"Impatient" scientists: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
for the determination of long-lived radionuclides

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Introduction

In autumn 2011 the Ion Beam Center of HZDR has expanded its measurement capability by another highly-sensitive analytical method, accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), which is used for the determination of long-lived radionuclides.

In contrast to ordinary decay counting, the "impatient" scientists do not wait for the disintegration of a radioactive nucleus. In fact, they determine the not-yet-decayed radionuclides by mass spectrometry, which is much more efficient.

There is a main advantage of using a high-energy accelerator for mass spectrometry: The background and interfering signals, resulting from molecular ions and ions with similar masses e.g. isobars, are nearly completely eliminated. Thus, AMS generally provides much lower detection limits in comparison to conventional mass spectrometry. Our AMS system offers excellent measurement capabilities also for external users.

In contrary to common low-energy AMS facilities in Germany and Europe, which have mainly specialized in radiocarbon analyses (¹⁴C), the HZDR-AMS was the first modern-type facility in the EU that runs at a terminal voltage of 6 MV. Maximum stability is guaranteed by producing the high-voltage of the accelerator by a high-frequency cascade generator.

The benefits from using AMS for radiation protection, nuclear safety, nuclear waste, radioecology, phytology, nutrition, toxicology, and pharmacology research are obvious and manifold: Smaller sample sizes, easier and faster sample preparation, higher sample throughput and the redundancy for radiochemistry laboratories will largely reduce costs. Lower detection limits widen applications to shorter and longer time-scales and to sample types that could never be investigated before. Especially in environmental and geosciences, the determination of long-lived cosmogenic radionuclides like 10Be, 26Al, and 36Cl became more and more important. Using these nuclides dating of suddenly occurring (pre-)historic mass movements, e.g. volcanic eruptions, rock avalanches, tsunamis, meteor impacts, earth quakes and glacier movements, is possible. Additionally, glacier movements and data from ice cores give hints for the reconstruction of historic climate changes and providing information for the validation of climate model predicting future changes. Field work advices with respect to a sampling strategy for geomorphological applications can be downloaded here: Please contact us for new projects before sampling.

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Cosmogenic radionuclides At the moment, we are able to determine at DREAMS the long-lived cosmogenic radionuclides listed in the table. AMS-measurements of other radionuclides, e.g. 44Ti, and stable nuclides (by so-called Super-SIMS) are under development. We are capable of measuring isotopic ratios (radioactive/stable) as low as 10-16.

nuclide half-life 7Be 53.22 days 10Be 1.387 Ma 26Al 0.7 Ma 36Cl 0.301 Ma 41Ca 0.104 Ma 55Fe 2.76 a 129I 15.7 Ma

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Chemical sample preparation AMS measurements of long-lived radionuclides are only possible if samples are chemically treated, as the original samples (water, rocks etc.) that contain reasonable amounts of radionuclides are too big (100 g - 10 kg). Or in other words, the radionuclide concentrations in the range of sub-ppq are too low to allow an analysis of typical 1 mg-targets. Besides, the chemical separation is doing most of the work reducing the troublesome isobars, and eliminating possible contamination from other sources. For instance, the analysis of cosmogenic 10Be in quartz can only be performed if samples are previously cleaned from atmospherically-produced 10Be. The preparation of 10Be-, 26Al-, and 41Ca-AMS-targets needs the use of large quantities of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and, thus, should be preferably performed in a separated place than 36Cl- und 129I-AMS-target preparation keeping the risk of cross-contamination as low as possible. At DREAMS we have installed in autumn 2009 a dedicated lab for 36Cl and 129I sample preparation.

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Machine layout

Ions are extracted from two identical hybrid ion sources, which can handle gaseous and solid samples. Each Cs-sputter source is equipped with a 200-sample wheel. On the low-energy (LE) side the ions are separated by an energy-analyser, a 54° electrostatic deflector, and a mass-analyzer, a 90° magnet, equipped with a fast-bouncing system. The tandetron accelerator [Gottdang et al., 2002] contains a gas stripper and active stripper gas regulation. On the high-energy (HE) side, a 90° analysing magnet is followed by a Faraday-Cup for stable isotope measurements. The rare isotopes are detected by a 4-anode gas ionization chamber, after passing a 35° electrostatic deflector and a 30° vertical analysing magnet for further background reduction. For ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl measurements a silicon nitride absorber foil (1 µm) can be inserted in the HE-part for post-stripping [Klein et al., 2008].

Mode of operation of DREAMS (external link to YouTube)

