (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APMS), and N0-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyl)-diethylenetriamine (triamino-APMS). The structure of the SiO2 surface, the APMS and the triamino-APMS layers was controlled and characterized
by Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show a covalent binding of the silane coupling agents on the surface. Atomic force microscopy was used to investigate the roughness of the surface. The silanized samples exhibit smooth and densely covered surfaces. Finally, the suitability of the SSC method was verified on real light emitters.

Keywords: Si-based light emission; Estrogen; Biosensors; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Atomic force microscopy; APMS; Silanol; Silanization

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13063
Publ.-Id: 13063


Physical limitations of the electroluminescence mechanism in Terbium-based light emitters: Matrix and layer thickness dependence

Rebohle, L.; Lehmann, J.; Prucnal, S.; Sunb, J. M.; Helm, M.; Skorupa, W.

The physical limits of downscaling the SiO2 thickness of rare earth implanted metal-oxynitride-oxide-semiconductor based light-emitters are explored by investigating the drop down of the electroluminescence power efficiency with decreasing SiO2 thickness of Tb-implanted devices. It will be experimentally shown that there is a dark zone with an extension of about 20 nm behind the injecting interface in which the hot electrons have not yet gained enough kinetic energy in order to excite the Tb3+ luminescence centers. In addition, replacing the host matrix SiO2 by SiON results in a decrease of power efficiency by two orders of magnitude which is consistent with experimental data about the hot energy distribution in these media.

Keywords: electroluminescence; rare earth; SiO2; MOS; Terbium

  • Applied Physics B 98(2010)2, 439

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13061
Publ.-Id: 13061


In situ Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of Pt(II/IV) Oxidation in Aqueous Solution Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Takao, K.; Takao, S.; Scheinost, A. C.; Bernhard, G.; Hennig, C.

The oxidation from PtIICl42− to PtIVCl62− in HCl aq. was studied in situ by combining electrochemistry with XAFS spectroscopy. During the oxidation of PtIICl42−, isosbestic points were observed in Pt LIII and LII XANES spectra as a function of time, indicating that the Pt(II/IV) redox equilibrium is the only reaction in the system. The Pt LIII and LII X-ray absorption edge energies of the initial PtIICl42− are 11562.9 and 13271.8 eV, respectively, while those of the electrolyzed species are 11564.6 and 13273.7 eV which are identical with those of a PtIVCl62– reference sample. The coordination of the electrolyzed species was characterized by structural parameters derived from the EXAFS curve fit, and identified to PtIVCl62–.

Keywords: XAFS; Spectroelectrochemistry; Platinum(II/IV); Redox; Molecular Structure

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13060
Publ.-Id: 13060


Vanadium:Silicon - an ion-beam generated diluted magnetic semiconductor? Vanadium diffusion and concentration predictions in Silicon

Thieme, M. B.; Gemming, S.; Potzger, K.

The generation of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) by ion-beam implantation of magnetic centres into semiconducting materials has experienced renewed interest since the generation of magnetic thin films from the Cobalt-doped wide-gap semiconductor TiO2. Since the magnitude of the magnetic moment in such films is strongly varying and since the implementation in a standard, Silicon-based semiconductor device is challenging, we have concentrated on the binary and fully integrable system Vanadium:Silicon. Vanadium form several binary compounds in Silicon at higher doping concentrations; the most well characterised structures have the compositions V:Si= 3:1, 5:3, 6:5, 1:2, and bear the potential to exhibit magnetism. At higher dilution, Vanadium may form point defects in the crystalline Silicon host matrix. Here, we investigate different combinations of substitutional and interstitial vanadium atoms in crystal matrix as well as its diffusion. Spin dependent density functional band-structure calculations with the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW)-method (with Abinit, VASP) in LDA and GGA have been carried out to investigate magnetism for all configurations. For special structures also the all-electron full-potential local-orbitals (FPLO)-method (with FPLO) have been used, to confirm the magnetic properties. At the same time first experiments (RBS, XRD, SQUID) have been arranged to support the simulations.

  • Lecture (Conference)
    23rd Nordic Semiconductor meeting, 14.-17.06.2009, Reykjavik, Iceland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13059
Publ.-Id: 13059


Magnetostriction and Thermal Expansion on the quantum spin system Azurite

Wolff-Fabris, F.; Francoual, S.; Zapf, V.; Jaime, M.; Lacerda, A.