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Access for external users Of course, we are performing AMS measurements also for external users. For scientific purposes you can apply for beamtime. Detailed instructions about the procedure are given in "How to get AMS data from DREAMS for external users". After positive evaluation by an (external) committee, you will get free beamtime at DREAMS for your samples. Before starting to write a proposal, please contact us for further information. Scientist with a non-German working contract can additionally apply for AMS measurements at DREAMS via the EU-funded project RADIATE. The project offers trans-national access from 2019 to 2022 also via a proposal system. Travel costs can be reimbursed for RADIATE proposals to a certain extent. We kindly ask you to use exclusively this prososal form for RADIATE-DREAMS-Proposals. An overview of all ion beam methods (modification and analytics) and add-on-services can be found in the "Ion Beam Centre Flyer". Page 7 contains the AMS part. If you want to perform AMS sample preparation in your own lab, please contact us at the latest BEFORE pressing BeO, Al2O3 etc. in target holders finding out DREAMS specifications such as the best compound-metal mixing ratio (BeO:Nb, 1:4; Al2O3:Ag, 1:1; CaF2:Ag, 1:4., Rugel et al. 2013), nomenclature, labelling of cathode containers. Additional information can be found at FAQ's here. The next AMS beam times: 22-25 February 2021 15-18 March 2021 26-30 April 2021 Additionally, we offer "in-house-training" for AMS sample preparation in our chemistry labs at HZDR, which are already functional since 2009. Unique in Germany, is the possibility to prepare 36Cl- and 129I-samples in a Cl- and S-free lab environment (see also above). If you are interested in setting up your own sample preparation labs, please do not hesitate to contact us for our mentoring programme.
Nele Lehmann, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht & Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Potsdam	Florian Hofmann & Dominic Hildebrandt, LMU München	Stefan Lehr, University of Vienna (A)	Erik Neumann, Gymnasium Dresden-Plauen
Christof Sager, TU Berlin	Felix Stäger, U Hannover	Anica Weller, U Hannover	Pilar Jeanneret IANIGLA - CONICET, Mendoza (AR)
Konstanze Stübner, U Potsdam	Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Research Centre for Astronomy & Earth Sciences Budapest (HU)	Patricia Rauh, U Jena	Anna Wypukol, FU Berlin & Alfred Wegener Institute Potsdam
Tom Kieck, U Mainz	Amélie Chabilan, TU Dresden	Carlos Rossi, Complutense University, Madrid (E)	Katharina Stock, Gymnasium Bedburg & Collin Tiessen, U Ottawa (CAN)
Rebecca Querfeld, U Hannover	Carolin Zorn, GFZ Potsdam	Sebastian Gehring, U Innsbruck (A)	Tina Köhler, Alfred Wegener Institute Potsdam
Sébastien Pivot U Aix-Marseille III (F)	Michal Šujan, Comenius U Bratislava (SK)	Oliver Forstner, Helmholtz Institute Jena	Spyros-Christos Olivotos, GFZ Potsdam
Anne-Sophie Meriaux, U Newcastle (UK)	Lisa Luna, U Potsdam	Ezequiel Garcia Morabito, U Bern (CH)	Andreas Gärtner, Senckenberg Dresden
Luisa von Albedyll, Alfred Wegener Institute Potsdam	Lars Zipf, U Heidelberg	Jane Lund Andersen, U Aarhus (DK)	Elisa Pernak, TUBA Freiberg
Swenja Rosenwinkel, U Potsdam	Tomas Stor, Charles University, Prag (CZ)	Michaela Fröhlich (nee Srncik), Australian National University (AUS)	Darío Rodrigues, TANDAR, Buenos Aires (AR)
Marie Kanstrup, U Aarhus (DK)	Thomas Smith, U Bern (CH)	Cornelia Wilske, UFZ Halle	Vasila Sulaymonova, TUBA Freiberg
Guillem Domènech i Surinyach, U Politècnica de Catalunya (E)	Lisa Michel & Rebecca Schmidt, TU Dresden	Angela Landgraf, U Potsdam	Peter Ludwig, TU Munich
Jenny Feige, VERA, U Vienna (A)	Anna Seither, TUBA Freiberg	Aurore Hutzler, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence (F)	Ines Röhringer, U Bayreuth
Cengiz Yilderim, U & GFZ Potsdam	Maggi Fuchs & Katja Klemm, TUBA Freiberg	Bernhard Kuczeweski, U Cologne	Christoff Andermann, TUBA Freiberg & U Rennes (F)

See the last steps of ¹⁰Be-, ²⁶Al-, ⁴¹Ca-target preparation for AMS measurements @ DREAMS (Power-Point-/Movie-Animation; 137 MB!!!):

Visiting DREAMS to learn more about it

We are proud of DREAMS and our work! We love to explain how and why! Please contact us to schedule your visit!

The picture shows students from TU Berlin, Lecture "Nuclear astrophysics", with Jenny Feige (TUB) and Georg Rugel (HZDR) in front of the DREAMS accelerator tank.

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References

G. Rugel, S. Pavetich, S. Akhmadaliev, S.M. Enamorado Baez, A. Scharf, R. Ziegenrücker, S. Merchel, The first four years of the AMS-facility DREAMS: Status and developments for more accurate radionuclide data, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 370 (2016) 94-100.

S. Akhmadaliev, R. Heller, D. Hanf, G. Rugel, S. Merchel, The new 6 MV AMS-facility DREAMS at Dresden, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 294 (2013) 5-10.

S. Merchel, S. Akhmadaliev, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, Ungeduldige Forscher träumen mit DREAMS - Bestimmung langlebiger Radionuklide mit Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie, GIT Labor-Fachzeitschrift 56 (2012) 88-90.

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Useful links

Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) Tour, ANU, Australia

Animation of the SIRIUS tandem accelerator, ANSTO, Australia

Video about ¹⁴C-dating @ GNS, New Zealand

Animation about ¹⁴C AMS @ ANSTO, Austrailia

Talk about "Accelerator Mass Spectrometry in Biology and Health Care" (Science on Saturday, LLNL, USA)

Video about ²⁶Al/¹⁰Be-dating of the "Peking Man" @ PRIME Lab, USA

CTV News movie, Ottawa about ¹⁴C @ AE Lalonde Ottawa, Canada

Video about a terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide project from sampling over chemistry to measurements @ ASTER, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
(chemistry starts 13:30; in French)

Further information "Cosmic radiation" und "Cosmogenic nuclides" (in German)

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For further information have a look at the following papers:

Further reading particularly with respect to terrestrial produced cosmogenic radionuclides

• Reviews

P. R. Bierman, Rock to sediment – slope to sea with ¹⁰Be – rates of landscape change, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32 (2004) 215-225.

T. E. Cerling, H. Craig. Geomorphology & in-situ cosmogenic isotopes, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 22 (1994) 273-317.

J. C. Gosse, F. M. Phillips, Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application, Quaternary Science Review 20 (2001) 1475-1560.

S. Ivy-Ochs, M. Schaller, Examining Processes and Rates of Landscape Change with Cosmogenic Radionuclides, In: Radioactivity in the Environment, Chapter 6, 16 (2009) 231-294.

W. Kutschera, Progress in isotope analysis at ultra-trace level by AMS, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 242 (2005) 145-160.

W. Kutschera, Accelerator mass spectrometry: state of the art and perspectives, Advances in Physics: X 1 (2016) 570-595.

A. E. Litherland, X-L. Zhao, W. E. Kieser, Mass spectrometry with accelerators, Mass Spectrometry Reviews 30 (2011) 1037-1072.

P. Muzikar, D. Elmore, D.E. Granger, Accelerator mass spectrometry in geologic research, GSA Bulletin 115 (2003) 643-654.

• Chemical separation: ¹⁰Be und ²⁶Al

E. T. Brown, J. M. Edmond, G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, M. D. Kurz, E. J. Brook, Examination of surface exposure ages of Antarctic moraines using in-situ produced ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 2269-2283.

R. G. Ditchburn. N. E. Whitehead, The separation of ¹⁰Be from silicates, 3^rd Workshop of the South Pacific Environmental Radioactivity Association (1994) 4-7. / expanded description on http://depts.washington.edu/cosmolab/chem.shtml

C. P. Kohl, K. Nishiizumi, Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 3583-3587.

S. Merchel, S. Beutner, T. Opel, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, C. Tiessen, S. Weiß, S. Wetterich, Attempts to understand potential deficiencies in chemical procedures for AMS, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 456 (2019) 186-192.

S. Merchel, A. Gärtner, S. Beutner, B. Bookhagen, A. Chabilan, Attempts to understand potential deficiencies in chemical procedures for AMS: Cleaning and dissolving quartz for ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al analysis, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 455 (2019) 293-299.

S. Merchel, U. Herpers, An Update on Radiochemical Separation Techniques for the Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclides via Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Radiochim. Acta 84 (1999) 215-219.

V.A. Sulaymonova, M.C. Fuchs, R. Gloaguen, R. Möckel, S. Merchel, M. Rudolph, M.R. Krbetschek, Feldspar flotation as a quartz-purification method in cosmogenic nuclide dating: A case study of fluvial sediments from the Pamir, MethodsX 5 (2018) 717-726.

• Chemical separation: ³⁶Cl

S. Jiang, Y. Lin, H. Zhang, Improvement of the sample preparation method for AMS measurement of ³⁶Cl in natural environment, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B223-224 (2004) 318-322.

S. Merchel, U. Herpers, An Update on Radiochemical Separation Techniques for the Determination of Long-Lived Radionuclides via Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Radiochim. Acta 84 (1999) 215-219.

S. Merchel, R. Braucher, V. Alfimov, M. Bichler, D.L. Bourlès, J.M. Reitner, The potential of historic rock avalanches and man-made structures as chlorine-36 production rate calibration sites, Quat. Geochron. 18 (2013) 54-62.

J. O. Stone, G. L. Allan, L. K. Fifield, R. G. Cresswell, Cosmogenic chlorine-36 from calcium spallation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 679-692. / expanded description on http://depts.washington.edu/cosmolab/chem.shtml

• Accelerator mass spectrometry

R. C. Finkel, M. Suter, AMS in the Earth Sciences: Technique and Applications, Advances in Analytical Geochemistry 1 (1993) 1-114.

R. Golser, W. Kutschera, Twenty Years of VERA: Toward a Universal Facility for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Physics News 27 (2017)
29-34.

S. Merchel, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, L. Benedetti, D. L. Bourlès, R. Braucher, V. Alfimov, S. P. H. T. Freeman, P. Steier, A. Wallner, Towards more precise ¹⁰Be and ³⁶Cl data from measurements at the 10^-14 level: Influence of sample preparation, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B266 (2008) 4921-4926.

C. Tuniz, J. R. Bird, D. Fink, G. F. Herzog, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, CRC Press (1998).

• Production rates

R. Braucher, S. Merchel, J. Borgomano, D.L. Bourlès, Production of cosmogenic radionuclides at great depth: A multi element approach, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 309 (2011) 1-9.

R. Braucher, D. Bourlès, S. Merchel, J. Vidal Romani, D. Fernadez-Mosquera, K. Marty, L. Léanni, F. Chauvet, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, K. Keddadouche, Determination of muon attenuation lengths in depth profiles from in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B294 (2013) 484-490.

J.M. Licciardi, C.L. Denoncourt, R.C. Finkel, Cosmogenic ³⁶Cl production rates from Ca spallation in Iceland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 267 (2008) 365-377.

J. Masarik, K. J. Kim, R. C. Reedy, Numerical simulation of in situ production of terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B259 (2007) 642-645.

K. Nishiizumi, E. L. Winterer, C. P. Kohl, J. Klein, R. Middleton, D. Lal, J. R. Arnold, Cosmic ray production rates of ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al in quartz from glacially polished rocks, J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989) 17907-17915.

F. M. Phillips, W. D. Stone, J. T. Fabryka-Martin, An improved approach to calculating low-energy cosmic-ray neutron fluxes near the land/atmosphere interface, Chemical Geology 175 (2001) 689-701.

I. Schimmelpfennig, Sources of in-situ ³⁶Cl in basaltic rocks. Implications for calibration of production rates, Quaternary Geochronology 4 (2009) 441-461.

J. O. Stone, G. L. Allan, L. K. Fifield, R. G. Cresswell, Cosmogenic chlorine-36 from calcium spallation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 679-692.