Azurite is a natural mineral with a chemical structure Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2. This compound has been proposed as a model substance for the 1D distorted diamond chain where a frustrated triangular quantum magnet consisting of Cu S=1/2 atoms arranged alternately to form infinite chains along the b axis. The magnetic behavior of this compound reflects the existence of both monomers and dimers made of S = 1/2 Cu. A magnetization plateau at 1/3 of the saturization magnetization is observed in M vs H measurements between 11 and 30 T due to saturization of the monomers. For fields above the plateau, the magnetic field energy exceeds the dimer bonding and thus the dimers cant and then align with the field. The magnetic structure and the detailed phase diagram in temperature and field are largely unknown or controversial. A recent report [1] in the specific heat behavior suggests a more complicated structure than previously thought. In addition, recent ultrasound measurements [2] indicate significant magnetoelastic coupling must be taken into account. We have acquired interesting results on magnetic torque, magnetostriction and thermal expansion. We have demonstrated that significant, anisotropic magnetostriction is evidenced in azurite, giving us an indication of the magnetically induced structural distortions.

  • Poster
    RHMF09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland
  • Poster
    Perspectives in Highly Frustrated Magnetism (PHMF10), 19.-23.04.2010, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13058
Publ.-Id: 13058


Spin Dynamics in the Model Spin-ladder Compound (C5H12N)2CuBr4 Probed with ESR

Zvyagin, S.

In first part of my presentation I will talk about recent development of the high-fi eld electron spin resonance (ESR) facility at the Dresden High Magnetic Field Laboratory. The unique feature of the facility is a combination of the free electron laser (1.2 – 75 THz) and pulsed (up to 65 T) magnetic fields. In the low-frequency range the FEL facility is complemented by conventional radiation sources allowing for ESR experiments down to 30 GHz. In second part of my talk I will present results of ESR studies of the spin-ladder compound (C5H12N)2CuBr4 (known as BPCB). Angular, temperature dependences, as well as the frequency-fi eld diagram of magnetic excitations have been studied in detail. The energy gap in center of the Brillouin zone (16.46 K), was observed directly, confirming the presence of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. A small (~140 mK) splitting between the gapped modes can be accounted by a weak interladder coupling. In addition, the temperature evolution of the ESR excitation spectrum revealed a highly unusual behavior, whose peculiarities are discussed.

  • Invited lecture (Conferences)
    RHMF09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13057
Publ.-Id: 13057


High-field magnetization of Er2(Co0.4Fe0.6)17

Skourski, Y.; Andreev, A. V.; Kuz´Min, M. D.; Wosnitza, J.

The quasibinary intermetallic compound Er2(Co0.4Fe0.6)17 (hexagonal Th2Ni17-type structure) is a ferrimagnet with TC = 1170 K and Ms = 21 μB/f.u. The magnetic anisotropy is of easy-axis type at low temperatures, changing to an easy-plane anisotropy near room temperature. In the present work, the magnetization was measured in fields up to 60 T along the easy c axis. A first-order transition was observed at 47 T with a magnetization jump of 9 μB/f.u. Er2(Co0.4Fe0.6)17 is an ideal model system for high-field experiments since the observed transition admits an unambiguous quantitative interpretation. This is because the compound also undergoes a first-order magnetization process at 1.5 T enabling an independent direct determination of the anisotropy constants. A further advantage is the smallness of the 3d contribution to the anisotropy, which can be neglected altogether. With these parameters the observed high-field magnetization curve was successfully modeled.

  • Poster
    ICM09 (International Conference on Magnetism 2009), 26.-31.07.2009, Karlsruhe, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13056
Publ.-Id: 13056


Ultrasonic investigation of the quasi-2D quantum antiferromagnet Cs2CuCl4

Zherlitsyn, S.; Sytcheva, A.; Wosnitza, J.; Zvyagin, A. A.; Chiatti, O.; Coldea, R.

We report results of sound-velocity and sound-attenuation measurements in the triangularlattice quasi-two-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnet (AFM) Cs2CuCl4 (TN = 0.6 K) in magnetic fields up to 18 T applied along the a axis. The possibility for a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons in the AFM phase and a proximity to the spin liquid state at low temperatures beyond the AFM phase has been suggested for this compound. The longitudinal acoustic c11 mode shows pronounced anomalies in sound velocity and sound attenuation at low temperatures and in applied magnetic field. Below 1.5 K, this mode demonstrates a softening with increasing field, followed by an increase of the sound velocity close to the saturation field, Bs approx 8.5 T. The ultrasonic results are analyzed with a theory based on exchange-striction coupling. There is good qualitative agreement between theoretical results and experiment.