J. O. H. Stone, J. M. Evans, L. K. Fifield, G. L. Allan, R. G. Cresswell, Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production in calcite from muons, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 433-454.

• Scaling factors

D. Desilets, M. Zreda, Spatial and temporal distribution of secondary cosmic-ray nucleon intensities and applications to in situ cosmogenic dating, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 206 (2003) 21-42.

T. J. Dunai, Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical re-evaluation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 176 (2000) 157-169. See also comments by Desilets et al. 188 (2001) 283-287 and reply by Dunai 188 (2001) 289-298.

T. J. Dunai, Influence of secular variation of the geomagnetic field on production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 193 (2001) 197-212.

D. Lal, Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104 (1991) 424-439.

J. Masarik, M. Frank, J. M. Schäfer, R. Wieler, Correction of in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates for geomagnetic field intensity variation during the past 800,000 years, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 2995-3003.

N. A. Lifton, J. W. Bieber, J. M. Clem, M. L. Duldig, P. Evenson, J. E. Humble, R. Pyle, Addressing solar modulation and long-term uncertainties in scaling secondary cosmic rays for in situ cosmogenic nuclide applications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 239 (2005) 140-161.

N. Lifton, D. F. Smart, M. A. Shea, Scaling time-integrated in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using a continuous geomagnetic model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 268 (2008) 190-201.

J. S. Pigati, N. A. Lifton, Geomagnetic effects on time-integrated cosmogenic nuclide production with emphasis on in situ ¹⁴C and ¹⁰Be, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 226 (2004) 193-205.

J. O. Stone, Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys. Res. 105 (2000) 23753-23759.

• Dating of groundwater

IAEA - Isotope methods for dating old groundwater, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2013, ISBN 978–92–0–137210–9, 379 pages.

J.A. Corcho Alvarado, R. Purtschert, K. Hinsby, L. Troldborg, M. Hofer, R. Kipfer, W. Aeschbach-Hertig, H. Arno-Synal, ³⁶Cl in modern groundwater dated by a multi-tracer approach (³H/³He, SF₆, CFC-12 and ⁸⁵Kr): a case study in quaternary sand aquifers in the Odense Pilot River Basin, Denmark, Applied Geochemistry 20 (2005) 599-609.

S. N. Davis, S. Moysey, L. DeWayne Cecil, M. Zreda, Chlorine-36 in groundwater of the United States: empirical data, Hydrogeology Journal 11 (2003) 217-227.

V. Lavastre, C. Le Gal La Salle, J. L. Michelot, S. Giannesini, L. Benedetti, J. Lancelot, B..Lavielle, M. Massault, B. Thomas, E. Gilabert, D. Bourlès, N. Clauer, P. Agrinier, Establishing constraints on groundwater ages with ³⁶Cl, ¹⁴C, ³H, and noble gases: A case study in the eastern Paris basin, France, Applied Geochemistry 25 (2010) 123-142 (and erratum).

M.J. Lenahan, D.M. Kirste, D.C. McPhail, L.K. Fifield, Cl^- AND ³⁶Cl DISTRIBUTION IN A SALINE AQUIFER SYSTEM: CENTRAL NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA, In: Roach I.C. ed. 2005. Regolith 2005 – Ten Years of CRC LEME. CRC LEME (2005) 187-190.

C. Münsterer, J. Fohlmeister, M. Christl, A. Schröder-Ritzrau, V. Alfimov, S. Ivy-Ochs, A. Wackerbarth, A. Mangini, Cosmogenic ³⁶Cl in karst waters from Bunker Cave North Western Germany – A tool to derive local evapotranspiration?, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 86 (2012) 138-149.

E. Nolte, P. Krauthan, G. Korschinek, P. Maloszewski, P. Fritz, M. Wolf, Measurements and interpretations of ³⁶Cl in groundwater, Milk River aquifer, Alberta, Canada, Applied Geochemistry 6 (1991) 435-445.

J. Park, C.M. Bethke, T. Torgersen, T.M. Johnson, Transport modeling applied to the interpretation of groundwater ³⁶Cl age, WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH 38 (2002) 1043.

C. Wilske, A. Suckow, U. Mallast, C. Meier, S. Merchel, B. Merkel, S. Pavetich, T. Rödiger, G. Rugel, A. Sachse, S Weise, C. Siebert, A multi-environmental tracer study to determine groundwater residence times and recharge in a structurally complex multi-aquifer system, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24 (2020) 249-267.

• ³⁶Cl in Eis

R.J. Delmas, J. Beer, H.-A. Synal, R. Muscheler, J.-R. Petit, M. Pourchet, Bomb‐test ³⁶Cl measurements in Vostok snow (Antarctica) and the use of ³⁶Cl as a dating tool for deep ice cores, Tellus B 56 (2004) 492-498.

D. Elmore, L. E. Tubbs, D. Newman, X. Z. Ma, R. Finkel, K. Nishiizumi, J. Beer, H. Oeschger, M. Andree, 36Cl bomb pulse measured in a shallow ice core from Dye 3, Greenland, Nature 300 (1982) 735-737.

S. Pivot, M. Baroni, E. Bard, X. Giraud, ASTER Team, A Comparison of ³⁶Cl Nuclear Bomb Inputs Deposited in Snow From Vostok and Talos Dome, Antarctica, Using the ³⁶Cl/Cl− ratio, Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 124 (2019) 10,973–10,988.

H.-A. Synal, J. Beer, G. Bonani, M. Suter, W. Wölfli, Atmospheric transport of bomb‐produced ³⁶Cl, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 52 (1990) 483-488.

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• House advertising - some of our latest publications ;-)

2021

A. Bischoff, C.M. O'D Alexander, J.-A. Barrat, C. Burkhardt, H. Busemann, D. Degering, T. Di Rocco, M. Fischer, T. Fockenberg, D.I. Foustoukos, J. Gattacceca, J.R.A. Godinho, D. Harries, D. Heinlein, J.L. Hellmann, N. Hertkorn, A. Holm, A.J.T. Jull, I. Kerraouch, A.J. King, T. Kleine, D. Koll, J. Lachner, T. Ludwig, S. Merchel, C.A.K. Mertens, P. Morino, W. Neumann, A. Pack, M. Patzek, S. Pavetich, M.P. Reitze, M. Rüfenacht, G. Rugel, C. Schmidt, P. Schmitt-Kopplin, M. Schönbächler, M. Trieloff, A. Wallner, K. Wimmer, E. Wölfer, The old, unique C1 chondrite Flensburg – insight into the first processes of aqueous alteration, brecciation, and the diversity of water-bearing parent bodies and lithologies, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 293 (2021) 142-186.

J. A. Ortega-Becerril, G. Garzón, R. Tejero, A.-S. Meriaux, R. Delunel, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, Corrigendum to “Controls on strath terrace formation and evolution: The lower Guadiana River, Pulo do Lobo, Portugal” [Geomorphology 319 (2018) 62–77], Geomorphology 373 (2021) 107247.

2020

A. Gärtner, S. Merchel, S. Niedermann, R. Braucher, ASTER-Team, P. Steier, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, L. Le Bras, U. Linnemann, Nature does the averaging - in-situ produced ¹⁰Be, ²¹Ne, and ²⁶Al in a very young river terrace, Geosciences 10 (2020) 237.

P. Jeanneret, S.M. Moreiras, S. Merchel, A. Gärtner, S. Binnie, M.J. Julia Orgeira, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, K. Keddadouche, Novel cosmogenic datings in landslide deposits, San Juan, Argentina, in: Vilímek et al (eds.): Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk Chapter No: 40 (2020).

I. Leya, J.-C. David, T. Faestermann, M. Froehlich, N. Kivel, D. Koll, G. Korschinek, S. McIntyre, S. Merchel, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, D. Schumann, T. Smith, A. Wallner, ⁵³Mn and ⁶⁰Fe in iron meteorites - new data and model calculations, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 55 (2020) 818-831.

M. Martschini, J. Lachner, S. Merchel, A. Priller, P. Steier, A. Wallner, A. Wieser, R. Golser, The quest for AMS of ¹⁸²Hf - why poor gas gives pure beams, EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020) 02003.

M.C. Meyer, L.A. Gliganic, J.-H. May, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, F. Schlütz, M.S. Aldenderfer, K. Krainer, Landscape dynamics and human-environment interactions in the northern foothills of Cho Oyu and Mount Everest (southern Tibet) during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, Quaternary Science Reviews 229 (2020) 106127.

K. Riisager, M.J.G. Borge, J.A. Briz, M. Carmona-Gallardo, O. Forstner, L.M. Fraile, H.O.U. Fynbo, A. Garzon Camacho, J.G. Johansen, B. Jonson, M.V. Lund, J. Lachner, M. Madurga, S. Merchel, E. Nacher, T. Nilsson, P. Steier, O. Tengblad, V. Vedia, Search for beta-delayed proton emission from ¹¹Be, The European Physical Journal A 56 (2020) 100.

Z. Slavkovská, A. Wallner, R. Reifarth, S. Pavetich, B. Brückner, K. Al-Khasawneh, S. Merchel, M. Volknandt, M. Weigand, Investigation of ⁵⁴Fe(n,γ)⁵⁵Fe and ³⁵Cl(n,γ)³⁶Cl reaction cross sections at keV energies by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020) 02005.

M. Šujan, R. Braucher, M. Šujan, J. Hók, P.P. Povinec, F. Šipka, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, The tectono-sedimentary evolution of a major seismogenic zone with low slip rate activity: A geochronological and sedimentological investigation of the Dobrá Voda Depression (Western Carpathians), Sedimentary Geology 383 (2020) 248-267.

A. Wallner, J. Feige, K. Fifield, M.B. Froehlich, R. Golser, M.A.C. Hotchkis, D. Koll, G. Leckenby, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, S. Panjkov, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, S.G. Tims, ⁶⁰Fe deposition during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene echoes supernova activity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 117 (2020) 21873-21879.

C. Wilske, A. Suckow, U. Mallast, C. Meier, S. Merchel, B. Merkel, S. Pavetich, T. Rödiger, G. Rugel, A. Sachse, S Weise, C. Siebert, A multi-environmental tracer study to determine groundwater residence times and recharge in a structurally complex multi-aquifer system, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24 (2020) 249-267.

2019

D. Koll, G. Korschinek, T. Faestermann, J. Gómez-Guzmán, S. Kipfstuhl, S. Merchel, J.M. Welch, Interstellar ⁶⁰Fe in Antarctica, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 (2019) 072701.

S. Mechernich, T.J. Dunai, S.A. Binnie, T. Goral, S. Heinze, A. Dewald, I. Schimmelpfennig, K. Keddadouche, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, S.M. Marrero, K. Wilcken, K. Simon, D. Fink, F.M. Phillips, M.W. Caffee, L.C. Gregory, R. Phillips, S.P.H.T. Freeman, R.P. Shanks, M.A. Sarýkaya, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, S. Merchel, N. Akçar, S. Yesiyurt, S. Ivy-Ochs, C. Vockenhuber, Carbonate and silicate intercomparison materials for cosmogenic ³⁶Cl measurements, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 455 (2019) 250-259.

S. Merchel, S. Beutner, T. Opel, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, C. Tiessen, S. Weiß, S. Wetterich, Attempts to understand potential deficiencies in chemical procedures for AMS, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 456 (2019) 186-192.