  • Poster
    ICM 09 (International Conference on Magnetism), 26.-31.07.2009, Karlsruhe, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13055
Publ.-Id: 13055


Multiband superconductivity in YNi2B2C single crystals studied by use of specific-heat measurements

Bekkali, A.; Wosnitza, J.; Uhlarz, M.; Beyer, R.; Schneider, M.; Behr, G.; Drechsler, S.-L.; Fuchs, G.

We present new specific-heat data for two different YNi2B2C single crystals grown by a zone-melting method. The two samples (Tc,A = 15.26(4)K, Tc,B = 15.6(1) K) were studied in magnetic fields up to B = 9 T in the temperature range from T = 0.35 . . . 20 K, using both a relaxation and a heat-pulse method. In the superconducting state (B = 0) we find an uncommon dependence of the electronic contribution to the specific heat, Cel(T), strengthening the assumption of a multiband nature of the superconducting state of YNi2B2C. A quantitative analysis of Cel(T) evidences multiple electronic contributions from electrons with very different electron-phonon coupling strengths, thus exhibiting several different superconducting energy gaps Δ(T,B = 0). This feature is in agreement with recent de Haas–van Alphen results [1] and point-contact spectroscopy data [2].

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13054
Publ.-Id: 13054


High-field properties of spin-1/2 frustrated square lattice compounds

Tsirlin, A.; Schmidt, B.; Skourski, Y.; Nath, R.; Weickert, F.; Geibel, C.; Rosner, H.

Quantum spin systems present a broad range of exotic phenomena upon the application of external magnetic field. High-field properties of numerous low-dimensional Heisenberg models are actively studied theoretically, but still poorly understood experimentally due to the lack of proper materials with feasible saturation fields. Recently, we proposed a bundle of vanadium compounds that show the physics of spin-1/2 frustrated square lattice model at the energy scale of 5–10 K. In this contribution, we present experimental results for high-field properties of these materials.
Magnetization curves of five frustrated square lattice compounds were recorded in either static or pulsed magnetic fields. Most of the compounds show the saturation at 15–25 T and present the ideal energy scale for high-field studies. The values of the saturation fields are in remarkable agreement with the previous estimates of individual exchange couplings, based on thermodynamic measurements in low fields. The consistency of the low-field and high-field results confirms the interpretation of the materials within the frustrated square lattice model, despite the actual crystal symmetry is low, and numerous non-equivalent exchange couplings are possible. The change of the frustration ratio within the same compound family enables to study the change of the magnetization curve as the frustration is enhanced. We show that the increase of the frustration ratio leads to the enhanced bending of the magnetization curve. This result agrees with the recent theoretical study of the model [1] and is further supported by the direct comparison of the experimental magnetization curves and simulations for finite-size clusters.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research on Hihg Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13053
Publ.-Id: 13053


Deviations from the conventional BCS behavior in the penetration depth of LuNi2B2C films at terahertz frequencies

Fischer, T.; Pronin, A. V.; Wosnitza, J.; Lobo, R. P. S. M.; Niemeyer, T.; Holzapfel, B.

We have measured the temperature and frequency-dependant transmission and phase shift through LuNi2B2C thin films on MgO substrates at terahertz frequencies. From the measured data, we could accurately determine the complex dielectric constant, epsilon, the complex optical conductivity, sigma, and the penetration depth, lambda. Comparing our measured results with theory, we find strong deviations from the standard one-band BCS predictions. These deviations can be attributed to the multiband nature of the superconducting state in LuNi2B2C.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research on High Magnetic Fields 2009), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13052
Publ.-Id: 13052


NMR in pulsed magnetic fields

Meier, B.; Haase, J.; Braun, M.; Bartkowiak, M.; Herrmannsdörfer, T.; Wosnitza, J.

The first observation of NMR in the pulsed high magnetic field at the Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden (HLD), Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) is reported. The new spectrometer that operates at up to 3:0 GHz is described, as well as its implementation in the pulsed field facility. Free induction decays and spin echo experiments on 1H and 63,65Cu will be described and discussed in terms of sensitivity and resolution.

  • Poster
    RHMF 09 (Research in High Magnetic Fields), 22.-25.07.2009, Dresden, Deutschland

Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-13051
Publ.-Id: 13051


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