S. Merchel, A. Gärtner, S. Beutner, B. Bookhagen, A. Chabilan, Attempts to understand potential deficiencies in chemical procedures for AMS: Cleaning and dissolving quartz for ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al analysis, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 455 (2019) 293-299.

S. Pavetich, A. Wallner, M. Martschini, S. Akhmadaliev, I Dillmann, K. Fifield, S. Haon, T. Heftrich, F. Käppeler, C. Lederer, S. Merchel, M. Paul, R. Reifarth, G. Rugel, P. Steier, M. Tessler, S. Tims, M. Weigand, L. Weissman, Accelerator mass spectrometry measurement of the reaction ³⁵Cl(n,γ)³⁶Cl at keV energies, Phys. Rev. C 99 (2019) 015801.

T. Smith, S. Merchel, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, I. Leya, The constancy of galactic cosmic rays as recorded by cosmogenic nuclides in iron meteorites, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 54 (2019) 2951-2976.

P. Steier, M. Martschini, J. Buchriegler, J. Feige, J. Lachner, S. Merchel, L. Michlmayr, A. Priller, G. Rugel, E. Schmidt, A. Wallner, E.M. Wild, R. Golser, Comparison of methods for the detection of ¹⁰Be with AMS and a new approach based on a silicon nitride foil stack, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 444 (2019) 116175.

A. Stolle, W. Schwanghart, C. Andermann, A. Bernhardt, H. Wittmann, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, M. Fort, B.R. Adhikari, O. Korup, Protracted river recovery from medieval earthquakes, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44 (2019) 331-341.

T. Štor, M. Schaller, S. Merchel, K. Martínek, T. Rittenour, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, Quaternary evolution of the Ploučnice River system (Bohemian Massif) based on fluvial deposits dated with optically stimulated luminescence and in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geomorphology 329 (2019) 152-169.

C. Tiessen, D. Bemmerer, G. Rugel, R. Querfeld, A. Scharf, G. Steinhauser, S. Merchel, Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) for beryllium-7 measurements in smallest rainwater samples, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 319 (2019) 965-973.

A. Wallner, M. Bichler, L. Coquard, I. Dillmann, O. Forstner, R. Golser, M. Heil, F. Käppeler, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, A. Mengoni, S. Merchel, L. Michlmayr, A. Priller, P. Steier, M. Wiescher, Stellar and thermal neutron capture cross section of ⁹Be, Phys. Rev. C 99 (2019) 015804.

2018

R. Braucher, K. Keddadouche, G. Aumaître, D.L. Bourlès, M. Arnold, S. Pivot, M. Baroni, A. Scharf, G. Rugel, E.B. Bard, Chlorine measurements at the 5 MV French AMS national facility ASTER: Associated external uncertainties and comparability with the 6 MV DREAMS facility, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. 420 (2018) 40-45.

G. Domènech, J. Corominas, O. Mavrouli, S. Merchel, A. Abellán, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, Calculation of the rockwall recession rate of a limestone cliff, affected by rockfalls, using cosmogenic chlorine-36. Case study of the Montsec Range (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain), Geomorphology 306 (2018) 325-335.

J. Feige, A. Wallner, R. Altmeyer, L.K. Field, R. Golser, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, P. Steier, S.G. Tims, S.R. Winkler, Limits on supernova-associated ⁶⁰Fe/ ²⁶Al nucleosynthesis ratios from mass spectrometry measurements of deep-sea sediments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 221103.

L.V. Luna, B. Bookhagen, S. Niedermann, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, S. Merchel, Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 500 (2018) 242-253.

J. A. Ortega-Becerril, G. Garzón, R. Tejero, A.-S. Meriaux, R. Delunel, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, Controls on strath terrace formation and evolution: The lower Guadiana River, Pulo do Lobo, Portugal, Geomorphology 319 (2018) 62-77.

V.A. Sulaymonova, M.C. Fuchs, R. Gloaguen, R. Möckel, S. Merchel, M. Rudolph, M.R. Krbetschek, Feldspar flotation as a quartz-purification method in cosmogenic nuclide dating: A case study of fluvial sediments from the Pamir, MethodsX 5 (2018) 717-726.

L. Wüthrich, E. Garcia Morabito, J. Zech, M. Trauerstein, H. Veit, C. Gnägi, S. Merchel, A. Scharf, G. Rugel, M. Christl, R. Zech, ¹⁰Be surface exposure dating of the last deglaciation in the Aare Valley, Switzerland, Swiss Journal of Geosciences 111 (2018) 295-303.

2017

J. Feige, D. Breitschwerdt, A. Wallner, M.M. Schulreich, N. Kinoshita, M. Paul, C. Dettbarn, K.L. Fifield, R. Golser, M. Honda, U. Linnemann, H. Matsuzaki, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, P. Steier, S.G. Tims, S.R. Winkler, T. Yamagata, The Link Between the Local Bubble and Radioisotopic Signatures on Earth, Proc. 14th Int. Symp. on Nuclei in the Cosmos (NIC2016), JPS Conf. Proc. 14 (2017) 010304.

M. Legrand, S. Preunkert, R. Weller, L. Zipf, C. Elsässer, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, D. Wagenbach, Year-round record of bulk and size-segregated aerosol composition in central Antarctica (Concordia site) Part 2: Biogenic sulfur (sulfate and methanesulfonate) aerosol, Atmosph. Chem. Phys. 17 (2017) 14055-14073.

K.L. Linge, L.P. Bédard, R. Bugoi, J. Enzweiler, K.P. Jochum, R. Kilian, L. Jingao, J. Marin-Carbonne, S. Merchel, F. Munnik, L.F.G. Morales, C. Rollion-Bard, A.K. Souders, P.J. Sylvester, U. Weis, GGR Biennial Critical Review: Analytical Developments Since 2014, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 41 (2017) 493-562.

R. Querfeld, S. Merchel, G. Steinhauser, Low-cost production of a ⁷Be tracer from rainwater and purification: preliminary results, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 314 (2017) 521-527.

S. Rosenwinkel, A. Landgraf, O. Korup, W. Schwanghart, F. Volkmer, A. Dzhumabaeva, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, F. Preusser, Late Pleistocene outburst floods from Issyk Kul, Kyrgyzstan?, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 42 (2017) 1535-1548.

T. Smith, B.A. Hofmann, I. Leya, S. Merchel, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, The cosmic-ray exposure history of the Twannberg iron meteorite (IIG), Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 52 (2017) 2241-2257.

L. von Albedyll, T. Opel, D. Fritzsche, S. Merchel, T. Laepple, G. Rugel, ¹⁰Be in the Akademii Nauk ice core–first results for CE 1590‒1950 and future sampling strategy for validation of ice-core chronology, Journal of Glaciology 63 (2017) 514-522.

2016

A. Landgraf, A. Djumabaeva, K.E. Abdrakhmatov, M. Strecker, E.A. Macaulay, J.R. Arrowsmith, F. Preusser, H. Sudhaus, G. Rugel, S. Merchel, Repeated large-magnitude earthquakes in a tectonically active, low-strain continental interior: the northern Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 121 (2016) 3888-3910.

P. Ludwig, S. Bishop, R. Egli, V. Chernenko, B. Deneva, T. Faestermann, N. Famulok, L. Fimiani, J.M. Gómez-Guzmán, K. Hain, G. Korschinek, M. Hanzlik, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, Time-Resolved Two Million Year Old Supernova Activity Discovered in the Earth's Microfossil Record, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 113 (2016) 9232–9237.

Th. Müller, K. Osenbrueck, G. Strauch, S. Pavetich, K.-S. Al-Mashaikhi, C. Herb, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, W. Aeschbach, W. Sanford, Use of multiple age tracers to estimate groundwater residence times and long-term recharge rates in arid southern Oman, Applied Geochemistry 74 (2016) 67-83.

G. Rugel, S. Pavetich, S. Akhmadaliev, S.M. Enamorado Baez, A. Scharf, R. Ziegenrücker, S. Merchel, The first four years of the AMS-facility DREAMS: Status and developments for more accurate radionuclide data, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 370 (2016) 94-100.

W. Schwanghart, A. Bernhardt, A. Stolle, P. Hoelzmann, B.R. Adhikari, C. Andermann, P. Hölzmann, S. Tofelde, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, M. Fort, O. Korup, Repeated catastrophic valley infill following medieval earthquakes in the Nepal Himalaya, Science 351 (2016) 147-150.

A. Wallner, J. Feige, N. Kinoshita, M. Paul, L.K. Fifield, R. Golser, M. Honda, U. Linnemann, H. Matsuzaki, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, S. Tims, P. Steier, T. Yamagata, S.R. Winkler, Recent near-Earth supernovae probed by global deposition of interstellar radioactive ⁶⁰Fe, Nature 532 (2016) 69-72.

L. Zipf, S. Merchel, P. Bohleber, G. Rugel, A. Scharf, Exploring ice core drilling chips from a cold Alpine glacier for cosmogenic radionuclide (¹⁰Be) analysis, Results in Physics 6 (2016) 78-79.

2015

M.C. Fuchs, R. Gloaguen, S. Merchel, E. Pohl, V. A. Sulaymonova, C. Andermann, G. Rugel, Denudation rates across the Pamir based on ¹⁰Be concentrations in fluvial sediments: dominance of topographic over climatic factors, Earth Surf. Dynam. 3 (2015) 423-439.

M.C. Fuchs, R. Gloaguen, S. Merchel, E. Pohl, V.A. Sulaymonova, C. Andermann, G. Rugel, Millennial erosion rates across the Pamir based on ¹⁰Be concentrations in fluvial sediments: Dominance of topographic over climatic factors, Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss. 3 (2015) 83-128.

2014

S. Merchel, I. Mrak, R. Braucher, L. Benedetti, B. Repe, D.L. Bourlès, J.M. Reitner, Surface exposure dating of the Veliki vrh rock avalanche in Slovenia associated with the 1348 earthquake, Quat. Geochron. 22 (2014) 33-42.

U. Ott, S. Merchel, S. Herrmann, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, T. Faestermann, L. Fimiani, J.M. Gomez-Guzman, K. Hain, G. Korschinek, P. Ludwig, M. D’Orazio, L. Folco, Cosmic ray exposure and pre-atmospheric size of the Gebel Kamil iron meteorite, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 49 (2014) 1365-1374.

S. Pavetich, S. Akhmadaliev, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, D. Bourlès, J. Buchriegler, R. Golser, K. Keddadouche, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, P. Steier, Interlaboratory study of the ion source memory effect in ³⁶Cl accelerator mass spectrometry, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 329 (2014) 22-29.

D. Rodrigues, G. Korschinek, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, A. Arazia, G. V. Martí, APLICACION DE LA TECNICA DE ESPECTROMETRIA DE MASAS CON ACELERADORES EN EL ESTUDIO DE LA DINAMICA DE SEDIMENTOS SUBMARINOS, ANALES AFA (Asociación Física Argentina) 25 (2014) 51-55.

M. Wiedenbeck, L.P. Bédard, R. Bugoi, M. Horan, K. Linge, S. Merchel, L.F.G. Morales, D. Savard, A.K. Souders, P. Sylvester, Critical Review of Analytical Developments Since 2012, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research 38 (2014) 467-512.

2013

S. Akhmadaliev, R. Heller, D. Hanf, G. Rugel, S. Merchel, The new 6 MV AMS-facility DREAMS at Dresden, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 294 (2013) 5-10.

M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, D.L Bourlès, K. Keddadouche, R. Braucher, R.C Finkel, E. Nottoli, L. Benedetti, S. Merchel, The French accelerator mass spectrometry facility ASTER after 4 years: Status and recent developments on ³⁶Cl and ¹²⁹I, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 294 (2013) 24-28.

K. Hahne, R. Naumann, S. Niedermann, H.-U. Wetzel, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, Geochemische Untersuchungen an Moränen des Inylchek-Gletschers im Tien Shan, System Erde. GFZ-Journal 3 (2) (2013) 44-49.

D. Hampe, B. Gleisberg, S. Akhmadaliev, G. Rugel, S. Merchel, Determination of ⁴¹Ca with LSC and AMS: method development, modifications and applications, Journal of Nuclear and Radioanalytical Chemistry 296 (2013) 617-624.

J. Llorca, J. Roszjar, J.A. Cartwright, A. Bischoff, A. Pack, U. Ott, S. Merchel, G. Rugel, L. Fimiani, P. Ludwig, D. Allepuz, J.V. Casado, The Ksar Ghilane 002 shergottite – the 100^th registered Martian meteorite fragment, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 48 (2013) 493–513.

S. Merchel, R. Braucher, V. Alfimov, M. Bichler, D.L. Bourlès, J.M. Reitner, The potential of historic rock avalanches and man-made structures as chlorine-36 production rate calibration sites, Quat. Geochron. 18 (2013) 54-62.

S. Merchel, W. Bremser, D.L. Bourlès, U. Czeslik, J. Erzinger, N.-A. Kummer, L. Leanni, B. Merkel, S. Recknagel, U. Schaefer, Accuracy of ⁹Be-data and its influence on ¹⁰Be cosmogenic nuclide data, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 298 (2013) 1871-1878.

C. Yildirim, T.F. Schildgen, H. Echtler, D. Melnick, B. Bookhagen, A. Çiner, S. Niedermann, S. Merchel, M. Martschini, P. Steier, M. R. Strecker, Tectonic implications of fluvial incision and pediment deformation at the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau based on multiple cosmogenic nuclides, Tectonics 32 (2013) 1107-1120.

R. Zech, I. Röhringer, P. Sosin, H. Kabgov, S. Merchel, S. Akhmadaliev, W. Zech, Late Pleistocene glaciation in the Gisssar Range, Tajikistan, based on ¹⁰Be surface exposure dating, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 369 (2013) 253-261.

2012

S. Merchel, S. Akhmadaliev, S. Pavetich, G. Rugel, Ungeduldige Forscher träumen mit DREAMS - Bestimmung langlebiger Radionuklide mit Beschleunigermassenspektrometrie, GIT Labor-Fachzeitschrift 56 (2012) 88-90.

S. Merchel, W. Bremser, S. Akhmadaliev, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, D. L. Bourlès, R. Braucher, M. Caffee, M. Christl, L. K. Fifield, R. C. Finkel, S. P. H. T. Freeman, A. Ruiz-Gómez, P. W. Kubik, M. Martschini, D. H. Rood, S. G. Tims, A. Wallner, K. M. Wilcken, S. Xu, Quality assurance in accelerator mass spectrometry: Results from an international round-robin exercise for ¹⁰Be, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B. 289 (2012) 68-73.

2011

R. Braucher, S. Merchel, J. Borgomano, D.L Bourlès, Production of cosmogenic radionuclides at great depth: A multi element approach, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 309 (2001) 1-9.

S. Merchel, W. Bremser, V. Alfimov, M. Arnold, G. Aumaître, L. Benedetti, D. L. Bourlès, M. Caffee, L. K. Fifield, R. C. Finkel, S. P. H. T. Freeman, Y. Matsushi, D. H. Rood, K. Sasa, P. Steier, T. Takahashi, M. Tamari, S. G. Tims, Y. Tosaki, K. M. Wilcken, S. Xu, Ultra-trace analysis of ³⁶Cl by accelerator mass spectrometry: an interlaboratory study, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400 (2011) 3125-3132.

2010

M. Altmaier, U. Herpers, G. Delisle, U. Ott, S. Merchel, Glaciation history of Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) using in-situ produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be, ²⁶Al and ²¹Ne, Polar Science 4 (2010) 42-61.

M. Arnold , S. Merchel, D.L. Bourlès, R. Braucher, L. Benedetti, R.C. Finkel, G. Aumaître, A. Gottdang, M. Klein, The French accelerator mass spectrometry facility ASTER: Improved performance and developments, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 1954-1959.

S. Merchel, L. Benedetti, D.L. Bourlès, R. Braucher, A. Dewald, T. Faestermann, R.C. Finkel, G. Korschinek, J. Masarik, M. Poutivtsev, P. Rochette, G. Rugel, K.-O. Zell, A multi-radionuclide approach for in situ produced terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides: ¹⁰Be, ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl and ⁴¹Ca from carbonate rocks, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 1179-1184.

T. Orlowski, O.Forstner, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, S. Merchel, M. Martschini, A. Priller, P. Steier, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, Comparison of detector systems for the separation of ³⁶Cl and ³⁶S with a 3-MV tandem, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 847-850.

P. Steier, R. Golser, W. Kutschera, M. Martschini, S. Merchel, T. Orlowski, A. Priller, C. Vockenhuber, A. Wallner, ³⁶Cl exposure dating with a 3-MV tandem, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res. B 268 (2010) 744-747.

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